A Review on Luminescence Efficiency Based Design Improvement for Solar Cells

1Kirti Saraswat, 2Dr. T. Usmani, 3Dr. Savita Maurya 1Electonics and Communication Dept. 1Integral University, Lucknow, India.

Abstract: High triumphing call for of energy cause fossil gasoline primarily based enterprise dependency on exploration and validated resources for discovery and financial assist of strength markets, the renewable electricity region relies upon the assessment of assets for planning and promoting their energy manufacturing generation. For sun-based renewable energy technology together with solar thermal or photovoltaic conversion structures, the simple aid or gas to be had is solar radiation. It has proven that uncertainty in lifestyles cycle financial savings for solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) systems are linearly correlated with uncertainty in sun useful resource information. Assessment of the solar aid for that technology is based totally upon measured facts, wherein available. However, the sparse distribution in area, and especially through the years, of measured solar facts results in the usage of modeled sun radiation as the premise for lots engineering and economic choices. Measured and modeled solar radiation has attendant uncertainties. Most sun radiation models rely upon measured statistics for their improvement or validation, and often the uncertainty or accuracy of that measured facts is unknown. This paper present a assessment to assist in become aware of the important additives of uncertainty in measured sun radiation information and symbolize solar radiation modeling in widespread with recognize to uncertainties stated within the numerous studies paintings in current decades.

Keywords: Luminescence, Solar cells, GaAs, Si , SQ limit.

I. INTRODUCTION Silicon is uniquely it one in all favorable the maximum abundant elements as a photovoltaic fabric inside the earth’s crust, but it is also an elemental semiconductor whose bandgap is nearly a really perfect fit to the sun spectrum. Because of those and other favorable attributes of silicon, the closing restricting overall performance of silicon sun cells is a simple consistent of nature this is of a few interest, since it specifies a restriction that can't be passed through smart device design. Different techniques had been taken to calculations of the restricting overall performance of silicon solar cells inside the past. In some technique [l]-[3], one calculates the performance as a function of bandgap for hypothetical semiconductors with step function optical absorptions and radiative recombination handiest. Then the limiting performance of silicon is taken to be similar to the hypothetical cloth with band gap 1.12 eV. In every other approach [4],[5] a selected tool shape is selected consisting of an n or p diffused junction mobile as an example, after which the proscribing overall performance of an optimized tool is calculated from the recognized properties of silicon. Both approaches have weaknesses. The initial method ignored the essential loss mechanism that is similar with radiative recombination in crystalline silicon, below one-sun illumination. In addition a step-characteristic optical absorption isn't necessarily an excellent approximation for the optical absorption. Of an oblique bandgap semiconductor together with silicon. The hassle with the second device-primarily based approach is that in that specialize in a specific device shape one could build in device-dependent losses that might in principle be eliminated via extra smart designs

II. REVIEW In order to locate an upper theoretical restriction for the performance of p-n junction sun energy converters, limiting performance, known as the unique stability limit of efficiency, has been calculated for a excellent case wherein the generally recombine. Action of hollow-electron pairs is radiative as required by the precept of certain balance. The efficiency IS calculated for the case in which radiative recombination is nice a hard and fast fraction of the entire recombination, the rest being nonradioactive. Efficiencies at the matched masses had been calculated with band gap. As parameters, the solar and mobile being assumed to be blackbodies with temperatures of 600 deg K. The overall performance is determined to be 30% for an energy-band gap 1.1.Ev. Actual Junctions do no longer obey the anticipated cutting-edge-voltage dating, and motives for the distinction and Its relevance to performance are mentioned through [1] William Shockley, 1961. A principle based on recombination facilities which takes values as immoderate as three can also likely to be advanced alongside the subsequent lines: In a forward biased junction the recombination occurs predominantly in a totally slender area wherein the electrostatic capability varies thru approximately 2kT/ q .As the functionality is numerous, this place should skip in role. If it moves proper right into a area of decrease recombination center density, values of area, will rise up. If the recombination facilities are in particular charged, they'll be dispensed in a totally nonuniform manner through the junction. Further investigations, which are probably presently being undertaken, are required to appraise this idea. If the precept does show to be accurate, essential

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 886

© 2018 JETIR September 2018, Volume 5, Issue 9 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) improvements in sun cells can in all likelihood be made by using the use of reducing infection with the aid of chemical impurities. An instance of a brand new vicinity in which a detailed stability treatment is needed is the concept that a sun mobile can be stepped forward by means of manner of together with traps to it to take inside the longer wavelength radiation.32 It seems to the winning authors that this could nicely be equivalent to shunting one mobile with a threshold V=Eo/h with some different mobile with a threshold plenty decrease. Such an aggregate of cells could seem much more likely to lower than to elevate efficiency. A precise stability argument, concerning best radiative transitions for the traps, should set a higher restriction for the form of model like that of the curve. The present authors expect that traps will in all likelihood decrease this restriction; traps in popular contribute strongly to recombination due to the truth they facilitate turning in energy to phonons. This implies that traps inherently have low cutoff values, in order that it's far improbable that they may enhance performance.

The choice of company transporting layer in polymer solar cells is an vital problem due to the fact the character and route of service delivery can be manipulated through putting unique useful layers in the tool shape. [2] Yu-Hong Lin, 2011 recorded a totally green inverted polymer sun cellular (PSC) gadget based totally mostly on regular poly(three-hexylthiophene) and a n-kind acceptor, bis-indene[C60]. With more than one metal oxides and the insertion of TiO2 nanorods electron gathering layer the various ZnO skinny film and the energetic layer, the tool performance can be significantly advanced. The contact location between the active layer and the electron gathering layer, as well as the thickness of lively layer, may be increased with the incorporation of TiO2 nanorods. As a stop end result, photocurrent may have finer values due to more absorption of light and greater charge separation interface. In addition, the bigger contact vicinity and the crystalline TiO2 nanorods offer a greater green transporting route for the vendors to the cathode. The most inexperienced tool showed shows a excessive electricity conversion efficiency of 5.6% with the inverted shape. In give up, they have got examined the use TiO2 nanorods as the extra electron amassing layer in the inverted shape PSCs. TiO2 nanorods can amplify the interfacial touch location and play a characteristic inside the fee separation technique with P3HT. In addition, devices incorporating TiO2 nanorods can maintain thicker active layer without sacrificing the fill difficulty, therefore improving mild absorption and device performance. The device balance has also been examined and determined to be a whole lot advanced to the manipulate tool without anodic change. The greenest tool primarily based totally on the P3HT/bis-indene [C60] machine and TiO2 nanorods indicates the PCE of 5.6% the usage of the commercially available immoderate normal overall performance photoactive ink gadget.

Absorbed daylight in a solar mobile produces electrons and holes. However, at the open-circuit condition, the carriers have no location to go. [3] Owen D. Miller, 2012 constructing up in density, and ideally, they emit out of doors luminescence that exactly balances the incoming daylight. Any extra nonradiative recombination impairs the carrier density buildup, proscribing the open- circuit voltage. At open circuit, inexperienced outside luminescence is an indicator of low inner optical losses. Thus, green outside luminescence is, counter intuitively, a need for drawing near the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) performance limit. A exceptional sun cell moreover desires to be a awesome moderate-emitting diode. Owing to the narrow escape cone for mild, inexperienced outside emission requires repeated attempts and needs an internal luminescence efficiency >>90%. They have shown a way to consist of photon recycling and imperfect radiation homes into the quasi-equilibrium additives of Shockley and Queisser. High voltages VOC are performed via maximizing the out of doors luminescence yield of a system. Using the usual solar spectrum and the measured absorption curve of GaAs, they have established that the theoretical overall performance limit of GaAs is 33.5%, which is greater than 4% higher than that of Silicon [28], and achieves its efficiency in a mobile this is one hundred instances thinner. Internally trapped radiation is vital, however no longer sufficient, for the excessive outside luminescence that allows a cell to attain voltages near the theoretical limits. The optical layout must make sure that the best loss mechanism is photons exiting on the front floor. A slightly faulty replicate, or equivalently absorbing contacts or a few different optical loss mechanisms, sharply reduces the performance restriction that can be carried out. To recognize sun cells with efficiency extra than 30%, the optical configuration will need to be very cautiously designed. The in advance [3] 1-solar, single- junction overall performance record, i.e., 26.4%, became set by means of way of GaAs cells that had VOC = 1.03 V. Alta Devices has these days [6] made a massive development in GaAs performance and open-circuit voltage, 28.3% and VOC = 1.11 V, respectively, displaying in element the benefit of slight extraction. The SQ formula is still the muse of sun cell technology. However, the physics of slight extraction and outside luminescence yield are without a doubt relevant for immoderate-average overall performance cells and could show essential in the eventual willpower of which solar cell generation wins out in the long run. In the rush for immoderate-performance sun cells, a aggregate of splendid GaAs and predominant optical layout have to permit unmarried-junction flat-plate sun cells with extra than 30% efficiency.

[4] Eli Yablonovitch, 1982 undertake a statistical mechanical technique towards the optics of textured and inhomogeneous optical sheets. As a famous rule, the close by light intensity in this type of medium will be inclined to be 2 n (x) times extra than the externally incident mild depth, in which n (x) is the neighborhood index of refraction in the sheet. This enhancement can contribute closer to a four n 2(x) increase inside the powerful absorption of indirect band gap semiconductors like crystalline silicon. In this work, they have got proven the software program of a statistical mechanical approach in the course of the optics of textured and inhomogeneous sheets. This art work modified into especially stimulated through its applicability in the route of solar cells and different sorts of solar lenders. The primary enhancement component for depth of 2 n will become 4n for bulk absorption and n for floor absorption, because of attitude averaging results. It is because of the reality many semiconductors usually tend to have massive indices of refraction n, that the ones effects are in particular important in those materials.

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 887

The precise balance method for calculating the radiative recombination restrict to the overall performance of sun cells has been prolonged to consist of unfastened issuer absorption and Auger recombination in addition to radiative losses. This technique has been done to crystalline silicon solar cells in which the proscribing performance is located to be 29.8 percent below AM 1.5, based totally on the measured optical absorption spectrum and published values of the Auger and free carrier absorption coefficients. The silicon is notion to be textured for max benefit from light trapping effects. The proscribing overall performance of crystalline silicon sun cells has been calculated as a feature of silicon thickness, for hypothetical sun cells in which best the essential loss mechanisms, radiative recombination, Auger recombination, and unfastened service absorption are operative. The radiative recombination rate is calculated from the measured optical absorption spectrum for silicon. The absorption spectrum collectively with a SERI AM1.Five worldwide sun spectrum have been used to determine the short-circuit cutting-edge-day. The surfaces of the silicon are assumed to be textured simply so the incident sunlight is randomized within the semiconductor as a way to take most advantage of mild-trapping within the excessive index of refraction semiconductor. The end result of the calculation is a most theoretical overall performance of 29. 8 percent, for cells about 100-pm thick, This performance is close to the 32.9 percentage limiting overall performance for a terrific radiative recombination restrained sun cellular with a step-feature optical absorption aspect on the bandgap of crystalline silicon (1 -12eV). The calculation in this text applies to crystalline silicon through [5] Tom Tiedje, 1984. In order to use this method to an instantaneous hollow cloth like GaAs it might be vital to don't forget thin-film periodic texturing as referred to by way of approach, a miles more complicated trouble.

Measurement and modeling of broadband and spectral terrestrial sun radiation is vital for the assessment and deployment of solar renewable strength structures. [6] Daryl R. Myers, 2003 speak cutting-edge trends inside the calibration of broadband sun radiometric instrumentation and improving broadband sun radiation size accuracy. Superior diffuse sky reference and radiometer calibration and characterization software program application and for out of doors pyranometer calibrations is printed. Several broadband solar radiation version techniques, along with some superior at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, for estimating direct beam, average hemispherical and diffuse sky radiation are briefly reviewed. The latter include the Bird clean sky model for worldwide, direct beam, and diffuse terrestrial sun radiation; the Direct Insolation Simulation Code (DISC) for estimating direct beam radiation from international measurements; and the METSTAT (Meteorological and Statistical) and Climatologically Solar Radiation (CSR) models that estimate solar radiation from meteorological statistics. They conclude that presently the fine model uncertainties are representative of the uncertainty in measured information. Comparing the significantly summarized outcomes above with the dimension uncertainty stated in table 2, they finish that on the begin of the 21st century, current solar radiation models and measurements are rather comparable, with absolute measurement uncertainties at the order of 25 to 100 W/m2 in hemispherical measured statistics, and +/-25 W/m2 in direct beam measured statistics. Many fashions are to be had for estimating direct beam with bias errors of much less than 50 W/m2 and random (model) errors of an awful lot much less than a hundred W/m2. The undertaking for solar radiation misprints and models within the 21st century is to reduce the uncertainty in measured statistics, in addition to make bigger more sturdy models (i.e., fewer enter parameters and smaller residuals, beneath a wider variety of conditions). The immediately treatment in the area of measurements is to use appropriate specific corrections to measured facts, the usage of capabilities superior from the individual response curves of gadgets, as shown in determine 6 and 7. The long-time period choice is for more accurate instrumentation with higher geometrical and temperature reaction. In any case, fashions advanced or confirmed on the basis of present measured statistics are restrained, at super, to the measurement uncertainties quoted above.

Consolidated tables displaying an in depth list of the very quality independently showed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are provided by means of [7] Martin A. Green,2010. Guidelines for inclusion of effects into these tables are stated and new entries. While the data provided within the tables is provided in appropriate faith, the authors, editors and publishers cannot get hold of direct duty for any mistakes or omissions.

Statistical technique is taken closer to the ray optics of optical media with complex non-spherical and non-planar floor shapes. As a famous rule, the light on this sort of medium is to be inclined to random direction and of 2 n(x) times extra depth than the externally incident slight, in which n(x) is the local index of refraction. A specific method for doing optical calculations in statistical ray optics might be mentioned. These optical enhancement consequences can result in a brand new form of antireflection coating. In addition, these outcomes can improve the performance as well as reduce the rate of solar cells. [8] Eli Yablonovitch, 1982 have got shown the software of a statistical mechanical technique towards the ray optics of textured and inhomogeneous sheets. This artwork became stimulated specially by means of its applicability inside the direction of solar cells and exclusive kinds of solar lenders. The number one enhancement detail for depth of 2n will become 4n for bulk absorption, and n for surface absorption, due to attitude averaging outcomes. Because many semiconductors have a tendency to have massive indices of refraction n, those outcomes are in particular crucial in the ones materials.

Absorbed daylight in a sun mobile produces electrons and holes. However, on the open-circuit state of affairs, the providers don't have any area to transport. [9] Sarah R. Kurtz, 2012 growth in density, and preferably, they emit outside luminescence that precisely balances the incoming daylight hours. Any more nonradiative recombination impairs the company density buildup, proscribing the open-circuit voltage. At open circuit, inexperienced out of doors luminescence is a trademark of low inner optical losses. Thus, inexperienced out of doors luminescence is, counter intuitively, a want for coming near the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) efficiency limit. A superb solar cellular also desires to be a top notch mild-emitting diode. Owing to the narrow escape cone for slight, green outside emission requires repeated tries and desires an internal luminescence overall performance >>90%.

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 888

They have shown how to encompass photon recycling and imperfect radiation properties into the quasi-equilibrium method of Shockley and Queisser. High voltages VOC are executed by using maximizing the out of doors luminescence yield of a gadget. Using the equal vintage sun spectrum and the measured absorption curve of GaAs, they've got proven that the theoretical performance restriction of GaAs is 33.5%, which is extra than 4% better than that of Silicon [8], and achieves its performance in a cell that could be a hundred instances thinner. Internally trapped radiation is important, however not sufficient, for the immoderate out of doors luminescence that permits a cellular to reach voltages close to the theoretical limits. The optical layout should ensure that the excellent loss mechanism is photons exiting at the front floor. A barely defective reflect, or equivalently soaking up contacts or some specific optical loss mechanism, sharply reduces the efficiency restrict that can be accomplished. To understand solar cells with performance more than 30%, the optical configuration will want to be very cautiously designed. The prior [3] 1-sun, unmarried-junction performance document, i.e., 26.4%, was set via GaAs cells that had VOC = 1.03 V. Alta Devices has currently made a huge improvement in GaAs overall performance and open-circuit voltage, 28.3% and VOC = 1.11 V, respectively, displaying in element the benefit of slight extraction. The SQ method remains the muse of sun cellular technology. However, the physics of light extraction and outside luminescence yield are genuinely applicable for excessive- performance cells and will show crucial in the eventual determination of which sun cellular generation wins out ultimately. In the push for excessive-performance sun cells, a aggregate of excellent GaAs and top of the road optical layout must permit single- junction flat-plate solar cells with extra than 30% performance.

Due to its oblique band shape, bulk crystalline silicon is typically appeared as a poor light emitter. In assessment to this commonplace notion, [10] Thorsten Trupke, 2003, document here on fantastically large outside photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of textured bulk crystalline silicon recorded about 10.2% at T equals 5130 K and 6.1% at room temperature. Using a theoretical model to calculate the escape opportunity for internally generated photons, they can conclude from those experimental figures that the radiative recombination risk or internal luminescence quantum performance exceeds 20% at room temperature. This shows that findings are generally valid for maximum-exquisite silicon. More importantly, consequences show that during choice to relying on alternative strategies for protected optical capabilities on a silicon chip, the bottom material of microelectronic chips, bulk crystalline silicon, is probably used inside the destiny for such tendencies. The Center for Third Generation Photo voltaic is supported underneath the Australian Research Council’s Special Research Centers Scheme.

III. RESULT ANALYSIS Design of solar thermal and PV conversion structures require several styles of statistics. The foremost classes of data often requested by way of customers are proven in table 1. As mentioned within the advent, uncertainty in economic evaluation of solar power systems is without delay proportional to the uncertainty in sun useful resource facts. It is proven that the relative uncertainty in life cycle financial savings is in particular touchy in instances of high capital price or low auxiliary strength fee. Many technologies depend upon sources on a tilted surface. However, tilt conversion typically start with assets on a horizontal floor, the maximum normally measured and modeled parameter.

Table 1. Data formats requested by solar energy system designers and planners.

Time Type of Data Resolution Application Hemispherical, vertical surface, cardinal Glazing energy balance (energy or Seasonal/Daily dir. power) Luminance, vertical surfaces, cardinal dir. Seasonal/Daily Day lighting Hemispherical tilt Monthly/Annual Fixed Flat Plate Hemispherical tracking Monthly/Annual Tracking Flat Plate Direct normal Monthly/Annual Focusing/concentrating systems Sun shape (disk circumsolar) variation Varies Concentrating tracking collector Sizing and design specification, Monthly mean daily total Monthly/Daily economics Sizing and design specification, Monthly mean Monthly economics Daily profiles Hourly System simulation modelling and rating System simulation, economic analysis 8760 Hourly data for year hemispherical Hourly (multiple years for min/max and/or direct performance) Performance and economics, system 10 to 30 year hourly power Hourly lifetime Daily profiles power Sub Hourly System responses to clouds, etc.

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 889

At NREL, efforts to meet the want for hourly statistics have resulted within the Bird Clear Sky Model[8] and extensions to the METSTAT and CSR models of Maxwell[9, 10] .METSTAT calculates radiation components from Meteorological enter parameters, using empirical correlations to supply radiation estimates which have, on a monthly foundation, Statistical homes (moments, kurtosis) near the ones of measured radiation records. To meet the want for month-to-month implies statistics, the NREL Climatologically Solar Radiation (CSR) model was advanced. The CSR makes use of METSTAT algorithms with month- to-month imply inputs derived from satellite tv for pc merchandise to provide estimates of month-to-month mean radiation on a 40 km grid. For annual means of direct and hemispherical hourly statistics, the METSTAT model has imply bias variations starting from - 15% to + 15%, with suggest of the absolute cost of the MBD for 33 sites within the US of five.2% for the direct beam and 3% for hemispherical [11] . For the CSR model, imply of absolute value of bias differences between modeled and measured hemispherical records annual suggest monthly every day totals for 8 stations in Egypt changed into 1.0%, and imply random differences were 9.0%.

Table 2. Terrestrial concentrator cell and module efficiencies measured under the ASTM G-173-03 direct beam AM1.5 spectrum at a cell temperature of 258C.  Classification Areab (cm2) Intensityc(suns) Test centre(and date) Effic.a(%)  Description  Single Cells GaAs 29.1W1.3d 0.0505(da) 117 FhG-ISE (3/10)  Fraunhofer ISE  Si Amonix back-contact 27.6_1.0e 1.00(da) 92 FhG-ISE (11/04)  CIGS (thin film) 21.8_1.5df 0.102(da) 14 NREL (2/01)g  Multijunction cell NREL  GaInP/GaInAs/Ge (2- 41.6_2.5 0.3174(da) 364 NREL (8/09) terminal) Spectrolab, lattice-matched Submodules

 GaInP/GaAs; 36.1_2.2 0.313(ap) 30 NREL (8/09) U. GaInAsP/GaInAs  Delaware, split spectrum  GaIGaInP/GaAs/Ge 27.0_1.5h 34(ap ) 10 NREL (5/00)  ENTECH Modules

 Si 20.5_0.8d 1875(ap) 79 Sandia(4/89)g Sandia/UNSW/ENTECH  Notable exceptions 12(Cells)  InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs (2- 41.3W 2.5 1.008(ap) 343NREL(3/10) Spire, bi-facial terminal) epigrowth  GaInP/GaAs (2-terminal) 32.6W2.0e 0.010(da) U. Polytecnica 1026FhG- de Madrid ISE(9/08)  21.7_0.7 20.0( da) 11 UNSW laser  Si (large area) Sandia(9/90)g grooved a Effic.efficiency. b (da)designated illumination area; (ap)¼aperture area. c One sun corresponds to direct irradiance of 1000W/m2. d Not measured at an external laboratory. e Measured under a low aerosol optical depth spectrum similar to ASTM G-173-03 direct. f Measured under old ASTM E891-87 reference spectrum. g Recalibrated from original measurement.

Concentrator cellular and module outcomes (Table 2) are now referenced against the direct regular spectrum tabulated in ASTM G173-03 (except wherein otherwise mentioned). Three new results are mentioned. The first is an increase within the efficiency to 29.1% at 117 suns for a GaAs cellular fabricated and measured by using FhG-ISE underneath the new reference spectrum, paralleling the brand new 1- solar end result stated. The second new result is a tremendous exception. An performance of forty 1.3% below 343 suns awareness is said for a exceptionally big 1 cm2 triple-junction mobile fabricated by Spire Semiconductor [8] and measured by means of NREL. This result is simplest barely lower than the 41.6% outright concentrator mobile record. The thrilling function is that the cellular became fabricated via a brand new technique for a tool of this degree of performance. The pinnacle two cells (InGaP and GaAs) were grown epitaxial on one side of a GaAs wafer. The wafer had been flipped with the 0.33 cell, a 0.95 eV band gap InGaAs mobile, previously grown epitaxial on the other side [8]. Finally, a small (0.01 cm2)

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 890

GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cell fabricated by using the Universitat Politecnica de Madrid [9] and measured via FhG-ISE has proven excellent performance at high daylight awareness degrees with 32.6% efficiency verified from 500–one thousand suns awareness (0.Five–1 kW/m2 irradiance). This eclipses numerous preceding results for double junction gadgets.

IV. CONCLUSION Comparing the exceptionally summarized consequences above with the measurement uncertainty we finish that at the beginning of the 21st century, current sun radiation models and measurements are rather similar, with absolute measurement uncertainties. Many models are to be had for estimating direct beam with small mistakes. The venture for solar radiation misprints and models in the twenty first century is to reduce the uncertainty in measured facts, as well as develop more strong fashions (i.e., fewer input parameters and smaller residuals, underneath a wider variety of conditions). The immediately remedy in the area of measurements is to apply appropriate distinctive corrections to measured information, the usage of features advanced from the individual response curves of instruments. The lengthy-term choice is for more accurate instrumentation with higher geometrical and temperature response. In any case, fashions developed or tested on the premise of present measured facts are restricted, at fine, to the measurement uncertainties quoted above.

References: [1] William Shockley and Hans J. Queis "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of pn Junction Solar Cells" American Institute of Physics, Volume 32, Number 3 March 2, 1961. [2]Y. He, H.-Y. Chen, J. Hou, Y. Li," High-efficiency inverted polymer solar cells with solution-processed metal oxides" Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 95 (2011) 2511–2515. [3]Owen D. Miller, Eli Yablonovitch, and Sarah R. Kurtz, "Strong Internal and External Luminescence as Solar Cells Approach the Shockley–Queisser Limit" IEEE journal of photovoltaics, vol. 2, NO. 3, July 2012 [4] Eli Yablonovitch And George D. Cody, "Intensity Enhancement in Textured Optical Sheets for Solar Cells", IEEE Transactions On Electron Devices, VoL. ED-29, NO. 2, February 1982 [5] Tom tiedje, eli yablonovitch, george d. cody, and bonnie g. brooks "Limiting Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cells", IEEE transactions on electron devices, Vol. Ed-31, No. 5 , May 1984 [6] Myers DR, "Solar Radiation Modeling and Measurements for Renewable Energy Applications: Data and Model Quality". March 2003, NREL/CP-560-33620. [7] Green MA, Emery K, Hishikawa Y, Warta W., "Solar cell efficiency tables (version 36)". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2010; 18: 144–150 [8] Eli Yablonovitch,, "Statistical ray optics", Optical Society of America Vol. 72, No. 7/July 1982/J. Opt. Soc. Am. [9] Owen D. Miller, Eli Yablonovitch, and Sarah R. Kurtz et al. "Strong Internal And External Luminescence As Solar Cells Approach The Shockley–Queisser Limit" IEEE Journal Of Photovoltaics, Vol. 2, No. 3, July 2012 [10] Thorsten Trupke, Jianhua Zhao, Aihua Wang, Richard Corkish, and Martin A. Green "Very efficient light emission from bulk crystalline silicon"; Applied Physics Letters, Volume 82, Number 18, 5 May 2003.

JETIR1809269 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 891