The Interpretation of the High-Rise (Residential)

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Wien,

E280 ausgeführt Rahmenim Doppeldiplomprogramms eines zum Zwecke d Ao.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing.Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr.techn. -04 Institut für örtliche Raumplanung am Technische Universität Wien High Andreas Voigt Andreas einer Diplom eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien -

Fakultät für Architektur und Raumplanung Rise A Comparison between Erlangung des akademischen Grades Erlangung Grades akademischen des The InterpretationThe Shanghai and Vienna. and Shanghai

in Growing Cities. Growing in (Residential) -Ingenieurin / Master of Engineering unter derLeitungvon Angelika Stranz BSc. DIPLOMARBEIT 01203734 v on

Development

of the

Tongji Universität Shanghai UniversitätTongji Shanghai

Institut für Stadtplanung

Zhao Wei Zhao Dr. Dr.

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II Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. instrumente hinsichtlich ihrer ihrer hinsichtlich instrumente ihre Rahmen im Städte jeweiligen die wie beantwortet, zunächst wird erschein China und wachs in Europa Hochhausentwicklungen jüngsten der Interpretation für repräsentativ auch trotzdem H vielerlei in die Shanghai, und Wien wie Städte zweier Vergleich Der dem diskutiert,vor Hintergrund welche benötigt undgewünscht wird. die Qualität der städtischen Umgebung städtischen der Qualität die in bestehende, traditionelle Stadtstruktur Einbettung und Lage die beinhalten Diskussionen wiederspiegelt. Krit in sich die dar, Thematik sensible eine Orten beiden an diese einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage leisten, wie hoh wie leisten, Frage der Beantwortung zur Beitrag einen Obwohl sich die Hochhausentwicklung in Shanghai völlig von jene von völlig Shanghai in Hochhausentwicklung die sich Obwohl J beiden letzten den Bedeutung gewonnen. in allem vor haben Wohnhochhäuser auch hoher Effizienz zugesprochen wird, ist das Hochhaus. Nicht diesem Zusammenhang offensichtlich Städte weltweit erobert hat Ein manifestieren. Hinsicht physischer und sozialer in sich und Veränderungen zuletzt nicht die Strategien, Folge weiterer soz Einfluss, wechselseitigem tan unter und Menschen stetig auch sich entwickeln als Umwelt sowohl die Wachs städtische Herausforderungen, Das Wien. auch als Shanghai sowohl betrifft zuvor. je als intensiver Unterbrechung, zwischenzeitlicher unterschie in eingebettet wenngleich jetzt, ist und erreicht jeweiligen qualitativ hochwertigen städtischen Umgebung leistet. Dies ermö Nachfrage steigenden zur Wohnhochhaus das Beitrag welchen Vernetzung u Kontinente dadurch rücken und Verbindungen transnationale die wie Projekte stärken Globalisierung der Deckmantel dem Unter ABSTRACT clsebgif: ohas Ubnseug wcsne Städte wachsende Urbanisierung, Hochhausentwicklung, Wohnhochhaus Hochhaus, f Empfehlungen Schlüsselbegriffe: um herangezogen, Resultate die Hochhausentwicklungen imBereich derRaumplanung werden Schließlich NutzerInnenvon Meinung der dieEinbeziehung insbesonderedurch wshn uoa n Cia a bris o 10 arn e Jahren 100 vor bereits hat China und Europa zwischen Ansätze e Hochhausentwicklun der

ger

(Wohn )ohasnwcln airn Zetn wr analysiert, wird Zweitens agieren. -)hochhausentwicklung en zu . Der Fokus auf diese spezifische Gebäudetypologie soll erhalten oder sogar sogar oder erhalten III g. i Egbis dee Frcug werden Forschung dieser Ergebnisse Die auszusprechen dlichen Rahmenbedingungen und trotz trotz und Rahmenbedingungen dlichen e Dichten erreicht werden können, können, werden erreicht Dichten e der urbanen Struktur mit sich bringen bringen sich mit Struktur urbanen der Der globale Trend der Urbanisierung Urbanisierung der Trend globale Der nur nur unterschiedlich genutzte, sondern enden Städten herangezogen. Dafür Dafür herangezogen. Städten enden nach einer dicht besiedelten und besiedelten dicht einer nach zu glicht Schlussfolgerungen auf die nd Städte näher zusammen. Die zusammen. näher Städte nd und dem außerdem das Potential spezifischer Gebäudetyp, der in in der Gebäudetyp, spezifischer iokulturelle Dynamiken und in in und Dynamiken iokulturelle ik der BürgerInnen und Medien und BürgerInnen der ik u ble de rnlg für Grundlage die bildet tum n wr as ntuet z Instrument als wird en, der Hochhäuser, insbesondere Hochhäuser, der verbesser r in Wien unterscheidet Wien in r r Planungsvorschriften und - und Planungsvorschriften r mittels Interviews erweitert ahrzehnten zunehmend an an zunehmend ahrzehnten irn Dru aufbauend, Darauf gieren. .

Bl ad od Initiative‘ Road and ‚Belt insicht einzigartig, jedoch einzigartig, insicht nn ersten inen Saga, Wien, Shanghai, , n. Dichte wird daher daher wird Dichte n. r zukünftige ür Höhepunkt , stellt um ur ur .

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IV IV Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ABSTRACT certainly can be seen as foundation for further challenge further for foundation as seen be can certainly well as Vienna, since numbers have shown that both cities different framework conditions. It is clear that the global tr than intense more between, in interrupted if even now, is impact on each other. The relation between Europe and Ch mo globaliz of account on and decades past the within together been have Initiative’ Road and ‘Belt the as such Projects ewrs Hg-ie Building High-Rise Keywords: each from learned future the regarding recommendations for field high-rise planning of develo lessons Finally, conducted. interviews within e particularly are research the of city.findings eachThe appr respective the for conclusions draw to enables which high- and high-density a of demand increasing the to makes building cont what analyzed is it Secondly, development. (residential) rise regulation planning their of constraints the ans within operate is it Firstly, generally. cities growing in developments rise inst an as taken is China, and Europe for representative ma in unique being Shanghai, and Vienna like cities two Comparing what is needed desired. and user its for environment urban the of quality the improving b city, compact a thereby and densities high achieve to how inte work this typology, building specific this on focusing By structure.urban include the position and embedding of the high-rise buildings, espe n ina bt ae iial ascae wt ucranis mirr uncertainties, with associated similarly are both Vienna, in contr completely Shanghai in development high-rise the Although usedpreliminary residentially, have received increasing attention over t of buildings only Not building. high-rise the is efficiency, great furt is that context, this in scale global a on city every typ specific A influence. reciprocal a show changes these transition the and strategies of development the by followed Development, High-RiseResidential Building of urban ization ization can neglect both, people and the environment. Building en

, raiain Goig iis Saga, ina High-Rise Vienna, Shanghai, Cities, Growing Urbanization, V V nriched by the inclusion of users’ opinions users’opinions of inclusion the by nriched hermore argued to be capable of creating of capable be to argued hermore s the cities may face, as as face, may cities the s rument in order to interpret recent high- recent interpret to order in rument are are confronted with growth. This growth e of building, that obviously conquered obviously that building, of e s and instruments regarding their high- their regarding instruments and s end of urbanization affects Shanghai as ina ina climaxed already 100 years ago and ever before, however, embedded into into embedded however, before, ever oach of the high-rise development of of development high-rise the of oach ut simultaneously maintaining or even or maintaining simultaneously ut ation, increased their connectivity and and connectivity their increased ation, s by discussing density according to according density discussing by s nds to contribute to the issue about about issue the to contribute to nds of the respective cityscape. All of of All cityscape. respective the of mixed use, but tall buildings being buildings tall but use, mixed ig otnns n cte closer cities and continents ving ee hw h rsetv cities respective the how wered ribution the high-rise residential high-rise the ribution cially into an existing, traditional rd n criticism. in ored asts the high-rise development high-rise the asts ny ways and similarly being similarly and ways ny quality urban environment, urban quality he past years. on this, dynamics evolved, iy r dsild o give to distilled are city pments. the consequences consequences the

Discussions Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

。运行机制和中国的城市。通过现高密度和紧凑城市高层建筑。同的质疑以及批判。这些讨论包括有高层建筑的合适位置越来越多的关注。这类建筑不单是指混合功能的建筑，更是用于居住的高层建筑。这类建筑在近几年都受到筑可以在本文所提及的全球范围内的所有城市中建造，并且被认为是可以极大提高效率。都展现出城市之间互惠的特性。其中，产生有一种特殊的建筑类型——高层建筑，这类建此基础上，通过动态发展以及不断更新的政策，各自城市的形态都产生了变化。这些变化影响。这种扩张固然可以被认为是城市发展的基础，但同时城市化也会忽视人和环境。在也纳都经历着城市的不断扩张，这反映了全球化下的城市化对这两个城市都产生了很大的生了较为紧张的关系，以及选择了不同的结构模式。我们可以通过许多数据发现上海和维国之间的紧密联系可以追溯到一百年前并且延续至今，即使是在这期间曾经被中断并且产例如 ABSTRACT chin 键词的规划首先由访谈而本文通过聚焦于这一特殊的建筑类型虽然高层建筑的发展在上海和维也纳有着非常大的区别 “ 近十年来全球化进程进一步推进：此一带一路中的高层建筑发展相关，本文高层建筑得将比。其

出展针开较维也纳和上海，这两将次， “ 对各自城市的高层建筑发展的。讨论两个城市在各自的城市，本文倡议城市化，最后比同时还能保证甚至提高城市中人们的生，将分析较，这些都增加了不同区域之间的互相沟通和影响。其中，欧洲与中得通过，出一种可以被大多数正在发展高层建筑的城市

扩张的城市高层居住建筑发展问题分析将。

，，座本文主要探讨基于需求的密度许多项目正在拉进各个洲和各个城市之间的距离对各个城市提城市都在很多，上海方规划 VII VII 式。本文中的，将和维也纳增加对于高密度和高质法则方炼方出面非常，，借鉴面关于高层高层建筑发展特别是在传统城市肌理中安置，研究但是他们都相同地面对着不指活独导意见环境质内特，但也都能容是基于高层建筑使用，（，旨在关注如何在实量居住以可用于指，。量借鉴高层居住建筑

城市环境的需）够代表建筑的发展方导未欧洲面的方，式

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VIII VIII

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3.3 3.4 2.2 3.1 2.1 3.2 5.2 2.3 4.1 3.5 1.2 4.2 5.1 1.1 3.5.2 5.2.1 HIGH 3.5. 3.5.1 1.2.2 1.2.1 DEFINITIONS 1.2.3 HIGH HIGH 3.5.4 INTRODUCTION

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

LIST OFFIGURESLIST REFERENCES

6 7

5.3 6.1 5.4 6.2 6.3 5.2.5 5.3.1 5.2.4 5.3.2 5.3.4 5.2.3 5.3.5 5.3.3 5.2.2 DISCUSSION, FINDINGS DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION 5.4.1 5.4.5 5.4.2 5.4.4 5.4.3

T T T T L

ESSONS ESSONS HE HE HE HE ...... Planning Approach Planning Planning in Evolution in Planning Methodology and Limitations of the Research the of Limitations and Methodology Planning Instruments Planning ‘QualityVienna’s in Lifeof Residential Towers’ Motivation Densities of High of Densities Housing Underlying Hypotheses Underlying Planning in Evolution in Planning Densities of High of Densities Planning Instruments Planning Living Quality Living Housing H A H C

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Compound Compound 6). of Vienna (Eigner et al., 1999, pp. 3– pattern construction grid typical the ‘Bassenawohnungen’ Shanghai. in neighborhoods Lilong the to compared be can somehow they regards, these In toilet. the or kitchen the as such dwellers, the by shared where that facilities, bad and occupation dense a by characterized walls. for by surrounded and reasons branding named is usually compound (high-rise) a Shanghai, In p.161). 2010, (Hassenpflug, 'packaging' or 'compilation' with associated be also can which 'camp', or 'fortification' from derived noun The settlement. Chinese of form modern a for used commonly is ‘compound’ term The The The so Bassena-Flat Bassenawohnung thelooked upin glossary. Frequently used technical and country- or city-specific name are marked in the present work present the in marked are Gl

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positioned in front of the word, indicates that it can be can it that indicates word, the of front in positioned XII Figure Figure s as well as 1 High - rise residential compound in Hongkou District, non Shanghai. -common expressions

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 单 D emerged between the years of 1848 and and 1848 of years the between emerged that areas urban the Especially since. ever cityscape physical Viennese the when shaped time has era this However, Europe. the Central in place was took industrialization It 1873. great the before Germany and Austria in century 19th the in phase economic the to refers but dated precisely not is period time This Literally: 'Founders'Literally: Period' Gründerzeit 31) p. 1994, (Morris, entities self-sufficient units the making kindergartens, and schools care, health food, activities, cultural as such services provide may units Large workers. the for provided see be services of can housing extent However, differ. provided, the services. unit, work and Depending on the size and wealth resources of the social social provides unit the of labor, In for exchange China. Maoist form in administration a represents Arbeitseinheit Work- D ā ā 位 wi means nwèi

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XIII Figure Figure 2 'Gründerzeit' buildings in Hernals District , Vienna .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2011). Song, and and Selden, 1994; Fu et al., 2018; Zhang rural the curb to lever significant as seen be th System, Hukou The do. urban area, such as urban hukou holders an in insurance social education, or care medical housing, welfare, urban as such services public to access equal have to unable are they why is That holders. hukou rural as categorized are Migrant urban workers, from rural area system: the of understanding better a The following example is aiming to give access to various resources and services. its determines category, residents’ the institutional arrangement that, based on an is It holder. hukou rural or urban an in 1958. Each registrant is categorized as introduced was that system registration population a is System Hukou China’s 户 SystemHukou SystemHukou 21, 2018, p. 32) Vienna Department (Municipal 1914 Hùk 口制度 -urban migration in China (Cheng China in migration -urban ǒ u Zhìdù Zhìdù u

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s XIV XIV Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Planungsgemeinschaft Ost (Hassenpflug, 2010, p.64 p. 161 p. 166) Shanghai in example the regards, these popular most the probably is Shíkùmén In time. over aitos f h L the Different of variations fabric. urban for Shanghai's characteristic are residential and story buildings three to two with quarters residential They closed century. comprise 19th the of the middle around already of powers influence colonial houses the under developed alleyway-structured The Planning AssociationPlanning East 里弄 L Ost, n.d.). Planungsgemeinschaft (PGO Austria East of and region the in planning spatial impacting preparation activities of coordination the to order facilitate in 1978 in of founded was It provinces Vienna. and Austria Lower Burgenland, federal the of Austrian organization planning joint a is Ost' 'Planungsgemeinschaft The Literally: 'Neighborhood Alley' Literally: Alley' 'Neighborhood Literally: 'Nachbarschaftsstraße'Literally: ǐ Lòng

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in Hongkou District, Shanghai.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Trabantensiedlung (Fo arch stone a by surrounded usually is brick wall and the entrance to each alley high a by protected usually is yard front The Shanghai. to unique and housing Geographie, n.d) Geographie, der (Lexikon suggested is usually city' the 'Satellite English, into translating notion German when Particularly 'Trabantensiedlung' and a 'Satellite City'. a of definition the between boundaries slight blurred to leading the been has difference However, city. satellite the as such core the with interwoven closely as functionally is not and therefore area supply and acquisition the own its to has also function, addition residential in which region, the urban or city core in a of area peripheral located usually settlement, a describes "Trabantensiedlung" The 石 Shíkùmén Literally: 'Stone Gate'Literally: Literally: 'Steintor' terraced house. It is a style of L of English style a is It house. terraced an and building courtyard Chinese a of hybrid a is Shíkùmén A 库 rrest and Izuhara, 2012, Izuhara, rrest p. and 29). 门 (chin) (chin)

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Literally: 'Vienna Mountain' Mountain' 'Vienna Literally: Wienerberg 2 21, Vienna Derpartment (Municipal now is City'. 'Wienerberg the for characteristic cluster high-rise A 1980s. development competition already in the Wienerberg became subject to an urban the city in the District of Favoriten. The of south the in situated Vienna in area usually used in order to refer to an urban is term The suggest. would translation the as such 'Mountain' a really not is Wienerberg the height meters 244 With 'Cisdanubia'. the Danube river, often is referred to as of south the in located Vienna, of part the Hence, river. the Danube the of north in 'beyond') translated (literally situated Vienna of part the for name a as emerged 'Transdanubia' especially t later only was It river. Danube the of left the on and right the on Hungary for 'Cisdanubia' originally is Latin and stood opposite its as well as ‘Transdanubia' Transdanubien Transdanubia 014) the two almost equally large parts of

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Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. (BRI), over 70 billion USD USD billion 70 over (BRI), so- the in (MERCIS), Studies China for Institute Mercator the been invested and consequently changed in the connectivity are being built in Bosnia and highways that are being built in built being are that highways and Bosnia in built being are Greek port of Piraeus which is the fastest-growing conta important most the of Some Europe. and Africa Asia, between The BRI can be seen as a long-term project with global exte and pipelines railways, as such infrastructures money, this Considering Considering the differences in history, culture, climate 1.1 1 plans for a Silk Road Economic Belt as well as a 21 a as well as Belt Economic Road Silk a for plans current China’s Since policy. foreign Chinas in part major a pre very a become has network the Road, Silk famous the as o in fell it until continents two the ago years 2000 already uai (ectr nttt fr hn Suis 2018) Studies, China for Institute (Mercator Eurasia re of exchange efficient more and easier an allow to aiming is context, the continents move closer together by overco bridges, pipelines, ports and railways is generating a connec a geographic point of view, it might be surprising, that a cit both although But Vienna. to Shanghai compare to base immediately not might one planning, spatial in challenges resulting hs ti catr am t gv a itrc overview historic a give to aims chapter, this Thus, therefore challenges. and facing similar similar in globalization of era new a of favor in as well as upon, The The increasingly an world. globalized and boundaries regional to argue and thus justifies a comparison of the two cities different regions and cities and the resulting spatial influence

Introduction relation of Europe and China has a long history. A networ A history. long a has China and Europe of relation The The R elation of Shanghai and Vienna in were invested into infrastructure projects until 2018 by China by 2018 until projects infrastructure into invested

1 st zone Century Maritime Silk Road in 2013, a lot a 2013, in Road Silk Maritime Century ming ming a long-term geographic obstacle which Toe geo Those . of that now can be found embedded between iner iner terminal in Europe, power plants that currently reaccelerating network of roads,

blivion for a long time. Also referred to referred Also time. long a for blivion the the ports have been built towards the west. the towards built been have ports , geographical position and the different tivity between Asia and Europe. In this nt in order to develop new trade routes which cities are becoming even more more even becoming are cities which ies appear to be distant not only from from only not distant be to appear ies of of s that sent topic again lately as it represents it as lately again topic sent president Xi Jinping announced his his announced Jinping Xi president Montenegro (Mercator Institute for for Institute (Mercator Montenegro eain ewe te w allegedly two the between relation the projects include for instance the instance for include projects called “Belt and Road Initiative” Road and “Belt called E sources within the continent of of continent the within sources volution involved regions. According to k of old trade links connected links trade old of k have eooi atmt ae based are attempts -economic assume this to be an adequate an be to this assume occurred. Hence, it serves

. . With With Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Opium War (1839- Opium War territory of Shanghai was only 2 km 2 only was Shanghai of territory Europeans settled down in concessions which gradually expande 2013, p. 30) p. 2013, Balkans, could between become goods route for the transport main Asia th long-term, the on that means, This 2018). Studies, China referred to as Lao- Specifically in the 19 the in Specifically that been has subject to fluctuation until now. an had have forces international then, Since city. the on milest crucial as seen be can period This Europeans. the by euain f hnhi en a yai ad ompltn iy s city, implementation the of 2013 BRI in Institute (Mercator Studies, China for 201 cosmopolitan and dynamic a being Shanghai of reputation o network the within hub a represents Shanghai coastline, However, based upon its advantageous location on the Delta Shanghai’s suitability for trade with Europe was already noti already was Europe with trade for suitability Shanghai’s Figure Figure the Chinese city gained high significance as trade and finan and trade as significance high gained city Chinese the 6 The New Silk Road Road Silk New The Cheng 1842) th century with the advent of the Industrial Revolution (Denison Revolution Industrial the of advent the with century -Xiang is considered to be the origin of Shanghai’s urban civ had had ended, opened up Shanghai tradefor with Europe. In 1846 – China’s worldwide infrastructure network network infrastructure worldwide China’s 2 in size and surrounded by walls. The traditional town, also also town, traditional The walls. by surrounded and size in 2

impact on the development of Shanghai Shanghai of development the on impact f the New Silk Road. Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, Road. Silk New the f (Mercator Institute China for Studies, 2018) one, for further international influence international further for one, e Silk Road taking course through the through course taking Road Silk e of the Yangtze River and the Chinese ced in the middle of the 18 the of middle the in ced d over the years. By that time, the es rm ale ta the than earlier from tems cial center. After the first the After center. cial and Central Europe. Europe. Central and 8) .

ilization ilization (Sha

and Ren, and th , the first

century century

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. being paused between, in still features quality (Jack major Shanghai of a already modernity of kind certain a indicated which transnationalism over Chinese the forced conflicts armed Various co in concession French The settlement. international an of later, and followed Americans the after, soon but first came structure twin the for base the formed which area, town in planned were settlements Foreign 31). p. 2014a, al., et core the of city until today et(Sha al., 2014b, p. 9) city the of area town traditional the as well as settlements f the around concentrated development Shanghai’s on, Later Between the end of the 19 the of end the Between fa architectur besides affected Shanghai on influence Europe’s River Ren,(Denison 2013; and Jackson, 2017, p. 2; Wu, 2018, p. 4) the urban morphology of the city, especially in the well-kn trade and financial metropolis metropolis financial and trade rth Figure Figure er from music to literary scenes as well as to the cosmopolit the to as well as scenes literary to music from er 7 Shanghai Shanghai in 1931 showing the French Concession (south), the International the (south), Concession French the showing 1931 th century and the 1920s, Shanghai became a melting pot as w as pot melting a became Shanghai 1920s, the and century (Jackson, 2017, pp. 2 pp. 2017, (Jackson, boundary. boundary. (Denison and Ren,2013) 3 . the

– time to flee to foreign areas for protection. for areas foreign to flee to time 12) own own area of the Bund along the Huangpu of the town half a century later. Britain Britain later. century a half town the of . These circumstances These . Settlement (north) and the Chinese City with its’ circul its’ with City Chinese the and (north) Settlement the north, separated from the Chinese the from separated north, the , still constitute an essential part of the of part essential an constitute still ,

they gathered within the constraints the within gathered they e, also the culture and reached and culture the also e, prsn eand independent. remained mparison re frin ocsin. The concessions. foreign ormer an art. These influences led influences These art. an .

in the 1920s that, although although that, 1920s the in son, 2017, p. 9). are manifested in in manifested ell as a a as ell even even ar ar to a a to

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. socialist welfare system housing market-oriented to a system. b contributed was development urban of speed The changes. Shangha then, Since encouraged. were Shanghai in investments Pu Huang the along Pudong of area the develop to order In started to coastal become city. open an determined to become one of the international economic, financ grea of era the entered development urban Shanghai’s when space per capita ranked among the country’s worst (Sha capita, per space green as such condition living of indexes 2006 Ren, and (Denison 1990s the until frozen was city the 28) 1980 the in Xiaoping Deng by introduced reforms, economic The to 12 people 6 untilyears million million from 1982 et(Sha al., 2014b, p. 10) sec manufacturing the support to immigration of result a as concentrated upon the expansion of manufacturing districts manufacturing of expansion the upon concentrated era Maoist the during negligible became city the on influence of Westernof cities was factors driven by internal et(Sha al., 2014b, p ba factors external of result the were majorly Shanghai of cities at the same time. However, whereas driving forces fo so were, at this time, comparable. Even problems such as slums populat of terms in cities the of scales the only not that (Sha et al., 2014b, p. 9) took place simultaneously with lar urb of era first the that interesting, is it Furthermore, In In 1937, Shanghai was attacked and occupied by the Japanes but also changed the cit the changed also but stat the by owned were forms administrative all period, socialist ab be to order in hub industry heavy and manufacturing mainly the of transformation a to lead which rebuilt were sectors country fell into a large paralysis of trade and industry. Th declared victory in 1949 theand People’s Republic un of China 20 Ren, and (Denison leave to foreigners forced which 1945) cle D -called were not yet meant to include Shanghai in the first place w ā wi ee nrdcd y h scait ytm A a conseque a As system. socialist the by introduced were nwèi y’s built-environment correspondingly. This was also the time the also was This correspondingly. built-environment 4 anization in modern Shanghai (1840 - (1840 Shanghai modern in anization et al., 2014b, p. 13). This situation changed ion and urban area but also the economy, the also but area urban and ion ge cities in western countries. This means sed on the colonialism, the development the colonialism, the on sed e economy, predominantly the industrial city from being a financial center to a a to center financial a being from city r r the industrialization and urbanization tor, the population doubled within 20 within doubled population the tor, e within the Sino- (Sha et al., 2014b, p. 11) p. 2014b, al., et (Sha

transport situation or average living average or situation transport were , p. 215). Until then, Shanghai’s key Shanghai’s then, Until 215). p. , t change in 1991 when the city was city the when 1991 in change t y the conversion from the previous the from conversion the y hich hich is why the foreign influence on 06, p. 186). When the Communists the When 186). p. 06, River, foreign as well as domestic as well as foreign River, der Mao derZedung Mao was founded, the e. That did not only shape the era era the shape only not did That e. e and trade centers. The city again i started to undergo fundamental undergo to started i le to maintain itself. During this During itself. maintain to le n te iys eeomn was development city’s the and faced by Shanghai and Western s (Forrest and Izuhara, 2012, p. 2012, Izuhara, and (Forrest s . 9- 13).

Japanese war (1937 nce, the European European the nce, . . , when the the when , However, 1949) - Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. range towards Europe constantly towards Europe range Institute(Mercator St China for has which Initiative”, Road Silk New “The of network the within same the At Shanghai. on influence foreign of increase the p maintain and attract this a large and diverse secure pool of human capital to order in competitiveness its strengthening globa a become already has city the While now. until influence ex been has Shanghai place, took event this than later No bei EXPO der 2010 n.d.) Shanghai,” in motto “Better City, Better Life”, where Austria was rep lots of international attention in 2010 with the mega event p urban of field the within example major one only represents p. 2007, Zhou, and (Xue architecture foreign imported of However, the However, policy, thedoor influence the on city Europe of been has revitalized almos stayed in the focus of interlinking with the West. With the the beginning and at the end of this period. Based on its a One could detect a wide influence of Europe on Shanghai within Shanghai on Europe of influence wide a detect could One town town included foreign architects as well as their country-specific significancehigh within economic the relationship. EU-China flagship of China’s appearance to the West. Furthermore its suburbs which 2012) and infrastructure the in changes major to led This market. decades. Since 1993 foreign investors are allowed to develop c alloca be can Shanghai on influence foreign of increase The . In the first years of the 2000s the Municipality of Shan of Municipality the 2000s the of years first the In . (Den Hartog, 2010). Generally, over the past 25 years, 25 past the over Generally, 2010). Hartog, (Den relation relation was when the project 1 City 9 Towns became relevant. The c of the 21 the of st

century century .

underlies a certain reciprocity as Shanghai functions as as functions Shanghai as reciprocity certain a underlies 5 resented in one Pavilion as well (“Österreich , Chinas foreign direct investment gained trend of globalization and China’s open- dvantageous location, the city has always of the Shanghai World Expo under the time, the city represents a key junction key a represents city the time, 21) and the project of 1 Cit 1 of project the and 21) design which then was applied on each periencing another boost of foreign foreign of boost another periencing housing sector (Forrest and Izuhara, Izuhara, and (Forrest sector housing (Sha (Sha et al., 2014b, p. 18) which entails ted to major events in the last three last the in events major to ted China has experienced a large influx influx large a experienced has China ghai explored models for urbanizing urbanizing for models explored ghai ommercial ommercial housing for the domestic lanning. However, Shanghai gained Shanghai However, lanning. sto. hs i cniuly must continually it Thus, osition. l financial center, it is constantly is it center, financial l udies, 2 the 20 the been expanding its geographic geographic its expanding been 018) th century, particularly at particularly century, t a hundred yearst hundred later. a . ontroversial ontroversial project y 9 Towns, Towns, 9 y Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Vienna h respective the of understanding an and discussion further prevailing differences are going to be elaborated. This proc 1.2 d hs chapter This moreover, significantly surpassed the value of Europe’s inv Europe’s in of value the investments surpassed significantly China’s moreover, of value the result, a As 2013. in with the announcement and implementation of the Belt and Road In p growth impressive an had have investments outward Chinese the into euros of billions invested having companies European even declining since 2015 (Hanemann and Huotari, 2017, pp. pp. 2017, Huotari, and (Hanemann 2015 since declining even Europe had on China at the beginning of the 20 the of beginning the at China on had Europe t to quite leads and significance major a gained has Europe on hnhi n Ven i ti tei i bidn o toe ulnd p outlined those relations on building is thesis this in Vienna and Shanghai framework socio-spatial their within changes implies similarly which interconnec to intensified actively have cities and continents -polit and socio-cultural present their concerning developments an sig differ that cities represent still Vienna and Shanghai that o each on impact and relation their increased globalization, of Overall, the continents and cities have moved closer togethe gorpi psto. hs crusacs a b se as seen be can circumstances These position. geographic d

Characterizing Shanghai and Vienna .

. However, first requires the the of characterization two cities. Figure Figure evs to serves 8 Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) of China and Europe and China of (FDI) Investments Direct Foreign create a basic understanding of the two cities. Based on on Based cities. two the of understanding basic a create 6 th century has reversed a hundred years later. years hundred a reversed has century . (Hanemann and Huotari, 2017 edure is supposed to form the basis for r r within the past decades and by means igh-rise development in Shanghai and and Shanghai in development igh-rise

estments in China, which China, in estments t with eac with t nificantly, starting from their history their from starting nificantly, Europe have constantly risen and and risen constantly have Europe 3– Chinese economy since the 1980s the since economy Chinese ther. It is important to recognize, to important is It ther. ical framework. Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, framework. ical he assumption that the influence the that assumption he articularly in recent years starting years recent in articularly 5). As a resul a As 5). h ros f ute diverse further of roots the itiative of president Xi Jinping . The comparison between comparison The . h other over the past years past the over other h eodtos f increasing of reconditions , p.5 fig.2 t, China’s influence China’s t, ) the fact that that fact the

have been have ,

Geography

Figure Figure 9 Location

of Shanghai of 7 ( map basis: basis: map google maps) google

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. it as wide river be can seen main and Shanghai’s as the at coast east China's of middle the in located is Shanghai km long long km is crisscrossed by an intricate network of canals and wate above sea level. This is due to its location on the alluvial pla an on lies and flat is area mainland Shanghai’s of majority vast latitude of Cairo or San Diego and a longitude of hnxn ad egh.n diin o ht te uiiaiys a f Apart hinterland. agricultural municipality’s an and suburbs, surrounding the that, to addition Hengsha.In and Changxing It is bordered region, it is located near the mouth of the Yangtze River, cor the of one Being n.d.). longitude,” and Latitude - China municipality comprise administratively the islands islands the administratively comprise municipality Hangzhou Bay Hangzhou has average width of 80 meters and Huangpu River which is 80 k 80 is which River Huangpu and meters 80 of width average to to the north , and ,

to the we the to

by the Yangtze River, st by st

Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. The county under Shanghai Shanghai under county The Provinces. Zhejiang and Jiangsu 12 8 to to the east by the 1° crosses crosses 27 of ' Chongming, as wells as the islands of of islands the as wells as Chongming, 29 and and also one of the coastal cities in China. rways '' E the inner urban area (Boxer, area 2019). the urban inner in in of the Yangtze River Delta. The city rom a few hills in the southwest the in hills few a rom (“Geographic coordinates Shanghai, latitude of 31° of latitude e cities in the Yangtze River Delta River Yangtze the in cities e suc average elevation of 3 to 5 meters 5 to 3 of elevation average h h as Suzhou Creek which is 125 East China Sea, e icue te iy itself, city the includes rea m long and 400 meters 400 and long m 13 ' 20 '' N to to the south or the the same , t ,

he by

Figure Figure 10

Location

of Vienna of 9

(map basis: google maps google )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. from 151mfrom to 542m which makes it comparatively et hilly (Ehrlich al., 2019) A area The as a generous green recreational space for the city. V km tha stream, main the to parallel canal flood-control a Canal, longest river, has cut its course through the mountains the through course its cut has river, longest by The city is directly bordered by another federal country, of (“Geographic coordinates Vienna, Austria - Latitude and longit and Latitude - Austria Vienna, coordinates (“Geographic Shanghai and Beijing and roughly the same latitude as Paris, and and Paris, as latitude same the roughly and Beijing and Shanghai north- the in situated is Vienna the foothills of the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains Carpathian the and Alps the of foothills the section of the Danube was straightened and confined in the in confined and straightened was Danube the of section long and 230 m wide was thus created from former floodlands. T occupying the second lowest terrace lowest second the occupying Wienerwald slope to the river in four roughly semicircular te semicircular roughly four in river the to slope Wienerwald east of of east Austria . On the con the On . at a at 10

latitude of 48° of latitude ienna ienna is situated on both sides of the Danube. trary to Shanghai, Vienna’s elevation ranges ranges elevation Vienna’s Shanghai, to trary and similarly to Shanghai, Shanghai, to similarly and Austria (Lower Austria) and surrounded , where the the where , t flows through the city. An island 21 island An city. the through flows t 19th century to form the Danube Danube the form to century 19th ude,” n.d.) ude,” rraces, with the inner urban core urban inner the with rraces, 12 ' a longitude of 16° of longitude a 29,4 his island now functions also Danube '' N which is northern to northern is which N , . in the Vienna basin. basin. Vienna the in

, Europe’s crosses 22 the city. the ' second 25,7 '' E ''

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure

Shanghai drawn to scale to drawn Shanghai 11

(map basis: google maps google )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure

Vienna drawn to scale to drawn Vienna 12

(map basis: google maps google )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. average temperature of 4,3°C. December has the least pre least the has December 4,3°C. of temperature average th is January night. the during frosts frequent with clammy w The precipitation. highest the with month be to considered mm 169 About them. by affected strongly Bec Sea. Chinese East the over gather to likely very are July is considered to be the warmest month of the year. Dur a lot of rain and has a characteristically hot and wet summer. The city’s maritime location fosters a subtropical maritime monso Shanghai theconditions on respective high-rise development be can assumed. Therefore position. intercontinental its upon based is climate clima subtropical the within city coastal a is Shanghai Whereas 1.2.2 (Boxer, 2019). Generally, Shanghai h Shanghai Generally,

Climate Climate Figure Figure as

four distinct seasons, with spring and autumn being comparat being autumn and spring with seasons, distinct four 13

Shanghai Climate Climate Shanghai

- Average temperature and and temperature Average of 13 rcptto fls n ue wih hrfr is therefore which June, in falls precipitation

ause of the west winds, the city gets often gets city the winds, west the of ause percipitation ing ing this time, typhoons and hurricanes With an average temperature of 28°C cipitation with an average of 40mm. of average an with cipitation e coldest month of the year with an an with year the of month coldest e , an impact of the different climatic different the of impact an , te zone, Vienna’s central European European central Vienna’s zone, te inter in Shanghai Shanghai in inter on on climate. It is characterized by

(Boxer, 2019)

often ively short ively s fairly is

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. buildin high-rise on impact an having factor climatic main the For (E w month the is June Shanghai, to similarly that, to contrary 35mm of precipitation average an with and coldest the be to avera an with January whereas month warmest the is July, be said that it is cooler and drier in Vienna than in Shanghai. dif very is climate Vienna’s topology, different its and position range a by influences climatic their from protected is Vienna moist and warm a fosters position intercontinental city’s The Vienna The The cities. that differences the about idea rough and tangible of sort is wind of data some consideration, into that Taking etc. form surrounding hilly slightly a is there whether difference big a Wind differs based upon seasons, day- and nighttime, geogprap a Shanghai between comparison a allows that data find to hard o Ötrec 17 - 1971 Österreich von a was it Vienna in whereas 9) p. 2012, Shi, and (Cui km/h 10 hrlich ethrlich al., 2019). average

annual wind speed of Shanghai measured between 1970 and 200 Figure Figure 14 00” 2019) 2000,”

Vienna Climate Climate Vienna - . Generally, it is important to acknowledge the complex complex the acknowledge to important is it Generally, . Average temperature and and temperature Average 14

precipitation precipitation affect the built environment in the two the in environment built the affect ge temperature of -0,6°C is considered is -0,6°C of temperature ge ith the highest precipitation of 75mm of precipitation highest the ith With an average temperature of 20°C or presence of waters and its specific its and waters of presence or pproximately 14 km/h (“Klimadaten km/h 14 pproximately the driest month of the year. On the On year. the of month driest the climate. Situated east of the Alps, the of east Situated climate. ferent to Shanghai. Basically, it can can it Basically, Shanghai. to ferent hical location within the city as it is nd Vienna due to various reasons. various to due Vienna nd provided in order to create some create to order in provided (Ehrlich 2019) et al., of hills. Based on its geographic geographic its on Based hills. of gs, the wind the gs, 0 was approximately

(Karr, 2019) (Karr, , it is it ,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. han valley the through west the along as well as canal Danube r aisles wind valuable by marked is city the Vienna, Concerning a city the development (Klasmann, 2004, p. 134) of location natural the conditions, wind predominant even clusters, or the high-rise canyons.on Depending from drawn be longer no to bad ventilation which then prevents smog to distribute an me in Especially accordingly. decreases suction the decreases, t up and 10% between density, built the on depending wind the of high-rise buildings is very likely to block the wind which is w large- a on blocked is city a of ventilation the ven the on impacts its and buildings high-rise of interdependency rises sa the that recognize, to important is it time, same the At due to reasons. other a fresh the impair not would it that prove to had area this hand, this also hand, can to contributes that machine wind a form can buildings the of ene additional any Without flow. air the increases significantly win the of direction natural the within lies that gap, a form improvements of the air quality and a city’s ventilation in gen

(Cui and Shi, 2012, p. 13) p. 2012, Shi, and (Cui hot days in the city during the hot season as a result of extraordinarily within the city center until 2010 which lead to 131) the environment are examined before projects get realized. Ge realized. get projects before examined are environment the fluxes (Collier, 2006) significantly, which is why nowadays th dling when it comes to the high-rise development which is why a why is which development high-rise the to comes it when dling . For the case of Shanghai it is interesting to notice, th as bre fr h ubn niomn, a udr different under can environment, urban the for burden a farther cause districts can be cut off the natural fresh air supply (K supply air fresh natural the off cut be can districts an undesirable effect. an . This shows, that the urban morphology impacts airflow and e and airflow impacts morphology urban the that shows, This

scal 15 e, various problems can occur: The large surface large The occur: can problems various e,

the changes of the built urban environment me laws of nature that might cause high- cause might that nature of laws me at the speed of wind has been decreasing ir supply. The project was never built, never was project The supply. ir d, a kind of nozzle can be created that created be can nozzle of kind a d, of Vienna. The latter demands careful demands latter The Vienna. of d dissolve. As a result, polluted air can more heat islands and therefore more e impacts high-rise buildings have on eral. eral. If high-rise buildings are built to ga cities such as Shanghai, this leads this Shanghai, as such cities ga a healthier ventilation. On the other other the On ventilation. healthier a rgy consumption, the arrangement arrangement the consumption, rgy hy those buildings curb the flux of arrangement of high-risebuildings of arrangement nerally, the risks depend risks the nerally, o 30%. If the speed of the wind the of speed the If 30%. o nig ln te aue the Danube, the along unning tilation on its surroundings. If surroundings. its on tilation d h dge o high-rise of degree the nd planned high-rise project in in project high-rise planned icmtne cause circumstances lasmann, 2004, p. 2004, lasmann, on the on nergy Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ev o te n hn plc avsr ad n h ohr ha other the on and advisory policy hand one the on serve Shan the to responsible bureaus and offices, commissions, of governing body in the municipality is the elected municipal govern subdivisions: divisions. However, there are three main divisions that each divisions. The urban system is applied in the east of China an summarized, that the rural system is applied in west and centra syste administrational both Currently divisions. centered urban being from changing are divisions administrative the that means, been simultaneously has hierarchy of levels all at apparatus n Cogig iety otold y h cnrl oenet in government central the by controlled directly Chongqing and As a first-order, province-level administrative unit, Shanghai mu increa tremendously been have China in areas urban the As The Shanghai 1.2.3 bodiesgoverning (Boxer, 2019; 2018). Zhuo, function also as administrative links to both the national gov • • • administration in China is organized vertically and consequently f consequently and vertically organized is China in administration

the the the Prefecture-level divisions, and the County-level divisions Administration Provincial-level administrative divisions, 16

again again can be differentiated into various d the coastal areas and consists of less ernment in Beijing as well as the local in a process of readjustment. This readjustment. of process a in ghai People’s Congress. Those units Those Congress. People’s ghai l China and is characterized by many nd nd nicipality is, next to Beijing, Tianjin ig te country the sing, ms coexist and it roughly can be can roughly it and coexist ms rural centered divisions towards divisions centered rural ment of Shanghai which consists as administrative functions and and functions administrative Beijing eatures a strong hierarchy. hierarchy. strong a eatures . However, the top top the However, . ´s administrative Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Fengxian, as well as the islands Chongming, Chongxing and Hen accommodating the well-known skyline of the city. The district has river, Huangpu the borders that part, eastern its into into the Huangpu district (Ping, 2019) that fact the to due is 10, figure in area” urban “inner only why reason The Yangpu. and Hongkou Zhabei, Putuo, suburbs erpltn ein f hnhi (rvnil ee mncplt Shan municipality 6340approximately km level '(provincial Shanghai of region metropolitan known now are and population in increase continuing the to

inner inner are complete the shows that graphic the in white completely located is Shanghai city coastal the of town old historic The The Pudong district, was alread was district, Pudong The Boashan, Minhang and Pudong, that border the inner city, inner the border that Pudong, and Minhang Boashan, ra area urban

are located far from the center itit (con 21, . 6 Hagu Lwn Xhi C Xuhui, Luwan, Huangpu, 36) p. 2015, (Schoon, districts 2 (Zhuo, 2018) total. in Figure Figure 15

y founded y

Administrative Units of Shanghai (map basis: google m google basis: (map Shanghai of Units Administrative . While While Puxi forms de facto the inner city, the districts Jiading, . Those districts in 1870 as an industrial area. In 1993 it was rebuilt and and rebuilt was it 1993 In area. industrial an as 1870 in 17

become Shanghai’s trade and financial center financial and trade Shanghai’s become in 2011 the Luwan district was integrated was district Luwan the 2011 in have are counted are eight inner city districts are shown shown are districts city inner eight largely merged with the core city due a of Shanghai. It consists of the nine nine the of consists It Shanghai. of a in the Puxi district, which is marked is which district, Puxi the in s of Qingpu, Songjiang, Jinshan and as the administrative unit of of unit administrative the as gsha form the rural aps)

to the city center as well as center city the to hi ad xed over extend and ghai) hangning, Jing’an, Jing’an, hangning, area as as well as the the as .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. and legal and cooper interregional various forming been has consequently other and regions neighboring its with interacts also Vienna special a withinhas position Austria. It simultaneously functions as: Vienna’s administration is characterized by a number of const Vienna elected every representation et (Ehrlich five years by proportional stat federal the of governor the as serves also council, mayor The mayor. a and members 100 of composed council city a The city’s 23 municipal districts are managed by appointed magist e same the of institutionally separate capacities City(Vienna 2020) Administration, hands the in are administrations state the and Because of the dual character of Vienna as the federal c 2020). However, However, 2020). pr two the between ties physical and economic strong very allocation of funds (Fritz and Tomaschek, 2015) Tomaschek, and (Fritz funds of allocation be difficult due to the competition for residents and companies, 330) for cooperation between the surrounding communities and the municipa as simultaneously but state federal as firstly bordered • • • .

is the economic political center and Austria. of parliament, head of state, federal government and Austr the highes of Republic the of seat the i.e. capital, federal the of theof Office the of Government. Provincial are performed by the Office of the Provincial Government un Vienna has a right to its own legislation and provincial execu Aust of Republic the form that provinces federal autonomous the 1922 Since Austria. of Republic the of province federal municipality with the legal status chartered a of city. by separated from its neighboring regions, of the Province o Province the of regions, neighboring its from separated a common planning perspective between the municipalities has a has municipalities the between perspective planning common a

18 .

Additionally, the circumstance that Vienna is Vienna that circumstance the Additionally, apital apital and a federal province, the municipal e. Representatives to the city council are are council city the to Representatives e. ovinces (Vienna City Administration, Administration, City (Vienna ovinces ations. Although Vienna is politically is Vienna Although ations. itutionally required bodies, as the city federal capital (Eder et al., 2018, p. federal provinces of Austria and and Austria of provinces federal which have a direct impact on the lity represents a special challenge special a represents lity rates, and the city is governed by lected representatives acting in in acting representatives lected al., 2019) as ihs atoiis (federal authorities highest ia’s tive body. Administrative tasks t courts), and therefore Vienna city has been one of the nine nine the of one been has city . der the direction of the Head

, who is elected by the city the by elected is who , ria. As a federal province, federal a As ria. f Lower Austria, there are are there Austria, Lower f .

lso occurred to occurred lso Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Later on, i on, Later Gürtel originally functioned as defense wall and surrounds the in of Vienna are also the highest in number: Donaustadt (22) Donaustadt number: in highest the also are Vienna of the border between inner and outer districts (Magistrat der other districts, spread over an area of approximately 415 districts,other km approximately of area over an spread outer Ring that Beyond monuments. and parks buildings, mo contains district architectural structures and is surrounded by a circular ro core The currently. total in districts 23 from the area of the now called “Innere Stadt” the city ste The historic old town of Vienna, namely “Innere Stadt”, is now suburbs t developed into into developed t . These areas are also physically divided by another road, th road, another by divided physically also are areas These . Figure Figure a traffic distribution rail of individual as well as public transport transport public as well as individual of rail distribution traffic 16

Administrative Units of Vienna (map basis: google map google basis: (map Vienna of Units Administrative 19

there ad, or Ring (Ringstraße) lined with grand Stadt Wien, n.d.). The youngest districts adily extended to 22 more districts, thus are the inner urban districts, and the and districts, urban inner the are and Liesing (23) and together wit together and (23) Liesing and 2 2 (Stadt Wien. MA23, 2018). a part of the city’s core. Originating t f h ct’ fmu historic famous city’s the of st ner-city in an irregular semicircle. s)

e so-called Gürtel. The Gürtel. so-called e

along along h the h

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. building building development between Shanghai and Vienna. Therefore, First of all, it has to be noticed, that there is a major diff by number, distribution, Vienna intensity,and increase, function, an context global differences, this chapter a is aiming to deal with the predominant on buildings high-rise of development the Since 2.1 r sometimes it was viewed also (Glauser, backward as 2018, p. 73). more a as subliminally interpreted was it Sometimes literature. in construct to restraint The Vienna. of area urban inner ma dominate which buildings sacral for reserved been has primarily the 20 the eas o ter oiin et o arl ulig. Neverthe buildings. sacral to of consequences the two next position their of because bu high, extraordinarily not were buildings high-rise first The In Europe on the contrary, high-rise buildings firstly became firstly buildings high-rise contrary, the on Europe In 2 how thishow specific type building story became global (Jacobs, a 2006, p. did not quite emerge, which is why a lot of research has be increasingly height-dev artificial the that say can One possible. as high high-ris many as hand one the on constructing currently is 1990s and thus, is considered be extremely young in comparis develop high-rise the although that striking, is It development. w attention attracted cities other whereas building of period some as differences temporal large are there Furthermore, It is interesting is It developments in the US in the beginning of the 20 the of beginning the in US the in developments structure building intensity, regarding inconsistency profound borders borders of the United States of America (Glauser, 2018, pp.

High Shanghai’s and Vienna’s Shanghai’s and th century in Europe (Glauser, 2018, p. 71- p. 2018, (Glauser, Europe in century fast to observe to since the 1990s(Glauser, 2018, p. 71- -R ise: Yes world wars, only a few high-rises came into realization in th , that the global global the that , ? ? occur T allest 20 r 72) ence

. Generally, the verticality in European cities European in verticality the Generally, . century, B 72). of the high-rise development is marked by marked is development high-rise the of high-rise buildings was assessed differently assessed was buildings high-rise uildings erence in the extent of height in the vertical en conducted in order to find out about

es as possible and on the other hand as as hand other the on and possible as es 67– cities were characterized by an intense an by characterized were cities elopment in Chinese cities has been has cities Chinese in elopment were witnessed by states beyond the beyond states by witnessed were on, on, it is also one of the countries that or social usage. While the high-rise the While usage. social or important in the early 20 early the in important high-rise development of Shanghai t big btnn i te vertical the in abstinent being ith 71) ment in China only started in the in started only China in ment figure 12 t still attracted attention mainly mainly attention attracted still t

es bsd n h economic the on based less, , a global conquest of high-rises d height. ny city centers, including the including centers, city ny 12) is characterized by major major by characterized is easonable urban planning, planning, urban easonable contrasts contrasts the three .

e first half of th

century. century. tallest Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Shanghai, with a little break during the years of 1991- of years the during break little a with Shanghai, ab meters 100 of height the beyond building first its completed buildings already started in the 1980s which resulted in first b 1 figure and 13 figure in illustrated excee buildings of development the at looking by seen be can ha mark meters 100 the that say, to safe is it However, Vienna. in noticed, that there are major differences in height from on 201 in completed t at Looking n.d.). Center,” Skyscraper The - was (“Shanghai and Tower Shanghai the called is China, and Center,” Skyscraper The - (“Vienna meters 202 with 2013 bu highest Austria’s time same the at and Vienna’s Whereas scale building withinpredominant the cities. seen be can consequently and Vienna and Shanghai in buildings ( “Shanghai “Shanghai Figure Figure - The Skyscraper Center,” n.d. Center,” Skyscraper The 17 4.

Talles Whereas in Shanghai the major building boom of such high high such of boom building major the Shanghai in Whereas t buildings in Shanghai and Vienna and Shanghaiby in buildings 21 , “Vienna “Vienna

1994, 1998 was the begi the was 1998 1994, s been exceeded in both of the cities. This cities. the of both in exceeded been s - he tallest buildings in Shanghai, it can be can it Shanghai, in buildings tallest he The Skyscraper Center,” n.d.) Center,” Skyscraper The building building to another. This is not the case n.d.), the highest building in Shanghai Shanghai in building highest the n.d.), ilding is the DC Tower completed in in completed Tower DC the is ilding uilding completions by 1988, Vienna 2019 ig h hih o 10 meters, 100 of height the ding out 10 years later by 1998. For For 1998. by later years 10 out as an attempt to illustrate the illustrate to attempt an as

t rah 3 meters 632 reach to 5

nning of an ongoing ongoing an of nning

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. for for instance for offices, they are covered within conseque and typologies building existing replaced partially that building high average above time that during numerous, of era Vienna Vienna and Shanghai, also illustrated in figure 13 and figure 1 exc buildings, high-rise the of function building the Considering the following years until now (“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019) that only occurs in Shanghai, is the category of exhibition exhibition of category the is Shanghai, in occurs only that a buildings high-rise of 20% Shanghai, In Vienna. in share the hotel. There are of course hotels in those buildings but s th meters, 100 than taller buildings, high-rise accommodate not used are Shanghai in towers the of 9% course. of Vienna only 7% in Shanghai are residentially used, which in total number Furthermore, it is interesting, that 29% of Vienna’s high-r towers make upthe biggest (62%) function building Shanghai in well as V in as on However, functions. different 6 follow buildings Shanghai’s fo only Vienna in height in meters 100 than more with buildings more bit a are Shanghai in functions building the Firstly, well. Skyscraper Center,” 2019) relucta Burgess, and (Jenks extent great a to infrastructure finished Tower), (DC building highest country’s the also but city’s 10 approximately of gap big a by followed millennium, the around nt . This was the beginning of the construction of a a of construction the of beginning the was This concerning the construction of such high buildings. Some bu Some buildings. high such of construction the concerning .

the 22

category of mixed-use which makes up 14% of 2000a). Vienna on the contrary was rather rather was contrary the on Vienna 2000a). ince the buildings ise building usages are residential whereas few as a hotel. Vienna on the contrary does contrary the on Vienna hotel. a as and library which makes up 2% up makes which library and which can be seen on figure 1 figure on seen be can which 4, extraordinarily high-rise buildings in in buildings high-rise extraordinarily . s (“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019) Center,” Skyscraper (“The s a complex than in Vienna. Where Vienna. in than complex

e similarity can be noticed. Office noticed. be can similarity e at follow the single use of being a a being of use single the follow at re mixed-used. Another category, Another mixed-used. re s would exceed the proportion in few eeding the 100 meters mark in in mark meters 100 the eeding llow three different functions, different three llow differences can be noticed as ty rnfre te cit the transformed ntly years. In 2013, not onl not 2013, In years. ildings were constructed were ildings are al ienna (57%).ienna so used differently 2, was was 2, (“ y the the y The The y’s as ,

Figure Figure 18

100m+High - rise building completions in Shanghai by 2019 23

- (“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019)

Figu re 19

100m+High - rise building completions in Vienna by 2019 24

(“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. sixteen to nineteen- high-rise the of density and distribution the of generalization the dots do not include a statement concerning statement a include not do dots the result, the amount of originally 3 610 high-rise buildings, high-rise 610 3 originally of amount the result, th of height building average the that precondition the on complexes with buildings ranging from sixteen to above 20 (Guan, 2019, 377– pp. Page. Furthermore, ChengHe Guan undertook visual inspectio Geospat View East Building, & Cities Global (2000), Atlas Shanghai mult using compiled were completion its and type building respective Map and Baidu Map to ensure the accuracy of the location This buildings. the of locations the georeferenced then and ma buildings high-rise located also research, this conducted who have defined Guan, ChengHe research, this of conductor the as The red dots however, indicate the presence of high-rise b 2010and (Guan, 2019, p. 377) these high-rise developments varied between the districts and of more than 300 high-rise buildings has been added to the city of Yearbook Statistical Shanghai the from stems district each were 2 By buildings. high-rise of number largest the had Pudong of n Shanghai, of area urban inner the on focuses strongly 2.2 847 buildings over 30 over buildings 847 In 2010, Shanghai had approximately 3 610 high-rise buildings (2

at least 20 least at built in the suburban districts of Shanghai. The data on th on data The Shanghai. of districts suburban the in built Shanghai and i and Shanghai storeys stor 382). in height and have a height- a have and height in storeys ey buildings are also included as some of the residential neighbor

ts ts ). With an amount of 2635 the distribution of high-rise buildin high-rise of distribution the 2635 of amount an With ). . H

igh -A ltitude ltitude 25 the the

E to height of the buildings. They are only a rough rough a only are They buildings. the of height uphoria -least-width ration exceeding five. However, five. exceeding ration -least-width amely Puxi. With 628 buildings the district the buildings 628 With Puxi. amely has uildings, starting from 20 meters height, . In addition to that, information on the e complex was at least 20 least at was complex e storeys high-rise buildings as buildings which buildings as buildings high-rise buildings by the year 2010. Some of of Some 2010. year the by buildings was checked against an Open Street Open an against checked was increased to 4 376. ChengHe Guan, ChengHe 376. 4 to increased annually, starting in 1994. However, reached a steady state between 2008 2011. According to that, an average an that, to According 2011. ns to improve the location accuracy e number of high-rise buildings in in buildings high-rise of number e

010, only 137 high-rise buildings high-rise 137 only 010, 763 buildings over 20 nually by using Bing Map (2010) Map Bing using by nually . These buildings were included ial, and Shanghai Skyscraper Shanghai and ial, pe ore sc a the as such sources iple storeys. As a a As storeys. storeys hoods hoods are and gs Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 20

Spatial distribution of high of distribution Spatial - rise buildings in Shanghai 26

by by 2010 (Guan, 2019, p. 377 p. 2019, )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. produces or reproduces or produces various social forms” the fact, that “ that fact, the ne a with structure urban grown organically an supplement argu is It challenging. very is structures existing in buildings it since interesting, particular in is this However, densities. people of amount growing a accommodate to reason, same the dist both although pattern, urban paradoxical a on resulted rise traditional neighborhoods that arose also during a time of (Arkara decades two past the within development sterile a of adjacent. This means, that the contemporary high-rise buildings typo those that is, however, part, interesting most The typologies, that each be can past seen era. a from remnants as b sin pervaded is memorable hyper-growth by is marked definitely city, The Shanghai incomparable. in pattern urban dominant The victim to modern high-rise buildings which is why the urban fabric towards the outer urban districts of Shanghai. In a lot of urban area named ‘Puxi’. The buildings gather in the core o v is Shanghai in buildings high-rise of distribution spatial the Since social forms, which are expressed in the physical layout of a city an city a of layout physical the in expressed are which forms, social Figure Figure 21

The inner The (Lau, 2011, p. 26) - urban - fabric of Hongkou District in Shan 27

. logies, being completely distinct are mostly are distinct completely being logies,

cases, old traditional structures have fallen f this area and decrease in their density wly planned environment, considering environment, planned wly ed, that it is fundamentally difficult, to difficult, fundamentally is it that ed, inct building structures were built for for built were structures building inct is proven, that embedding high-rise embedding that proven, is prasertkul, 2009, p. 11), borders low- borders 11), p. 2009, prasertkul, growth, a hundred years earlier. This , often ghai by 2018 by ghai especially in Puxi is very diverse. ery much focused on the inner inner the on focused much ery y completely distinct building building distinct completely y and therefore to create high high create to therefore and are d conversely, how physical form physical how conversely, d

argued to be the output e t dcooy is dichotomy its ce

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 22

Construction areas of Hongkou District in Shanghai b Shanghai in District Hongkou of areas Construction 28

y 2018 y

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 35 meters gathering. The red dots indicate the presence and the amou c the over all spread are Vienna in buildings High-rise Shanghai. bu high-rise of amount the as well as distribution spatial The as experiments.as of handful a only when 1950s the until issue an not were such buildings tall monumental by characterized is Stadt’ ‘Innere very the Especially Vienna. in buildings high-rise of distribution determin strongly structures building historical The development. result the is buildings tall of distribution spatial the However, townold have been protected since then 2 Department (Municipal Vienna ensembles. historical Larg for zones protectiondefining for The old town maintenance amendment to the Vienna Building Code o 2.3

Vienna and its of height but include not do statement a concerning the height the of building ‘F ear Figure Figure

23 ’ ’

of Decentralized High Decentralized H igh -R 29

- ise ise Rise Buildings in Vienna in Buildings Rise B uildings high-rise projects now can be classified be can now projects high-rise e parts of thecity of e parts historical center and nt of high-rise buildings, starting from ildings in Vienna, differs a lot to lot a differs Vienna, in ildings central district of Vienna, named named Vienna, of district central ity and do not represent a central a represent not do and ity f ifrn sae o te city’s the of stages different of as churches. High-rise buildings High-rise churches. as e the development and spatial spatial and development the e

f 1972 created the legal basis 1, 2014) s.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 24

Spatial distribution of high of distribution Spatial - rise buildings in Vienna 30

by 2014 ( by Municipal Department Vienna 21, 2014, p.13) 2014, 21, Vienna Department Municipal

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. ueos rjcs ae en eae o ee rejected even or delayed been have projects Numerous towards high-rise Vienna in buildings be can described complicated. rather as eetn iiitv fre b ctzn. hs icsin a been has discussion (Kronsteiner, 2019) and is finally going to be realized with t This citizens. by formed initiative rejecting provoked discussions involving municipalities, the private investo to supposed was tower planned originally The Meidling. of district high-quality public transport links to high-rise buildings, remain vis and heritage world by imposed restrictions The place. take zones transition are there between In area. urban the 2018, p. 43) p. 2018, high but even after cutting it back to 57 meters has ne meo Cals I led i 14 t te utin architec Austrian the 2019) us.,” About Wien. (“MuseumsQuartier to 1743 in already VI Charles Emperor and art contemporary for district Vienna’s is which Quartier controversial projects in Vienna is long and includes i.a. the esteem for a long period of time especially in Europe and part The high-rise building has been causing a lot of controvers 30 300 the and based on Viennese high-rise definition. be high-rise in Vienna, has not been found. At most it can th of number specific a Vienna, in high-rises of number the sensitively. Although it is clear that the amount of high-ris Vienna can look back to almost 20 years of high-rise conc individual permits (Glauser, 2018, pp. 184– pp. 2018, (Glauser, permits individual 20 and built were buildings high-rise 30 approximately 2002 and a an by characterized was development high-rise the zones, and service buildings b a 1989, in east the of opening the of event the With ‘°Transdanubian ‘°Transdanubian Expansion the the of high-rise developments should take place: The ‘ The place: take should developments high-rise of has been adapted several times. The latest one divides the cit ‘Urban Composite’ in the east of Simmering District Simmering of east the in Composite’ ‘Urban °Wienerberg . There was also a popular debate about a planned project planned a about debate popular a also was There . , the the , fostered ‘Fluvial Urban Landscape’ on the banks of the Danube and and Danube the of banks the on Landscape’ Urban ‘Fluvial ’ (Luchsinger et al., 2014, pp. 20– high-rise development in Vienna. Except for the defined prot 187) . The tower The . 31 . 2002 Vienna got its first high-rise concept that concept high-rise first its got Vienna 2002 .

Conso , the the , ver entered the phase of realization (Li et al., in which no high-rise development should development high-rise no which in oom in construction of commercial, office commercial, of construction in oom originally was supposed to be 67 meters 67 be to supposed was originally be estimated that the number is between epts and appears to handle the topic very e buildings in Shanghai strongly exceeds y among users and did not enjoy a high lidated City’ in the historic center, the center, historic the in City’ lidated ‘Southern Terraces’ on the foothills of of foothills the on Terraces’ ‘Southern planned planned reading tower in the Museums he height of the tower reduced by half e amount of what clearly is defined to defined is clearly what of amount e y into areas in which different pattern bsence of regulations. Between 1995 Between regulations. of bsence icularly in Vienna. 58) eas of because ual axes as well as the demand for for demand the as well as axes ual culture and was commissioned by commissioned was and culture from the earliest concept of . These areas occupy only parts of r r of the project as well as a strong more were authorized, each by each authorized, were more t Johann Fischer von Erlach Erlach von Fischer Johann t be 120 meters high and has has and high meters 120 be atn fr vr decade a over for lasting on the comet ground in the in ground comet the on objection. The list of of list The objection.

The The public opinion ial the finally ection 2002.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Among Among all concerns and discussions in Vienna Krutzler, 2019) stopp been has it why is which Heritage, World as predicate t realizing by that means, This zone. protection inner-city high 66-meter The years. past the over plans development structure its hig the between connection a of absence the and towers key arguments have been tried to filter. It has been foun This is the example that probably has attracted most atten is mentioned be to project Another 2018). (Wojciech, included the as such factors crucial its with area particular this terraced houses are going to be realized. In this include way, the that project planned originally the of Instead residents. incited has district ninth the in Althangründe the at project gebau wird Wien-Meidling in Kometgründen den (“Auf meters 60 to often historically structure grown the in i construction of these housing forms started to decrease to started forms housing these of construction eventually took roots in Vienna. As a consequence of th of consequence a As Vienna. in roots took eventually be has type building dominant vertically the of symbolism negative In this specific context, high-rise constructions became a mo the within problems technical and social Consequently, quality. plan urban of era this in why is This Europe. in shortage prima estates,was housing high-rise of especiallydevelopment w second the after period time the from stemming image negative buildings tall that suggests, literature hand, other the On is why verticality is caused mainly due to church towers. The Regulation Plan included high stipulations in this specific Building 1893 the Already century. mid-20th the until phases bu monumental by characterized since ever are districts inner urban developmenturban of the city that did not allow high-rise buildin public’s dislike towards high-rise buildings can be explained with t with explained be can buildings high-rise towards dislike public’s rejected as being incoherent as this entirely new entirely this as incoherent being as rejected have been have .

criticized repeatedly. Furthermore, the placement of high-ris of placement the Furthermore, repeatedly. criticized nner -urban area of Vienna. of area -urban about 32

high-rise projects within the inner urban area, predominant Wilhelminian architecture in d out, that above all, the appearance of the elevation of 25 meters is supposed to be to supposed is meters 25 of elevation is certain ‘F certain is tion tion in media among all hi h-rise building to the rest of the city and and city the of rest the to building h-rise area type of of type ning, quantity was rather important than than important rather was quantity ning, in Europe might still be afflicted with a a with afflicted be still might Europe in significantly. Two decades later, in the in later, decades Two significantly. tower is planned to be situated in the in situated be to planned is tower dern dern symbol of the new Europe. The ed for at least 2 years (Köksal, 2019; (Köksal, years 2 least at for ed e rjc, h ae mgt oe its’ lose might area the project, he (Luchsinger et al., 2014, p. 11) which a bit of an uproar among the local local the among uproar an of bit a rily a response to the acute housing housing acutethe to response a rily Code and the subsequent General General subsequent the and Code newly built high-rise blocks arose. blocks high-rise built newly lig o al ra development urban all of ildings the so-called Heumarkt project. Heumarkt so-called the building, does not adapt to the to adapt not does building, gs a for a 2 mtr hg building, high meters 126 a d come widespread all over and and over all widespread come ear t,” 2020). Most recently the recently Most 2020). t,” rd a. t hs ie the time, this At war. orld ’ he predominant historical historical predominant he of high-rise buildings, the buildings, high-rise of very very long time.long Vienna’s gh e buildings is buildings e -rise building Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3.1 3 being embedded the in tension betweenongoing high-density-low-rise an become have buildings high-rise Nevertheles diverse. progressions, that have had an impact extraordinarily on the high-rise dev is development high-rise the cultures. As a result, this chapter illustrates very well, condition structural urban and climatic different of background It can be concluded, that the high-rise development could and s 1– pp. 2004, Kempen, and (Turkington Cities European many imag positive and modern a create to started slowly developments high-rise estates appeared in attractive locations, such a to Connected began. revival high-rise minor a 1990s, early well 2014). (Reinprecht Dlabaja, and When explaining the driving forces of high-rise buildings, the buildings, high-rise of forces driving the explaining When tre, iutnosy o h rs o is D, o hne ex change to GDP, its of rise the to simultaneously started, 19 April in Shanghai in markets the of opening the announced over all cities of form urban the on impact an had has China tremendous The development. high-rise the on economy market good extraordinarily an gives Shanghai fact, of matter a As maximized eithermaximized by reducing the increasing the latter(Bart former or/and dev the Accordingly, profit. equals cost minus value towers: appraisal of development at its very fundamental whether it is argu is It globally. buildings tall of presence the on impact an can be see be can whic built, was River Huangpu the along Pudong of area the internation an become to aimed city the Shanghai, of process it as shape vertical its to led that developments of beginning

High The The D evelopment n as symbol of the open-market capitalism. The juxtaposition juxtaposition The capitalism. open-market the of symbol as n M -R arket ise

E : ooy as conomy Why? an

inevitable part in in part inevitable

33 D

riving riving that although taking place in both of the cities, s the city center or near the waterside. These the the elopment on a global level which is why modern cityscape over time although although time over cityscape modern example about the large impact of the of impact large the about example is known today. With the rebuilding rebuilding the With today. known is h is where the specific typology now now typology specific the where is h F the urban regeneration, high quality high regeneration, urban the eloper is contented if the residual is residual the if contented is eloper for commercial, office or residential the country. When the government the When country. the al metropolis and in order to do so, do to order in and metropolis al re f the of orce tremely 9) market economy certainly has has certainly economy market hould hould be differentiated against the s as well as planning and building building and planning as well as s 84, the cities physical appearance appearance physical cities the 84, and can be noticed in Vienna as as Vienna in noticed be can and d ta twr ae ul o the on built are towers that ed, e of high-rise housing among among housing high-rise of e ongoing economic boom of of boom economic ongoing , hr ae fundamental are there s, fast of numerous commercial numerous of d high-density-high-rise. on eton al., 2013, p. 39) s el Ta ws the was That well. as H igh -R ise ise had .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. rise typology became, especially in Shanghai, indispensable until indispensable Shanghai, in especially became, typology rise Bhatia, 2008, p. 67) a much needed relief to the acute housing shortage (Bhatia iconic the been towers have only not contrary, the On of one became status landmark reached that towers office .

Figure Figure 25

Shanghai's Shanghai's S kyline in Evolution Evolution in kyline 34

from 19 symbol of the new Shanghai, they provide provide they Shanghai, new the of symbol 87

, 2008, pp. 67– to 2013 the most famous skylines in the world. the in skylines famous most the

(copyright: Reuters) now now (Barton (Barton 68) . This is why the high-

et al., 2013, p. 39; p. 2013, al., et

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. DC mixed-used the of exception the with landmark-factor the Especially in this area, a relative increase in vertical develop towe (Triiiple waterside the at city the of parts northern resident as well as mixed-used few a Currently moment. the at Concerning Vienna, the market economy certainly has cause to create bigger apartments on the highest floors, resu floors, highest the on apartments bigger create to Based on that, it is rather common that developers of residen price offices of change not with do height. so so th occurs it but premium, higher a attract certainly buildings such at price the affect not does tower a within office that said, is it sector, residential the to contrary the On foot is 1.5%. u average the that suggested, even is It building. high-rise it the hand other the on and views apartment, the greater the price, usually can be applied. mea This sector. residential the in stronger be to appears corr the Generally, form. building specific the in reflected well char be can products the result, a As ways. different in However, it has to be noticed, that the values of high-r existent. small, that articulating how it relates to particular levels wo levels particular to relates it how articulating that small, Figure Figure 26

High Rise Buildings in the the in Buildings Rise High shows the increased exclusivity of living towards the top of a a of top the towards living of exclusivity increased the North of Vienna Vienna of North 35

On On the one hand, this reflects the enhanced ise offices and residential towers are driven (copyright: Der Standard, Putschögl) an enormous extent. Of course, tall office tall course, Of extent. enormous an lting in an increase of the price premium. price the of increase an in lting acterized to be quite different which is as as is which different quite be to acterized the location concerning the height of an an of height the concerning location the ns that over all, the rule, the higher the higher the rule, the all, over that ns rs, Vienna Twentytwo, Austro Tower) Austro Twentytwo, Vienna rs, plift in value per storey and per square per and storey per value in plift ment certainly is striking. Nevertheless, d the production of high-rise buildings at the correlation of price to height is height to price of correlation the at tial towers are altering the floor plates uld not be reasonable, as usually the usually as reasonable, be not uld ial towers are being built in the in built being are towers ial Tower is currently almo currently is Tower lto bten ot n value and cost between elation

st non st - Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. a has developer rise or views as such attributes natural also but specification various by determined is sectors both in sector value office the However, the in applied practice, a not is usually This such as a fitness centers fitness a as such product, namely, open spaces such as balconies, winter ga importance concerning theimportance estate real value (Hassenpflug, 2010, introversion. certain a expressing thus and space green buildin residential high-rise that common, very is it Furthermore, orientatio strict a demands market housing Chinese the example 39) the famous Oriental Pearl Tower, Pearl Oriental famous the equally but quantify to difficult be can which value certain rise buildings rather than in the residential sector. It has t However, the strive for a landmark status occurs to be such such as super hi including demands greater have to occur residents advanced, high-ris As usage. residential the to comes it when especially efficient of creation the as such value, tangible more drive concept the Nevertheless,distinctive. became that skyline a signpost their increasing influence. As a result, developers result, a As influence. increasing their signpost cit global of bedrock the forms certainly economy market The et(Barton al., 2013, p. 43). 3.2 vertical development the the for provide extraordinary foundation (Ba wit modernizations as well as technologies developing constantly appears more and more it buildings, high-rise to comes it When assets the in most innovative, efficient the in and most cos importantly high-rise construction reaches far back in history and is and history in back far reaches construction high-rise human’s holistic desire of overcoming the horizontal ever sinc technologie relating the and modernization of achievements The hs fcos etil vr dpnig n h cuty a country the on depending vary certainly factors These

Modernization as -fast lifts etc. Accordingly, developers tend to become brav few , spa , more tools to play with when it comes to enhancing the va the enhancing to comes it when with play to tools more s, concierge facilities or a childcare centers childcare a or facilities concierge s, F oundation shown on the second picture of figure 20 which succeeded into which 20 figure of picture second the on 36

an an issue in commercial and mixed-use high- Even lucky street numbers can be of great of be can numbers street lucky Even location. Noticeably, the residential high- residential the Noticeably, location. rdens, branding or amenities for members o o be noticed, that these icons also carry a told in various variants and therefore and variants various in told can be clearly seen in buildings such as as such buildings in seen clearly be can of a high-rise building can and should and can building high-rise a of are are inner structures within great heights great within structures inner e (Klasmann, 2004, p. 12) e constructions have become more more become have constructions e hn raig ihrs buildings. high-rise creating when factors, such as design, detailing, design, as such factors, nd culture-specific context as for for as context culture-specific nd pp. pp. gher specifications, ease of access of ease specifications, gher try ies creating landmark towers to towers landmark creating ies n of the buildings to the south. the to buildings the of n that the sky is the limit and the and limit the is sky the that hin the construction industries construction the hin to establish valuable high-rise valuable establish to gs are placed around a central a around placed are gs hv crany fostered certainly have s 45 rton etrton al., 2013, p. 43) – t-effective ways possible. er when it comes to designs etc. 46) . (Barton et al., et (Barton . Thus, the lue of its of lue 2013, p. p. 2013, .

the the , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Then de high-rise of evolution the considering narrative, each of the most important elements, the products of the technical bey far go would this as constructions high-rise of origins numerou the describe to aiming not is chapter this that, on relat be directly can therefore and modernization of standards However, 12). p. 2004, Klasmann, 67; p. 2018, (Glauser, ev Narratives Europe. in architecture Gothic the of buildings made been have Connections heterogeneity. great by marked the pressure, that that pressure, the construction allows to absorb the pressure of the mason is high building of prerequisite structural important most The rise development will be outlined boom, that started in the 19 the in started that boom, got riveted. Those where the technical prerequisites for aside of welding them, which lead to problems in connection with brou It 1871. in brick approximately -75%. The second problem, hollow the need of conne the of invention the by solved p first The obstacles. major two overcome to had one more, he a allow to order in but steelconstructionskeletonthe furth A as the “g the as high-rise estates firstly started towards to the more grow sky (Klas pr fall its but se per elevator the not invented who Otis, o improvement the precisely invention the by influenced largely reaches a height of 300 meters. However, the high-rise Pa in Tower Eiffel the is example famous very Another metal. made that buildings, first the of one to accounts 1881, in famous Chrysler Building as well as the Empire State Building State Empire the as well as Building Chrysler famous oee, h srvn o bidn ee hge, eutd n th in resulted step next higher, the result, a even As construction. in modernization building of striving the However, the elevator the and steel skeleton the for development were profound the current technological developments which set the frame er technological development that resulted in a vertical growt vertical a in resulted that development technological er olden era of high-rise building”, ended as the great depression great the as ended building”, high-rise of era olden steel does. The palm house in the Viennese castle Schönbrun castle Viennese the in house palm The does. steel th century in Chicago and New York. This period often is refe is often period This York. New and Chicago in century .

construction as it is implemented now, was the following vertical building development ry. Neither bricks nor concrete withstand ight development of a hundred meters or or meters hundred a of developmentight those constructions presuppose certain presuppose constructions those otection. Based on these developments, these on Based otection. usage of the high load capacity of heavy of capacity load high the of usage ond the objective of this thesis. Instead, thesis. this of objective the ond modernization, modernization, that noticeably are part velopment, are going to be illustrated. be to going are velopment, that led to new dimension in vertical in dimension new to led that s approaches considering the historic the considering approaches s en reach back to the Tower of Babel of Tower the to back reach en cting the steel beams with each other ed to technical achievements.Basedtechnical to ed the steel construction. This type of of type This construction. steel the roblem, of a too high weight was weight high too a of roblem, to the long history of the sacral sacral the of history long the to were ris which was built in 1889 and and 1889 in built was which ris f the elevator in 1854 by Elisha Elisha by 1854 in elevator the f work conditions for future high- moisture, was solved when they ght a reduction in weight of of weight in reduction a ght mann, 2004,mann, p. 17- realized in 1930. in realized dvlpet f further of development e h of high-rise buildings was buildings high-rise of h of high-rises. of started, shortly after the after shortly started, n, which was built was which n, 19) Back then, then, Back . rred to rred Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. fostered hig extremely building of drive the that means This decades. two influe tha heights, of extent outstanding an an such to development had has directly process materials This diverse process. of modernization composition the as well as materials certain process. Skyscr (“The well as construction for used been has steel tha Besides 35%. of amount an to buildings those construct concre of material construction Besidesmain thecomplex. more illustrate meters, 100 than taller buildings high-rise considering of composition The precast. with built are they 11% to and mete 100 than taller being of attribute the with high-rises construction of high-rise buildings higher than 100 meters in constitu concrete 14, figure and 13 figure in illustrated As thereforeand currently ‘only’ place 26 is on ranked the of worlds’hig Tower in Shanghai, built in 1998. It reaches a height of 42 of usage making by built was that examples spectacular most into high altitudes, allowed to make use of the best qualities t as such inventions, technical new 1980s, the in Starting (Klasmann, 2004, p. 23- Pet the i.a. include period this during built were that examples t came high) meters 300 (over buildings supertall first worlds’ façade the of return a contained modernization construction As this type of construction soon reached its limits regardin the the in Millenium Tower Vienna, following quarter in century. high-rise for model role a became soon but US the in bloom to high- result, a As 23). p. 2004, Klasmann, 68; p. 2018, s a element, independent an be to advanced and used was glass 22 pp. 2004, (Klasmann, cold and water warmth, light, against whereas weights the all on takes concrete reinforced of building was the total of theseparation façade the and cor by the availability of materials that constantly have been have constantly that materials of availability the by

25).

rise buildings following this concept, started concept, this following buildings rise 0 (“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019) meters rs in Vienna, consist to 89% of concrete of 89% to consist Vienna, in rs he sudden possibility to pump concrete pump to possibility sudden he the façade only functions as protection as functions only façade the e of building.a The idea was that corea aper Center,” 2019) Center,” aper t have been constructed ove constructed been have t g height development, the next step of tes the most used material within the within material used most the tes of concrete as well as steel. One of the Shanghai Shanghai as well as in Vienna. Existing t, 3% steel/concrete as well as 4% of of 4% as well as steel/concrete 3% t, bearing weight again. As a result, the result, a As again. weight bearing a combined system, is the Jin Mao Mao Jin the is system, combined a construction material in Shanghai Shanghai in material construction – d in figure 1 figure in d 23) te, composites have been used toused been te,compositeshave ronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur Lumpur Kuala in Towers ronas raiain Te ot famous most The realization. o developments over the globe i.a. globe the over developments o-called “curtain-wall” (Glauser, “curtain-wall” o-called h, was firstly enabled and and enabled firstly was h, . Thus, lighter material such as as such material lighter Thus, . nce on the vertical building building vertical the on nce subject to the modernization modernization the to subject hest buildings. ae en ujc t the to subject been have 3, appears to be a a be to appears 3, . The presence of of presence The . r the past the r then then little Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. means that limitations have changed constantly. have buildings result, a As respect. every in higher building att ongoing the and possible as high as building of endeavor illustrates comparison This Wright. by Illinois’ High ‘Mile the on supposed to reach a height of more than a kilometer and at Sau in realization to comes presently tower, mile-high a building meters (“The Skyscraper Center,” 2019). As a result, t Kahlifa, Burj the of construction the with hat development The constant improvement of materials and construction tec 3.3 to withstand the wind, the construction is confronted with confronted is construction the wind, the withstand to how consider modernization of questions context, this In wind. The strive of building even higher is limited by the currently b When comparing Shanghai to Vienna in its high-rise development, high-rise its in Vienna to Shanghai comparing When

Limitations Limitations of the Figure Figure 27

Left Left - JeddahTower H (copyright: DOKA), igh -R ise ise C Right Right 39 onstruction -

The Mile The he vision Frank Lloyd Wright had in 1956 of - High Illinois by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1956 Wright, Lloyd Frank by Illinois High least in its appearance, raises the thought become higher which simultaneously which higher become hnology hnology enabled for instance a height mostly in great heights great in mostly iggest obstacle of high-rises, the side already surpassed the mark of 800 of mark the surpassed already empts to overcome limitations of of limitations overcome to empts

to construct a high-rise building building high-rise a construct to di-Arabia. The ‘Jeddah Tower’ is Tower’ ‘Jeddah The di-Arabia. ey lal, h continuous the clearly, very it is important to notice the notice to important is it

(Karr, 2019) (Karr,

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3.4 further questions efficiency regarding high-rise of buildings emerge. lifetime of a high-rise building and regarding the increasing import be to appears resource material the itself, construction the ongoing construction boom of high-rises,dea beof to constructionhas theboom ongoing sca the handle to how of subject the that occurred, has possib as high as build to desire humans the follow to materials requiremen technical putting only not are arguments Today’s rise construction is affected, huge a as resources of amount ne are construc the influences course of scarcity resource of Australia, as the sand on site is too fine-grained for furt cons the for sand import to has Saudi-Arabia instance, For resour the of shortages to due problematic be to proves are still considered to be the most important materials in high-r th is high-rises of construction the limiting problem, Another various functions of a city in one place. It turns out th out turns It place. one in city a of functions various bu high-rise of benefits biggest the of one Nevertheless, ot the on and energy urban of consumption the reduce to co within environment urban efficient an create to used be discus are often buildings high-rise necessarily, not Although the the and from connected location natural-physical conditions the cit regardin especially conditions climatic prevailing the in differences e seen be creates a reciprocity to design symbols of prestige and tec However, the general aspiration to build as high as possible whole city. on has skyscraper a impact the about think must heights, not only to include that the building has to withstand the inc a planning is Whoever ventilation. of impact according the and building extremely high, but also when engaging with the arra appears wind, side the buildings, high-rise of problem biggest

Efficiency s diig oc o te ae ihrs dvlpet Nevert development. high-rise late the of force driving a as

tion industry. Particularly the sector of high- of sector the Particularly industry. tion her her processing. Thus, the omnipresent topic at high-rise buildings are most effective, as as effective, most are buildings high-rise at rcity of resources which are demanded by demanded are which resources of rcity ce sand as it has to have certain qualities. certain have to has it as sand ce hnical hnical advancement that furthermore can an acute topic but when looking at the at looking when but topic acute an its direct surroundings as well as well as surroundings direct its ildings is the possibility of centralizing of possibility the is ildings

ltwith first reasing reasing wind speed especially in greater mpact limits. Hence, on the one hand hand one the on Hence, limits. mpact and her hand to revitalize the city cen city the revitalize to hand her ngement and the location of buildings truction of high-rise buildings from from buildings high-rise of truction sed to be an urban element that can can that element urban an be to sed e usage of materials. Glass and steel and Glass materials. of usage e ise construction today which in fact, n extraordinarily high building, has has building, high extraordinarily n the strive for technical innovation ts, but also the development of of development the also but ts, le, in the center of discussion. It discussion. of center the in le, o e motn nt ny when only not important be to eded. ance of ecological sustainability, g wind. Those differences stem differences Those wind. g ies embedded are in (Karr, 2019) (Karr, ees cnieig the considering heless, .Secondly, the . on the on

ter. ter. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. equally argued, that it is important to control the width of a of width the control to important is it that argued, equally urban ideal an represent not do therefore and pedestrians perc human to adapted not are buildings high-rise that argued, 2 (Shin, space public valuable of preservation the promotes Providing Providing populated built environment, it is necessary to provide an ade city. a of space open the influences effects societal of infrastructu new additional building than facilities existing already low extremely held be can supply water or system transport infrastr city, the of middle the in infrastructure existing an of land encourages multipurpose trips which again can reduce mixed- a creating of aspect This is why, the societal effects occur to be as importan environment. municipal administrations. As high-rise buildings offer a high building high a offer buildings high-rise As administrations. municipal qua the comprise not should similarly but 300) p. 2009, (Shin, construction high-rise Consequently, vertically. importantly etc entertainment and culture accommodation, business, example effe extremely be to appears building high-rise a of typology du as well as day the during occupancy constant a of means sho it why is which space of amount limited a indicates price land of construction the by example for use, density high for economic theory, a highly demanded area and accordingly high land lan effective an of foundation the procure not does use, cons unconditional notably efficiency, economic an of terms In 578). dimension environmental the and economic the societal, the namely be can only city ‘sustainable’ a that notice to important u When 298). p. 2009, (Shin, topic world a become has city For the development of a city, the concept of efficiency 300) t than rather compactness for strives city the as soon

enough easily accessible easily use high-rise building entails certain societal effects as the co the as effects societal certain entails building high-rise green space green within the city center constitutes a challenge a constitutes center city the within 41

o be an expanding metropolis (Shin, 2009, p. 2009, (Shin, metropolis expanding an be o in terms of creating a ‘sustainable’ compact t as the economic effects. Interestingly, the In order to improve or secure a densely a secure or improve to order In high-rise buildings. This means that, high high that, means This buildings. high-rise achieved by balancing three dimensions, three balancing by achieved form (Gehl, 2013) In this context, it is it context, this In 2013) (Gehl, form ue O te otay acrig to according contrary, the On use. d as it is more cost effective to use the use to effective cost more is it as high building, which extends beyond extends which building, high traffic costs. Moreover, if built within increases the intensity of land usage land of intensity the increases cue ot sc a fr h public the for as such costs ucture quate amount of open space as well. 009, p. 300). On the contrary, it is it contrary, the On 300). p. 009, ctive at integrating various uses for for uses various integrating at ctive ring the night time. Therefore, the Therefore, time. night the ring eptions considering the eye level of of level eye the considering eptions lity of life and be a be and life of lity sing the word ‘sustainability’ it is it ‘sustainability’ word the sing tructing as well as a high-density a as well as tructing re. Another point in the context the in point Another re. . not only horizontally but most but horizontally only not . uld be economically used by the by used economically be uld prices require a high necessity (Wang and Shaw, 2018, p. 2018, Shaw, and (Wang - to -land-ratio, the typology the -land-ratio, t the expense of of expense the t mplex use mplex for for Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. construction as well as the accompanied costs noticeable bottleneck of resources among the constructio pr described already as buildings, high-rise of construction the a large the efficiency, of dimension environmental the Regarding the space open between the buildings (Shin, 2009, p. 300). pr and city a of quality the to contribute buildings high-rise box-s a than rather promoted be should tower a like shaped ve a or corridor view a provide to order In scale. human the (Wang and Shaw, 2018, p. 578). Moreover, the explosive the Moreover, 578). p. 2018, Shaw, and (Wang indoor environmental quality is necessary in order to guarant energy savings, water development, site sustainable including hig mean necessarily argued is It indispensable. become has design building sustainable not en does the high-density and since economic consideration, the societal, the taking by contr should environment consequently and can certainly buildings High-rise developing vertically (Armstrong, 2008, p. 11) landscaping and vegetation the to regard with context climatic sustainability, further aspects, such as the impact of th bu high-rise of conquest global the to due evolved has that the of two only represent 2014) al., et (Faizi efficiency ventilat natural using of capable is that system, double-skin turbines attached to the middle and lower parts of the building typ high-rise the of form specific the of usage make that rise development is their overuse of energy. Consequently, Another crucial and therefore highly criticized factor of th ecologically efficient building (Armstrong, 2008) b can building a of lifespan the maintenance, the and materials the on Depending possible. as long-lasting as kept be should the Furthermore, prioritized. be should materials of reusability of resources compared to a low-rise building regarding the co and commercial buildings: They require less space and can be us be can and space less require They buildings: commercial and urbanization, is a strong point for the construction of . have

42 .

increased as well. As a result, the consumption high-density, high-rise buildings as residential e building to its’ surroundings, as well as its’ results emerging from the current research current the from emerging results n n industry. Accordingly, the emissions of e ecological sustainability regarding high- growth forms of alternative energy production ology have been designed lately. Wind Wind lately. designed been have ology haped typology. However, sustainable However,typology. haped ee sustainability in the high-rise sector rtical public space, high-rise buildings high-rise space, public rtical omote societal efficiency by ensuring by efficiency societal omote nstruction is higher which is why the ildings. In the context of ecological of context the In ildings. o a a aiiy o nrae energy increase to facility a as ion (Shin, 2009, p. 304) are argued to be considered when considered be to argued are existence of a high-rise building building high-rise a of existence efficiency, material selection and and selection material efficiency, quality of construction, the used the construction, of quality in housing demand as a result of of result a as demand housing in ed as an efficient tool to create a a create to tool efficient an as ed mount of resources required for for required resources of mount eviously has been leading to a a to leading been has eviously afce t contribute to affected e that a whole-building approach approach whole-building a that vironmental dimension into into dimension vironmental ibute to an efficient urban urban efficient an to ibute h-quality. Furthermore, a a Furthermore, h-quality. or the so -called to an an to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The incredible speed of China‘s urbanization, created by the by created urbanization, China‘s of speed incredible The eco smart urban infrastructure. Furthermore, modern technolog As a result, urbanization is often described as as described often is urbanization result, a As effec and characteristics their as well as phenomenon, this for urbanization of questions with dealing been has science capit global of implementation the as well as styles consumption are settlement of expansion strong a to connected is This Urbanization describes the increase of the proportion of achieve agglomerative advantages agglomerative achieve spatial a as itself presents urbanization terms, economic In delimited Room”) (“Container (Taubenböck, area 2015, p. itse area urban the or city the of understanding different world Accordin concepts. living urban new develop to makers decision 3.5.1 is projected dwellers 255 to add urban within time of this million period (United Nation account for more than 35% of the growth in the world’s countries The 2050. by 68% to increase to expected is the world’s population lives in urban areas and due to the c first time ever since, more than half of the global populatio 3.5 areas areas places a heavy burden on urban infrastructure, w areas rural from people u the of growth natural the factors: related closely two levers, such as the maintenance of the °Hukou System °Hukou the of maintenance the as such levers, can 386), p. 2011, Song, and (Zhang world the in migration economy (Zhang and Song, 2011). Over the last decade, almos decade, last the Over 2011). Song, and (Zhang economy administr central a from shift the of result a as constantly the ago, years 40 up opened country the Since process. -friendlier, more

’s Urbanization urban population has grown from 751 million since 1950 to 4 to 1950 since million 751 from grown has population urban China’ s Dynamic and R Dynamic energy (Taubenböck, 2015, p. 14) p. 2015, (Taubenböck,

-efficient well as as more . From a demographic point of view, urbanization is driven by driven is urbanization view, of point demographic a From apid U rbanization 43 a

Fzy C “Fuzzy . The influx of population from rural to urban urban to rural from population of influx The . cost hich hich is why it people living in urban forms of settlement. urban urban population until 2050. Solely China, , , China, India and Nigeria are expected to expected are Nigeria and India China, rban population and the immigration of of immigration the and population rban -efficient ever than before. degree of urbanization has been rising rising been has urbanization of degree lf as an administratively or functionally or administratively an as lf are being used in order to contain this contain to order in used being are ontinuous urbanization, the percentage ts, have not yet been fully understood. fully been yet not have ts, n n lives in cities. More precisely, 55% of as, a spread of urban living and urban urban and living urban of spread a as, 12 decades, but the causal factors behind behind factors causal the but decades, y enables high-rise buildings to be built Process net. ky rbe hr i the is here problem key A oncept”. barely be curbed although significant although curbed be barely to eooy o scait market socialist a to economy ation process of concentration in order to order in concentration of process history’s largest flow of rural– of flow largest history’s - 13). t 13% of China of 13% t

alist market orders. orders. market alist forces t te ntd ain, the Nations, United the to g .2 billion by 2018. For the For 2018. by billion .2 planners, architects and ’s rural population population rural s, 2018) However, urban urban .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 103) sus for disregard apparent an with occurs cities, instant argu is it development, future for model a become already have Althoug Shanghai. in Pudong district the as such area urban suburb of trend the of product a as 2010) Hartog, (Den organic growth (Jenks and Burgess, 2000, Burgess, and (Jenks growth organic a long process of human intervention, instant cities are a organically have Paris or Tokyo as such cities traditionally, leading been have structures built high-density and high-rise t past the over why is This vanishing. almost is as developments difficult very be to considered is planning urban changes, city rapid equally an forces growth urban in high-speed The 2018, p. 50). been recognized that institutional changes play a critically impo prefectural a on growth urban promoted generally growth urba of drivers non- and industrialization (GDP), development as economic Simultaneously, cities, prefectural and waters railways, factors these of importance the exist the and roads to close occur to tends growth urban o divisions administrative the between varies importance relative driv or determining in roles significant play factors geographic hierarchical levels over time (Li et al., 2018 al., et (Li time over gr levels hierarchical urban of forces driving the that discovered been has It citiesliving in the is and number expected to grow (Statista, 2019a). 60 approximately that means This areas. urban to moved has .

has increased over time. In contrast to that, the accessibility the that, to contrast In time. over increased pp. 103 pp. , p. 43) p. , 44 -

104) . Nevertheless both, socioeconomic as well as as well as socioeconomic both, Nevertheless . . Instant cities can appear as satellite towns satellite as appear can cities Instant . product primarily of planning but without anization but also within an already built already an within also but anization tainability (Jenks and Burgess, 2000a, p. 2000a, Burgess, and (Jenks tainability ing urban land and/or in flat plains and and plains flat in and/or land urban ing grown and are consequently shaped by shaped consequently are and grown as well as on a county level. It also has has also It level. county a on as well as development. Due to the rapidity of of rapidity the to Due development. h these forms of rapid development rapid of forms these h % of China of % wh ae en ifrn between different been have owth ing urban land expansion, but their but expansion, land urban ing rtant rtant role in urban growth (Li et al., wo decades, the fast emergence of of emergence fast the decades, wo nization, became less important. important. less became nization, to the term ‘instant’ cities. While While cities. ‘instant’ term the to h tm o rato t certain to reaction of time the f China. In many parts of China, China, of parts many In China. f ed that the process of building building of process the that ed ’s population is currently is population agricultural population population agricultural to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 300 000 2020 in population Shanghai's Nations United the to According 2008, p. 465). p. 2008, since the Shanghai in 2000surbanization (You, 2016) in a superficial a in administrative adjustments which is why the degree of urbanizat 2016) 3.5.2 even even mar the by accelerated further was process This Shanghai. 3.5.2.1 19 proportion and its growth, resulted in the decreasing demogra urban The 690). p. 2008, s to city urban leave to on called where people which during anti-ur pursued China 1978, in reform economic the Before of process urbanization demographic general the to akin is increas finally and 1995, to 1978 from steadily increased then that notice to has one Shanghai, in population of growth 78. China has finally adopted an urbanization promotion mode st mode promotion urbanization an adopted finally has China 78. become a key national development strategy since the 2000s the since strategy development national key a become I adto t ta, omr ua-ouain eae u became rural-population former that, to addition In .

Shanghai’s H Shanghai’s

(“Shanghai (“Shanghai Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs),” 2 Population

Such way

(Zhuo, 2018) (Zhuo, a rural

yper rrl irto, copne b te elns f ra populatio urban of declines the by accompanied migration, –rural –urban migration process promoted the demographic urbanization demographic the promoted process migration –urban -G rowth . Acco .

rding to You, these factors account for a uncoordinated uncoordinated a for account factors these You, to rding 45

it first decreased from 1952 to 1978, it 1978, to 1952 from decreased first it ket transition starting in 1994 and has has and 1994 in starting transition ket the whole nation (Chen et al., 2013) al., et (Chen nation whole the upport rural development (Xie et al., et (Xie development rural upport phic phic urbanization in Shanghai before ed rapidly from 1978 on. This trend This on. 1978 from rapidly ed banization as a development mode, development a as banization ion ion increased very rapidly was estimated approximately 26 approximately estimated was rban in order to GDP growth GDP to order in arting in the 1980s the in arting -population as a result of of result a as -population 019). When looking at the , however (Zhang, (Zhang, (You, (You, in in n n . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 28

Population growth (2020) and (2020) growth Population

population density (census 2010) (census density population

of Shanghai (word population review 2020) (map basis: google maps)2020) review google Shanghaipopulation (map (word basis: of

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. pop the to As the largest urban city in China, many young laborers f ( 2019 Population (“Shanghai rates fertility low of because natural Shanghai's as growth, city's the of percentage Inter migrants. long-term where residents city’s the of 39% populat Shanghai’s when 2010, of census the to According different socio-economic status: the urban population in Shanghai is aging rapidly and essentially population of Shanghai will double until 2050 and therefore is therefore and 2050 until double will Shanghai of population urbanization as well as the strong economic growth, it is e Howe million. 26 than higher even is Shanghai in population the e be can only population of extent total the fluctuation, be can hardly people of group last the of number the As distributed similarly. the that assumed be can it Nevertheless, 2019). Graphs),” populated than its surrounding districts. By number this means this number By districts. surrounding its than populated is side, other the on Puxi density. population low surprisingly Area consisting of 8 districts, of Shanghai. With 2 600 peo 600 2 With Shanghai. of districts, 8 of consisting Area Are Suburban the between difference major a is there that to according density Shanghai, the of atpopulation Looking theof biggest challenges the city been has dealing with sofar. Graphs),” 2019). As a result, the rapid growth of urban million people living in the metropolitan region (“Shanghai Populatio 2010 to about 26 million people people million 26 about to 2010 pop the as now, until changed has is that likely, very is it on based is data this However 2011). (Wendell, dense incredibly • • •

The with autochthonous, °H population a permanent Migrants Migrants with a temporary residence permit who frequently c 2011, p. 71) pe residence a without residence their change who Migrants ulation boom and increasing the number of employees in tertiar in employees of number the increasing and boom ulation y 2019 by (“Shanghai Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Maps, (Demographics, 2019 Population (“Shanghai 47

population in Shanghai, can be seen as one growth rate has been negative since 1993 since negative been has rate growth stimated which is why it is very likely, that likely, very is it why is which stimated lowed into Shanghai City, leading majorly captured and eventually underlies a high high a underlies eventually and captured stimated by the United Nations, that the ulation grew from 23 million people in in people million 23 from grew ulation Demographics, Maps, Graphs),” 2019) Graphs),” Maps, Demographics, relationship between the two areas is areas two the between relationship estingly, they have made up the largest the up made have they estingly, a and Puxi, which is the Inner Urban Urban Inner the is which Puxi, and a ple per km per ple ion was about 23 million, more than than more million, 23 about was ion thecensus 2010, of noticed,be itcan ukou then then consists of three groups with very the past census 10 years ago and and ago years 10 census past the 24 800 people per km per people 800 24 lot 0 ie mr densely more times 10 almost for Shanghai Shanghai for ver, because of the fast-paced the of because ver, n n 2019 (Demographics, Maps, hange hange their place of residence about to count more than 50 than more count to about mt Bogr n Trettin, and (Bronger rmit 2 , the suburban area has a a has area suburban the , y industry. As a result, a As industry. y 2 which is which . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2019; 2002, Yang, p. 5) In foreign trade, however, the value of exported goods ex and construction materials. Considering the domestic trade, Sha exported from Shanghai domestically. Imports are mainly petroleum, Cu hub. trade a be to predestined been always has Shanghai Shanghai.B in operations established have foreign-owned, and investment funds for state enterprises. However, since t Ministry of Finance. They are mainly responsible for the man administrativ as function banks Both China. of Bank the and There are two major banks operating next to each other Statistics,of 2018) (0,3%) sector primary vanishing comparatively a and (29,8&) f (69,%,), part biggest the up makes now and since ever restru been has industry tertiary Shanghai's result, a As onr’ laig nutil n mnfcuig etr Later, restructuring economic center. manufacturing and industrial leading country’s China Before 2019). Bank, World (The 1978 in up opening t 80 least at by increased China of GDP the 2017, of year China has been undergoing a tremendous economic boom. Accor 3.5.2.2

Economy Figure Figure 29

process Economic Economic S ecto and was set to become an international financial and trade ce trade and financial international an become to set was and rs Shanghai of

(2018) 48

(Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics, 2018)

ctured and consequently has grown rapidly rapidly grown has consequently and ctured in Shanghai. The China Construction Bank he 1980s many more banks, both domestic ceeds the value of imported goods imes since the economic reform and the and reform economic the since imes loe b te auatrn sector manufacturing the by ollowed rrently lots of industrial products are are products industrial of lots rrently e organs of the central government’s central the of organs e agement and disbursement of capital opened up, Shanghai Shanghai up, opened (2018) (Shanghai Municipal Bureau Municipal (Shanghai (2018) nghai nghai imports more than it exports. ased on its advantageous location, advantageous its on ased h ct udret massive a underwent city the ding ding to the world bank, until the coal, industrial raw materials

had

been the been (Boxer, (Boxer, nter.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

3.5.2.3

Urban Extension Figure Figure 30

Urban Extension in Shanghai in Extension Urban 49

(map basis: google earth)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. rapid rapid expansion occurred between 2000 and 2004, when the radia has city also the towns satellite of of ring a Furthermore, core the result, a As buildings. iconic has become home to one of the most famous skylines of the with factories, housing, roads etc. Pudong, the once rur 2016, p. 17) b 81% by increased have temperatures elevated with Shanghai It 2012). Shi, and (Cui city the of core dense very the in has concrete with forests and farmland of replacement the as well as the rise of the sea level have all contributed to ecosystems. Research shows that erosion, dredging, the co have become urban. However, these developments have cau Su as such Delta River Yangtze the in located cities and towns Due to the high-speed urbanization, not only Shanghai has ex highway a Change,” 2017) of (“World built around parks and areas 2006. from ortho-image the in visible becomes that greenway v the as such areas green planned obviously some reveal do Although Shanghai is mainly characterized by its rapid urbanizat Ever since then, the city the then, since Ever th on centered was Shanghai of core the 1984 in Originally, development completely had o hub (“World the surrounded transportation fa by bordered was originally instance, for Airport Hongqiao to representing the areas compared grasslan areas darker brighter inc high the to due visible extremely are changes The 2016. city’s the show decades four than more for collected have and simultaneously cultivated land reduction (Cui and Shi, 2012, p. land cover during the last three decades and this change can extension of the city. Shanghai has experienced one of t The surge in urbanization that began in the 1980s has b has expanded in all directions, filling in what had been agricultural lan agricultural been had what in filling directions, all in expanded has expanded and merged with Shanghai. The most The Shanghai. with merged and expanded 50

al al district on the west of the Huangpu River, een accompanied by a tremendous physical wetland loss (Tian et al., 2015) he greatest rates of change in land use and nstruction of water storage infrastructure mainly be described as urban expansion has been found out, that the parts of of parts the that out, found been has city added 243 km risen the city’s temperature, especially temperature, city’s the risen world world with Shanghai’s tallest and most sed damage among Shanghai’s natural growing footprint between 1986 and and 1986 between footprint growing panded. panded. In recent decades also further rease of sealed surfaces appearing as as appearing surfaces sealed of rease e west bank of the Huangpu River. Huangpu the of bank west e rmland in 1984. Two decades later, decades Two 1984. in rmland etween 1984 and 2014 (Zhao et al., et (Zhao 2014 and 1984 etween The greenway is a part of forested of part a is greenway The zhou or Wuxi have developed and and developed have Wuxi or zhou ion ion and expansion, the images also r sgiiaty pentagon-shaped significantly ery e otad vr h decades. the over outward ted d and forests.d and 6). The images Landsat satellites .

f Change,” 2017) 2

of urban area. The

. Moreover, .

d Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. are theare ones with the km per most inhabitants to grow in theto in grow future. It is expected to exceed the symbolic a two mark million the 1980s. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the populat developments in terms of population growth and decline. Vienna Befo together. grow to started recently only have area from 1950 and a reurbanization since 2000 (Suitner et al., change: change: An h city the day, present the to years post-war the From ones lo extremely is density the Danube, the of side other the on biggest part of the population lives in the districts of Flor inhabitants city’s the of number the 2020, and t be population in Austria. Similarly to Shanghai, to the population has considered is Vienna inhabitants, Million 1,9 almost With 3.5.4.1 3.5.4 option. rena with role significant a plays sustainability scenario, this infrastructures in rural areas, which are no longer neede of the population living in cities by 2018. by cities in living population the of coun urbanized most the is Belgium low. comparatively is Austria arou at Union European the of states member the in rate years. recent in increased has urbanization of degree the cities. in lived population Austria’s of 58.3% around 2018, In 3.5.3 fact affect the in selectively with dealt primarily is urbanization of However, due to the fact that the degree of urbanizatio average (Statista,global 2019b) Un European the of country urbanized least the is Slovakia , not only the problem of urban growth is discussed, but a in terms in of

Vienna´s S Vienna´s The

Population industrial urbanization since 1850, a shrinking phase since Development of U surface low but

. In return,the .In smallest districts terms in of S . teady

rbaniza G

rowth It is interesting, that with 53.73% of urban population, population, urban of 53.73% with that interesting, is It tion inAustria 2 . has 51

increased approximately approximately increased

as experienced various phases of population population of phases various experienced as n n in Austria tends to grow slowly, the topic d as a result of migration and shrinking. In ion ion started to grow again and will continue idsdorf idsdorf and Donaustadt, the outer districts 2018, p. 17). The city and the surrounding However, with the average urbanization urbanization average the with However, e ht tee ee ahr contradictory rather were there that, re nd 75.7%, the degree of urbanization in in urbanization of degree the 75.7%, nd ion and therefore almost reflects the reflects almost therefore and ion lso the problem of over-dimensioned w as the districts are also the largest the also are districts the as w

Although only slightly but steadily, but slightly only Although ed regions or cities. Regarding this Regarding cities. or regions ed uain en a often-discussed an being turation been growing lately. Between 2010 was a shrinking metropolis until try in the EU with around 98% around with EU the in try surface he biggest city in terms of of terms in city biggest he 1910, a consolidation phase in the the in coreof city, by lready in 2027.lready in 13%. Although the Although 13%. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

(Statistik Austria and MA 23, Figure Figure 31

Population growth (2020) and population density (2015) density population and (2020) growth Population 2019 ; Taxacher and Lebhart, 2016) 52

(map basis: google ma

p s)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 3.5.4.2 cities, a major difference is quite remarkable. Whereas 10 37 is denser populated, than in Shanghai. However, when compar 800 km people per urban inner Shanghai’s of population the Vienna, of area However, it is interesting that the outer urban area wit to Unlike noticed. be can Vienna of area urban inner the a 2015, by Vienna in population of density the at Looking decadesyears and due to further migration. migrants. However, it is assumed that the demographic aging w is Vienna in population the of growth the Shanghai, to Similarly The distribution of the economic sectors in Vienna is quite s quite is Vienna in sectors economic the of distribution The 23, 2017) steady GDP growth has been observed over the past 20 ye p 2018, Austria, (Statistics growth. in decline less is there boom phases, the respective growth usually is relatively su tertiary sector plays a big role. The share of trade and and trade of share The role. big a plays sector tertiary of share a With service-oriented. mainly is economy Vienna’s Vienna’s Vienna’s economy is characterized by high stability over

. Economy

2 . (Statistik 23, MA Austria and Figure Figure 32

Vienna's Vienna's E conomic S ectors

53 (2016)

2019

h h about 3 680 people per (Statistics Austria, 2018, p. 16) industry, on the other hand, only amounts only hand, other the on industry, ; Taxacher and Lebhart, 2016). and ; Taxacher the the bdued whereas during times of recession, area is more than 2 times higher with higher times 2 than more is area . 10). However, the trend of a slow but slow a of trend the However, 10). . Shanghai, the difference is very slight. very is difference the Shanghai, ars ars in Vienna (Statistik Austria and MA 8 people per km time. This means that during economic difference between the suburban and and suburban the between difference imilar to Shanghai. Shanghai. to imilar ill gather some pace in the following ing ing the inner urban areas of the two approximately 85,4% (2016), the (2016), 85,4% approximately mainly caused by an influx of of influx an by caused mainly 2

live in the inner urban km 2 As , if only slightly, in Shanghai, Shanghai, in 24

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. country and produces almost one-third of of one-third almost produces and country appr provides Vienna Nevertheless, 22). p. 2018, Austria, 3.5.4.3 Austria, 2018, p. 12). On important important trade partner of Vienna’s enterprises with rega and 65% of all Viennese imports are domiciled in another EU Membe o partners trade The Vienna. from volu come exports Austria’s export its twice equal roughly imports Vienna’s Overall, cement et very brickmaking(Ehrlich are works important and al., 2019) the manufacture of machinery, electrical products, chemicals approximately well as the public administration administration public the as well Vienna’ of base the form which industry, and commerce Besides 0,5% (2016)(Statistics Austria, 2018, p. 16) (2016 general (Ehrlich et al., 2019). However, the unemployment apparent. apparent. While for the case of Shanghai, changes are v ortho land was not only cheaper but most importantly, available (He available importantly, most but cheaper only not was land This trend of suburbanization can also be observed beyond suburban developments especially in the north and the south be can What 2016. and 1986 from ortho-image the comparing increased construction activity also spread to the surroun theaway from core city. the contrary to Shanghai, the urban expansion of Vienna of expansion urban the Shanghai, to contrary the -image one after the other, one can only recognize some recognize only can one other, the after one -image 21) rs oeal y ,% hn osdrn te eid b period the considering when 4,5% by overall rose -2017),

Urban Extension to to 14,5% (2016) followed by a very small primary sector accoun sector primary small very a by followed (2016) 14,5% count as major employer in Vienna and the Austrian capital in in capital Austrian the and Vienna in employer major as . the the

gross national product. Leading industries include industries Leading product. national gross 54

ery visible ding ding communities that were a little rd rd to both imports and exp oximately one-fourth of the jobs in the in jobs the of one-fourth oximately f approx. 74% of all Viennese exports exports Viennese all of 74% approx. f rate, although decreased lately by 0,6% central traffic axes, where construction and and in the Vienna area oil processing, of the city boundaries (Görgl, 2008) recognized is, that there have been have there that is, recognized over the last decades is not that not is decades last the over lbich et al., 2011) al., et lbich when when transformation in Vienna when Vienna in transformation me. However, around 14% of of 14% around However, me. s economy, the government as as government the economy, s ten 2007- etween r r State. Germany is the most having having a close look at .

ting for less than than less for ting 2017 . orts In the 1990s, the In (Statistics (Statistics farther each each .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 33

Urban extension Vienna Vienna extension Urban 55

(map basis: google earth google )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. b obvious very as seen contemporaneously b to processes growth the in preliminary urban of be can buildings high-rise context, importance and the pressure of creating density is becoming is density creating of pressure the and importance on in extent, different highly a to although Shanghai, in as well The growth of population, as well as the changes within e holis more between federal its states. and neighboring Vienna handled be to had a issues planning city spatial the Therefore, surrounding areas the since Vienna, surrounding obs be still can suburbanization reurbanization, to addition In be seen also can living catalyst migration a as (Rérat, urban for 2012) is also a need for smaller residential units among elderly people. living of forms central more and smaller meantime, the In homes. b accompanied often are marriages and births Delaying couples. increasin the as such lifestyles, in change a to attributed reur of term the by described is phenomenon This city. core the one hand within the urban extension areas but on th can be seen in the of area Vienna. However,surrounding densification at the edges, diversified population and a polycent develop various of occurrence simultaneous the synonymously developmen The Vienna. of environment urban the in changes econo of shift a population, urban of increase an Besides that n cnieig h fc ta cntuto ln i lmtd one limited, is land construction that fact the considering and

g number of childless and career-oriented and childless of number g e other hand, within the very densely built the growth took of population, place on conomic structures resulted in Vienna as mic activities has also been leading to leading been also has activities mic an extension of the urban area. Based area. urban the of extension an Finally, the increase in international banization. Reurbanization can be can Reurbanization banization. even ric ric structure (Helbich, 2011, p. 40) t from suburbia to post suburbia, suburbia, post to suburbia from t e lo eeoig dynamically. developing also re erved at a high level in the area area the in level high a at erved y a later demand of single-family of demand later a y idn tp ta hs evolved has that type uilding et sc a fragmentation, as such ments are preferred. Moreover, there Moreover, preferred. are

tic and require coordination coordination require and tic . greater

oth cities.oth ut sue ht the that assume must in the future. In this In future. the in Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 4.1 closely with the topic afterwards. to considered is terminologies the about understanding initial an such as the definition of high-rise building or the often fuzz define key terms used in the present thesis. This chapter it identified, be can questions research and problems Before 4 country is divided into 9 federal countries federal 9 into divided is country in state particular the on Depending is not. countless are there Consequently, lot. a differs high-rise mar height specific the region, and context the on Depending spatial planning. According to According planning. spatial However, d For For 13) 3 of level escape an from provisions additional and m 22 of level considered to be not: high-rise or as a as Three main sources were found,

. • • • high-rise but the specific use the building is following contr following is building the use specific the but high-rise

China Definitions

High considered to high-rise be a building. of code building the of §7f. The Code for fire protection design of buildings (GB 50016; 2 high-rise starting at 24 meters o and warehouses buildings, factory and buildings high-rise as 标共和国行 The technical specification for concrete structure of ta of structure concrete for specification technical The 准《建筑 or particularly particularly or ue to the guidelines from fire protection, increased require -R ise ise 业标 B 设计 uilding 准《高防火 Shanghai

规层

that that 范》建筑混凝土 , not only the height of a building is relevant to its definitio its to relevant is building a of height the only not , appear appear to be relevant in order to define whether of Vienna - defines residential buildings that are higher than 27 meters Austria height. that each f each that eey ulig ht s ihr hn 5 ees is meters 35 than higher is that building every , 结 te eiiin f ihrs bidns ifr The differ. buildings high-rise of definition the , 57 构技

术规 ollow different legislations in the field of of field the in legislations different ollow aims aims to clarify the most substantial notions definitions of what high-rise is and what and is high-rise what of definitions ily used term of skyscraper. Establishing 程》 is of great importance to explain and and explain to importance great of is k for a building to be considered as as considered be to building a for k ll buildings (JGJ3; (JGJ3; buildings ll - defines residential buildings that ibutes to the definition as well. as definition the to ibutes 2 m (Luchsinger et al., 2014, p. 2014, al., et (Luchsinger m 2 be prerequisite to engage more more engage to prerequisite be 014) ther civil architectures to be to architectures civil ther ments apply from an escape 中华人民共和国国家 2010 a bu ) 中华 ilding ilding is 人民 n n Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Council Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). The cont this in used be to definition the Vienna, and Shanghai of hig betweenthe comparison supranational a allow to order In A 14 A Height Relative to Context Habitat,” n.d.). Buildings Tall Urban on |Council and Criteria defined by allocating the building type to at least one of the accor but exist not does building tall a constitutes what of measu for also but buildings tall defining for only not standards in a European city such as Vienna, this may this Vienna, as such city European a in definitely depends the on subjective perception the of individual notic can One then. back high-rise as understood certainly (Glauser 1933 in Janksch Hans and Theiss Siegfried architects un its of because also but design its of because only not middle of a district formed by baroque buildings and differentiated fr district first the in situated Vienna, in building high-rise oldest appearance as a high-rise building. There are buildings that buildings are There building. high-rise a as appearance c a be also can building a of slenderness the of degree The Proportion • -story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise a in building tall a considered be not may building -story

Other civilOther architectures defined are high-rise as buildings starting at 24 flo 10 have least at or meters 28 than higher either are (exclusive eight of storie 24than meters defines and high high-rise residential being over e building of BuildingUse Management) and –defines that high-rise refers building buildin to a Municipality Management Technique on Shanghai Provisions of City of Pla (“CTBUH Height Criteria | Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, s).

Figure Figure 34

Height relative to context context to relative Height appear 58

distinctly taller than the urban norm. Also the Also norm. urban the than taller distinctly usual height of 52 meters. Planned by the by Planned meters. 52 of height usual following categories (“CTBUH Height ding to CTBUH, a tall building can be can building tall a CTBUH, to ding e, that the “height relative to context” to relative “height the that e,

are not particularly high but slender but high particularly not are CTBUH h-rise development of the two citiestwo the of developmenth-rise rucial factor when it comes to the to comes it when factor rucial ors or more as high-rise buildings high-rise as more or ors at “Herrengasse” was built in the in built was “Herrengasse” at , 2018, p. 141), this building was building this 141), p. 2018, , ring them. An absolute definition absolute An them. ring . ext will be the definition of The of definition the be will ext

om om its surrounding structures developed the international city such as Shanghai, but Shanghai, as such city ” n.d.)

of meters height. nning (Land nning ight stories g more g more . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Another definition to be clarified, is the is clarified, be to definition Another seen threshold. a as as determining factor, a building of more than 14 t indicator poor a as floors of number the that captures b high-rise as defined be should it categories, illustrated above consider be can building a if that suggests, CTBUH Generally,

theybase area get ruled out being of the classification high-rise a as enough to appear as tall. Or the other way round, ther and and Urban Habitat,” n.d.). In Vienna, none of those heigh megatall buildings are at least 600 meters tall (“CTBUH Height 30 reach buildings Supertall building. megatall a and building supertall clas be can height significant a achieve that buildings CTBUH building. or lead can elevator an like technologies transport vertical the of product a being as labeled be may that Technologies Embracing Technologies Relevant to Buildings Tall

(“CTBUH Height Criteria | Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, (“CTBUH Height Criteria | Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Figure Figure 36

Technologies relevant to high to relevant Technologies often Figure Figure 35 confusingly used term “skyscraper”. According to According “skyscraper”. term used confusingly 59

Proportion Proportion storeys

e are high buildings but because of their la o define high-rise buildings but if to use it use to if but buildings high-rise define o

or more than 50 meters in height, can be - rise buildings ts have support the classification of a high-rise a of classification the support

vertical building development such as as such development building vertical sed in two additional sub- additional two in sed Criteria Criteria | Council on Tall Buildings uilding. The Council furthermore furthermore Council The uilding. ed relevant to at least one of the of one least at to relevant ed been reached

. 0 meters and more whereas more and meters 0 ” n.d.) ” n.d.)

until now (“Vienna groups: a a groups: rge Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. spatial context, it is necessary to define the density para density the define to necessary is it context, spatial comparability a enable To work. present the for important densit Certain environment. spatial the of quality the about more densities, Structural increases. person per space living that builds thecomparison, vehicle this thesis is using. pa density following the result, a As units. administrative same th on depending differ, designation the as well as definition the one could use in order to illustrate and describe the physical Accordingly, “density”. describe to possibilities many are There 21) The population density can even decrease despite nece not does density population high a example, For other. furthermore of great importance to notice, that density or area settlement a as such variable reference spatial a n the or population of number the as such variables, same n h cnet f urbanizati of context the In basic supply of water and electricity, as well as functioning prerequisites for ensuring a consistently high quality of lif 4.2 megatallone buildi is comparison, in Shanghai n.d.). Center,” Skyscraper The - importance importance c Two term. the of use diffuse a of risk higher a to leads The notion “density” can be defined from the perspective o burde costs, provide better services, increase efficiency and co land agricultural valuable save to help could types, building and the promotion of compact development and high density by making alleviat to order in space living maximum providing while space floor forms, building of construction the for clamors demand housing A important. equally is space commercial and residential additional of .

ns Quantify (Jenks Burgess, and 2000b, p. 73) when using the term: uniformity and and uniformity term: the using ng D ensity (“Shanghai -(“Shanghai The Skyscraper Center,” n.d.) on,

fiin ubn lnig n ifatutr dvlpet are development infrastructure and planning urban efficient . In thisIn context, density is great of importance. 60 an

a spatial reference. Density is only given, if the if given, only is Density reference. spatial increasing structural density if the amount of terms do not necessarily correlate with unteract infrastructural and environmental meters being meters e. This includes, for example, an adequate a °compound (Grams, 2017, p. 17)It is 17)It p. 2017, (Grams, °compound a sewage and traffic systems omponents prove to be of fundamental of be to prove omponents f several disciplines which consequently umber of residential units are linked to linked are units residential of umber structure in terms of density. However, over, do not provide any information information any provide not do over, home to four supertall buildings and and buildings supertall four to home y parameters prove to be particularly particularly be to prove parameters y ssarily mean a high structural density. structural high a mean ssarily across national borders and a larger larger a and borders national across rameters, ensure the transnational transnational the ensure rameters, e place of application beyond the beyond application of place e or green spaces, cut development cut spaces, green or . there are numerous parameters parameters numerous are there

that require minimum ground ground minimum require that usage of modern technologies used e urban sprawl. Therefore, sprawl. urban e n explosive increase in in increase explosive n (Grams, 2017, pp. 19– pp. 2017, (Grams, . The creation each each

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 37

Density Parameters and their definition their and Parameters Density 61

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 25) p. are required or even desired and secondly in which context th quantities is not enough. Therefore, a qualitative discussio As compared. are cultures of types different completely two but also according to the prevailing social civil ideas. This cir th to according only not vary values density suitable about t spatially, a of front in a with discussed be to has density ha can notion the location, the on depending context, with mention be to has it comparison, transnational the on Based referencesprovide to types. individual building . In order to get a better idea of density in relation to building to relation in density of idea better a get to order In 62

emporally and legally background. Ideas background. legally and emporally n n firstly about which values and densities ve a different meaning. Consequently, meaning. different a ve e types of space and uses considered, uses and space of types e cumstance is particularly important, if ed, that density has to be determined be to has density that ed, ose are embedded into (Grams, 2017, a result, a discussion solely about about solely discussion a result, a forms, figure 33 is aiming to aiming is 33 figure forms, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 38

Examples for urban building densities densities building urban for Examples 63

(Waibel et 2020) al.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. o a, it far, So 5.1 f nlecs uh s h mre eooy mdriain ur found was it Furthermore, efficiency. modernization, economy, market the as such influences of Shanghai to Vienna, has shown a distinct handling of this spe 5 rlmnr ue a rsdnil ulig hv eprecd increasin experienced have buildings residential as used preliminary bu used mixed only Not scale. transnational a on cities growing is hlegs soitd ih rwh i i considered is it growth, with associated challenges density high-quality environment. and urban development still comes along with a lot of criticism and uncerta Nevertheless, Nevertheless, structures.polycentric traditional away from distribution spatial far high- the contrasts totally to adjacent being therefore and houses old replacing partly (reside great of distribution spatial the Shanghai, at Looking that the the that represen develop high-rise the regarding “How?” the that assumed is it not uncommonly long-lasting discussions counteracting efficient re These sites. construction unused in resulting arguments be of fact the despite area, inner-urban the in proposed case the For structures. traditional from detached completely decades two past the within development sterile a of output city against the background of growth and and growth of background the against city After to the high-rise development appears to fall short of what very very

High it was recognized that high-rise buildings high-rise that recognized was it Problems different distribution, spatial intensity, regarding function height and of ts a question mark in the field of planning, since both, Shan both, since planning, of field the in mark question a ts potential of high-rise buildings, stands in contrast to its ac its to contrast in stands buildings, high-rise of potential a been has the the -R contemporary high-rise building development in Shanghai in development building high-rise contemporary

ulnd ta hg-ie osrcin a bcm increasing become has construction high-rise that outlined, and ise R : ri esearch se development in Vienna, whose high-rise buildings follow a a follow buildings high-rise whose Vienna, in development se How?

, that the the that , Q as they as uestions

respective high-rise development of the two cities two the of development high-rise respective are 64

taking on an increasingly important role in the in role important increasingly an on taking can be used be can o be to

ing a sensitive issue based on perennial perennial on based issue sensitive a ing is considered to be an ideal conception. present fallow wasteland enduring the, enduring wasteland fallow present ut polmtc ht h high-rise the that problematic quite distinct traditional building structures, building traditional distinct ntial) heights in the inner urban area, urban inner the in heights ntial) cific typology, that evolved as a result of Vienna, high-rise projects are still are projects high-rise Vienna, of (Arkaraprasertkul, 2009, p. 11) being 11) p. 2009, (Arkaraprasertkul, land use. Based on those findings, inties ment of the respective cities still cities respective the of ment very very banization and for reasons of of reasons for and banization ildings but tall buildings being buildings tall but ildings ghai’s and Vienna’ and ghai’s . tual contribution to contribution tual efficiently to counteract the counteract to efficiently Consequently, it is assumed attention. g , the typology is argued to be the be to argued is ly important in in important ly Com s appr s a . paring paring

high- oach Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. planning each planning The al., 2013, p. 39; Bhatia, 2008, p. 67) Shanghai, indispensable as they in have been providing a much needed relief that argued is it since particularly housing, on high-ris with deals research the result, a As compactness. dis when especially usages, further exclude to expedient not By high-rise (residential) estates cities. growing in gro in developments recent interpret order Eur in used instrument for representative being also way a in but development copnig mat n sr o te ihrs tplg pro typology high-rise the of users on impact accompanying The elaboration and discussion of resulting consequences fo considering the respective approaches. planning information about the respective planning framework condition Therefore, the the to regards with secondly and basis general a on Firstly, r are implementations regarding consequences their as well as Vienna Vienna and Shanghai, being unique in man c and countries specific to down broken be can hand other discu be hand one the on can previously outlined problems The 5.2.1 Based thoseon assumptions, two research questions emerge: 5.2 first of all solely focusing on residential high-rise buildings, high-rise residential on focusing solely all of first • • thesis pursues several goals. Firstly, it serves to gene

Procedure Scope of the Research o d te iis prt wti te osrit o their of constraints instruments their high-rise regarding (residential) development? the within operate cities the do How density high-quality a environment and urban What does the high-rise residential building contribute to the in of the two the of thesis can also be viewed as a provider, of due to linguistic

and cit es G is applying. Therefore, the underlying regulations and instr and regulations underlying the Therefore, applying. is oal .

y ways such as 65

rate clarification about the respective urban in in predominant culture, history and urban e buildings in general and a special focus special a and general in buildings e ities. The comparison of two cities like cities two of comparison The ities. r r the urban environment as well as the cussions focus on sustainability and and sustainability on focus cussions epcie ihrs development. high-rise respective eviewed, discussed and compared and discussed eviewed, wing cities. Objects of interest are are interest of Objects cities. wing s and leaves space for assumptions it gradually became clear, that it is it that clear, became gradually it to the housing shortage cures the foundation foundation the cures ope and China, is viewed as an an as viewed is China, and ope ihrs bidns ae become have buildings high-rise ssed on a global level, but on the on but level, global a on ssed creasing demand for a high- planning regulations and and regulations planning barriers, barriers, hardly accessible for (Barton (Barton et

uments further further . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. intends to contribute to the discussion sin a to limited not are learned’ be to ‘Lessons globalization. in external by promoted also is flexibility This flexibility. certain as well as cultures that believed, is it Simultaneously, culture. dif complete the of aware be to important is it Furthermore, environment for itsenvironment for inhabitants. improv even or maintains simultaneously which city compact and livable megacity.” argued is planning…which settlement of type its with design urban in the dramatically increasing degree of urbanization worldwide, it may partic be to occurs This growth. and globalization of trend and how to deal with the typology that has evolved in both with considerations regarding recommendations generate to used drawn be will learned be to lessons information, that on Based n h frt lc. h ojcie f hs rcdr i, with is, value a outcome of and possible as information high as procedure this of objective The place. first the in Shang cities the between comparison meaningful a way, this In and secondly can be applied in a different context with restr shows due limited are Shanghai in collection data of possibilities the that for data of collection the for standard as functions study, practical approach to this topic especially regarding the met not why is This with. concerned is thesis and research this high-rise buildings in Vienna. It is an important study, delivering liv the of image comprehensive a generate to order in methods who Dlabaja and Reinprecht named researchers Austrian two by bu is partly thesis the result, a As possible. as efficient task of the comparison of two cities, research tools and q research the answering of goal ambitious the achieve to rise buildings contribute to a high-density and high-quality urb of this thesis is to generate a valuable outcome so that on on the different cities assumptions , that the methods used by Reinprecht and Dlabaja firstly prov firstly Dlabaja and Reinprecht by used methods the that , . The dimension of density will be discussed in terms of needs and des and needs of terms in discussed be will density of dimension The (Hassenpflug, 2010, p. 47) , especially by taking the opinion of inhabitants into considera about .

how to achieve high densities and thereby an efficient 66

conclusions can be drawn, if and how high- ilding on a meaningful research carried out carried research meaningful a on ilding . methods should be as comprehensive and

not not be long before China takes on a leading role the case of Shanghai. Having in mind, in Having Shanghai. of case the uestions, also regarding the challenging the regarding also uestions, hodology hodology used in this existing Viennese of of the cities underlying the intensifying icted options regarding data collection. ularly important since important ularly only the information but finally the finally but information the only to form a high-density, vertical, yet highly yet vertical, high-density, a form to gle cultural framework. This thesis This framework. cultural gle ference of the cities regarding their regarding cities the of ference no doubt to generate a value of of value a generate to doubt no an an environment. In order to be able hai and Vienna should be secured be should Vienna and hai ing culture and quality of living in in living of quality and culture ing hi pann apoc underly approach planning their good good information about the topi and the key information will be will information key the and in future high-rise developments high-rise future in fluences based on an increasing an on based fluences to linguistic barriers, the study the barriers, linguistic to used a pronounced mix of of mix pronounced a used es ide qualitative information information qualitative ide the quality of the urban urban the of quality the tion. “…in the light of light the “…in ires depending ires The The scope c Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. I was also able to gather a lot of information about the h theof lack linguistic of skills became the main focus of my research which, at first, was not was I As perception. visual my provoked types housing old fragmented and small to next construction under more even the associated impact of this environment triggered my interes cit the of development height created artificially the Especially thein city but importantly, the more city itself. th of advantage take to me, to obvious was it months, 10 t given was I As Shanghai. in University Tongji the and Vienna the within 2017-2018 from stay my during Shanghai of fabric th of observations by formed was thesis this of topic The 5.2.3 density high-quality environment. hypotheses and Underlying urban are development high-rise the in consideration into take to what cities. By comparing the two cities, it is intended to draw con studies these of Object 5.2.2 are addressing specific living cultures and lifestyles among thos among lifestyles and cultures living specific addressing are out finding Simultaneously, me. to interesting very was Vienna ab be to Shanghai of development high-rise the to connected r the about Researching understanding. this deepen to helped researc with exchange the Furthermore, University. Tongji • • •

Motivation environment. Underlying Hypotheses regulations and instrumentsregulations and their high-rise regarding (residential) develo Vienna and Shanghai all, of First quality by taking consideration. users’ into opinions High-density has to be discussed concerning the needs and des ihrs (eieta) ulig contribute buildings (residential) High-rise

are high-rise buildings and their development in connection with gro with connection in development their and buildings high-rise .

operate 67

differently within their constraints of planning planning of constraints their within differently to a high-density and high-quality urban urban high-quality and high-density a i is unique opportunity and study not only only not study and opportunity unique is gh mainly based on observations as a result e, appearing to me, extraordinary urban urban extraordinary me, to appearing e, hers and experts I met during my stay, my during met I experts and hers clusions the field of planning regarding -rise development within the classes at egulations and planning instruments planning and egulations t. Numerous high-rise buildings and Double Degree Program of the TU TU the of Program Degree Double used to the gigantic urban scale, it scale, urban gigantic the to used le to compare it more precisely more it compare to le he chance to study in Shanghai for for Shanghai in study to chance he y to such an enormous extent and and extent enormous an such to y in order to contribute to a high- a to contribute to order in to what extent high-rise buildings high-rise extent what to e totally different conditions of a a of conditions different totally e building structures of traditional traditional of structures building ires in order to create high- : pment. wing to to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the thesis and has been continuously comp and Analyzing study. the of stages different the during the represents bars, the of thickness the Moreover, ena didn’t or me enabled residence my of place the as important s to relation in put been has which bar a by represented within used methodology the illustrates above, shown image The with local residents. Similarly, I tried to gain an understanding an gain to tried I Similarly, residents. local with p urban the of characteristics local considering constantly a seta research of methods came that to will application, be illustrated the in rjc o a rdtoa L traditional a of project we as research field out carry to encouraging constantly lecture and professionals planning with exchange the that, soc city’s the understand and conclusions draw to able being Shan of culture the as well as history the about Learning in literature study to crucial was it result, a As first. at th Vienna, to contrary the understanding of the urban on environment was not given initially Shanghai of case the For interviewing well as my came only during st the as to application mapping spatial order In 5.2.4 the force this driving behind research. city growing rapidly a to compared city, growing slowly rather

Methodology of and Limitations the Research to to create a comprehensive image of the topic and thus, to an to thus, and topic the of image comprehensive a create ǐ

Lòng egbrod hle frty o nwr usin that questions answer to firstly helped neighborhood, appl ied during the whole process. The methods of observing, Figure Figure 39 68

Methodology

intensity with which method has been applied applied been has method which with intensity

dac o saig n hs oeg city. foreign this in staying of advance pace and therefore also in time. This is This time. in also therefore and pace ll as integrating me into a regeneration a into me integrating as ll ghai beforehand was important important was beforehand ghai lanning system and secondly to engage to secondly and system lanning rs of the Tongji University, who were who University, Tongji the of rs aring literature represents the base of of base the represents literature aring io-spatial conditions. In assistance to assistance In conditions. io-spatial , which is why it had to be generated peodto o a fundamental a of precondition e and the different context, became context, different the and ble me to apply certain methods. certain apply to me ble of this research. Each method is method Each research. this current trends and associated and trends current swer the research questions, research the swer present chapter. ay in Shanghai. Shanghai. ay in to then then to arose

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. er Lfbr, met Eo n Mr Gtdnr Ubn semio Urban Gottdiner. Mark and Eco Umberto Lefèbvre, Henri s by represented prominently instrument an is which semiotics, from local culture or language, who, in his originality was tie was originality his in who, language, or culture local from a described Benjamin Walter flâneur, the as Known landscape. was Shanghai, in application into came that method, further A concept its’ and evolution concerned. are message. langu of medium the with compared thus and signs as interpreted elements, for instance traffic signs, dwellings, fences, plac the place of Paris 2017) being a way to understand and deeply discover the significant instrument, as a "thinking tool". It aims to avoid confusion b co scientific basic a explain to help can triangle semiotic The n te eald eeomn Cnrl ln DC) Fr h case the t Concept, For Development (DDCP). Plan Control Development Detailed the and planning planning instruments. For the case of Shanghai this includes field the within theories general and Shanghai of explanations iis f hnhi n Ven. eiwd n aaye literat analyzed and Reviewed Vienna. and Shanghai of cities o production (residential) high-rise of field the in developments . Not only did I try to observe the city, the observe to try I did only Not . (Tester, (Tester, 1994, p. 2) he Zoning Plan, the Building-Regulation Plan, as well as the high-r the as well as Plan, Building-Regulation the Plan, Zoning Figure Figure 40 . It builds up on the perception and capture of the ambianc

Urban Semiotics Semiotics Urban but 69 (Ha

I also tried to read it by the means of urba of means the by it read to tried also I ssenpflug, 2010, ssenpflug, p es or streets. Those elements then can be nstruction and serves as a supporting supporting a as serves and nstruction particularly particularly etween objects and thoughts. During d to the time of the 19 the of time the to d fragments of the metropolis (Rocca, the flâneuse observing of the city’s the of observing flâneuse the ure ure modern urban spectator, detached spectator, urban modern of urban planning but also spatial spatial also but planning urban of .18 cientists such as Roland Barthes, Roland as such cientists n a global scale as well as as well as scale global a n ) involve for instance historical historical instance for involve age as they transport a certain a transport they as age tics the the focus of Vienna, the Spatial Spatial the Vienna, of Shanghai Shanghai Master Plan n spatial on th century and and century of urban urban

the the ise es n

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. spatial mapping contribute mapping spatial urban to according city the reading and observing flâneuse an typologies street usage, floor ground borders, usage, main building building space, green typology, building height, building outpu The detail. of level higher a at morphology city’s the Shanghainese the of understanding my broadened area specific diinly fo My ni Jl 21 itriw i Saga with Shanghai in interviews 2018 July until May from Additionally, visualizing therefore and Mapping Hongkou. of district the in Another method being used, was the spatial mapping of a labo w Shanghai, sketches. and photographs of environment socio-spatial the of understanding 17– pp. 2010, (Hassenpflug, the prerequisite of being able to translate the messages we as context cultural e and social of knowledge be comprehensive can city, Chinese the reading when especially semiotics, t According other. each with cities different comparing when the to attention pay to crucial very is it application, the conclusion concerning the high-rise development cities. growing of fellow students who were willing to help translating ambitiously, the feasibility of the study. However, with the help of pr co present the to according design study the of adjustment develop circumstances these of awareness the that fact, implementation the of hand other the on and selection the of cer barriers, language the that notice, to important is It o persons’ as well as data demographic gain to order in questions closed are They conducted. were interviews short 50 translator development residential high-rise latest the about conclusions estates were carried out in low order to be able to as examine th well as °compounds housing high-rise including environments perception and opinion of the rapidly changing urban environment. urban theof changing rapidly opinion perception and to answering the research questions. 22). h otu o te ehd eie a epnin f the of expansion an besides method the of output The 70

offered by China’s built urban environment cultural context of the signifier, especially signifier, the of context cultural tainly lead to a limitation on the one hand hand one the on limitation a to lead tainly eir eir perception and thus, being able to draw ofessors from Tongji University as well as ed at a very early stage, it enabled an an enabled it stage, early very a at ed structured as questionnaire containing containing questionnaire as structured nditions which was a crucial factor of of factor crucial a was which nditions o Hassenpflug, the process of urban urban of process the Hassenpflug, o ratory ratory space in Shanghai, particularly semiotics as well as the method of of method the as well as semiotics d open space. Both, the method of of method the Both, space. open d of the methodologies. Due to the to Due methodologies. the of ivle svrl aes including layers several involves t ll as the Chinese history. It forms forms It history. Chinese the as ll I was able to compile a significant urban environment as I perceived I as environment urban in Shanghai. With the help of a a of help the With Shanghai. in nriched on the one hand by a a by hand one the on nriched h built- the e qetos drsig the addressing questions pen as visual data in particular, particular, in data visual as ecs cntuto sites, construction fences, residents of various various of residents -rise traditional housing housing traditional -rise up environment of a a of environment urban urban Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. example, often represents conflict Voigt (Schönwandt a and planning in v the of comparison The emerge. often values contradicting deals firstly with the ontology that questions that ontology the with firstly deals The etc. economy ecology, architecture, as such disciplines philosophical background knowledge. The discipline-specific knowle discipline-specific of combination a is knowledge background The chosen chosen Methods are targeted operations that are believed to be a Methods objective. They interdependent are appr the based on chosen planning the to Similarly, achieved. be should what represent Targets Targets ‘targets’,of ‘methods’ the and knowledge’. ‘background depends problem a be to sensed is What them. maintain to done f positively perceived are conditions or improved be should which t two assume can One tasks. unsolved are problems Planning Problems 2005, p. 772) know background a and methods interdependent, of set a as well as goals of s a as Bunge, by elaborated ‘approach’, planning the on cultural backgrounds when carrying out a transnational co Voigt, 2005, p. 772) par own their from problems planning perceives process the p each Consequently, life. everyday of things the on view consciously iscompiled,Thiswork that eachknowingplanner 5.2.5 hrfr wih aus n mrl pann hs o undergo to has planning morals and values which therefore w thirdly and in result they what and occur processes mental furthe and knowledge and cognition of theories the with deals Background

planning approach, only a certain methods of a repertoire only is available approach, planning Planning

knowledge

but Approach . These pe do have their own content (BUNGE, 1996, p. 79; Schönwan 79; p. 1996, (BUNGE, content own their have do

rspectives are particularly very likely to be diverse regardin the the 71 ‘ real

’ world, secondly with the epistemology the with secondly world, ’ et of problems that are connected to a set a to connected are that problems of et ble to solve problems. Depending on the mparison. mparison. This thesis is composed based lanner as well as every party involved in in involved party every as well as lanner philosophical background knowledge background philosophical ticular perspective (Schönwandt and and (Schönwandt perspective ticular hings. Either conditions are defined are conditions Either hings. . alues of freedom and equality, for for equality, and freedom of alues planning problems, targets are not not are targets problems, planning or unconsciously or uses own his/her In planning practice, conflicts of of conflicts practice, planning In ith ethics in spatial planning and and planning spatial in ethics ith rmore with the question of how how of question the with rmore on the three other components other three the on ledge. Those components are are components Those ledge. or which something has to be to has something which or dge refers to knowledge from background knowledge and and knowledge background oach. oach. , 2005, 772– pp. .

dt and Voigt, and dt g different 775) . that that Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5.3 attention Vien been and has given to the Shanghai of characterization history and cultures in order to distill key information and gene two of comparison a of vehicle the uses thesis this since xaso o te iy ni te 0. ae o te pressu the on Based 80s. the until city the of expansion industrial methods. The so-called °Trabantensiedlung was establish pattern wor this thesis, the of structure the to due Recognizable problem, that should be improved has been generated (Schönw generated been has improved be should that problem, 5.3.1 represent osmto ws norgd ad ag-cl rsdnil complex residential large-scale and encouraged, was consumption use differently the of connection and separation functional distribution spatial even relatively the by characterized was the Second World War, urban planning tried a new model based on abolished and focused on the construction of technical infra constructio building the and plan zoning the into differentiated p the 1929, In emerged. settlements numerous and Superblocks space to relevant issues all because strategy development importanc its lost planning urban War, World First the After the construction building plan. seen as a combination of the two main planning instruments b constr also but them, use to how and zones defined roughly zone construction the tool, planning another introduce to Plan 1866, already served as a decision guideline here. Since Vie n instrument, planning urban comprehensive first The owned. largely was however, (Ringstraßenzone), time the of project regulat first were sector public the and landowners private existed. already regulations building first the 1829, In defined. be long Vienna in out carried already been had planning Urban

The The Vienna’s (B Planning

unge, unge, 1996, p. 79) the center center the H igh in S -R low but but low f the of E ise ise volution . This means that spatial problems as the actual objects o research D evelopment S

teady teady . Based on that, an accurate understanding of of understanding accurate an that, on Based . G rowth 72

gis te Background the against

k is based on the 'problems first' thinking first' 'problems the on based is k focused on social housing by that time. that by housing social on focused plan (Bauzonenplan). This instrument This (Bauzonenplan). plan distinct cities and their accompanying their and cities distinct successful because the land was state- was land the becausesuccessful re of societal changes (globalization, (globalization, changes societal of re d room segments by car traffic. Mass Mass traffic. car by segments room d of a new middle class with large-scale with class middle new a of structure in order to create jobs. ed. The first major urban expansion expansion urban major first The ed. uction heights and therefore can be can therefore and heights uction e as a product of a comprehensive a of product a as e eing used now, the zoning plan and rate lessons to be learned, a special nna nna grew, in 1890 there was a need In 1848, planning duties between duties planning 1848, In andt, 2002, pp. 62– pp. 2002, andt, amely the General Building Line Building General the amely n plan. Social housing was later was housing Social plan. n lanning instruments were finally were instruments lanning fore the terminology for it was it for terminology the fore ed. This model determined the the functionalist city. This era s ee fe built often were es na in the in firstna place. 63). However, However, 63). f investigation the by specific

using After of Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Planning competencies were partly decentralized to specific ar This model became the start of a turning point towards a mor 2019) Stadt Wiener 2015; Novotny, 1978; (Mayer, axes development urban development plan was introduced in 1984 featuring proces a po working inapp became of model planning functionalistic the contradictions,…) flexibility higher economics, restructuring copne b a ies rne f ujc seii concepts thirdly, construction building a and secondly, plan. plan zoning a specific subject of range diverse a by superor accompanied a firstly include, instruments planning the However, of federal a basis is the Vienna Building Bode (Wiener Bauordnung). Since Vie Howeve accordingly. differs planning spatial of framework the Since there are 9 different spatial planning laws depending on 5.3.2 h ps. hs poess s el s oml n ifra pla found informal and formal as well as processes These past. the processes in Vienna are the result of institutional restru (Hamedinge trademark a ‘Vien as serves the often Therefore states) surrounding competition. city international an within Vi However, sprawl. urban counteract to therefore and A main result is the ‘Settlement-Policy Plan’ that intends to p cooperated with its’ surrounding states in 1978 when the were discussed in a symposium with a wider public. Regarding the in 2001). al., et (Redak procedures planning formal bypass to actors Nevertheless, it involved is argued, that the increasing fragmentatio the between cooperation the organizing by Procurement and Urban Renewal Fund (WBSF). Its’ duty is to ma type of public-private mix, various institutions have been f deve and investors private with authority local the between Vienna of north the in development high-rise of hotbed a now pr scale large regarding particularly other each with related citizens in planning procedures. Moreover, planning and the and planning Moreover, procedures. planning in citizens .

ation ation Planning state of spatial planning. planning. spatial n a uiiaiy te pta pann faeok ais o th to varies framework planning spatial the municipality, a and Instruments 73

cturing and obviously differ significantly to ‘°Planungsgemeinschaft Ost’ was formed. enna also aims to strenghten its position position its strenghten to aims also enna n n of this kind of networks, are very likely ounded. An example is the Vienna Land ojects such as the Donau City, which is which City, Donau the as such ojects lopers. In order to deal with this new this with deal to order In lopers. Strategic planning projects in Vienna, Vienna, in projects planning Strategic romote romote the peripherical concentration eas that aimed the respective federal state in Austria, e open planning approach in general. lycentric city model based on various . New forms of partnerships arose arose partnerships of forms New . r, for the case of Vienna, the legal the Vienna, of case the for r, real estate business became more more became business estate real Hmdne, 04 p. 9– pp. 2004, (Hamedinger, r, 2004). The changing planning planning changing The 2004). r, sc a te ihrs concept, high-rise the as such , nn isrmns ersn the represent instruments nning dinate urban development plan plan development urban dinate aat 17) ie i (Czeike, in cited 1974) bauamt, nna nna maintains the status of both, nage the rapid utilization of land a ein (ina n its and (Vienna Region’ na creasing urban sprawl, Vienna e, xcrain f social of exacerbation ses, ropriate, which is why a new a why is which ropriate, at a a direct involvement ohr states. other e 11). Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. plans plans Regarding growth. its’ and city the for relevance particular that topics key eight addresses and Vienna of growth dynamic c current the In development. urban the for targets term rep and plans and explanations textual of consists STEP The The as a principle (Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 1 Department Municipal Administration, City (Vienna principle a as location polycentric a regarding balanced be should environment exis of use changed 10% and stock building the of development construction f ad bsns lcto plce, ewrig ihn h metr the within networking policies, location business land, of Fur 2000s. the in especially but 90s early the in starting strongly therefore and 32) p. 2018, 21, Vienna Department the within location their regarding valued high sin and potential fragmented, great have to argued are types building Those V built the on put also is 2025 STEP the in focus special A (M multifunctionally city as ‘next ‘within’ to’ rather the or city. Europe of areas expansion urban biggest the of one Th orientation. circular a with structure urban the and middle south the in Town New Lingang of bit a reminds and extension known

covers a covers Spatial DevelopmentConcept (STEP2025)Spatial 55% -project of Vienna in this context is also the ‘Seestadt As ‘Seestadt the also is context this in Vienna of -project

2,4 km 2,4 f new of n areas on 2 area, almost area, osrcin eeomn t hpe o kon oeta are potential known on happen to development construction

ht were that as big as the first district in Vienna, built from scratch as u as scratch from built Vienna, in district first the as big o peiul itne fr h dvlpet 2% further 27% development, the for intended previously not Figure Figure 41

Planning instruments in Vienna in instruments Planning 74

ther topics addressed are the mobilization mobilization the are addressed topics ther ase, till 2025. The STEP recognizes the recognizes STEP The 2025. till ase, iennese structure of the °Gründerzeit the of structure iennese ncply f ina nd) designed n.d.) Vienna, of unicipalty construction measurements, Vienna Vienna measurements, construction resents an instrument that sets long- sets that instrument an resents reflect what the city is striving for for striving is city the what reflect e ‘Seestadt Aspern’ is considered as considered is Aspern’ ‘Seestadt e

e hy r dne n compact, and dense are they ce of Shanghai with its’ lake in the in lake its’ with Shanghai of have been considered to be in in be to considered been have pern’ in the north of Vienna. It Vienna. of north the in pern’ development with functionality with development pltn ein a wl a the as well as region, opolitan ting buildings. The built urban urban built The buildings. ting inner urban area (Municipal (Municipal area urban inner 8, 2014 8, p. 37) p. . A very well very A . as, 8% of of 8% as, rban rban .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Plan regulates in detail the structural usability and the building the and usability structural the detail in regulates Plan to build. This means that the desired height level of the develo rise developers in Vienna generally do not know, beforehand, On Vienna. in instruments planning spatial formal the in included tha buildings meters, 26 to limited is Plan Construction and Building no where and Vienna in built be can buildings high-rise how and Based on those instruments, one should actually be able to building. plan, may be built on. Hence, it gives information about the cove areas, base the way what in or whether show must poor. int general the commissioned, was he Although buildings. tall with heights, tolerable and locations suitable determined he Vienna, t topography, the of analyzation detailed a on Based 1972. gene to Vienna of city the by commissioned was Potyka Hugo well as plans includes instrument formal The Construction The Plan Building thereforeand regulates the permissible use the on individual property. city and is drawn in the scale of 1:5.000 or 1:1000. It det The formal instrument includes plans as well textual descriptions The Zoning Plan construction.housing Hence, it is the the for subordina foundation tra for or space green as designated is area an whether developmen further to taking important an is It 2014). 18, Department Municipal Administration, is Vienna approach holistic the va The system. transport the and space open of planning 5.3.2.1 Vienna in crea to 1970s early the in already Potyka, Hugo commissioned a is development high-rise the Since discussions. further for over the following years. In order to counteract these a these counteract to order In years. following the over Without taking this concept into account, numerous high-r numerous account, into concept this taking Without

The High -Rise Development -Rise Concept of Vienna and its E as 75 textual descriptions. The Building Construction Building The descriptions. textual

ffic purposes, for commercial buildings or or buildings commercial for purposes, ffic ermines the use of the land exactly by plots red by the approved use from the zoning zoning the from use approved the by red rbitrary developments, another high-rise another developments, rbitrary riety of topics is aiming to demonstrate to aiming is topics of riety allowed density, height and type of the assume that it is out of question where he traffic and the urban structure of of structure urban the and traffic he to which height they will be allowed per per and that of the city is the conditions of a plot area plot a of conditions te a concept for high-rise buildings high-rise for concept a te esbe oi i Ven, h city the Vienna, in topic sensible rate the first high-rise concept in in concept high-rise first the rate . It refers to the whole area of the hence, aimed to set dominances set to aimed hence, t. Since the height range in the in range height the Since t. the contrary to Shanghai, high- Shanghai, to contrary the erest of the concept was rather rather was concept the of erest ise projects ise te plan. zoning tool though, since it specifies it since though, tool o te iy Ven City (Vienna city the of t t are taller than that, are not not are that, than taller are t were volution implemented . The plan plan The

source

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the concepts, 21, Vienna Derpartment (Municipal buildings rise to out turned has which architecture, of dimension political n but Last model. a as York New as such cities American use are floors buildings lower the on space public high-rise additional and permeability of intermingling programmatic the to The questions sustainability. constructive and planning urban to building en its in topic the tackles it However, success. similar with development concept was commissioned. The second attempt of s connection was set. Based on those guidelines, high-rise bu high-rise guidelines, those on Based set. was connection a of existence the of requirement the Additionally, suitability. exclusio as declared not are that areas city all that, says and a definition of suitability zones that does not even leave z exclusion about information of patchwork a of more reminds Vien in development high-rise the regulate to attempt third The and links transport public from away far City’, Wienerberg no exclusion zone and exclusion and zone no the ‘ the foothills of the °Wienerberg, the ‘Fluvial Urban Landscape’ Simmer of east the in Composite’ ‘Urban the center, historic which different patterns of high-rise development should take high-quality public transport links but differs in one essent a visual and heritage world by imposed restrictions the Hence, on based is and 2025 STEP the additions concept, latest The noml n teeoe legally therefore and informal This case. specific a regarding drawn be to conclusions allow speculation, avoid to enough general are stipulations These are transition zones in which no high-rise development should t subjectively perceived to be ‘moderate’. Hence, which party which Hence, ‘moderate’. be to perceived subjectively ho height, towers’ Triiiple The development’. height ‘moderate projec this of example the with up Keeping area. this within for instance suggests to provide ‘porous base zones’ in thein toof Vienna, appeared benorth compatible with the fe that project ‘Triiiple’ The concept. the with anticipated °Transdanubian Expansion’. These areas occupy only partly only occupy areas These Expansion’. °Transdanubian Weebr, n h suh f ina bcm a rm high-ris prime a became Vienna, of south the in °Wienerberg, wherever wherever non a metro linea exists 21, Derpartment Vienna (Municipal bnig Sm ogig rjcs hwvr see t be to seemed however, projects, ongoing Some -binding. 76

order to link the fragmented urban structure 2014.) n zones, are potential zones of high-rise of zones potential are zones, n atures three high-rise housing buildings housing high-rise three atures ial ial point. It divides the city into areas in tirety, from the history of the high-rise the of history the from tirety, pattern Composite’of the that ‘Urban on on the banks of the Danube and finally a minor room for speculation, since it exactly specifies the permitted height permitted the specifies exactly but they are so meaningful that they that meaningful so are they but without a meaningful urban concept. urban meaningful a without ildings can be built wherever built be can ildings Bsd n h inrne f those of ignorance the on Based . be of particular importance for high- for importance particular of be t, the concept in this area indicates a a indicates area this in concept the t, concept is like the STEP 2025 only only 2025 STEP the like is concept hold. The ‘Consolidated City’ in the ing, the ‘Southern Terraces’ on the on Terraces’ ‘Southern the ing, xes remain, as does the demand for for demand the does as remain, xes ot least, the concept deals with the with deals concept the least, ot the previous guidelines from 2002. from guidelines previous the ake place (Luchsinger et al., 2014) na is dated by 2002. This attempt This 2002. by dated is na the urban area. In between there between In area. urban the ones, visual axes to be kept clear kept be to axes visual ones, higher-ranking public transport transport public higher-ranking wever, is far away from what is what from away far is wever, required, for which the authors authors the which for required, uch a concept was implemented lnig rcs ad social and process planning and the creation of of creation the and e location location e 2014 there ) ‘The ‘The .

is . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. had been built and due to a reform of the building tax, the n the tax, building the of reform a to due and built been had no of expansion certain a on based 1918, until on, Later named ° t for apartment small the was nevertheless, apartment, of rvd etariay de vle o te eea public.".(Lu general the for value added extraordinary provide foll it qualities, ecological and social functional, landscape, natural At the beginning of the concept, it is stated that, intermediate heterogeneous of zones settlement structures’(Luc landmar as environment this in imagined be can points ‘high since project Triiiple the of reality the question, this to regard entire depend not determinatio should height height the that indicates "argued description" An environment. the for value added deter statement", mission "local a where question this address Phase implementation). and design concept, (idea, phases four the latest high-rise concept, the question is clarified by a with medium and large apartments for a wealthier Demolished houses in good locations containing small apartments wh speculative the stimulated period, this during shortage housing greatest the of time the was century 19th the Vienna, industry o change constant a undergone have conditions economic and occurred. field this in developments first ago, years hundred housin “social of history long very a to back looks Vienna 5.3.3 project itself value added The 9). p. 2019, al., et (Wiegand principles clear t of lacking be to argued is that city, the with contract retu in sector public the for services on takes investor reason generally can agree to. agree can generally remains development

for reflection. The destruction of urban quality cannot cannot quality urban of destruction The reflection. for Housing Bassenawohnung was adapted to those conditions and .

vague

Nevertheless, the concept of "added value" is diffuse and the and diffuse is value" "added of concept the Nevertheless, (Eigner et al., 1999, 3– pp. , since it does not correspond to the Building Construction Building the to correspond not does it since , has "From Vienna's topographical, morphological, atmospheric, 77 left its’ marks on the urban fabric of the city. For target target groups

6). rn by agreeing into an urban development urban an into agreeing by rn ransparency and generally does not follow not does generally and ransparency predetermined process that is divided into growth in city and population. The acute The population. and city in growth chsinger et al., 2014, p. 13) 13) p. 2014, al., et chsinger

n-profit building activity, new apartments new activity, building n-profit preceded the high-rise concept, especially concept, high-rise the preceded ows that Vienna only needs skyscrapers if they if skyscrapers needs only Vienna that ows he less wealthy among the population the among wealthy less he umber of small sized apartments was apartments sized small of umber should primarily be provided by the by provided be primarily should g construction”, since more than a a than more since construction”, g . The predominantly produced typ Ever since then, the general social general the then, since Ever hsinger ethsinger al., 2014). mines the variety of uses and the and uses of variety the mines two 'concept' should particularly particularly should 'concept' two f course. As a result, the housing housing the result, a As course. f ly on yield considerations. With With considerations. yield on ly osrcin f etl houses. rental of construction be justified by the fact that an an that fact the by justified be ks for a capillary network of of network capillary a for ks ere replaced by new buildings n according to the area area the to according n That refore gives refore

fact Plan. In In Plan. , one one , e , Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Marx more relieved. The most famous example for this kind of struct social reform ( block-like structure, and where meant to express the soc allow apartments, supe The created. were thousand superblocks so-called the community, a than more often with complexes 1999, pp. 7 pp. 1999, h single-family of construction the about concerns ideological of lack the generally lan or areas, construction developing decentralized of costs high the were settlements suburban h agmns n ao o peern inrct bok hous block inner-city preferring of favor in arguments The development of form that made usage vacant of lots the in city. multi-storey The apartments. bigger the inside built were and 0.5 BCR. Moreover, facilities such as the kitchen or the bu municipal new the in buildings of density the atriums, narrow in resulted which 0.85, of BCR a had buildings apartment style movements, settler wild so-called The important. more became strategies two 1918, after period post-war immediate the In 1988, p. 87). reduced whereas at the same time, the availability of larger municipal housing and at the same time to improve the living stan living the improve to time same the at and housing municipal st workers' movement. The aim the of the city denoteadministration was to places, many in cityscape Vienna's shape still Municipal period. pre-war the to compared change fundamental electio 1919 the of result a as Party Workers' Democratic construction.thethetakeover housing V With of municipal an allotments up set and basis legal any without often war, -Hof in Heiligenstadt-Hof in 1382 providing apartments. – 12) Marchart, 1984, p. 23) . Those vacant lots, however, had to be used creatively, used be to had however, lots, vacant Those . . Gradually, the structure of the superblock became more a 78

toilet were not meant to be shared anymore ial ial concept based on the considerations of apartments increased (Hösl and Pirhofer, sufficient settlement areas. In addition, addition, In areas. settlement sufficient ns, housing construction underwent a a underwent construction housing ns, ienna city administration by the Social bycity ienna administration d makeshift housing, and the start of of start the and housing, makeshift d for dealing with the housing shortage housing the with dealing for create sufficient living space through block prevailed as the predominant predominant the as prevailed block omes had also arisen (Eigner et al., et (Eigner arisen also had omes eghnd efcniec o the of self-confidence rengthened ure in Vienna, is probably the Karl- rblocks were built in a connected, a in built were rblocks in ad rnpr cnetos to connections transport and d dark apartments grouped around around grouped apartments dark that buildings from the 1920s, which 1920s, the from buildings g ilding projects was a maximum maximum a was projects ilding dards to took up vacant lots after the after lots vacant up took n a agl self-sufficient largely a ing urban expansion through through expansion urban . which is why building building why is which Whereas °Gründerzeit- nd nd Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. has been characterized by a progressive process of comme of process progressive a by characterized been has s ever that argues, Matznetter Similarly, 1970s. the during housing, was followed by a period that can be characterize the satisfy to served which reconstruction, of period The

e lot opeey tpe. h fcs f h constructio the of objects pomp monumental focus The stopped. completely almost be municipa for condition general the 1940s and 1930s the During hc rpeetd polm te osn dvlpr hd to had developers housing the problem, a represented which building did not diminish in this context. Nevertheless, quantity wa largest possible number of apartments, which is why the impo building limitsbuilding the for height building (Eigner et al., 1999, 13– pp. storeys, as they could be built without an elevator, the industrial the in production, series large standardized through been built using the assembly method. The precast thinking w controversial. Furthermore, prefabricated buildings increased, municipal buildings It in Vienna. Despite relatively good equipment, 1950s. high the of middle the in built was that building’ high-rise definitely performan housing criteria, quality Neglecting years. following were built in this context. A very famous example in this contex Figure Figure 42

Super block structure in Vienna Vienna in structure block Super . In the post-war period, the main priority was to quickly pro quickly to was priority main the period, post-war the In - The Karl The 79

- Marx Hof Marx nine-storey construction resulted from legal d by the increased demands on housing ince the 1960s residential construction residential 1960s the ince rcialization rcialization immediate quantitative demand for for demand quantitative immediate as as an expression of the rationalization

(copyright: Bwag/Commons) by 1984 over 20,000 apartments had rtance of the multi-storey apartment age. Building heights were mainly 4 mainly were heights Building age. ce rose steadily. High-rise buildings High-rise steadily. rose ce l housing deteriorated and had to had and deteriorated housing l 21). take take n activities was primarily on on primarily was activities n s rather important than quality, a oe f h frt high-rise first the of one was

-rise construction remained (Matznetter, 1991, p. 128) p. 1991, (Matznetter, no osdrto, n the in consideration, into t, is the ‘Matzleinsdorfer

vide the vide

. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. space exceeds 5000 m means that, in case of a rededication of land, it is now stipu of framework legal the to added was construction’, residential into came category new a speculation, and prices land rising the middle class can middle class and is, incidentally, a feature of social housing that obs some makes which class, middle the to belong today residents proba would c example, for 1960s, social the in erected the building municipal of analysis An limits. its reaching is compensation policy the that noticed, been has it however, general, In land. building into put on basic purchases in the settlement axes defined by u instruments such as the STEP Vienna. Regarding housing, th renewed rise in demand for housing, strategies were developed increasing the consideration, into Taking noticeable. became ar yard smaller towards tendency a structure, building the In trends, or itsproblems connected challenges targets. accompanied and de the regarding key are Plan Master Shanghai the to similarly concept that compared only to Shanghai may have long existe that the rent must not exceed 5 earners in particular could no longer afford the rising rent rising the afford longer no could particular in earners market estate real Viennese the on surge price enormous po housing the of requirement a remains classes disadvantaged th thus and shortage housing the of abolition The people. t of needs the meet to tool this use to difficult increasingly 19 spatcomprehensive of history long a to back looks Vienna rent shouldbehigher permitted this category building for (Municipalty of subsidies housing for principles planning existing the to addition Nevertheless, in order to take the higher construction co This housing. social for earmarked now are thirds two land, th century. This is not the case with the informal instrument informal the with case the not is This century. be offered 2 , two thirds of the space must be ‘affordable’. Affordable good and affordable housing through social housing, it is be € /m 2 . This means, that, wherever land is converted into residen 80

sts for high-rise buildings into account, in of using housing in order to create social create to order in housing using of rban rban planning as well transforming them at the end of the 80s meant that poorer poorer that meant 80s the of end the at lated, that if the created total residential ial planning starting already in the early the in already starting planning ial s (Eigner et al., 1999, p. 36) p. 1999, al., et (Eigner s e creation of living space for socially for space living of creation e eas and differentiated building forms forms building differentiated and eas nce. Nevertheless, these instruments, e focus of the activities has also been force in 2019. The category ‘subsid category The 2019. in force he growing number of less wealthy less of number growing he s, such as the STEP or the high-rise the or STEP the as such s, can be found across Europe. While and and embedded in informal planning also applies to high-rise buildings. high-rise to applies also shortage of building land and the and land building of shortage monstration of current and future and current of monstration spatial planning in Vienna. This Vienna. in planning spatial licy of the city of Vienna. Vienna. of city the of licy ervers speak of subsidizing the subsidizing of speak ervers , it is stipulated that a slightly a that stipulated is it , omposition of residents of a a of residents of omposition bly show that the majority of of majority the that show bly

Vienna, 2019). Vienna, in this case implies, . To To . coming fight An tial y

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. study is given below. For a precise explanation of the res strik most the of summary a completeness, of sake the For theof residents interest to be proved particular of the for study. the city of Vienna. The goal of the study, was to find ou find to was study, the of goal The Vienna. of city the a research housing for Department the of behalf on Dlabaja living residentialin Vienna towers” was carried out in 2014 by developers, investors and consequently urban planners, a attention increased received also has housing high-rise Since place within the progressive process of commercialization. T commercialization. of process progressive the within place the socially disadvantaged. It has become apparent, that the developed was space living of amount high a that fact, the it Nevertheless, development. high-rise the on influence little large-s of field the in experience of years many has Vienna noticeable area. the in inner-urban resource-intensiv a like appears that something in resulting t that public”. general but the for value added build “extraordinary to allowed be will they high how beforehand, area 5.3.4 ‘subsidy regarding Vienna residential construction’ might influence this p for the socially advantaged. However, the latest novel of challenges residential towers are relying.” and to what extent towers are addressing specific living cultures an pronounced in the context of urban growth, respond to the increasing de is discussions development public. the well high-rise as fragmentation increasing by any characterized regarding parties affected the for Building Construction Plan only includes artificial heights until 26 dev height building possible the recognizing instrument, planning th accepting to led finally developments high-rise Unfortunate represe it Therefore, projects. high-rise of process and The high-rise concept above all, provides information on pos -specific guidelines of the concept. As a result, developers result, a As concept. the of guidelines -specific

‘Quality of Life in Vienna’s Residential Towers’ of Residential Life in Vienna’s ‘Quality – the the proposed height level of the developer, that only can be estimated b estimated be can only that developer, the of level height (Reinprecht and Dlabaja, 2014, p. 8). T This underlines the low specification of the concept the of specification low the underlines This 81

d d lifestyles, and with which urban and socio-spatial nts a comprehensive planning instrument. planning comprehensive a nts earch, the design and the results, reference the legal framework of spatial planning in study with the title ‘Living and quality of t cale residential projects. That had only only had That projects. residential cale “to what extent high-rise residential housing, residential high-rise extent what “to high-rise residential construction took mand mand for high quality and affordable housing, e try- e sibilities regarding distribution, design and provided by the municipality for for municipality the by provided and ing results and the conclusion of the of conclusion the and results ing herefore nd international relations (MA50) of of (MA50) relations international nd Foundation for most accompanied accompanied most for Foundation Christoph Reinprecht Christoph Cornelia and is especially remarkable considering remarkable especially is vr h ps yas bt am both years, past the over in Vienna generally do not know, not do generally Vienna in e concept. However, it is the only only the is it However, concept. e and meters. It provides a framework nldn pann networks planning including he project has to provide an an provide to has project he a -error procedure, particularly particularly procedure, -error elopment, since the binding binding the since elopment, , it mainly offers living space living offers mainly it , S tudy rocess. he

subjective dimension ased on the on ased ong Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. A parties. various with interviews depth by accompanied survey was method main applied The district). city the in embedding spatial re external the in also or (neighborhood) structure social challenges and problems that arise in connection with living in t also but types, living high-rise of definition the allowed only Dlaba and Reinpreicht by research aforementioned the to made is and (Geiselbergstrasse) purposes. comparison for Tower) K6 Hochstädtplatz, Tower, Simmering Tower, Verde constr recent most the from towers residential as four defined including were which buildings high-rise residential five in implemented

Geiselbergstraße 34-36

Figure Figure Figure Figure 44 43

Examined residential towers towers residential Examined

Location of examined residential towers in Vienna in towers residential examined of Location 82

- Ge i selbergstraße 34selbergstraße lationship (urban planning and social- and planning (urban lationship a a high-rise building, in terms of the cin eid fe 20 (Monte 2000 after period uction he identification of characteristic of identification he

ja. The results of the study not not study the of results The ja. - 36 These

carried out by a quantitative a by out carried

twr rm h 1970s the from tower a interviews xmnto units, examination ae been have

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

C HochhausSimmering B MonteVerdeTower

Figure Figure Figure Figure

46 45

Examined residential towers towers residential Examined Examined residential towers towers residential Examined 83

- - Hochhaus Simmering Hochhaus Monte Verde Tower Verde Monte

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

E K6Tower D HochhausHochstädtplatz

Figure Figure 47 Figure Figure

Examined residential towers towers residential Examined 48

High - rise residential tower 84

- Hochhaus Hochstädtplatz Hochhaus s – K6 Tower K6

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. strongly pronounced. a participate to wish the value, (economic) the maintaining in spher private individualized the toward orientation the support worse life individualized and privatized less with individuals or Families city. the th neighborhood, urban the to neither neighbors their to charac are styles living and life individualized residents, the Among center. (distant view, brightness, quiet ar apartments rental expensive more and condominiums expensive in differentiation social vertical a is there time, same the At cost reasons. These regard the apartment as an investme Key aspects are security, retreat and intimacy, and the a dwelling own the of importance high the underlines survey The Also, in this respect, living in high-rise building represents a Living in the residential tower corresponds corresponds tower residential the in Living theand sometimes considerable cost burden. most as value, noise), heat, prestige (wind, influences external by the caused impairments is building high-rise a in living of of housing satisfaction also expresses changing demands on 1970s, in which a larger proportion of people live who are exceptio An acquaintances. and friends to tower apartment large a that fact the in and stay to satisfa intention pronounced housing of level high generally a found survey The lig of lack views, here. pronounced of lack noise, by caused Impairments floors. some cases even primarily addressed to a population with more p more with population a to addressed primarily even cases some while low, rather is groups population weaker economically of building, primarily represents a residential form for social middle clas so and demographics their least, not and, architecture their Even if the residential towers examined, differ in terms of the 5.3.4.1 in the towers and intend less often to stay permanently. In permanently. stay to often less intend and towers the in

Results and ofConclusions Results the S ness ), the social status of the residents tends to decrease in to individualized housing needs and living experience. living and needs housing individualized 85 tudy

ccessibility both of green areas and nt and appreciate its representative effect. eir social relations are stretched out over out stretched are relations social eir already retired and where the lower level form of housing for the middle classes. aoiy ol as rcmed the recommend also would majority living. The most important advantage n is the housing construction of the of construction housing the is n ir ir location, their ownership all high-rise apartment buildings. If buildings. apartment high-rise all ction, which is also reflected in a a in reflected also is which ction, il tutr, iig n high-rise a in living structure, cial ctively in the neighborhood is not not is neighborhood the in ctively but also social stress (anonymity) stress social also but e, ownership increases the interest the increases ownership e, the residential towers are also, in in also, are towers residential the comparing to other life-domains. other to comparing particular high-priced segments high-priced particular urchasing power, not only only not power, urchasing teristic. They are not attached not are They teristic. ht or winds are particularly particularly are winds or ht e mostly on the upper floors floors upper the on mostly e important disadvantages are are disadvantages important ses. However, the proportion and living styles feel styles living and the lower structure, structure, the the city for for Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the respondents reported about having cohesion. towers, Perimeter and intensity of neighborly relations and investigated the in is, tower residential the in Living ucin I gnrl cmo aes r ls used less are areas common general, In function. only appointment by available are which of (most areas common Designed towers. analyzed the of one only in observed was Greater participation in neighborhood activities, including the o relatively selective.are and rare ees o ol t mnfs ciei sc a ciiaiy r v or dimension criminality of behavioral uncertainty in regular as encounters wit such criteria manifest to only not refers perceive is uncertainty gastronomy) facilities, social (clinical, high In non-residents. or neighbors unknown with encounter an important source of insecurity and fear. This is evident and encounter for place a as experienced is elevator The lifestyle-oriented (e.g. walking Nordic groups). appreciated as prestige factor (e.g. spa areas). Collect en o cetn a eti "sad fet. h pbi spa public The effect". "island certain a creating of means urba of quality and structure the to refers topic key A building, but to residents’ also satisfaction. way, that contributes, and residents, and management house le detection of technical subjective defects etc. A fixed facility management and objective an on both respon increases, management institution (facility) property fixed a of implementation traditional housing estates. They are a source both of p continuously be serviced, renewed and and renewed serviced, be continuously ventilat heating, central system, alarm fire elevators, e.g. mainten necessary the only not concerns aspect security technic the with linked always is this and residents, for issue High-rise residential buildings are also technically vulnerable ent environment. no contact checked 86 and form an enormous cost factor compared to compared factor cost enormous an form and with other residents. Activities among neighbors

ive activities find an echo primarily if they are n environment of high-rise housing by the by housing high-rise of environment n than hysical and psychological vulnerability. The ance of the housing and its infrastructure, its and housing the of ance especially in the situations of unexpected ion systems. All of these features must features these of All systems. ion communication, although it represents, it although communication, expected. Some common areas are are areas common Some expected. al infrastructure of the buildings. The buildings. the of infrastructure al d even more. Thus, the security issue security the Thus, more. even d not only to preserve the value of the of value the preserve to only not h h unknown persons in an anonym activities are restricted: About half of may also create an interface between e urudn te oes s often is towers the surrounding ce naim u i priua t the to particular in but andalism rganization rganization of the tenants' interests ities. For this reason, safety is a key e, aey eg truh n early an through e.g. safety, vel, hrceie b a rgl social fragile a by characterized s otc o itrcin zones, interaction or contact as rs bidns ih ie use mixed with buildings -rise d nt et h intended the meet not do ) s o hs hleg. This challenge. this to ds ous

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. lifestyles social cohesion. and island f residents, changing) or (aging its of needs changing the the counteract social mix and social inequality, third, the relation between the to between the tower and its urban environment, second, inside exis help tensions Structural conflict. for potential latent their may space struct identify to need the underline results the up, sum To open of equipment as an added value not only for the residents but for the n Developers seem not to be enough obliged to take their res transitory or representative capacity. Sometimes they do no without sufficient playgrounds for children and recreation sp recreation and children for playgrounds sufficient without re for unattractive surfaces, impervious by characterized

eighborhoods eighborhoods as a whole. The design and ourth, with respect to the individualized the to respect with ourth, sidents as well as for for as well as sidents t meet the minimum legal requirements. ponsibilities to create open urban space t along four lines: First, the relation relation the First, lines: four along t ural tensions and to actively minimize actively to and tensions ural the towers, the relationship between ace. lifetime of a residential building and They They often tend to meet only a a only meet to tend often passers - by , often often , effect. Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5.3.5

Densities of Densities H Figure Figure 49

Densities of high of Densities igh -R - ise rise residential towers in Vienna R esidential 88 T owers

(map basis: Vienna Gis

, google earth google , goole maps )

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. residents there are relatively unhappy, compared to all the all to compared unhappy, relatively are there residents accor Nevertheless, interesting. very is people, of amount 2 o assumption the with combination in dwellings of number the on po respective The itself. study the from collected been has and Dlabaja by means of density. The data on building year, floor in in the ‘Geiselbergstraße 34- isl, h fgr sos h eaie hg-ie eieta t residential high-rise examined the shows figure the Firstly, calculate the BCR, the FAR, the dwelling density density. the and population Bebauu und (“Flächenwidmungs- Vienna of city the by offered structure is very much oriented on individualized lifestyles and pu in case the not is this that out, turned has it However, generous ‘leftover’ area then can be used in order to c genera of capable are unsealed surface the of 50% leave h covering Buildings growing. is population the since important the surface sealing but similarly does not enable great popu lo very a that noticed, be can it examples, those on Based facility 2014, daily basis management a (Reinprecht Dlabaja, on and p. 29). loo shabby its and building the of age population density is created by the ‘Hochhaus Hochstädtpla ‘Hochhaus the by created is density population site. total the of half almost covers also simultaneously but Verde “Monte the density, population the Regarding 0,57. of density but on the other hand covers more than half of t Figure of 534, it accommodates it 534, of v be to appears however, Tower, K6 The number. dwelling ra e person per area exception of the of exception s total the of area small a cover and solitaires as organized residential- representativeor capacity. persons 39 shows the examined residential- examined the shows . The site area as well as the building area was measured in in measured was area building the as well as area site The . towers, towers, The . K6 Tower K6 hr i a ie ag rgrig h acmoae pplto, h population, accommodated the regarding range wide a is there Hchu Smeig o te n hn ahee te highest the achieves hand one the on Simmering’ ‘Hochhaus a relatively great number of persons and also provides the hig the provides also and persons of number great relatively 36 , that has a base covering almost the total area total the almost covering base a has that , ’ has the smallest BCR with a total of k. It would need renovation and more attention from the from attention more and renovation need would It towers of the the of towers 89

reate an attractive environment for the public. he total site area demonstrated with a BCR most of those examples since the whole the since examples those of most ting a very high population density population high very a ting aforementioned research by Reinpreicht by research aforementioned w BCR (under 0,20) might help to lower to help might 0,20) (under BCR w lation lation densities, which occurs to be very pulation number was calculated based calculated was number pulation other buildings other A very low BCR but also a very low very a also but BCR low very A ery efficient since with a total amount amount total a with since efficient ery ig o enrct n Daaa the Dlabaja, and Reinprecht to ding tz’. ite resulting in a low BCR with the with BCR low a in resulting ite Tower” occurs to be very efficient very be to occurs Tower” owers in Vienna Vienna in owers blic spaces The fact The ngsplan,” n.d.) and then used to used then and n.d.) ngsplan,” s, dwelling number, dwelling size alf of the site and consequently and site the of alf f an average household size of of size household average an f 660, the geoinformation system geoinformation the accommodates the largest that the oldest buildings oldest the that . . Between the examined examined the Between are Main reasons are the are reasons Main

used as a transitory that that are population population hest living hest eight and and eight usually . The The . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 5.4.1 the start of the 20 the of start the s by influenced influences stem from the Chinese philosophical tradition, including been has Shanghai and China in Planning Urban 5.4 should be provided hlegs f nentoa cmeiin n goaiain (Douay, globalization and competition international of Sh challenges in especially strategic, very became planning urban Maoism, When 1979. and 1966 between rigidity total under fell ur Shanghai of rejection total the on based and Finally, congestion. center city the outside towns satellite and belt green a build autho Shanghai on, later However, space. urban existing aims the followed era, this at planning, Town centralism. inspired planning’ was influenced by socialist theory, waves of natio 1950s, the in Beginning occurred. settlements foreign the as according to the high-rise concept of Vienna, Vienna, of concept high-rise the to according as hig additional providing by environment urban the to contribute oee, by However, t designed being example for of instead meaning representative oft high-rises the of environment urban direct The individualized. relatively little space living of amount high a providing by efficient extremely institutions, nevertheless with influence strong the of government before 1989, planning was carried out by the government. adtoa’ pn ulc pc, n atclr ic lvn styles living since particular in space, public open ‘additional’ hnhi itrcl ulig osrain oe n 91 n mn mo many and 1991 in Code Conservation Building Historical Shanghai Planning Ordinance in 1995, Shanghai Urban Planning Adminstrativ quic followed Shanghai implemented. first was Law’ Planning Urban p urban first China’s 1990, of year the in result, a As noise. and impa heat wind, of as such result factors environmental the are mostly Disadvantages satisfaction. living cont buildings residential high-rise examined the hand, one the On

The The Planning in H igh area utn mr vle n hs oe sae, h hg-ie b high-rise the spaces, open those on value more putting th of land -R

century, the western world influenced planning, especially in especially planning, influenced world western the century, by the respective high-rise project. ise ise E volution D . Nevertheless, little importance is attached to the resulting a evelopment

and 90

lanning law ‘The People’s Republic of China China of Republic People’s ‘The law lanning

“extraordinary added value for the general public” general the for value added “extraordinary Shanghai’s Shanghai’s n h ohr hand other the On After 1989, planning was shifted to local rities under British influence, decided to decided influence, British under rities planning, that was referred to as ‘town as to referred was that planning, nalization, nalization, industrialization and Soviet- , in order to relieve the center from from center the relieve to order in , a pann udr a Zedong, Mao under planning ban for a high amount of people on a a on people of amount high a for h-quality urban space – especially – space h-qualityurban o function as recreational space. recreational as function o China opened up at the end of of end the at up opened China (Zhuo, 2018) of industrial growth using the using growth industrial of Daoism and Confucianism. At en only meets a transitory and and transitory a meets only en nhi i odr o et the meet to order in anghai, 08 p. 16– pp. 2008, e and Technical Code in 1994, n h high-rises the in ribute a lot to their residents’ their to lot a ribute irments caused by external external by caused irments kly with the Shanghai Urban Urban Shanghai the with kly vrl hois Te oldest The theories. everal H yper , idn cud actually could uilding e Ee sne then, since Ever re. the . buildings G

Shanghai, when Shanghai, rowth 19). However, However, 19). dvantage of r very are can be be can

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. setand the course until 2035 (Sha et al., 2014b, pp. 17– revision major undergone has course, development general the Shanghai’s Comprehensive Plan, which is considered to be the and Shanghai’s metropolization process. Organizing the Univer the Organizing process. metropolization Shanghai’s and the with corresponded up opening of process the Generally, noticeable (Zhuo, 2018) in 2008 a shift of the terminology from “urban planning” to 08 p 19) p. 2008, pro the fitting marketing, Shanghai’s of part major a be to planning planning (Douay, 2008, pp. 23– t be should that objective new as advanced was urbanization the As occurred. movements protest and residents by resistance Bureau, 2017) Lan and Planning Urban (Shanghai now until planning accompanied 4 These changes illustrate the ability of citizens to influence is again dividedis again three into subclasses: refers instance for one Class built. be to heights allowed construct relevant the land, of use main the i.a. specifies high-rise construction lead to the adaption of regulation of regulation of adaption the to lead construction high-rise t more China in urbanization rapid of background the Against 2017-2035, Plan Master thatis illustrated the in following chapter. therefore will and instruments planning the of objectives the airport airport levitation magnetic the is context this in project well-known different players, a collaborative planning approach propos condition those on Based additionally. occurred actors private a duality planner-decider a to limited been not has planning since th plenary session of the 16 the of session plenary project in 2007 and later on announced a new course of of course new a announced on later and 2007 in project • • •

to to building density,building environment good greenery rate high and land Class 1 residential-use (R1) land refers to the used low-rises, land for mainly Class 2 residential-use (R2) land refers to the used multistory land for mainly r Class 3 residential-use (R3) land refers to the used high-rise land for mainly re the inner urban area using German technology. However, t However, technology. German using area urban inner the Rnig ne te ot o ‘etr iy Bte Life’, Better City, ‘Better of motto the under Running . . However, the strategic model of planning took note towa .

th Communist Party Central Committee, the concept of harmoniou of concept the Committee, Central Party Communist 24)

. It can be assumed that this approach will be incorporated int 91

18) ion intensity and gives information information gives and intensity ion to the land for residential use. This class This use. residential for land the to planning. Moreover, in 2004, during the . With the “city act”town and planning ed planning through communication. A wards wards “city and town planning” became cess of becoming a global city (Douay, city global a becoming of cess land use and building management building and use land train linking Shanghai’s international international Shanghai’s linking train a result, the municipality suspended municipality the result, a aken into account within the field of of field the within account into aken action and suggested a compromise a suggested and action general trend towards globalization globalization towards trend general han ten years ago, the accompanied accompanied the ago, years ten han most important plan since it defines be reflected in the new Shanghai Shanghai new the in reflected be s. The latest revision was in 2017 in was revision latest The s. sal Expo in 2010 in Expo sal s of greater pluralism regarding regarding pluralism greater of s nymore since a third party, the party, third a since nymore

d Resource Administration Administration Resource d rds rds a neo-liberal referential his project was met with met was project his hs oin continuously notion this was with low sidences esidences considered about . It o o s . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. relative importance in Shanghai’s planning strategies su planning relative Shanghai’s towards urban in importance et course river the Government, 2003). This suggests railways, that transit oriented de highways, roads, to distance Plan can be regarded as the preparation for the area th area the for preparation the as regarded be can Plan outlined are uses land General power. statutory with 1950s prac the formalized Act Planning 1990 The Plan. System Urban suppleme upstream also includes system planning statutory the tier system. The Urban Master Plan is the upper tier and China in system planning statutory The 5.4.2 hnhi Furthermore, Shanghai. (high-rise) residential developing index, control density building general a is there Furthermore, heightoverall development. It contains specifications also building he for (cont index control whic buildings, between distance the and BCR) and FAR prescribed volume architectural the specifies also It it can be regarded as city-region plan focusing on already b kind of plan determines the development of cities and towns with Urba an Plan, Master a of preparation the of advance In SystemUrban Plan 59–pp.

66). Planning Instruments

the the ocsin f ulig s togy eemnd y h prescribed, the by determined strongly is building of concession Figure Figure areas. 50 was

Planning instruments in Shanghai in instruments Planning The index differs depending on the specific area of of area specific the on depending differs index The established with the 1990 Planning Act and is a two- a is and Act Planning 1990 the with established 92

at faces immediate constructionimmediatefaces at a a Detailed Plan is the lower tier. However, n System Plan has to be developed. This developed. be to has Plan System n velopment (TOD) achieved a significant uilt areas. Formed in the 1980s the plan in the Master Plan and the Detailed the and Plan Master the in

. Saga Mncpl People’s Minicipal (Shanghai c. tice, that can be dated back to the to back dated be can that tice, in in the municipal area. Therefore, ht a t b floe when followed be to has that tr cmoet sc a the as such components ntary iig nomto aot the about information aining h both certainly influence the influence certainly both h stainability today. ight and landscaping. landscaping. ight and (Wu, 2015, (Wu,

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. el s h aalblt o lmtd osrcin pc o 30 k 3200 of space construction limited of availability the as well the in People Mio 25 of population a include targets Those and ecology, in order to achieve the superordinate goal of function, population, spatial structure and the industrial sp Comp before. outlined as standard, planning defined clearly a by to be the most important plan. The preparation of the Ma plannin detailed more a for indications provides and basis the builds comprehe a as viewed be can (SHMP) plan master Shanghai The MasterShanghai 2017- Plan 60–pp. influence the strategic outline, and therefore the prepar St ‘Urban or Plan’ ‘Conceptual named 2000s, the in developed Further step. intermediate an be to considered is therefore in often Plan Master a of preparation the Consequently, the of individual citiespreparation (Wu, 2015, 60– pp. ge practice, in outcome, its since limited, is plan the of impact Comprehensive Master Plan 1999- successor the is It 2017). Bureau, Administration Resource for the future and displayed via textual descriptions and maps green corridors or transportation links. By means of a co Consequent …). transportation, industrial, and (residential land as well as the arrangement of agricultural land (forests, w of urban development. Considering land use, for instance, th strategic predominantly a has it Vienna, in 2025 STEP the to With the current SHMP Shanghai Shanghai SHMP current the With with described comprehensive and littleare more a manner in detail. expansion of the scope of city planning to a city-regiona national, provincial and municipal levels. Fulong Wu argues, tha network. According to the statutory planning system, the towns’ size), spatial structure (cities’ and towns’ geogr structure siz of ‘three structure industries), of dominant regarding development (specialization the on focus a advocated 62).

2035 2020

has set very ambitious plans regarding innovation, humanism humanism innovation, regarding plans ambitious very set (He, (He, 2012) 93

. The goals as well as procedure to achieve them aphical aphical distribution) and their transportation 62). ation ation of the Master Plan as well l planning. Furthermore ncept, different visions and targets are set ater, cultivated land,…) and development Urban System Plan has to be prepared at ster Plan as well as its content is specified creating an ‘excellent global city by 2035’. ecialization cludes a strategic planning outline and and outline planning strategic a cludes

e SHMP sets out roughly the amount metropolis of Shanghai until 2035 as as 2035 until Shanghai of metropolis (Shanghai Urban Planning and Land character and specifies the direction the specifies and character oe te o-tttr pas that plans, non-statutory the more, ts not absorbed by the Master Plan Plan Master the by absorbed not ts of the much evaluated Shanghai Shanghai evaluated much the of t the strength of the plan lies in an e (distribution of the cities’ and and cities’ the of (distribution e ly, it identifies main axes such as as such axes main identifies it ly, ad n ntok –function network’ one and s ulsory contents include the city the include contents ulsory aei Pa’ r cniee to considered are Plan’ rategic 2 Tee ol ae especially are goals These m2. nsive planning instrument that instrument planning nsive g. Therefore, it is considered is it Therefore, g. (Wu, (Wu, 2015, p. 59) he argues, that the (Wu, (Wu, 2015, . Similarly, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Pudong and Yangshan Deep Water Port into international hub international into Port Water Deep Yangshan and Pudong innovat and technology in role core a Center Science National tr free a of reform the deepen to firstly set is SHMP the and Xujiahui. Moreover, sixteen sub- sixteen Moreover, Xujiahui. and Lujiazu little include mainly will areas downtown core The Minhang. Hong namely, locations four including Avenue Century at ends th and river Huangpu the by represented is axe first The ar core one have to set is framework city new the city, dimensions. various include 2035 until goals development Further its space to boost interesting, since they represent a negative growth. As hs ae ny fw itrd ol o te HP 05 i o in 2035, SHMP the of goals filtered few a only are Those Resource Land Bureau, and Administration Planning 2017) 25 about to limited be will pollution) air particle a fine (hazardous the Furthermore, average. on resident each for provided public of km2 13 than more 2035 By SHMP. the to According goa The provided. be to set are spaces green and parks, sourc multiple from supply rental ensure to made be will effort city will also prioritize to establish a housing system that en ‘Humanism’, 99% of public services, will be covered within a 15 by covered be should 100.000 than more of population a with ob superordinate The 2035. by network) railway (Intercity 10 of amount total a reach should and expanded be to set is Plan or Urban Master Plan or District Plan Plan District or Plan Master Urban or Plan th on Based tier. Masterplan, the districts of greater independent cites like Shanghai hav an is De therefore the and of compulsory tier lower the for detail sufficient provide cannot This Plan supplements the Master Plan in large cities, since The District Urban Master Plan beshould not taken account. into a indicate obviously goals The level. detailed more a at planning ins The instrument. this of detail of level the and descriptions both, urban and rural and urban center .

s (Wu, 2015, p. 59) p. 2015, (Wu, are 94 spread

a result, the city authorities want to optimize ea (central parts of the city) and two axes. two and city) the of parts (central ea around the city. Considering innovation, innovation, Considering city. the around l is to rise the forest coverage up to 23%. to up coverage forest the rise to is l e derived their own, more Detailed Master e second axe starts at Yan’an Road and and Road Yan’an at starts axe second e courages both buying and renting. More jective is, that almost every New Town New every almost that is, jective ade zone, secondly to give Zhangjiang Zhangjiang give to secondly zone, ade . a a single Master Plan for the whole city 00 km rails (Metro) and 1000 km rails rails km 1000 and (Metro) rails km 00

the rail train system. Regarding the Regarding system. train rail the trument is seen as a rough guide to guide rough a as seen is trument na aeae est o P 2,5 PM of density average nnual , with which the set superordinate superordinate set the which with , ion and thirdly to build Hongqiao, Hongqiao, build to thirdly and ion s. Furthermore, the rail the Furthermore, s. minute walk for every citizen. The rder to get an impression impression an get to rder es and more open spaces such as as such spaces open more and es tailed Plan. However, it is not not is it However, Plan. tailed direction in which the feasibility the which in direction parks and green land should be should land green and parks micro g/m3 (Shanghai Urban Urban (Shanghai g/m3 micro qiao, Chuansha, Baoshan and and Baoshan Chuansha, qiao, Regarding the structure of the of structure the Regarding e comprehensive (Shanghai) (Shanghai) comprehensive e i, the Bund, People’s Square People’s Bund, the i, way system of

the the Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 2015, p. 60). p. 2015, Municipality on Management Technique of City Planning a develo a Planning City of Technique Management on Municipality to According Vienna. in applied Plan’ Regulation ‘Building the to the concerning detailed more be also can it but Plan Master it in However, achieved. be should Plan Master the of goals three entran and street the from setback lines, transportation spe should b the includes Plan This lot. planned a within project construction Detailed the result, a As construction. immediate det Plans construction Detailedto be carried out. level), This means, that Detailed district Pla (at Plan Master the on Based Detailed Plan style plan’ is also referred to as the Detailed Development Con sin a as Vienna in used is instance for that Plan, Zoning a area area of building base larger than 30. fe apoa. h eaiain n apoa wl b dne i n if denied be will approval and examination The approval. after Another People’s Minicipal Government,(Shanghai 2003). became a major planning tool throughout China. However, th However, China. throughout tool planning major a became sta the recognize did Act Planning City 1990 However, Plan. two, in Austria separately used planning instruments: the Z This kind of planning instrument does not exist in this form in regarding land use type, building height and its density, plot ra the DDCP refers often to development areas throughout th p private bidding their calculate to since order in conditions situation planning preliminary new the suit to established was DDCP st the of decline the and market the of influence increasing The DDCP has evolved out from the change to a market-orien Detailed Development (DDCP) Control Plan the 1980s the in as comprehensive residential development (Wu, 2015, p. 60) micro-districts planned through development empha which concept, Soviet a from stems Plan District Residential -dimensional map in order to illustrate the scene of development of scene the illustrate to order in map -dimensional important category of a Detailed Plan is the Residential District Residential the is Plan Detailed a of category important Based on its content, the Detail the content, its on Based 000 m 2 must have a detailed planning drawn up and carried out ed Plan is somehow similar to what can be translated be can what to similar somehow is Plan 95

ces and cross-sections. The provision of a a of provision The cross-sections. and ces . oning oning Plan and the Building Regulation

gle planning instrument. This ‘zoning- This instrument. planning gle ns are prepared for areas that are facing ate-owned enterprises. As a result, the result, a As enterprises. ate-owned e total area and provides specifications land uses and therefore it reminds it therefore and uses land uilding function, height and density, and height function, uilding tio and further design requirements. trol trol Plan (DD s structure, it is very similar to the to similar very is it structure, s Vienna Vienna or Austria since it combines ted system in order to cope with an tus of the DDCP which is why it why is which DDCP the of tus e DDCP helps to cope with the with cope to helps DDCP e ermine the detailed layout of of layout detailed the ermine pment eeoes edd o know to needed developers dtie pann i made is planning detailed o sizes the ‘neighborhood unit’ ‘neighborhood the sizes rice for land. Consequently, land. for rice the Provisions of Shanghai Shanghai of Provisions the cify the boundaries of a a of boundaries the cify is not uncommon uncommon not is Plan. The origin of the of origin The Plan. state emphasized a a emphasized state area CP) in stretch with an an with stretch in (Wu, (Wu, 2015, p. 62) (Wu, (Wu, of . .

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The fundamental changes China 5.4.3 authority. Furthermore, the implementation of the plan appears to be economic boost to revenue land higher generating of strive a as well as rationality technical on much too relies plan this participation. public lacks DDCP the that argues, Wu Fulong (Wu,control 2015, 63– pp. specification, product promote to order in plan a become to development uncertainty within the phase of the system tra 2012, p. 29) residential dominant the was dwelling, style °Shikumen the 1949, in ur city’s the on mark its left have changes dramatic These illustrated this in proce thesis, transformation undergone various has Similarly, housing, being embedded in these series of far-reaching approaches and instruments conditions, planning The society.

Housing .

65).

has exper ienced over the past half century has majorly affected its 96

ban form. Until the Communist Victory Communist the Until form. ban nsition. Interestingly, the DDCP started extremely challenging for the planning rather than to function by means of of means by function to than rather rbitrary modifications based on the on based modifications rbitrary He mentions, that the approach to approach the that mentions, He development have been changing accordingly. changing been have societal changes, that have been sses. form (Forrest and Izuhara, Izuhara, and (Forrest form W, 05 p 65) p. 2015, (Wu, . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. in the early 1990s led to extended property rights and cons and rights property extended to led 1990s early the in of what previously had only been pilot projects regarding ho regarding projects pilot been only had previously what of and 1988 in held was reform housing on conference national to ownership private offer to started it government, local be maintenance housing of service public the Since resulted. why is which earth, on places populated densely most the of Th transformation. economic the of element central a being revers to began trends housing these Xiaoping, Deng Under Revolution 1966-1976. in system unit °work the via distributed to transferred on later and owned privately still were buildings rental housing to public rental housing, however, gathere era. socialist the of beginning the therefore and China of The city pattern changed with the year of 1949, which ma

Figure Figure 51 L Te s The . ǐ L òng

next to high to next ocialist transformation accelerated during Cultural Cultural during accelerated transformation ocialist 97

- rise residential buildings d pace in 1956-1966. By 1955 most of the rks the founding of the People’s Republic The transformation from the private the from transformation The the residents at a low cost. The first The cost. low a at residents the e center of Shanghai in 1980 was one one was 1980 in Shanghai of center e e again in 1980 with housing reforms reforms housing with 1980 in again e came a huge financial burden for the for burden financial huge a came using marketisation. using olidated the shift to a market-based a to shift the olidated signaled a national implementation national a signaled the state. As a result, housing was housing result, a As state. the a serious bottleneck of housing housing of bottleneck serious a

Further reforms reforms Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. anymore anymore the actual development and construction speeds (Sha administra and governing city in improvements rapidly, so advancing emnlg i 20. eetees Sa t l age that argue, al. et Sha Nevertheless, 2008. in terminology notice more become also has that strategy another become attractive creating therefore and urbanization decentralized 16) in the of pressure the diminish to consequently and suburbs e to intended Municipality, Shanghai the by initiated project the therefore is considered to be inappropriate to be applied in ( cities European various to because refers strongly criticized appearance highly was 2005 until 2001 from undertaken appear its of because particular in attention international approa This Plan. Master Shanghai the of predecessor the farther towns satellite creating by approach polycentric gro of context the in city, the of structure the Similarly, 1998 stop the of welfare system housing 1978 the market economy 1949 the reform housing public ownership To sum up, three time have important nodes reform concerning housing that grants only the to right buildwithin certain time of a amount (Qing, 201 to the building or the building unit, not not unit, building the or building the to owned residential properties (Forrest and Izuhara, 2012, p. spa of increase an standards, Higher improvement. overall an As neighborhoods. residential old revalorizing in significant been investors tho Izuhara, and (Forrest development economic the accompany to which system, housing 02 p. 9 pp. 2002, half century because of tremendous changes in political eco h China urban in tenure housing that argued, been has it est otos uh s h mdrs wl us 4 7 storie 7 - (4 ups walk mid-rise (Arkaraprasertku the as such options density . Generally, Shanghai strongly operates within the context the within operates strongly Shanghai Generally, . usands of L of usands have been have – 10) ǐ

l and Williams, 2016, p. 139) that form the urban fabric unt Lòng u becam but allowed to develop housing for the domestic market in Shanghai. in market domestic the for housing develop to allowed in critical condition were demolished in order to create space f space create to order in demolished were condition critical in was reform when visible changes regarding the urban/residential landscape urban/residential the regarding changes visible when e a national development priority in the 1990s. Since 1993, f 1993, Since 1990s. the in priority development national a e

to the building land since it is owned by the government the by owned is it since land building the 98

away from the city center especially with especially center city the from away German Town, English Town etc.) and and etc.) Town English Town, German wth has been developed, by following a a following by developed, been has wth as experienced a zig-zag path in the past the in path zig-zag a experienced as ance, since the ‘1 city 9 towns’ project, towns’ 9 city ‘1 the since ance, 30). Nevertheless, the ownership refers nomy nomy and ideology (Huang and Clark, a a Chinese context (Den Hartog, 2010)

able since the shift of the planning planning the of shift the since able ner urban area (Sha et al., 2014b, p. 2014b, al., et (Sha area urban ner uubn ra apae t have to appeared areas suburban h pc o ubn eeomn is development urban of pace the ch unfortunately received a lot of of lot a received unfortunately ch et al., 2014b, pp. 17– of growth of e e cpt a wl a privately as well as capita per ce 2012, p. 28). During this period, period, this During 28). p. 2012, xplore models for urbanizing the urbanizing for models xplore a result, for some, this included this some, for result, a f t dsg. lhuh the Although design. its of ) n hg-ie apartments high-rise and s) tive systems cannot match cannot systems tive occurr (Zhuo, 2018) (Zhuo, il today. Consequently, 8; 2018) Zhuo, ed : 18). Therefore,

or higher- or This has has This . Forcing . began began oreign oreign .

, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. especially in the district of Hongkou, which is an inner urba inner an is which Hongkou, of district the in especially eatet f h Saga Mncplt Amnsrto o Cultura of Administration Municipality (Arkarapr Shanghai the of Department anno has city the 2017-2035 Plan Master Urban the with is supported by satellite images, showing, the studied evolving 20 area from (6- rows in organized when densities great achieve role development in the inner urban area, especially for the usa diminishing almost subordinate, a only represent buildings mid-rise the amount of 150 that 150 of amount the f h mjr ntuet i te ne ubn ra n re t L 100 approximately order in area urban inner the in instruments major the of building high-rise Consequently, buildings. high-rise and mid- in living p greater a ever, time first the for and 2000s early the cope with the growth but to aim negative growth per se srkl n Wlim, 06 p. 139– pp. 2016, Williams, and asertkul ǐ

Lòng had neighborhoods where left in the city, which is a lot less, lot a is which city, the in left where neighborhoods exist ed 5 years earlier according to the Cultural Heritage Protec Heritage Cultural the to according earlier years 5 99 140)

8 storeys) storeys) 8 Bsd n bevtos uig 2017- during observations on Based . roportion of people in Shanghai have been have Shanghai in people of roportion regarding regarding the change of population. Since unced not only various goals in order order in goals various only not unced ge of housing, although being argued to (Tsu Ya (Tsu n district, it district, n cet get este. y 2015, By densities. great create o -Sing, 1981) . This statement This . 1981) -Sing, s are considered to be one one be to considered are s can be can 00 until of the late building building late the of Hrtg ctd by cited Heritage l recognized, that recognized, 2019. 2019. compared to compared

2018, tion tion to to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Figure Figure 52

Shanghai's inner Shanghai's

- urban fabric in evolution 2000 evolution in fabric urban 100

- 2019 (map basis: google earth)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. right right of land ownership, which is a major difference to Vienna of of city governing and administrative systems cannot match any the latest Shanghai Master Plan revealed its targets of a wit deal to tried only not planning that priorities top the of In this context, the highly important planning instrument of instrument planning important highly the context, this In Although property rights have been expanded as a result a as expanded been have rights property Although and This development denotes the extraordinarily great importance c process planning the makes and Vienna in used instruments, originally been covered solely by traditional structures such structures traditional by solely covered been originally th within Shanghai in buildings high-rise of spreading spatial The instrument, therefore, is the Shanghai. of Plan Master Co Development Detailed the is Shanghai, in currently which area exist. The buildings underly the demands specified within a planning little later to what was preset on a country-level in 19 in country-level a on preset was what to later little th 1995, in Ordinance Planning Urban Shanghai the With world. on and tradition philosophical Chinese the by hand one the on Compared to Vienna, the legal foundation for planning in China theof new toplanning the compared old. va higher a denotes replacement, partially of result a being changing inner urban area, which become area, has hotbed high-rise of a urban inner buildin changing t relieve to order in approach planning polycentric a adopted its’ follow to started hand other the on and market the by context, Shanghai on the one hand definitely did not oppose quest population, the and economy the of growth the with market-or the suit to quickly very instruments planning its’ planner-decider the of stop the to due importance, greater The growth. increasing of process the in embedded also was met global a become to development consequently has been used in target order to transpo city’s the prove buildings rise structures being coexistent and adjacent there However, t t at e ae ie uprig cnmc rwh t peev the preserve to growth, economic supporting time same he does not not does any high-rise typology-specific planning instrument or recommendat or instrument planning typology-specific high-rise to new, mostly high-rise structures. This coexistence, 101

90. The The 90. partly partly negative growth, since improvements of the marketisation, Shanghai Shanghai marketisation, the of sudden recurring western influence and and influence western recurring sudden duality and forced Shanghai to adjust to Shanghai forced and duality h but also promoted until now, when now, until promoted also but h ions regarding densities arose. In this In arose. densities regarding ions lue, consequently a higher priority in in priority higher a consequently lue, iented system. In order to keep to order In system. iented the high-rise development accelerated rt a certain message of modernity and quick emergence of numerous high- numerous of emergence quick more more the actual development speed. the DDCP, differs a lot a differs DDCP, the . It seems that as the L the as high-rise trend has gained an even an gained has trend high-rise of of creating extremely high densities is extremely young and influenced he pressure of the incredibly fast incredibly the of pressure he onsiderably easier for developers. for easier onsiderably e city was only able to catch up a a up catch to able only was city e the other hand by the western the by hand other the ooi. h atfca height artificial The ropolis. ntrol Plan. The superordinate The Plan. ntrol instrument for the respective e inner urban area that has has that area urban inner e ǐ

Lòng l bidn structures. building old gs growth has growth been one . led

to to old low-rise old from kept often pace

ion ion the the the the Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. holistic more a picture the of high-rise development. different these Investigating district. Hongkou the in located n h hg-ie cmon nmd Pjag igi ad h L the and Mingdi’ ‘Pujiang named °compound high-rise the in In total, 25 interviews each were conducted from May 2018 neighborhood. L landscape thatliving conquered over the form, has urban p the Shanghai representative somehow being Shanghai, in °compound residential 5.4.4 the high-rise could building even it is. than become already important more eie osrain n sail apn, interviews mapping, spatial and observation Besides environmentsout both being affected in by the late high- target one represents environment urban high-quality and building high-rise how and if about out finding Since replacement. urban traditional low-rise to adjacent buildings high-rise Modern while increases population the hand as population the affect targets negative-growth These ǐ

Lòng

Living which is representative for the traditional, completely divers completely traditional, the for representative is which Quality in Shanghai’s in Shanghai’s H Quality on the other hand other the on igh 102 -R ise

U well as the construction space. If space. construction the as well the construction space remains the same, the remains space construction the rban were ri of this thesis, field research was carried carried was research field thesis, this of to July 2018 with the help of a translator se development. neighborhoods is aiming to provide provide to aiming is neighborhoods odce i a oen high-rise modern a in conducted Environment ǐ

Lòng s contribute to a high-density a to contribute s of the typical modern urban urban modern typical the of e and and e forms is a result of partial partial of result a is forms named ‘Yifeng Li’ both both Li’ ‘Yifeng named ast years, well as a in as often directly adjacent directly on one on Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

eie ad mlmne. h proa eggmn, oee, was however, ‘ur class the of object research the became engagement, neighborhood personal The implemented. and decided contex T the in methods and held were the residents with Workshops program, preservation a of part was neighborhood, high-rise °compound, this affiliation was given as a result of alienatio the importantly most but place the of understanding inv personal a on based chosen been have sites research to danger the always is there translator, a with working and interviewed person is required. The interviewees moreover mus moreover interviewees trust The required. is of person interviewed level certain a interviews, quality high achieve To

answer Figure Figure the the 53

Pujiang Mingdi high Mingdi Pujiang questions and to get involved in the dialogue. It has to be k be to has It dialogue. the in involved get to and questions - rise residential ° compound

103 and Yifeng Li residential neighborhood residential Li Yifeng and

lose some of the information. As a result, a As information. the of some lose ban housing policy’ from April 2018 to 2018 April from policy’ housing ban my personal residence. The Yifeng Li leet loig o ol a better a only not allowing olvement n at some point. For the case of the of case the For point. some at n ewe te nevee ad the and interviewer the between nj Uiest ws sind to. assigned was University ongji t of low-cost beautification were beautification low-cost of t t be willing be t

(map basis: google earth) salse we the when established to ept in mind when mind in ept

spare a little time little a

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. semiotics, enabled semiotics, as well as sites the of information background collected the of perception subjective the of impression an as considered n moreover are results the conducted, interviews of number comprehen being near nowhere are they barriers, linguistic 5.4.4.1 the research. Theinterviews eye level beautification implementations together with site,the residents bu on research accompanying The neighborhood. this to July 2018, which I attended. This class aimed to understand th dwellings in total. Each dwelling measures approximately 110 m2 an m2 110 approximately measures dwelling Each total. in dwellings cou with often families, include they diverse, very are forms Living and and either used for the personal need or leased. to a population with more purchasing power. The apartment p °Compound similar Pujian since class, upper and middle social the for form residential any or Mingdi Pujiang in Living area. residential Hongk of south the in located is °compound Mingdi Pujiang The distinct towers that are are that towers distinct ples without children.

. The Mingdi

yia H Typical per se

the author to to author the were designed the study on based V out that was in carried spre igh ad ad -R free an increased grasp of the respective sites and therefore and sites respective the of grasp increased an ise y ec o te cutn 2 for ad prxmtl 900 approximately and floors 25 counting them of each ly, R esidential 104 The The

°compound °compound is organized as a park including 8 °Compound s are often regarded as an investment the object of research. Nevertheless, research. of object the sive and detailed. Due to the small small the to Due detailed. and sive ilt the basis to generate a dialogue on e perspectives of various stakeholder grandparents, shared flats but also also but flats shared grandparents, t cetfcly ersnaie but representative scientifically ot observations the means of urban urban of means the observations h priiain n ie specific site on participation the g Mingdi is primarily addressed primarily is Mingdi g ou District in the middle of a a of middle the in District ou d is shared by 3- by shared is d by xml: Pujiang Example: rimarily represents a a represents rimarily ienna, but ienna, due to 4 enriched persons . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

than they do, they than interviewed the of most However, benches placed all along the paths through the park and a gy a include facilities Shared management. time efficient more even as a as sh The obligations. social and work – dwellers the of priorities perceived is simultaneously and living of standard high rather a Th connections. social further or friends their to proximity their neighbors neither to the urban neighborhood. Only a characteristic very is life individualized the residents, the Among with. °compound as very comfortable which Fur emphasized. consistently was °compound high-rise the of This appeared to be the most important factor to many dwelle the great location, which was in particular defined by the p high extraordinarily an found survey this Vienna, in survey quieter. also is it therefore and emissions traffic less means qualit air healthier a by hand other the on and view better possibility to follow the priorities even better, since they since better, even priorities the follow to possibility even if they already lived in the upper floors. floors. upper the in lived already they if persons Figure Figure was 54

, with only one exception, desire to live even higher higher even live to desire exception, one only with , justified with the facilities, the °compound is equipped Pujiang Mingdi from outside from Mingdi Pujiang 105

playground for children. Moreover, a big roximity roximity to the respective working place. y, since a greater distance to the ground ground the to distance greater a since y, few people admired the location for the e °compound on the one hand reflects hand one the on °compound e They housing satisfaction. Dwellers admire admire Dwellers satisfaction. housing Simultaneously to the results of the of results the to Simultaneously

effectively enable the inhabitants to inhabitants the enable effectively rs. Besides that, the high cleanliness ared facilities offered are perceived are offered facilities ared justified it on the one hand by a a by hand one the on it justified hroe delr prev the perceive dwellers thermore, . They are not really attached to attached really not are They . as supporter of the respective the of supporter as m within a separate building, separate a within m

up up Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The chip only allows to go to the floor of residence. Cons residence. of floor the to go to allows only chip The ground floor, one has to use the magnetic chip again, sinc tower and only opens the particular entrance of the tow also gives chip, magnetic the °compound, the Inside visitor. a usually porters The chips. magnetic compatible with residents denotes introversion °compo neighborhood attention. In fact, the °compound the is not only of features the and structure the by created Another highly appreciated quality is safety. Since residents echo ifan they reflect certain a lifestyle. activities collective However, Shanghai. in common very is which an meet to elderly the by used is gym the of front in space

but is only accessible by passing through guarded entrances th Figure Figure 55

Pujiang Mingdi shared space shared Mingdi Pujiang 106

er one is also resident of. Once entered the e otherwise the elevator cannot be used. equently, the residents’ access is limited is access residents’ the equently, live rather anonymously, safety is rather completely surrounded by walls which und than based on an interpersonal interpersonal an on based than und d dance or to do exercises do to or dance d

know who is a resident and who is who and resident a is who know access to the respective apartment apartment respective the to access are rather limited and only find find only and limited rather are

at only open to together, together, Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. The The are connectedare to better better conditions and environmental view. t limited probably is ‘prestige’ existing, If Vienna. to compared the context, this in option housing only the representing wor to close being housing of option only the as perceived °compo high-rise Shanghai, in classes upper and middle social the In rise desire housing be only can fulfilled commute underthe long a of condition to t considered is area inner-urban the in housing low-rise Since linked directly is desire This space. green open private some house low-rise a in live to want rather would they satisfied, the that facilities, shared the to as well as dwelling own their to Neverthele contributes and priorities to great efficiencies time regarding managemen ther and well as comfortable very as dweller the by perceived certain faults, which in this case, is not very uncommon, a a in vulnerable very are buildings residential High-rise anytime. °compound °compound °compound facility management is situated within one of the buildin ss, eiet d ms te oncin o h gon for Althou floor. ground the to connection the miss do residents .

Figure Figure 56

Pujiang Mingdi entrance Mingdi Pujiang 107

direct contact person is on site which is rsie atr s ahr subordinate, rather is factor prestige with a private garden, since they miss they since garden, private a with can also only be used by a dweller of of dweller a by used be only also can k and featuring a certain standard. By standard. certain a featuring and k

o be untidy and not livable, the low- the livable, not and untidy be o o the very upper floors since those since floors upper very the o to the desire for better air-quality. better for desire the to efore again supports the dwellers’ the supports again efore technical context. In the event of of event the In context. technical unds in the inner city are are city inner the in unds gs and basically retrievable t. h te ae very are they gh, work.

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Shíkùmén ees og n rpeet ol oe niy ihn L a within entity one only represents and long meters 5.4.4.2 green of amount small space the in densely built-up area. dissa the all, above reflects garden a with house a in city no social cohesion within this structure. The desire to live the fact that the social life of the residents is limited to th however, the delimited structure supports the so-called ‘islan dan dog, the walking (fitness, residents the of requirements L

The structure of the the of structure The Yifeng Li is located in the southeast of Hongkou District. It District. Hongkou of southeast the in located is Li Yifeng engagement with consequent the neighborhood. This has been causing a neighborhood, the in live workers migrant of lot or parents their from apartment the over took likely very neighborho this in living been have residents the of Some RMB. extremely varies is rent the and government the from publicly block the through shortcuts take to strangers by used ǐ

Lòng

block and its’s alleys are usually open to anyone to ente The type type of Typical T Typical L ǐ

Lòng °compound with all its facilities, is very valued because it fulfills it because valued very is facilities, its all with °compound raditional and represents an urban housing form for people with low Figure Figure R esidential 57

Pujiang Mingdi Mingdi Pujiang 108

N centralized eighborhood by . Residents, however, rent their dwellings their rent however, Residents, . tisfaction with the bad air quality and the and quality air bad the with tisfaction e borders of the °compound, there is also ǐ even grandparents. At the same time, a a time, same the At grandparents. even

on on a top floor or on the outskirts of the Lòng park d effect’ of the neighborhood. Despite lot of tensions among the community is a L a is cing groups,…). At the same time, same the At groups,…). cing r r and cross freely. Open gates often

, ranging from 500 RMB to 3000 to RMB 500 from ranging , block. It is classified as an old old an as classified is It block. ly do not have an equally high high equally an have not do ly od for their whole lifetime and and lifetime whole their for od ǐ

Lòng lane, approximately 30 approximately lane, Example: YifengExample: Li -income. The the lifestyle the

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. without children. w families young as well as tenant legal the from informally room c the on depend who people elderly single decades, for there Consequently, living forms include groups of migrant workers, order in activities collective in engage not would migrants since not k a like facilities individual as such requirements Basic standards. conditions living poor from suffers neighborhood the Generally, by themselvesinformally their own. on try reparations to and do p space, floor increase and low price the keep to order in are are urgently required. Moreover, the public as well as the whic overstrained are pipes the and properly work not does facades structures, buildings’ the at marks visible left have provided. Natural processes as weathering, that can be v be can that weathering, as processes Natural provided. Figure Figure 58

Lively neighborhood outside the the outside neighborhood Lively 109

private space is very , and pipes. Furthermore, the drainage drainage the Furthermore, pipes. and , L eople often build intermediate floors floors intermediate build often eople h is why renovation implementations renovation why is h ommunity, single persons who persons single ommunity, ǐ ery intense, particularly in Shanghai, Shanghai, in particularly intense, ery Lòng families that partly have been living

that are far away from modern modern from away far are that to improve the neighborhood. neighborhood. the improve to itchen, toilet or a bathroom are are bathroom a or toilet itchen, ith children or young couples young or children ith

narrow narrow and dark and

rent a rent

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. facilities. not desired among the population since they do not feature not do they since population the among desired not There neighborhood. this in non-existent practically is which Ov location. same the at house bigger a in life to residents conditions but would not want to move away move to want not would but conditions r the of Many lot. a neighbors their with socialize can and people are very satisfied living in this neighborhood mainly beca awar strong a and poor very are conditions the Although, people feel which very is very safe this in neighborhood appreciated. Act the on Based chatting. and dishes residents. washing painting, cooking, registered the among cohesion social great a corresponds with a very collective living experience and a st that barriers and facilities bad very bad which makes every-day-life very hard for them. Impa v are old, years 61 over people Especially satisfied. entirely °compound, high-rise the to contrary the on result, a As ne Evenly high, regarding priority is the location. Many people ighborhood since there are a lot of shops and facilities. Th facilities. and shops of lot a are there since ighborhood affect especially the elderly. However, living in this neighborhood neighborhood this in living However, elderly. the especially Figure Figure 59

Yifeng Li shared space shared Li Yifeng 110 from

there eness of those conditions is given, many many given, is conditions those of eness esidents would like to live under better under live to like would esidents people in the Yifeng Li Alley are not not are Alley Li Yifeng the in people since they appreciate their social life. social their appreciate they since

rong rong sense for community resulting in live very close to work and admire the ery unhappy since the conditions are are conditions the since unhappy ery anything prioritiz anything erall, everybody misses everybody erall, lively contact and the close lifestyle, close the and contact lively irments are caused by too less space, fore, living in high-rise buildings is buildings high-rise in living fore, is is reflected in the desire of the of desire the in reflected is is vte aog egbr include, neighbors among ivities use they enjoy the community life ed

except for better better for except green space, space, green

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

5.4.5

Densities of Densities H Figure Figure 60

Densities of modern high modern of Densities igh -R ise - rise residential structures and low

and L ow -R 111 ise

R esidential - rise traditional structures A reas

(map basis: google earth)

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. satisfaction by means of density. In the case of Pujiang Min Pujiang of case the In density. of means by satisfaction Figure relatively satisfaction high int similar the of dwellers neighborhoods both in extraordinarily rapidly growing Shanghai. This argument is also h acu the overcome to equally contribute both °compounds rise tradit that argue, could one numbers, these only Considering structure structure of the consiste certain a of estimation the on based drawn roughly con Li, Yifeng the of data the on Based density. population certain inaccuracy. This was then used to calculate the B ea google in measuredwas neighborhoods both in area building the data the on number waspopulation provided by Tongji Univ people 3,5 of size household average an those, on Based demograph on results the with combination in dwellings of number numb population respective the °compound, high-rise the For by estimated and examined was floors as well as size and number h urban of class the within University Tongji the by provided was provided by the facility management of the °compound, in th structures. The The structures. significa cluster, as organized being °compound high-rise a modern r one (A) Mingdi Pujiang of structure the on look a Taking between low-rise high-rise traditional modern housing, and since the e area the the density is almost the same in both of the with a BCR of 0,73 covers almost three quarters of the accompanying much lower amount of living area per person in the in traditiona accompanying person much per living lower of amount area 50

shows the the shows whole block – cluster as a whole shows an impressively low BCR of 0,15 of BCR low impressively an shows whole a as cluster examined neighborhoods of the aforementioned research regar research aforementioned the of neighborhoods examined the the L ǐ

Lòng Lòng areas (B) . This calculation aims to provide a better comparison resulting from a much higher dwelling number and 112

total site. Most interestingly, the population CR, the FAR, the dwelling density and the was assumed. For the case of Yifeng Li, Yifeng of case the For assumed. was clusions regarding densities have been have densities regarding clusions ncy regarding the social and physical and social the regarding ncy gdi ional neighborhoods as well as high- as well as neighborhoods ional ecognizes the typical structure of a a of structure typical the ecognizes ousing policy. The data on dwelling on data The policy. ousing te demand for residential space in in space residential for demand te rth, therefore one has to assume a assumea to has one therefore rth, (A) ardly invalidated when taking the ersity. The site as area well as the r a cluae bsd n the on based calculated was er e case of Yifeng Li, the data was visits and personal experience. personal and visits , the data of the building year building the of data the , ntly standing out traditional traditional out standing ntly ic data from the interviews. the from data ic quals size. in o accouno whereas the the whereas l areas t.

. ding living ding

L ǐ

Lòng Lòng Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. 6.1 ‘High-rise: How?’ future high-rise (residential) developments, attempts are made Vienna Vienna looks back Vienna informal instruments, such as the STEP or the high-rise con high-rise the or STEP the as such instruments, informal traditio on based always almost are instruments, planning formal has existed for a long time long a for existed has is Vienna in stage early very a at appeared buildings, t Compared 1950s. the in back already building municipal equipped those challenges and accompanying targets. Growth for futur instance and current of demonstration the regarding key are f lnig il e drawn. be will planning of 6 stage. stage. development, similar to Shanghai, a polycentricity gained increasin of the traditional urban structure by those instruments. past think, that unambiguous guidelines, consequently expertise in Shanghai Shanghai contributes to the urban environment of a growing city, be answeredbe development as well as their differences the the discuss chapter following The proven

information of the preliminary preliminary the of information have proven the have proven opposite.

Discussion, L findings, ‘lessons learned’ for the future high-rise develop This has not been the case for high-rise buildings, althoug buildings, high-rise for case the been not has This P The The earned

lanning in numerous concepts and strategies starting in the 1970 the in starting strategies and concepts numerous in and . Secondly, the key information if information keythe Secondly, . A Vienna. As a result, the second research question will be pproach .

on a long history of comprehensive spatial planning which is wh

. Nevertheless, these instruments, similarly to the Shanghai Mas Shanghai the to similarly instruments, theseNevertheless,

Thus, Thus, to the the to es Vienna’s and Shanghai’s high-rise development by summarizing summarizing by development high-rise Shanghai’s and Vienna’s chapters by generating recommendations regarding considerations for for considerations regarding recommendations generating by idns n L and Findings H are igh . briefly outlined Firstly, the cities respective approach to the high-rise the to approach respective cities the Firstly, and -R 113 ise

. A . to to

lot of thought was given to the topic which topic the to given was thought of lot D what extent the high-rise residential building building residential high-rise theextent what When When it comes to the accompanying is distilled according to the comparison of vlpet n the in evelopment is recognized similarly . Hence, t polm o ted, t connected its trends, or problems e cep this field exist but projects from the to contribute answering the question ment in growing cities for the field h one of the first ones, was a well a was ones, first the of one h t that compared compared that g importance at a relatively early n. This is not the case with the with case the not is This n. o Shanghai, the first high-rise first the Shanghai, o s. Based on that, one should one that, on Based s. he first research question will answered. Finally, based on to on essons the importance y, especially the ly to Shanghai Shanghai to ly F ield of of ield ter Plan ter urban urban Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. DDCP, differs a lot a differs DDCP, impor highly the context, this In buildings. high-rise of hotbed chang fast incredibly the of pressure the relieve to order adopted and influence western recurring sudden its’ follow to did not oppose the high-rise development accelerated by the ma population, questions regarding densities arose. In this cont with pace keep to order In system. market-oriented the suit to Shanghai forced and duality planner-decider the of stop the ga has trend high-rise The growth. increasing of process of message certain a transport to order in used been has the same, the high-rise could building even it than become alre important more affe increa nevertheless population the If space. construction targets negative These speed. development actual the administrative and governing city of improvements since growth, promoted it until planning now, when the latest Shanghai that Master Plan priorities top the of one been has growth majo a is which ownership, land of right the keep authorities preserv supp time same the at and densities high extremely creating of considerably easier for developers. This development denotes t the was was preset on a country Shanghai Urban Planning Ordinance in 1995, the city was only China in planning for foundation legal the Vienna, to Compared Shanghai sometimes does not even correspond to what has been prop f ranges result final the projects, the against are mostly a new project supporting the argument of bypassing forma of high-rise projects are already relatively fo bypass to likely very are projects scale large regarding t and planning of fragmentation increasing the Furthermore, is, the inner urban area, it appears like a try- that they basically take something away from the city. Rega that that they have to create target of the city to become a global metropolis. The artif ing the old building structures. Although property rights ha rights property Although structures. building old the ing from -level. The acute emergence of numerous high-rise buildings a a certain ‘added value’ to the city if being built, which in t the instruments, being used in Vienna and makes the planning the makes and Vienna in used being instruments, the and confu - error sing. The approach to high-rise buildings in Vienna 114 - concept concept that

rom a project stop to a compromise that compromise a to stop project a rom modernity and was also embedded in the in embedded also was and modernity ing inner urban area, which has become a a become has which area, urban inner ing rmal planning procedures that in the case the in that procedures planning rmal ses while the construction space remains remains space construction the while ses ined an even greater importance, due to due importance, greater even an ined l planning procedures. Since the citizens ext, Shanghai on the one hand definitely rding rding the high-rise development within osed within various planning concepts. icial height development consequently not only tried to deal with but also also but with deal to tried only not revealed its targets of a partly negative the growth of the economy and the and economy the of growth the r difference to Vienna. It seems that seems It Vienna. to difference r able to catch up a little later to he real estate business, particularly particularly business, estate real he orting economic growth, instead of of instead growth, economic orting t h pplto a wl a the as well as population the ct he extraordinarily great importance adjust its’ planning instruments to instruments planning its’ adjust a polycentric planning approach in in approach planning polycentric a is been followed when introducing rket and on the other hand started tant planning instrument of the of instrument planning tant systems cannot match anymore anymore match cannot systems is extremely young. With the With young. extremely is ve been expanded, Shanghai Shanghai expanded, been ve ady is. urn urn presupposes ccompanied process what what Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

city in Vienna are rather developed in new urban district center city the of center the within quantities great in resulting constructio high-rise the respect, this In application. their r planning the of design the from also essentially but cities, fr hand one the on assumed be can which meanings, different developmen high-rise the growth, of background the Against room room for interpretation for developers but enabling developers a rapid execution of high-rise projects t projects high-rise of execution rapid a developers enabling o al novd ate. inas atos prah o the however to approach cautious Vienna’s parties. involved all for that, to contrast 6.2 residents account. into opinions the the environ urban the to contribution a in result approaches xetos o cus, r hg-ie ulig itoue i t in introduced buildings high-rise are course, of Exceptions, living lot space a residents.of for a Vienna, in that out, turned has it Therefore, possible. ac to order in high-densities create to aiming Vienn be should buildings in population the Although, densities. population great the very low BCR (under 0,20) might help to lower the surf Looking at the densities created by high-rise residential building Vienna considerably minimize, not to say exclude, say to not minimize, considerably connected discussions long-standing The desired. not obviously osqety lo h cnrbto o te ihrs bidn t building high-rise the of contribution the also consequently . respective framework conditions of each city into account into city each of conditions framework respective •

Furthermore, a technical rationality claims priority in the high the in priority claims rationality technical a Furthermore,

The The U instruments regarding their high- their of constraints the within operate cities the do How

rban rban , matches its slow growth. slow its matches , C nrbto o the of ontribution E alleged regulations on an informal basis in Vienna, leave on th on leave Vienna, in basis informal an on regulations alleged nvironment

However H on the other hand rise igh the the , it is important to notice that whether the different the whether that notice to important is it , 115 (residential) development? efficient land use for a long period of time and and time of period long a for use land efficient -R

s ( ise . In comparison to that, high-rise projects high-rise that, to comparison In . BCR of 0,5 is needed to provide a lot of of lot a provide to needed is 0,5 of BCR ment can only be made by firstly taking firstly by made be only can ment n in Shanghai plays a superordinate role role superordinate a plays Shanghai in n R ace sealing, but similarly does not enable s based on the model of the polycentric esidential) egulations and instruments as well as as well as instruments and egulations also leave plenty of negotiating scope o cope with the speed of growth of speed the with cope o t in Vienna and Shanghai takes on on takes Shanghai and Vienna in t ihrs dvlpet therefore, development high-rise and most importantly importantly most and om the physical appearance of the of appearance physical the om s in Vienna, it can be noticed, that te ra evrnet Since environment. urban the o e inner- he i goig lwy high-rise slowly, growing is a commodate as many people as as people many as commodate -rise development in Shanghai Shanghai in development -rise to fallow construction land land construction fallow to planning regulations and and regulations planning urban area. These are are These area. urban B idn t the to uilding e one hand much hand one e by taking th taking . In In e Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. Although physically not separated not physically Although affects then radius the larger a high-rise se per building which is limited its in u it since whole a as environment urban the for contribution Vienna, of concept high-rise the to according as especially a providing by environment urban the to contribute actually hig a ope those on value more putting by However, environment. for room leaves clearly and meaning representative and individu th of environment urban direct the result, a As residents. typical, the at oriented being layout its in visible very some space the makes which buildings (residential) high-rise the that area, non-sealed ‘leftover’ high-rise the of advantages biggest the of one although mo disadvantages Shanghai, impairments caused by external environmental factors such a to Similarly satisfaction. living residents building residential high-rise examined the time, same the At density. can generally and class social upper and middle the (residentia to addressed high-rise the districts, urban new in built being If elsewhere there as isrelatively a time long to react to the growth. needed the and densities higher slowly, very growing is Vienna egbrod alw vr hg, lot iia dniy However density. similar almost high, very a allow neighborhoods it densities, regarding contribution the at looking However, the among population. earners public” public” Vienna are addressed to the social middle and upper class, L class, upper and middle social the to addressed are Vienna °c high-rise Whereas lifestyles. different completely featuring adjacent directly are °compounds high-rise where fabric urban into taken be replaced often is second the since neighborhoods, traditional to have °compounds high-rise only not Shanghai, o contribution the about statement a make to trying When Shanghai be not limited should also building to the use the of social class. upper middle and should be provided

by the respective high-rise project. Consequently, this t can be kept for other purposes other for kept be can from the public, the non-sealed surface generally is affiliated to affiliated is generally surface non-sealed the public, the 116

e high-rises often only meets a transitory transitory a meets only often high-rises e an an rsdnil bidn i te generous the is building (residential) n spaces, the high-rise building could building high-rise the spaces, n s wind, heat and noise. Nevertheless, can be used publicly and therefore and publicly used be can dditional high-quality urban space – space urban high-quality dditional by the first. This has led to a diverse a to led has This first. the by f high-rise (residential) buildings in in buildings (residential) high-rise f “extraordinary added value for the general the for value added “extraordinary is very interesting that both of the of both that interesting very is mons n hnhi smlr to similar Shanghai, in ompounds ǐ

, especially when it comes to the to comes it when especially , ) ulig i Ven uuly is usually Vienna in building, l) Lòng how semi-private. This becomes This semi-private. how to low-rise °compounds – °compounds low-rise to her contribution to the urban urban the to contribution her contribute to a high population population high a to contribute lzd ietl o te high-rise the of lifestyle alized infrastructure can be planned planned be can infrastructure con, u as low-rise also but account, te ult o te physical the of quality the , are addressed to the weak the to addressed are s contribute a lot to their to lot a contribute s stly are the result of of result the are stly se to the residents. ype of residential both

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. space for a high amount of people on a relatively small amoun small relatively a on people of amount high a for space an developmen Shanghai cities’ the to contributes in definitely building residential high-density a for demand increasing the Regarding living satisfaction non-sealed ‘leftover’ the utilizing of terms in also but Shanghai in more exploited more is type building high-rise the of veryVienna, low social cohesion the of high-rise (residential) °compound However, w is byfurthermore therefore walls surrounded and exclud the within individualized very is life Vienna, to similar Nevertheless, green green since dwellers are very satisfied as well, although using the n o te an ifrne, eie te ult o te phy the L the of in community strong quality the is the neighborhoods, besides differences, main the of One quality thethe air green of and amount small bad space the in densely built-up want to exchange that to a different location. This desire of residents would want to live differently (mostly in a house is statement This residents. the of all for importance great cen the Interestingly, satisfied. relatively are neighborhoods because of the of because their building their definitely contributes a lot to the urban environment ,) los lt f neld ufc b smlaeul acco simultaneously providing a lot of living area per person (30m by surface unsealed of lot a allows 0,2) quality of living, at least for the ones who can afford. F anymore. Therefore, the typical high-rise (residential) °compo n do certainly etc.) space, living little surfaces, sealed only The poor living conditions of the L environment of the high-rise residential °compound is much more a •

n eupe wt a o o fclte ta ae ey uh appr much very are that facilities of lot a with equipped and for a high-density and high-quality urban environment? urban high-quality for ahigh-density and What does What ith the exception of the poor living environment in the L . need to share facilities for a partly long period of time, co time, of period long partly a for facilities share to need The contribution of the high-rise residential urban environme urban residential high-rise the of contribution The . Mainly Mainly the high the because of a - rise rise residential ǐ

Lòng public nuisance, not much attention is paid to that in Vien (bad facilities, narrow and dark alleys, no green space – 2 ). In this regard, the high-rise residential °compound 117 building

ǐ ,

Lòng especially since the non-sealed surface is very urthermore, the extremely low BCR (under surface , however, reflects the dissatisfaction with es contribute to the inc the to contribute , being a result of a strong interaction strong a of result a being , the public. assigned surrounding supported by the fact, that both both that fact, the by supported trality of the location appears appears location the of trality t et h bsc tnad f living of standard basic the meet ot with a private garden) but would not und definitely contributes to a higher contributing a lot to the dwellers’ the to lot a contributing t of space. However, space. of t mmodating a lot of people and and people of lot a mmodating , not only in terms of densities, of terms in only not , ia srcue f h diverse the of structure sical ts by providing a lot of living of lot a providing by ts dapted to a ‘modern’ lifestyle. ǐ

Lòng ihrs cmon that compound high-rise cae b te residents. the by eciated mpared to the, similar to similar the, to mpared Ven, h high-rise the Vienna, d .

, the residents of both nt in both, Shanghai Shanghai both, in nt ar re space space ea. asing demand asing

the assigned potential to be of of be to types types na na to to Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

Lessons Learned from Shanghai

public on and towers the inside space living of affordability the hand limitat The class. upper and middle social the to limited is Vienna, and 6.3 improvement. for room physical delimitation, is achieved in Vienna for access access for • • •

Lessons Lessons to living standards, this approach and the and associatedliving this values standards, approach require aware mee longer no structures living traditional Although function. most visibly in a vertical direction. The high-rise construction is cityscape the growth, rapid extraordinarily the with line In each othe each different, completely being neighborhoods by interspersed and reference to its traditional physical surrounding. As a resu low-rise dilapidated replacing usually inner-city, the in °compound prove to be crucial be to prove dwellers is a challenge. In this respect, Shanghai clearly plays High-rise buildings can be an efficient urban element especially city lseig f ih ulig o a ag site large a on buildings high of clustering be great of importance. liv prevailing the and lifestyle residents’ the to corresponding h ‘yia’ hnhiee xrodnr large-scale extraordinary Shanghainese ‘typical’ The osbe s o sae s n o is igs bnft o t of benefits biggest its of one is space of use possible po high a creating therefore people, many for space living generally represe that heat as such influences external by caused Vien and Shanghai in buildings high-rise of residents of impairments s o a possible. as low as to counteract this environmental-related and negative impact the direct high-rise residential urban environment. What is a is What environment. urban residential high-rise direct the of , thus a a thus ,

the publ the provoked provoked r. L earned limited amount of space. In this regard, the possibility of prov of possibility the regard, this In space. of amount limited In any case, this ‘conversion’, is an invasive intervention invasive an is ‘conversion’, this case, any In ic. In this regard, the contribution of high-rise residential b residential high-rise of contribution the regard, this In ic. by here, oee, s However, large sealed areas. High-rise buildings certainly can be used in

are firstly imultaneously generating high living satisfaction among among satisfaction living high generating imultaneously the type of of type the by a lowa quality of the public space, thus, low demand 118

area building development, more precisely, more development, building Scnl, h equipment the Secondly, . the other hand the exclusion of the of exclusion the hand other the , nts a major impairment in cities in impairment major a nts lt, the urban fabric is very diverse i tp o building of type his lsee hg-ie residential high-rise clustered pulation density with the least the with density pulation a pioneering role. Factors that on cities by keeping the BCR is subject to clear and formal ing culture also appeared to appeared also culture ing if constructed in changing accordingly fast, accordingly changing t today’s requirements and and requirements today’s t simultaneously adjacent to adjacent simultaneously chieved in Shanghai Shanghai in chieved ions concern on the one one the on concern ions na are predominantly predominantly are na structures, makes no no makes structures, ness in planning. ness planning. in in the city and its and city the in uildings leaves uildings iding a lot of of lot a iding and However, . a facilities compact order by a by the the

• • •

to address this problem and also promoting a social mix. a promoting also to and address this problem space and enough space. Opening up those °compounds to t umbrella umbrella to provide an extraordinary added value for the gener the appearance in order to allow an embedding into the respe instruments. Specifications include the process of implementation The high-rise development receives a lot of attention partic intervention by such a typology. to this particular building form indicates ue wtot n ifra rglto add teeoe stron therefore added, regulation informal any without rules demanded and demanded and re implementation, quick a allows explicitness This rationality.

oen ihrs rsdnil cmon, otiuig o h res the to contributing °compound, residential high-rise modern spa the of facilities and design the to paid is attention Much refers to the to refers highly valued by its residents rise building and itsrise and building environment. re must value added this Furthermore, precisely. more defined be fo value added extraordinary “an of concept the that means field the Concerning °compounds. high-rise residential Shanghai’s equ and designed not and neglected being are they nuisance, residential construction’ is an example that might influence th influence might that example an is construction’ residential th novel latest The However, framework. planning legal the in anchored counteracted. be should trend this efficiency, poor the for exclusion of object an represents even and the socially advantaged. Therefore, this building typology does p mainly and commercialization of process progressive the within residentia high-rise the that shown have Vienna and Shanghai However, these However, neighborhoods suffer neighborhoods residen Adjacent non-residents. therefore public, the exclude turn represents a certain economic efficiency regarding lan regarding efficiency economic certain a represents turn public space surrounding the examined examples. Mainly due to t to due Mainly examples. examined the surrounding space public thus °compounds °compounds , requires necessity high a density high for use from other various circumstances, also also circumstances, various other but are However, t lack a direct added value for the public. In particular, this usually are self-contained and surrounded by a wall to wall a by surrounded and self-contained are usually 119 awareness

he examined high-rise residential examples in in spatial planning for the accompanied ularly ularly within informal planning I odr o civ societal achieve to order In . r the general public” needs to needs public” general the r ctive cityscape – all under the he public might be a solution d use since the area is highly is area the since use d thus in Vienna regarding ‘subsidy regarding Vienna in not promote social mixture al al public. from ipped like it is the case in in case the is it like ipped ce surrounding the typical the surrounding ce is process towards a more more a towards process is s eurs specifications requires is l construction took place took construction l ts of low-rise traditional traditional low-rise of ts and guidelines regarding . a timely manner and in in and manner timely a late directly to the high- the to directly late gl rovides living space for for space living rovides

of spatial planning, this planning, spatial of y

the absence of green green of absence the dns satisfaction idents’ eis n technical on relies The attention paid he public he are . Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. influences such as wind, heat and noise. Furthermore, the Furthermore, noise. and heat wind, as such influences and cor neighborhoods, respective the of facilities and equipment Shangha in buildings high-rise of dwellers of satisfaction great Besides an efficient land use regarding density site large to a be proved crucial.on area regar this In building. high-rise the of advantage more takes coverage ratio coverage contributes to coping with the increasing demand for housing for demand increasing the with coping to contributes environments in Shanghai, this By analyzing urban high-rise residential buildings in Vienna as w growth. Shanghai Shanghai and Vienna, which is why the cities are forced enables ration technical where Shanghai, contrasts totally Vienna in cau the result, a As growth. of speed the instance for adapte also is it since meanings different on takes development generally applicable panning scheme can be given. Hence, th instance for which environment, the history or the building- and planning tradition cities the of differences the on based regulatio planning their of constraints the within differently Based on the comparison of Shanghai and Vienna, it firstly ca challenges because growth. arising urban of growing growing cities densities, By focusing on high-rise (residential) buildings, this research 7

living culture, appeared to be of great importance. Impairmen importance. great of be to appeared culture, living Conclusion developers a rapid execution of high-rise projects in order t order in projects high-rise of execution rapid a developers

development its and users can be uncertain seen remains and the in future. this how However, living. high-rise to access socially-balanced but simultaneously maintain or even improve the quality of the ur the of quality the improve even or maintain simultaneously . , Consequently, this thesis is embedded in the issue of urbaniza the the population density and and density population research

has shown the usage of of usage the , the the 120 results of interviews conducted, clearly illustrate , that the high-rise residential building definitely

tious approach to the high-rise development high-rise the to approach tious to to the ‘leftover’ non-sealed surface, Shanghai Shanghai surface, non-sealed ‘leftover’ the find find solutions in order to counteract the d, the clustering of high-rise buildings high-rise of clustering the d, aimed to identify how to achieve great e respective approach to the high-rise research shows limitations regarding regarding limitations shows research n n be concluded that the cities operate ns and instruments. It is clear, that clear, is It instruments. and ns responding to the residents’ lifestyle residents’ the to responding lt ses o e roiie. This prioritized. be to seems ality nld te aua- n physical and natural- the include . d to prevailing general conditions, general prevailing to d , no recommendations regarding a ell as high- and low-rise residential i and Vienna. In this regard, the regard, this In Vienna. and i However, ts are mainly caused by external external by caused mainly are ts o cope with the rapidity of of rapidity the with cope o il fet h high-rise the affect will regarding regarding tion as it affects both, ban environment in in environment ban

the buildin g Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek. the public space achieve is delimitation, physical a by Shanghai in achieved is What on the other hand the exclusion of the public to the direc taken advantage of. In order to cope with the challenges the with cope to order In of. advantage taken gene is scale, transnational a on cities growing in important These conclusions show that class social accessibility to the residential towers, since they are as heat by providing green space on the non-sealed ‘lefto non-sealed the on space green providing by heat as addre or exclusion of instead inclusion result,enhancing a As densitybeyond the population satisfaction a high creation a of and a of res of (high-rise)of is needed the neighborhoods to results expand this of the socio-sp of assessment comprehensive a on based research th However, proble respective the counteract to measures possible be pective high-rise development definitely can and therefore sho therefore and can definitely development high-rise pective . These limitations concern on one hand the affordability of living spa ese measures represent only findings of this particular stu particular this of findings only represent measures ese surroun ding theding high-rise building, thus, access low for demand the of public. the the contribution contribution of high-rise buildings, that have become increas 121

mainly addressed to the middle and upper t high-rise residential urban environment. ver’ area of a high-rise °compound, °compound, high-rise a of area ver’ ms growing cities are confronted with. confronted are cities growing ms arising as a result of urban growth urban of result a as arising atial problems, including a wider range range wider a including problems, atial rally given, but limited and not fully not and limited but given, rally ssing environmental conditions such conditions environmental ssing d in Vienna by a low quality of of quality low a by Vienna in d uld address problems that go go that problems address uld limited social group. sis. dy. Consequently, further Consequently, dy. ce inside the towers and ingly , t , can he

Die approbierte gedruckte Originalversion dieser Diplomarbeit ist an der TU Wien Bibliothek verfügbar. The approved original version of this thesis is available in print at TU Wien Bibliothek.

XXI

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