SATELLITE DATA for Weather Forecasting
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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Chapter 6 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Jim Taylor, Dennis K. Lee, and Shervin Shambayati 6.1 Mission Overview The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) [1, 2] has a suite of instruments making observations at Mars, and it provides data-relay services for Mars landers and rovers. MRO was launched on August 12, 2005. The orbiter successfully went into orbit around Mars on March 10, 2006 and began reducing its orbit altitude and circularizing the orbit in preparation for the science mission. The orbit changing was accomplished through a process called aerobraking, in preparation for the “science mission” starting in November 2006, followed by the “relay mission” starting in November 2008. MRO participated in the Mars Science Laboratory touchdown and surface mission that began in August 2012 (Chapter 7). MRO communications has operated in three different frequency bands: 1) Most telecom in both directions has been with the Deep Space Network (DSN) at X-band (~8 GHz), and this band will continue to provide operational commanding, telemetry transmission, and radiometric tracking. 2) During cruise, the functional characteristics of a separate Ka-band (~32 GHz) downlink system were verified in preparation for an operational demonstration during orbit operations. After a Ka-band hardware anomaly in cruise, the project has elected not to initiate the originally planned operational demonstration (with yet-to-be used redundant Ka-band hardware). 201 202 Chapter 6 3) A new-generation ultra-high frequency (UHF) (~400 MHz) system was verified with the Mars Exploration Rovers in preparation for the successful relay communications with the Phoenix lander in 2008 and the later Mars Science Laboratory relay operations. -
Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Lightning Imager (LI) Calibration and 0-1B Data Processing
Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Lightning Imager (LI) calibration and 0-1b data processing Marcel Dobber EUMETSAT EUMETSAT-Allee 1, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; +49-6151-807 7209 [email protected] Stephan Kox EUMETSAT EUMETSAT-Allee 1, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; +49-6151-807 7248 [email protected] ABSTRACT The European Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Lightning Imager (LI) is an instrument on the geostationary MTG Imager satellite series, for which the first satellite is scheduled for launch in 2021. The MTG series consists of six satellites in total: Four imager satellites, equipped with the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) and Lightning Imager (LI) instruments, and two sounding satellites, with the Infrared Sounder (IRS) and Sentinel-4 UVN instruments. EUMETSAT will operate the satellites, instruments and ground facilities for MTG, including LI. The Lightning Imager will continuously provide lightning group and flashes information for almost the complete visible Earth disc from a geostationary orbit around zero degrees longitude in the time period 2021 to 2041. The instrument will measure day and night and will provide detected transient data from lightning optical pulses in the near-infrared at a spatial resolution that corresponds to 4.5 km x 4.5 km at the subsatellite point. The instrument also measures and provides background radiance images every 30 seconds. In this paper the Lightning Imager mission objectives and basic instrument detection principles will be described. In addition, the calibration (on ground and in orbit) and 0-1b data processing will be presented and discussed. at sub-satellite longitude of about 0 degrees, for a 1. SUMMARY geographical coverage area that covers almost the complete visible Earth disc. -
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – a Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration
Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Report by the NASA Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG) November 2020 Front Cover: Artist Concepts Top (Artist concepts, left to right): Early Mars1; Molecules in Space2; Astronaut and Rover on Mars1; Exo-Planet System1. Bottom: Pillinger Point, Endeavour Crater, as imaged by the Opportunity rover1. Credits: 1NASA; 2Discovery Magazine Citation: Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG), Jakosky, B. M., et al. (2020). Mars, the Nearest Habitable World—A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration. MASWG Members • Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado (chair) • Richard Zurek, Mars Program Office, JPL (co-chair) • Shane Byrne, University of Arizona • Wendy Calvin, University of Nevada, Reno • Shannon Curry, University of California, Berkeley • Bethany Ehlmann, California Institute of Technology • Jennifer Eigenbrode, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center • Tori Hoehler, NASA/Ames Research Center • Briony Horgan, Purdue University • Scott Hubbard, Stanford University • Tom McCollom, University of Colorado • John Mustard, Brown University • Nathaniel Putzig, Planetary Science Institute • Michelle Rucker, NASA/JSC • Michael Wolff, Space Science Institute • Robin Wordsworth, Harvard University Ex Officio • Michael Meyer, NASA Headquarters ii Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020 MASWG Table of Contents Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... -
Revista Feminista Cubana
revista feminista cubana alastensas alas tensas | no. 4 | pág. 1 Alas Tensas revista feminista cubana No. 4 junio 2017 Directora: Ileana Álvarez VOZ-OTRAS DIÁLOGOS contenido Editor: Francis Sánchez ¿Cuándo vas a parir? • Irela Casañas /3 La palabra en el corazón de Maricruz Patiño • Diseñador: Yaudel Estenoz Representación social y espacio privado desde los imagi- Francis Sánchez / 63 narios femeninos en tres documentales de la TV Serrana • Consejo de redacción: Juventina Soler, Juventina Soler Palomino /6 AFILADEROS /73 Agnes Koleman, Silvia Padrón, Martha Núñez, Mercedes del Llano. El Día de la Mujer ¿festivo? | Machismo a la VIDAS cubana | Astronauta afroamericana | Lo que Imagen de cubierta: Ángeles Santos Magín, sencillamente • Ileana Álvarez /15 oculta una valla | Lente feminista | Opiniones Magín: “Nunca dejes de sentirte estrella” • Dossier /25 recibidas Dirección: Calle Martí, 352, e/ Estrada y Chicho ESCRITURAS Torres, Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, AUTORES /85 La poesía cubana actual escrita por mujer: rebeldía a través CP. 65200 del etnos y la orientación sexual (Primera parte) • Silvia Pa- [email protected] drón Jomet /43 www.alastensas.wordpress.com Sobre “País de pólvora” • Maya Islas /49 Facebook: @AlasTensasCuba País de pólvora • Maya Islas /51 Twitter: @AlasTensas Eva • Georgina Herrera /56 MATRIAS “Las mujeres de la clase ínfima” • José Abreu Cardet /58 ¿Cuándo vas voz-otras a parir? Por: Irela Casañas A veces la curiosidad de los otros sobre la vida ajena no tiene límites. Con razón existe el oficio de paparazzi y las revistas del corazón tienen tantos consumidores. Pero yo no soy famosa, soy una mujer que trata de llegar al día siguiente sin que tal cosa afecte las ganas de crear. -
FAME-C: Cloud Property Retrieval Using Synergistic AATSR and MERIS Observations
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3873–3890, 2014 www.atmos-meas-tech.net/7/3873/2014/ doi:10.5194/amt-7-3873-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. FAME-C: cloud property retrieval using synergistic AATSR and MERIS observations C. K. Carbajal Henken, R. Lindstrot, R. Preusker, and J. Fischer Institute for Space Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Berlin, Germany Correspondence to: C. K. Carbajal Henken ([email protected]) Received: 29 April 2014 – Published in Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.: 19 May 2014 Revised: 17 September 2014 – Accepted: 11 October 2014 – Published: 25 November 2014 Abstract. A newly developed daytime cloud property re- trievals. Biases are generally smallest for marine stratocu- trieval algorithm, FAME-C (Freie Universität Berlin AATSR mulus clouds: −0.28, 0.41 µm and −0.18 g m−2 for cloud MERIS Cloud), is presented. Synergistic observations from optical thickness, effective radius and cloud water path, re- the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) spectively. This is also true for the root-mean-square devia- and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), tion. Furthermore, both cloud top height products are com- both mounted on the polar-orbiting Environmental Satellite pared to cloud top heights derived from ground-based cloud (Envisat), are used for cloud screening. For cloudy pixels radars located at several Atmospheric Radiation Measure- two main steps are carried out in a sequential form. First, ment (ARM) sites. FAME-C mostly shows an underestima- a cloud optical and microphysical property retrieval is per- tion of cloud top heights when compared to radar observa- formed using an AATSR near-infrared and visible channel. -
The Meteosat System
THE METEOSAT SYSTEM EUM TD 05 Published by: EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) ©1998 EUMETSAT Design: Grigat und Neu THE METEOSAT SYSTEM December 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .............................................................................. 5 Performance monitoring..............................................21-22 Telecommunications ...........................................................22 System frequencies ..........................................................23 1 OVERVIEW.................................................................. 6 User frequencies ...............................................................23 Introduction .............................................................................. 6 Objectives............................................................................ 7 4 THE GROUND SEGMENT................................. 24 Meteorological satellites ................................................... 7 Future programmes ............................................................ 7 Ground segment facilities ................................................24 Meteosat history ...............................................................11 Primary Ground Station ..................................................... 25 The programmes .............................................................12 Overview ........................................................................... 26 Meteosat services ..............................................................12 -
Space Girls Katrien Van Der Heyden
Dia 1 Space girls Katrien Van der Heyden Dia 2 • Geslacht: biologische verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen Het belangrijkste is te beseffen dat geslacht en gender GEEN synoniemen zijn, want vaak worden ze wel zo gebruikt in de media en in onderzoek. Terwijl geslacht verwijst naar de biologische verschillen zoals borsten, geslachtsdelen, verwijst gender naar de verschillen die cultureel werden opgebouwd. Zo dragen mannen in onze cultuur nooit een rok, maar in Schotland vormt dit geen probleem. Dat wil zeggen dat er naast de biologische verschillen ook een maatschappelijke invulling is van wat mannelijkheid en vrouwelijkheid op een bepaald moment in een bepaalde cultuur betekent. Dit kan gaan over uiterlijke kenmerken zoals rok en broek, maar ook over karaktereigenschappen zoals competitiviteit, assertiviteit, leiderschap (worden als mannelijk gezien) en emotionaliteit, zorgzaamheid, zachtaardigheid (worden als vrouwelijk gezien). Zowel mannen als vrouwen worden (in)direct in de richting geduwd die overeenstemt met het stereotype beeld van hun geslacht. Zo wordt een man die zich emotioneel gedraagt een ‘watje’ genoemd en afgekeurd en een vrouw die assertief is, wordt al snel een ‘bitch’ genoemd. Toch zijn al deze eigenschappen niet mannelijk of vrouwelijk, ze zijn menselijk. (En voor diegenen die nog twijfelen of mannen emotioneel kunnen zijn: Ga eens naar een voetbalmatch kijken). Dat wil dus zeggen dat bij jongens bepaalde eigenschappen worden gestimuleerd en bij meisjes andere. Indien ze zich dan zo gaan gedragen, vergeten we dat dit aangeleerd gedrag is en gaan we snel denken dat het een biologische oorsprong heeft. Dia 3 • Gender: culturele geconstrueerde verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen Dia 4 Mannen hebben Does size matter? gemiddeld een groter hoofd dan vrouwen: dus, ze zijn intelligenter? Wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de 19e eeuw toonde aan dat mannen gemiddeld een groter hoofd hebben dan vrouwen. -
Meteosat SEVIRI Fire Radiative Power (FRP)
1 Meteosat SEVIRI Fire Radiative Power (FRP) Products from the 2 Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA 3 SAF): Part 1 - Algorithms, Product Contents & Analysis 4 5 Wooster, M.J. 1,2 , Roberts, G. 3, Freeborn, P. H. 1,4 , Xu, W. 1, Govaerts, Y. 5, Beeby, R. 1, 6 He, J. 1, A. Lattanzio 6, Fisher, D. 1,2 , and Mullen, R 1. 7 8 9 1 King’s College London, Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group, 10 Department of Geography , Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK. 11 2 NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), UK. 12 3 Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton 13 SO17 1BJ, UK . 14 4 Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, 15 Missoula, Montana, USA. 16 5 Rayference, Brussels, Belgium. 17 6 MakaluMedia, Darmstadt, Germany 18 19 20 Abstract 21 Characterising changes in landscape fire activity at better than hourly temporal 22 resolution is achievable using thermal observations of actively burning fires made 23 from geostationary Earth observation (EO) satellites. Over the last decade or more, a 24 series of research and/or operational 'active fire' products have been developed from 25 geostationary EO data, often with the aim of supporting biomass burning fuel 26 consumption and trace gas and aerosol emission calculations. Such "Fire Radiative 27 Power" (FRP) products are generated operationally from Meteosat by the Land 28 Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF), and are available freely 29 every 15 minutes in both near real-time and archived form. These products map the 30 location of actively burning fires and characterise their rates of thermal radiative 31 energy release (fire radiative power; FRP), which is believed proportional to rates of 32 biomass consumption and smoke emission. -
Human Spaceflight in Social Media: Promoting Space Exploration Through Twitter
Human Spaceflight in Social Media: Promoting Space Exploration Through Twitter Pierre J. Bertrand,1 Savannah L. Niles,2 and Dava J. Newman1,3 turn back now would be to deny our history, our capabilities,’’ said James Michener.1 The aerospace industry has successfully 1 Man-Vehicle Laboratory, Department of Aeronautics and Astro- commercialized Earth applications for space technologies, but nautics; 2Media Lab, Department of Media Arts and Sciences; and 3 human space exploration seems to lack support from both fi- Department of Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of nancial and human public interest perspectives. Space agencies Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. no longer enjoy the political support and public enthusiasm that historically drove the human spaceflight programs. If one uses ABSTRACT constant year dollars, the $16B National Aeronautics and While space-based technologies for Earth applications are flourish- Space Administration (NASA) budget dedicated for human ing, space exploration activities suffer from a lack of public aware- spaceflight in the Apollo era has fallen to $7.9B in 2014, of ness as well as decreasing budgets. However, space exploration which 41% is dedicated to operations covering the Internati- benefits are numerous and include significant science, technological onal Space Station (ISS), the Space Launch System (SLS) and development, socioeconomic benefits, education, and leadership Orion, and commercial crew programs.2 The European Space contributions. Recent robotic exploration missions have -
Meteosat Second Generation
BR-153 November 1999 Meteosat Second Generation The Satellite Development Contact: ESA Publications Division c/o ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 565 3400 - Fax (31) 71 565 5433 BR-153 November 1999 Meteosat Second Generation The Satellite Development i ESA BR-153 ISBN 92-9092-634-1 Technical Coordinators: Bernard Weymiens & Rob Oremus MSG Project, ESA/ESTEC Published by: ESA Publications Division ESTEC, P.O. Box 299 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Editor: Bruce Battrick Layout: Isabel Kenny Cover: Carel Haakman Copyright: © European Space Agency 1999 Price: 50 DFl / 20 Euros i CONTENTS Foreword 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Programme Outline 3 1.2 History of the MSG Satellite Concept 4 1.3 Mission Objectives 6 2 Programmatics 11 2.1 Organisation 11 2.2 Overall Schedule 12 3 Satellite Development 13 3.1 Design & Development of the MSG Satellite 13 3.2 AIT Programme 16 3.3 Product Assurance 18 3.4 Image-Quality Ground Support Equipment 20 4 Payload 4.1 The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) 23 4.2 The Mission Communication Package (MCP) 33 4.3 The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (GERB) 38 4.4 The Search and Rescue (S&R) Mission 40 5 Satellite Subsystems 43 5.1 The Structure 43 5.2 The Unified Propulsion System 45 5.3 The Attitude and Orbit Control System 47 5.4 The Electrical Power System 50 5.5 Data Handling and Onboard Software 52 iii The authors wish to thank those companies and institutes that have provided illustrations and photographs for this Brochure, but for which a specific acknowledgement has not been possible. -
NASA Bumps Astronaut Off Space Station Flight in Rare Move 19 January 2018, by Marcia Dunn
NASA bumps astronaut off space station flight in rare move 19 January 2018, by Marcia Dunn Epps is returning to Houston from Russia, where she'd been training to fly to the space station with a German and Russian. NASA spokeswoman Brandi Dean said Friday it was a decision by NASA, not the Russian Space Agency. African-American astronauts have visited the space station, but Epps would have been the first to live there. Space station crews typically stay for five to six months. NASA assigned her to the flight a year ago. In this Sept. 16, 2014 photo provided by NASA, astronaut Jeanette Epps participates in a spacewalk training session at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. In June 2018, Epps was supposed to be the first African-American to live on the International Space Station, but on Thursday, Jan. 18, 2018, NASA announced it was pulling her off the mission for undisclosed reasons. (Robert Markowitz/NASA via AP) NASA has bumped an astronaut off an upcoming spaceflight, a rare move for the space agency so close to launch. Astronaut Jeanette Epps was supposed to rocket away in early June, and would have been the first African-American to live on the International Space Station. Late Thursday, NASA announced it was pulling Epps off the mission but didn't disclose why. Astronauts have been removed from missions in the past, mostly for health reasons. Epps, an engineer, will be considered for future space missions, according to NASA. She's been replaced by her backup, Serena Aunon- Chancellor, a doctor. -
Trump and the Black Caucus Plan to Meet for the First Time
PRESORTED STANDARD .S. POSTAGE PAID WILMINGTON, N.C. PERMIT - NO. 675 50 CENTS Established 1987 - C elebrating 30 Years of E xcellence! VOLUME 30, NO. 5 March 2017 INSIDE 2 Opinions & Editorials 3 6 7 ‘Real Men Charities’ 3 Health & Wellness Combatting First Black Crew Ushers in New 4 Business News & Research Stereotypes: How Member to Join Leadership With New 5 Career & Education to Talk to Your International Executive Director and 6 Events & Announcements Expanded Board of 7 Spirit & Life Children Space Station Directors 8 Classifieds The Black Press Played Trump and the Black Caucus Vital Role in “Hidden Figures” Plan to Meet for the First Time By Lauren Victoria Burke (N NPA) Following a bizarre exchange with American Urban Radio Networks White House Correspondent April Ryan, the Congressional Black Caucus is in talks with President Donald Trump to “Hidden Figures” author Margot Lee Shetterly set up a meeting. Trump asked, Ryan, a (left) poses for a photo with New Journal and veteran Black journalist, if Guide publisher Brenda Andrews. she could set up a meeting Photo by Ernest Lowery/New Journal and Guide with him and the CBC, as if Ryan was an employee of By Stacy M. Brown headline blared. the White House or a special The CBC, which is now at its largest membership in history, traditionally requests a meeting with the new president after the inauguration. Photo of CBC mem- An accompanying pho- assistant to the CBC. Ryan (NNPA) In her book, to revealed 11 immaculate- responded by saying, “I’m a bers taken during a press conference outside of the Department of Justice in “Hidden Figures,” author ly dressed Black women in journalist.” Washington, D.C.