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IRAN: RELIGION, POLITICS and SOCIETY IRAN Religion, Politics and Society

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IRAN: RELIGION, POLITICS and SOCIETY IRAN Religion, Politics and Society IRAN: RELIGION, POLITICS AND SOCIETY IRAN Religion, Politics and Society Collected Essays Nikki R. Keddie Professor ofHistory, University of California, Los Angeles FRANKCASS First published J980 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and in the United States ofA merica by FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 Copyright © 1980 Nikki Keddie British library Cataloguing in Publication Data Keddie, Nikki Ragozin Iran. I. Iran - Social conditions I. Title 309.1'55 HN670.2.A8 ISBN 0-714&-315~ 7 (Case) ISBN 0-7146-4031-X (Paper) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying, recording, or otherwise. without the prior permission o] Frank Cass and Company Limited. Typeset by Computacomp (UK) Ltd, Fort William, Scotland A Claude Cahen et Maxime Rodinson Les Grands Maitres Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction Section I Religion and Politics 1 Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism 13 2 The Origins of the Religious-Radical Alliance in Iran 53 3 Popular Participation in the Persian Revolution of 1905-1911 66 4 Religion and Society in Iran 80 Section II Socio-Economic Change 5 The Economic History of Iran 1800-1 914 and its Political Impact 119 6 Iran I797-1 941 137 7 Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Villages: Before and After Land Reform 158 Bibliography to Chapter 7 203 8 Oil, Economic Policy and Social Change in Iran 207 Bibliography of author's works 240 Acknowledgments Chapter 1 originally appeared in Comparative Studies in Society and History, IV, 3, April 1962. Chapter 2 appeared in Past and Present, 34, July 1966. Chapter 5 appeared in Iranian Studies, V, 1972. Chapter 6 is reprinted from C. A. O. Van Nieuwenhuijze, ed., Commoners, Climbers and Notables, Leiden, Brill, 1977. Chapter 7 first appeared in R. Antoun and I. Harik, eds., Rural Politics and Social Change in the Middle East, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1972. Thanks to the above for permission to republish. Parts of Chapter 8 have previously appeared in 'The Midas Touch: Black Gold, Economics and Politics in Iran Today', Iranian Studies, X, 4, Autumn 1977, and ~Oi1, Economic Policy and Social Conflict in Iran', Race and Class, XXI, Summer 1979. Chapters 3 and 4 have not been previously published. Diacriticals have been omitted in this book. ix Introduction In the years between the publication of the first of the enclosed articles on Iran, 1962, and the most recent, published now for the first time, scholarly and public interest in Iran has increased enormously. Whereas two decades ago one dreaded being asked by an outsider what country one specialized in, knowing that either'Iran' or 'Persia' could lead to an embarrassed dead silence, based on ignorance, now such dread has an opposite cause - one is sure of being deluged with a spate of questions about Iran's future. The future-minded may find sustenance in the essays within, but they were not written with predictive aims. Rather, the major underlying themes ofthese articles - the intertwining of religion and politics in modern Iran; the impact of economically powerful Western nations on Iranian society; the patterns of internal social and economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the causes and conditions of revolutionary change in Iran; and the political and religious ideologies of modern Iran - are all themes that arose from an analytic approach to history. Ifthese themes, as discussed in individual articles, can help explain some of the apparently startling events of 1978-1979, it is not due to any peculiar past predictive capacity, but rather to a serious effort to understand what forces have been important in Iranian society, even when this importance has not been externally obvious, and not to pay too much attention to the daily or surface events that make up the stuff of much writing about Iran. In the articles on religion and politics there is a continuum, beginning with 'Religion and Irreligion', through 'The Origins of the Religious-Radical Alliance in Iran', and 'The Roots of the 2 IRAN: REliGION, POLITICS AND SOCIETY Ulama's Power in Modern Iran' (reprinted in N. Keddie, ed, Scholars, Saints and Sufis, but not here), all of which combine considerable primary with secondary reading to come up with new analyses. CReligious-Radical alliance' almost immediately entered the common scholarly parlance.) These three articles also go together in that they give a brief coverage of the relations of the ulama (religious leaders) to politics from 1500 to I 911 (and even briefly to the present), and also raise the question of some men who presented themselves in religious garb, either figuratively or literally, while in fact holding radical, atheist, or heretical (Azali Babi) views. Regarding the Babis, discussed in 'Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism,' I have been misunderstood by some who note the space devoted to them and the mention of the Babi background of some late nineteenth and early twentieth century revolutionaries and conclude that I think they were of great importance in leading the constitutional revolution. I never thought so, and the names given in 'Religion and Irreligion' almost exhaust the Babis important in the revolutionary or pre­ revolutionary movement; clearly the vast majority of leaders in the revolution were not Babis. The interest of the Babis in the revolution comes not only from their not having been analyzed in this context, but also from comparative history - this is one of several cases in world history where a messianic 'extremist' religious heresy moves, in part, into more secular radicalism and/ or reformism, which suggests ties between messianism and worldly progressivism. 'Religion and Society in Iran' gives a long-term historical survey of the relations among religion, society, and politics from ancient times until now, and discusses more recent developments than do the earlier articles. The articles on religion and politics, which make up the first group in this collection are based on a varying combination of primary and secondary sources, with the primary being emphasized in both Persian and Western languages. Some of the articles in this section, and certain more monographic ones not reprinted here, were originally written when I planned to write a history of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, but the sheer ever-growing mass of relevant material on the subject that a conscientious historian would be obliged to read before INTRODUCTION 3 producing a solid work, and the need to reconstruct from numerous and often contradictory sources a coherent narrative of what was occurring in many cities, discouraged me from regarding this as a feasible task for completion in a limited time period. The project on the revolution, however, did result in three books: Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-1892 (London, Frank Cass, 1966); An Islamic Response to Imperialism; Political and Religious Writings ofSayyid Jamal ad­ Din 'al-Afghani' (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1968); and Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'Al-Afghani:' A Political Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1972). None of the articles incorporated in the Afghani biography is included in the two volumes of my articles now published, but an article about him that makes new points is included in the other volume, The Middle East and Beyond, as Afghani's life and influence extended far beyond Iran. As time went on I wrote less intellectual, religio-political, and political history and more social and economic history, as represented in the second section of this volume. This was not an entirely new interest, as my unpublished dissertation was on social history, and an early short monograph, Historical Obstacles to Agrarian Change in Iran (Claremont, Calif., 1960) was socio­ economic. This work is not included herein, as those of its points that remain valid are incorporated into chapter 7 - ~ Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism in Iranian Villages: Before and After Land Reform' - which also supersedes in part my article on land reform in the Journal ofContemporary History, III, 3, 1968. In the field of socio-economic history, research herein is mainly on the twentieth century, based largely on Western-language reports and studies and on reports by and conversations with Iranian experts. Research has concentrated especially in two areas: the agrarian one represented by ~ Stratification, Social Control, and Capitalism ...' and the nature of socio-economic change in Iran since 1960, represented in those articles within that cover that period. While in Iran in 1973-1974, after doing a general study of the economy, I launched a specific study of handicrafts and carpets as socio-economic phenomena, and some of this work is reflected in my most recent articles. The articles in the socio-economic section that cover long periods of time, beginning in 1797 or 1800, cannot reflectdetailed 4 IRAN: RELIGION, POLITICS AND SOCIETY research about that entire period, and are rather concerned to put forth general interpretations that will help make sense of the vagaries of modern Iranian history. Such articles are by their nature unusually subject to correction as researchers dig up more primary material and come forth with new interpretations. Nonetheless, it should be clear that history, like other disciplines, progresses not primarily by digging up masses of raw material, but more through putting forth hypotheses based on such material, which can serve as benchmarks for new research. The field of Iranian studies, including Iranian history, has expanded greatly in the past two decades. Compared to historians of Western countries, trained historians of Iran are still relatively few, but they are far more numerous than they were two decades ago.
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