The Balzan Prizewinners' Research Projects: an Overview 2014

International Balzan Foundation

The International Balzan Foundation ...... Pag. 7

The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview 2014

Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee Salvatore Veca ...... » 11

Editor’s Note ...... » 13

Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts James Ackerman ...... » 17 Bronislaw Baczko ...... » 20 Manfred Brauneck ...... » 24 Peter Robert Lamont Brown ...... » 30 Maurizio Calvesi ...... » 36 Manuel Castells ...... » 40 Terence Cave ...... » 43 Ronald Dworkin ...... » 50 Ludwig Finscher ...... » 55 Marc Fumaroli...... » 58 Carlo Ginzburg ...... » 62 Anthony Grafton ...... » 65 Peter Hall...... » 69

3 Rosalyn Higgins ...... Pag. 72 Eric Hobsbawm ...... » 76 Nikki Keddie ...... » 81 Lothar Ledderose ...... » 85 Serge Moscovici ...... » 89 Thomas Nagel ...... » 94 Colin Renfrew ...... » 100 Paolo Rossi Monti ...... » 105 Dominique Schnapper ...... » 112 Quentin Skinner ...... » 116 Reinhard Strohm ...... » 120 André Vauchez ...... » 125 Michel Zink ...... » 127

Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine Alain Aspect ...... » 133 David Baulcombe ...... » 135 Bruce Beutler (with Jules Hoffmann)...... » 137 Wallace Broecker ...... » 140 Jean-Pierre Changeux ...... » 144 Pascale Cossart ...... » 147 Paolo de Bernardis (with Andrew Lange) ...... » 148 Pierre Deligne ...... » 157 Ian Frazer ...... » 164 Walter Gehring ...... » 168 Reinhard Genzel ...... » 171 Peter and Rosemary Grant ...... » 175 Michael Grätzel ...... » 179 Russell Hemley (with Ho-Kwang Mao) ...... » 183 Jules Hoffmann (with Bruce Beutler) ...... » 137 Sumio Iijima ...... » 191 Kurt Lambeck ...... » 193

4 Russell Scott Lande ...... Pag. 197 Andrew Lange (with Paolo de Bernardis)...... » 148 Xavier Le Pichon ...... » 200 Wen-Hsiung Li ...... » 203 Claude Lorius ...... » 207 Ho-Kwang Mao (with Russell Hemley) ...... » 183 Michael Marmot ...... » 214 Elliot Meyerowitz (with Christopher Somerville)...... » 218 Brenda Milner ...... » 222 Jacob Palis ...... » 226 Joseph Ivor Silk ...... » 231 Christopher Somerville (with Elliot Meyerowitz)...... » 218 Shinya Yamanaka ...... » 238

Index Institutions ...... » 245 People ...... » 255

Organization of the International Balzan Foundation The Balzan Foundation “Prize” Board ...... » 269 General Prize Committee ...... » 269 The Balzan Foundation “Fund” Board ...... » 270

Balzan Prizes (1961-2013) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts; Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine ...... » 273 Peace, Humanity and Fraternity among Peoples ...... » 279

5 The International Balzan Foundation

The International Balzan Foundation was established in Lugano in 1956 thanks to the generosity of Lina Balzan. She decided to dedicate the estate left by her father, to benefit society and thus to honour his memory.

Eugenio Francesco Balzan was born in Badia Polesine, near Rovigo (Northern Italy), on 20 April 1874 into a family of landed gentry. He spent almost his entire working life at Milan’s leading daily newspaper, Corriere della Sera. After joining the paper in 1897, he quickly worked his way up from editorial assistant to news editor and special correspondent1. In 1903 editor Luigi Albertini appointed him managing director of the paper’s publishing house; he then became a partner and shareholder in the company. He was not only a resourceful manager but also a leading personality in Milanese society. In 1933 he left Italy due to opposition from certain quarters hostile to an independent Corriere, moving to Switzerland, where he lived in Zurich and Lugano. He engaged in charitable activities supporting many worthy causes. He officially returned to Italy in 1950. Eugenio Balzan died in Lugano, Switzerland, on 15 July 19532.

The International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Prize” aims to promote, throughout the world, culture, science, and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples, regardless of nationality, race or creed. This aim is attained through the annual award of prizes in two general fields: literature, the moral sciences and the arts; medicine and the physical, mathematical and natural sciences.

Nominations for the prizes in the scientific and humanistic fields are received at the Foundation’s request from the world’s leading academic institutions. Candidates are selected by the General Prize Committee, composed of eminent European scholars

1 Renata Broggini (ed.) Eugenio Balzan. L’emigrazione in Canada nell’inchiesta del “Corriere”, Fonda- zione Milan: Corriere della Sera, 2009. 2 Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. Una vita per il “Corriere”, un progetto per l’umanità, Mi- lan: RCS Libri, 2001. Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. A Biography, Milan: Hoepli, 2007.

7 and scientists. Prizewinners must allocate half of the Prize to research work, prefer- ably involving young researchers.

At intervals of not less than three years, the Balzan Foundation also awards a prize of varying amounts for humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples.

The International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Prize” attains its financial means from the International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Fund”, which administers Eu- genio Balzan’s estate.

8 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee

Salvatore Veca

The Balzan Research Projects are an integral part of the Balzan Prize and are the one element that marks the Balzan Prize out from other international awards. The projects go a long way in fulfilling the central aims of the Balzan Foundation as elaborated by Lina Balzan: to promote culture, the sciences and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity and peace among peoples throughout the world. Since 2001, half of each annual Balzan Prize has been set aside to support a research project developed by the Prizewinner and approved by the Balzan General Prize Committee. The structure of each research project is determined by the prizewinner, and its management is the responsibility of an academic institution proposed by the Prizewinner. The Balzan General Prize Committee delegates one or more of its members to advise and assist Prizewinners in the definition and implementation of their projects. The projects are intended to give an opportunity to young researchers to make an impact at the beginning of their careers.

The sheer variety of projects undertaken to date is notable, ranging across all academic disciplines. Significant cutting edge research has emanated from these endeavours, with Balzan Prizes supporting the purchase of laboratory equipment and financing expeditions and the publication of major academic works. The variety and quality of this output one can readily observe in the lengthy bibliographies attached to the individual projects presented here. This output has also resulted in the establishment of a unique library at the headquarters of the Balzan Prize Foundation in Milan, which can be accessed by interested academics and researchers.

The total amount to date allocated to over fifty Balzan Research Projects is 26 million Swiss francs. A significant number of academic institutions and individual researchers worldwide have been involved in these research projects. This includes institutions from countries including Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA. Over five hundred researchers and administrators have been involved, representing

11 an input from many other countries including China, Finland, India, Iran, Romania, Ukraine, Ireland and Poland.

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to all the staff at the Balzan Foundation “Prize” including Seamus Taggart and Clarice Zdanski for their efforts in editing this new edition.

July 2014

12 Editor’s Note

The overview is divided into two sections, following the essential division between the sciences and humanities that delineates the actual subjects of the Balzan Priz- es. The entries for each Prizewinner are organized as follows: name, position; year, subject and citation; institution administering funds; adviser from the Balzan Gen- eral Prize Committee; project description; names of researchers; publications; links (where relevant).

13 Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts James Ackerman

Professor Emeritus, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

2001 Balzan Prize for the History of Architecture (including town planning and landscape design) For his outstanding work on the history of Renaissance architecture which contributed to the modern approach to architectural history based on a systematic critical examination of written and visual sources.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura “Andrea Palladio” (CISA) American Academy in Rome

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky

1. James Ackerman Award – Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura “Andrea Palladio” Part of the second half of the Balzan Prize received by James Sloss Ackerman in 2001 went to the creation of the James Ackerman Award in the History of Architec- ture, made possible by Ackerman’s donation to the Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura “Andrea Palladio”. The James Ackerman Award was first conferred in 2005 for the publication of an important, original work in any period in the history of architecture by one or two scholars of any nationality who had not yet published any books. The texts selected by the Jury presided over by Ackerman himself were published in a series created for this purpose. The first James Ackerman Award was awarded to Leo Schubert for his book La villa Jeanneret-Perret di Le Corbusier, 1912. La prima opera autonoma, which was published in May 2006. The 2006 award went to Valeria Cafà for her book Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne di Baldas- sarre Peruzzi, which was published in May 2007. The winner of the 2007 award was Angela Dressen and her book, Pavimenti decorati del Quattrocento in Italia, was published in May 2008. In 2008, the Prize was awarded to Federica Rossi for her book Palladio in Russia: Nikolaj L’vov, architetto e intellettuale russo al tramonto dei Lumi, published in 2010. The 2010 prize was won by Daniel McReynolds for his book Palladio’s Legacy. Architectural Polemics in Eighteenth-Century Venice, published in May 2011. In 2011 the Prize was awarded to David Rifkind for his

17 book The Battle for Modernism: Quadrante and the Politicization of Architectural Discourse in Fascist Italy, which was published in May 2012. The final prize, which was awarded in 2012, went to Matthew A. Cohen, whose volume Beyond Beauty. Reexamining Architectural Proportion through the Basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito in Florence was published in 2013.

Members of the selection board included James S. Ackerman (President); Arnaldo Bruschi (1928-2009), past President of the CISA Scientific Council; Howard Burns, President of the CISA Scientific Council; Guido Beltramini, Director, CISA; Fer- nando Marías, Director of Annali di architettura, the CISA journal and two members of the CISA Scientific Council.

2. Summer School in Applied Palaeography - American Academy in Rome The remainder of the second half of the Balzan Prize awarded to James Ackerman was destined to the creation of a Summer School in Applied Palaeography at the American Academy in Rome. The program focused on the analysis of texts from Ro- man antiquity to the Renaissance in Europe, and was consistent with Ackerman’s way of studying Renaissance architecture “based on a systematic critical examination of written and visual sources”, as the motivation for the Balzan Prize reads. The courses were offered free of charge to graduates and scholars; they did not necessarily have to be Americans, but were chosen according to their curricula. For six weeks they were the guests of the American Academy in Rome, one of the oldest American institutions abroad. Directed by Christopher S. Celenza, Professor of European history at the University of Michigan, the summer courses in Applied Palaeography took place in 2002, 2003 and 2005. Among the participants of the 2002 Summer School: Sandra Chang, Walter Cupperi (today at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa), Federica Ciccolella, Frederick Lauritzen and Dana Munteanu. Other organizers and participants were (in 2003) Karl Appuhn, Antonio Ciaralli, Christine Huemer, Melissa Bullard, Armando Petrucci, John Petruccione, Charles M. Radding, Ingrid Rowland and Fabio Troncarelli; (in 2005) Lorenzo Calvelli, Eileen Jaxcsens, Jennifer Knust, Christine Kralik, Manu Radhakrishnan and Sonia Sabnis. Maria Pia Blasi (Biblioteca Nazio nale di Roma) and Don Faustino Avagliano (Abbazia di Montecassino) facilitated the scholars’ work on the ancient manuscripts.

18 Ackerman Prizewinners: Valeria Cafà Matthew A. Cohen Angela Dressen Daniel McReynolds David Rifkind Federica Rossi Leo Schubert

Publications: Cafà, Valeria. Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne di Baldahssare Peruzzi: storia di una famiglia romana e del suo palazzo in rione Parione. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2007. Cohen, Matthew. Beyond Beauty. Reexamining Architectural Proportion through the Basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito in Florence. Vicenza-Venezia: Mar- silio, 2013. Dressen, Angela. Pavimenti decorati del Quattrocento in Italia. Marsilio. Vicenza- Venezia: Marsilio, 2008. McReynolds, Daniel. Palladio’s Legacy. Architectural Polemics in Eighteenth-Centu- ry Venice. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2011. Rifkind, David. Battle for Modernism: Quadrante and the Politicization of Architec- tural Discourse in Fascist Italy. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2012. Rossi, Federica. Palladio in Russia. Nikolaj L’vov architetto e intellettuale russo al tramonto dei Lumi. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2009. Schubert, Leo. La villa Jeanneret-Perret di Le Corbusier, 1912. La prima opera autonoma. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2006.

Link: www.premioackerman.it

19 Bronislaw Baczko

Honorary Professor at the Université de Genève

2011 Balzan Prize for Enlightenment Studies For his contribution to philosophical reflection dedicated to Rousseau’s thought and to the study of the political and social consequences of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Université de Genève

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Dominique Schnapper

A Critical Dictionary of Utopia in the Century of the Enlightenment

There are a number of dictionaries devoted to the main utopian works and their authors, including meanings and literary topoi, in different eras. Specifically, there exist many works that identify, describe and analyze the corpus of works which constitute the European tradition of utopia. Texts, authors, patterns, themes and concepts have been presented in research of varying scope and focus. There will be no repetition of work already carried out, and no attempt to compete with relatively recent works, such as the Encyclopedia of Utopia and Science Fiction by Pierre Versins, The Dic- tionary of Literary Utopias, edited by Vita Fortunati and Raymond Trousson, or The Dictionary of Imaginary Places by Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi.

What researchers and teachers lack, however, is a tool that will critically evaluate the main concepts connected to the idea of utopia and the whole literary production it has engendered, something that offers accurate definitions and detailed analyses. The purpose of Bronislaw Baczko’s research project is to fill this gap with the publication of a collective reference work containing contributions from the most respected international scholars in the field. In carrying out this project, Bronislaw Baczko will work in tandem with his close associates Michel Porret, Professor of Modern History at the Université de Genève, and François Rosset, Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the Université de Lausanne.

20 Several features fundamentally distinguish this endeavour. First, the tradition of utopia is not treated in its full temporal and historical scope. Research is firmly concentrated on the Enlightenment (taking a broad interpretation of its timeline – from the second half of the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century). This Dictionnaire critique is based on a particular approach to utopia, regarded as a model of thought and speech which underlay the profoundly reformist tendencies of the eighteenth century. From this perspective, utopia functions as both a symbol and base underpinning that immense and complex movement that has been termed the Enlightenment. It offers images, motifs, narrative sequences, a rich array of common spaces which could give a recognizable and transferable consistency to products of the imagination in all areas that have exercised the spirit of reform. In regard to this mode of forward and visionary thinking, the concept of utopia has served as an inspiration and provided its own form of language, that is to say, providing a vocabulary, grammar, rhetoric and poetics.

From this perspective, the articles in the Dictionnaire critique do not deal with works or authors singularly. Rather, separate entries deal with the abstract concepts that define the horizon of utopia: happiness, freedom, equality, etc. Entries selected for this dictionary can be defined as follows: they concern objects that exerted significant influence on the reformist thinking of the Enlightenment, building on the literary tradition, philosophical and political aspects of utopia. Approximately fifty entries have been put together, which should permit the fullest possible expression of this milieu.

The directors of the project do not intend to give a fixed definition of utopia which might serve as a common matrix for the articles. Rather than a model or a determined object, the concept of utopia around which the authors are invited to think can be regarded as a set of discursive and narrative embodiments that provide a multifaceted body to this prospective and reformist thought process. Thus, the authors are free to define the approach they deem most appropriate.

The ambition is to publish a work edited with utmost care, enriched with an important iconography. The dictionary will consist of approximately sixty entries, written by forty-five different academics, and including the following: Amérique; Amour; Anciens et modernes; Anti-utopie; Architecture; Arts; Bible; Corps humain; Crime, Justice, Droit de punir; Droits de l’homme; Economie; Education; Esclavage; État; Famille – Enfant; Femme; Fêtes; Formes littéraires de l’utopie; Géographie; Guerre et Paix; Historiographie de l’utopie des Lumières; Illustration; Jardins; Langue;

21 Livres et bibliothèques; Loi; Lumières; Luxe; Machines de communication; Mal; Mathématiques et géométrie; Missions; Moeurs; Mort; Nature; Origines; Paradis; Pauvreté; Paysage; Perfectibilité; Philosophe – Homme de lettres; Pirates, Piraterie; Polices – Ordre public; Origines; Population – Démographie; Propriété; Régime politique – Institutions; Religion; Révolution (av. 1789); Révolution Française; Santé; Sauvage; Savant; Sciences et Techniques; Sexualité; Sujet – Citoyen; Temps; Utopie; Ville; Voyage.

The development of the project will involve graduate students from the École doctorale interdisciplinaire dix-huitiémiste of the Université de Genève, Université de Lausanne, Université de Neuchâtel, Université de Fribourg, Universität Bern. Workshops will be organized with the authors of the relevant articles and an international symposium on the subject of utopia, in collaboration with the Université de Genève and the Université de Lausanne, will be held to accompany publication at the end of the project.

The work of managing the project, drafting the articles, the overall elaboration of the index and bibliography, as well as the illustrations, will be entrusted to a coordinator appointed for a period of two years. Thus far, thirty-eight articles out of the fifty-nine in the editorial plan have been received, and publication of the work by Les éditions Georg of Geneva is planned for 2015.

Researchers: Bronislaw Baczko, Michel Porret, François Rosset – Directors of the project Mirjana Farkas – Coordinator

Academics engaged in the project : Jean-Christophe Abramovici (Université de Paris IV); Bronislaw Baczko (Université de Genève); Vincent Barras (Université de Lausanne); Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire (Université de Nice); Ugo Bellagamba (Université de Nice); Marc-André Bernier (Université du Québec); Marie-Françoise Bosquet (Université de La Réunion); Fabrice Brandli (Université de Genève); Joël Castonguay-Bélanger (University of British Columbia); Marco Cicchini (Université de Genève); Yves Citton (Université de Grenoble III); Deborah Cohen (Université d’Aix-Marseille); Julie Doyon (Université de Paris XIII); Jean Ehrard (Université de Clermont-Ferrand); Jérôme Ferrand (Université de Grenoble III); Vincenzo Ferrone (Università di Torino); Laurence Fontaine (CNRS); Vita Fortunati (Università di Bologna); Jean-Marie

22 Goulemot (Université de Tours); Antoine Hatzenberger (CNRS, Institut français d’Egypte); Audrey Higelin-Fusté (Université de Grenoble III); Girolamo Imbruglia (Università degli Studi di Napoli «l’Orientale»); Claire Jaquier (Université de Neuchâtel); Catherine Larrère (Université de Paris I); John Christian Laursen (University of Riverside); Antoine Lilti (ENS, Paris); Stéphane Lojkine (Université d’Aix-Marseille); Marco Marcacci (independant researcher, Bellinzona); Jean- Clément Martin (Université de Paris I); Didier Masseau (Université de Tours); Helder Mendes Baiao (Université de Lausanne); Anne-Marie Mercier-Faivre (Université de Lyon I); Christian Michel (Université de Lausanne); Vincent Milliot (Université de Caen); Adrien Paschoud (Université de Lausanne); Giovanni Paoletti (Università di Pisa); Thierry Paquot (Université de Paris XII); Paul Pelckmans (Universiteit Antwerpen); Krzysztof Pomian (CNRS, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Poland); Michel Porret (Université de Genève); Jean-Michel Racault (Université de la Réunion); Claude Reichler (Université de Lausanne); Jean-Marc Rohrbasser (INED, Institut National d’Etudes démographiques); François Rosset (Université de Lausanne); Stéphanie Roza (Université de Paris I); Martin Rueff (Université de Genève); Pierre Serna (Université de Paris I); Gabriella Silvestrini (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale «Amedeo Avogadro»); Stéphane Van Damme (Institut Universitaire Européen, Florence); Nathalie Vuillemin (Université de Neuchâtel); Ghislain Waterlot (Université de Genève); Przemyslaw Witkowski (Université de Montpellier III).

23 Manfred Brauneck

Former Professor of Theatre Studies at the Universität Hamburg and Director of the Zentrum für Theaterforschung

2010 Balzan Prize for the History of Theatre in All Its Aspects For his wide-ranging account of two and a half millennia in the History of European theatre, as well as his research on currents and events of an international nature in the world of theatre.

Institute Administering Research Funds: German Centre of the International Theatre Institute (ITI), Berlin

Adviser for the General Balzan Committee: Gottfried Scholz

The Role of the Independent Theatre in Contemporary European Theatre: Structural and Aesthetic Changes

Manfred Brauneck has designated half of his Balzan Prize to a research project which investigates the interaction between changes within social and legal conditions for performing artists, changing methods of production and distribution of theatre art and the shifting dialectics of content versus form in European contemporary theatre. The role of independent theatres in the holistic systems of theatre culture will be the centre of focus.

The different theatre systems in Europe are going through fundamental changes. Shift- ing prerequisites, new production methods and structures of organization have changed the content of the theatre as well as its reception. Studying this context will be an important aspect of the project. One of the most important factors driving these changes is the breakdown of the political systems in Eastern Europe after 1990, with emerging new paradigms in social and cultural life followed by the increasing pace of globalization, which has been changing the shape of Europe fundamentally since the 1990s.

These vectors have created more flexible and decentralized production structures, new cooperative relationships and brought new technologies to the planning and the

24 direct creation of theatrical forms of expression as well as changes in the distribution processes (e.g., increased orientation towards target audiences, PR/marketing, inter- nationalization, event orientation, etc.). All of these elements change the nature of the work and the living conditions of theatre artists in a lasting way. Existing studies deal with the respective local/national contexts or are focused on single aspects (e.g., mobility or social status).

A concept was developed for the proposed research in close cooperation with Prof. Dr. Manfred Brauneck. It entailed producing five thematic studies as well as a series of overviews of the situation for the independent scene in different European countries as well as an empirical investigation of the socio-economic position of independent performing artists. Subsequently, it was agreed to do without the reports on individual countries and the empirical investigations because the value of the data expected from the countries in question was limited and at risk of rapidly becoming out of date. This was on account of the wide fluctuations within many of the groups and also because, from country to country, the levels of outside support differed widely. This will not, however, affect the project’s wished-for representativeness nor its inclusion of the European context. Instead, the overall discourse that was initially sought will be included within the thematic studies. The entire research project has – in line with the Balzan Foundation’s principles – been consistently oriented towards fostering a new generation of researchers.

With regard to the project up to this point, one thing can be stressed: the regular col- loquiums and authors’ meetings have become an important platform for continuing exchange within the research group and have furthered comprehensive analysis of this extraordinarily varied field of study.

The first colloquium took place on 20 October 2011 in the ITI offices in Berlin’s Kunstquartier Bethanien. Those present were: Prof. Dr. Manfred Brauneck (General and Academic Coordinator), Dr. Thomas Engel (Director, ITI Germany), Friederike Felbeck (author), Prof. Günther Heeg (mentor, Universität Leipzig), Andrea Hensel (author), Christine Koch (author), Dr. Barbara Müller-Wesemann (mentor, Hamburg), Dr. Petra Sabisch (author), Prof. Wolfgang Schneider (mentor, Stiftung Universität Hildesheim), Dr. Azadeh Sharifi (author), Prof. Gottfried Scholz (Balzan Foundation) and Andrea Zagorski (Project Leader, ITI). The aims of that colloquium were: to reach a fundamental understanding of the project, to discuss the first steps to taking the work in, to work out how to approach the thematic studies. Prof. Dr. Manfred

25 Brauneck’s elucidation of the research proposal was very helpful in this regard. The focus on the developments of the last twenty years reveals a shift towards globalization, evident since the 1990s in the increasing interconnection, digitalization and concomitant economic pressure in most European countries. Just as important, however, are the complex social transitions in Eastern European countries that have led to a rearrangement of theatre there. Another of the study’s aims is to investigate the phenomenon of “independent theatre” within the European context – even though it is conceptualized very differently in different countries – and to examine social changes with regard to the effect they have had on independent theatre while also examining how this independent scene has reacted to those changes. The authors presented a first sketch of their research projects for group discussion.

- Friederike Felbeck: Intercultural Exchange in European Theatre. - Andrea Hensel: Independent Scene(s) as Core and Catalyst of New Structures in the Theatre. On the Relationship between Innovative Production Forms and Crea- tivity in Theatre Aesthetics. - Christine Koch: Children’s (and Youth) Theatre since 1990: Developments, Trends, Visions. A Comparative European Study. - Dr. Petra Sabisch: Artistic Working Practices and Criticism in Contemporary Dance and Performance Art at the Point of Intersection between Production and Aesthetics, 1990-2011. - Dr. Azadeh Sharifi: Post-Migrant Theatre.

The discussion of the individual topic areas was centered primarily on the significance of the independent scene within the theatre systems of various European countries.

The second colloquium took place in the Kulturfabrik Kampnagel in Hamburg on 27 and 28 January 2012. Those present were: Prof. Dr. Manfred Brauneck, Friederike Felbeck, Andrea Hensel, Christine Koch, Dr. Barbara Müller-Wesemann, Dr. Petra Sabisch, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider, Dr. Azadeh Sharifi and Andrea Zagorski. The host, Kulturfabrik director Amelie Deuflhard, provided an extensive report on her work in Kampnagel and as head of the production house Sophiensaele in Berlin. She focused particularly on structural changes and changes to modes of production in the independent scene, delineated financial and funding models, and described the professionalization of independent performing artists that has now been achieved. Equally useful in guiding the research was a discussion with the Viennese performance collective God’s Entertainment, who provided an insight into their working practices as an

26 independent artists’ collective within the Austrian cultural scene. The young researchers presented their work up to that point, and there was a discussion of the steps to be taken in the coming months. It was also decided to include the main aspects of the individual country reports within the framework of the thematic studies.

The third colloquium took place on the invitation of the Stiftung Universität Hildesheim from 11 to 13 May 2012 in Hildesheim. Those present were: Prof. Dr. Manfred Brauneck, Dr. Thomas Engel, Prof. Günther Heeg, Andrea Hensel, Christine Koch, Prof. Wolfgang Schneider, Dr. Azadeh Sharifi and Andrea Zagorski. The colloquium opened with a podium discussion of the role of independent theatre in Germany. Chaired by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider, the speakers were Prof. Dr. Jens Roselt (Stiftung Universität Hildesheim and Chairman of the Niedersachsen Theatre Committee), Prof. Dr. Annemarie Matzke (Stiftung Universität Hildesheim and performer in the group She She Pop) and Prof. Dr. Geesche Wartemann (Stiftung Universität Hildesheim). The main topic of discussion was how to place the independent scene’s developments, production forms and aesthetic concepts within the general context of the German theatre landscape. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider and the dramaturge Henning Fülle provided a complementary report on the position of independent theatre within the debate on cultural politics in Germany. Prof. Schneider gave an analysis of cultural politics in Germany with regard to the subsidised theatre system and the policy of supporting independent theatre. As part of the analysis, he outlined the criteria for this support, which he primarily saw as multidisciplinarity, interculturalism and internationalism. Henning Fülle reported from the studies forming his doctoral project at the Stiftung Universität Hildesheim; he concentrated on the emergence of independent theatre in Germany and its evolution since the 1960s. Fülle discussed the discourse of recognition of the independent scene in politics, the media and the theatre industry. For him, the essential factors in consolidating the independent theatre are professionalization, state support, which has now been established, and improvements to infrastructure, which have now been made.

A fourth colloquium with the title “Art and life. Transformations in (Eastern) Eu- rope’s Independent Theatre Scene” was held on 8 November 2012 at the University of Leipzig in the framework of the euro-scene festival in Leipzig. The discussions and panels primarily addressed the international perspective. This entailed considering the structures and working practices of free and independent theatre in other European countries. Invited speakers: Prof. Dr. Günther Heeg (University of Leipzig, Germany), Dr. Vitomira Lončar (Artistic Director, Mala Scena Zagreb, Croatia),

27 Stefan Schmidtke (Associate Artistic Director, Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus, Germa- ny), Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider (University of Hildesheim, Germany), Dr. Bettina Sluzalek (Dramaturge, Artistic director Radialsystem V, Berlin, Germany), Anja Suša (Director, Selector Bitef-Festival, Serbia, Germany), Attila Szabó (International De- partment, Hungarian Theatremuseum and -institute, Hungary), Rok Vevar (Director, Publicist, Critic, Slovenia).

A conference, Postmigrant Perspectives on European Theatre, was held 20-22 March 2013 at the Goethe Institute in London. Migration is one of the most influential contemporary phenomena. The social as well as the political consequences it causes are likewise recognized within the European theatre landscape. During the past number of years, postmigrant artists, theatre ensembles and institutions have gradually stepped into the limelight of the particular national theatre scenes. The conference Postmi- grant Perspectives on European Theatre analyzed these developments together with representatives from the arts, academia and cultural policy. Based on the regional theatre scenes in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, the conference mainly focused on questions of representation, networking and the institutionalization of post-migrant theatre in Europe. Invited speakers: Nasim Aghili (director, Stockholm), Tanika Gupta (author, London), Mehmet Ergen (Artistic Director, Arcola Theatre, London ), Rani Kasapi (Managing Director, Riksteatern, Stockholm), Lucien Kem- bel (Director, MC Theatre, Amsterdam), Chris Keulemans (Artistic Director, Tolhu- istuin, Amsterdam), Onur Suzan Nogreba Kömürcü (Goldsmiths College, University of London), Shermin Langhoff (designated Director, Maxim Gorki Theater, Berlin), Hassan Mahamadallie (Senior Strategy Manager, Arts Council England), Prof. Sarat Maharaj (Malmö Art Academy, Lund University), Saban Ol (Artistic Director, Rast Theater, Amsterdam), Prof. Dr Wolfgang Schneider (Institute for Cultral Policy, Uni- versity of Hildesheim) and Deniz Utlu (author, Berlin).

The conference was organized by PhD Azadeh Sharifi in cooperation with the Goethe Institute London as well as the German Centre of the International Theatre In- stitute (ITI), and was also supported by the ZEIT-Foundation Ebelin and Gerd Buce- rius (Hamburg). ITI Germany has placed information about the research project on its homepage, in its annual report and in the members’ magazine Impuls. It also regularly sends updates in its newsletter. Moreover, the ITI centres, co-operating organizations and the Goethe Institute are kept informed on the Balzan Project.

The final international symposium will be held in Hildesheim in October 2015, and

28 will work closely with the Institute for Media, Theatre and Popular Culture and the Institute for Cultural Policy at the University of Hildesheim. A multi-day international meeting which will deal decisively with the research methods and results from the Balzan project is planned. Scientists, artists and students will be invited to examine the artistic developments, changes in production conditions and the increasing inter- nationalization of independent theatres in various forums. The concept for this international symposium will be developed in collaboration with Professor Dr. Annemarie Matzke, Professor Dr. Geesche Wartemann and Professor Dr. Jens Roselt (all from the Institute for Media, Theatre and Popular Culture, University of Hildesheim) and Professor Dr. Wolfgang Schneider (Institute for Cultural Policy, University of Hildesheim).

Researchers: Friederike Felbeck Andrea Hensel Christine Koch Petra Sabisch Azadeh Sharifi

Publications: A publication with the five monographs by the researchers, a general overview, an introduction by Prof. Dr. Manfred Brauneck and articles by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider and Prof. Dr. Matthias Rebstock is planned for the spring of 2015. It will be published in German and English by transcript-Verlag.

Link: http://www.iti-germany.de/index.php?id=223&L=5 (ITI Balzan page)

29 Peter R. L. Brown

Philip and Beulah Rollins Professor of History at Princeton University

2011 Balzan Prize for Ancient History (The Graeco-Roman World) For his exceptional contributions to the historical interpretation of late antiquity through highly original studies of strong impact and extraordinary influence, with works on the cult of the saints, the body and sexuality, the emergence of Christianity, and poverty and power.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Princeton University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Paolo Matthiae

Figures in a Landscape: Topography and Hagiography in the World of Syriac Christianity

The International Balzan Prize Foundation Figures in a Landscape project is engaged in new research on texts written in Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic. Syriac was one of the predominant languages of early Christianity in the Middle East and Asia and flour- ished until the late Middle Ages. As many as 10,000 manuscripts and fragments in Syriac survive to the present. Moreover, new discoveries of Syriac texts continue to be made regularly, such as the new finds at Deir Al-Surian in Egypt or little known works brought to light through the fieldwork of the Hill Museum & Manuscript Li- brary. In the past two decades, scholarly interest in Syriac has increased dramatically as scholars have realized that these sources offer different perspectives from better known historical sources in Greek, Latin or Arabic. In spite of this high level of interest, scholarly use of Syriac texts has been limited due to the lack of appropriate tools, such as an index of notable persons or a reference work for the geography of the Near East in Late Antiquity. Figures in a Landscape has begun to address this problem by collecting and identifying the locations of Syriac monasteries and Syriac centers of culture alongside the names of the figures associated with these places. The aim is to establish the topography of the activities of holy men of the varied Syriac traditions, across an area which once extended from modern eastern Turkey, through Syria and northern Iraq to the borders of Iran. Figures in a Landscape will also bring this vivid

30 world to the attention of scholars and educated readers through a series of translations of these lives, texts in both Syriac and in Christian Arabic, which are awaiting discovery.

Research Team Research and data collection for Figures in a Landscape is being undertaken by scholars and graduate students affiliated with the The Syriac Reference Portal (www.syriaca. org). Professors David Michelson (Vanderbilt University) and Jeanne-Nicole Saint- Laurent (Marquette University) have successfully assembled an international team who have been meeting weekly over the internet to consult and evaluate research.

As of January 2014, active research staff in addition to Profs. Michelson and Saint- Laurent include: - 1 undergraduate research assistant (Adam Kane); - 5 graduate research assistants (Justin Arnwine, Anthony Davis, Daniel Greeson, Tucker Hannah and Erin Johnson); - 1 postdoctoral research assistant (Dr. Thomas Carlson); - 4 technical development staff (Dr. Thomas Elliott at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University; Winona Selesky, an independent XML and Web developer who has developed similar online applications for Princeton University and The University of Vermont; Dr. George Kiraz of Beth Mardutho, The Syriac Institute; and James Bennett, independent software programmer and linguist).

These researchers are assisted by an international editorial board of scholars.

Data Collection Since 2012, there has been collected, collated or revised information concerning: - Over 2400 places (including over 5000 variant toponyms in Syriac, Arabic and English); - Over 700 saints (including over 2000 variant names in Syriac, English and French); - Over 1800 Syriac texts containing lives of saints; - Over 100 Syriac manuscripts from the British Library.

Work on the project is occurring in five areas: Publication of Hagiographic Data, Publication of Geographic Data, Data Preservation, Technical Tools, and Publication of Editions and Translations.

31 Publication of Hagiographic Data Team Members: Dr. Jeanne-Nicole Saint-Laurent (lead), Adam Kane, David Michel- son, and advising from Dr. Daniel Schwartz (Texas A&M University) Progress: Prof. Saint-Laurent has created or revised several data sets: - Biblioteca Hagiographica Syriaca (a large unpublished bibliography on saints’ lives created by Ugo Zanetti and Claude Detienne) - J.M. Fiey, Saints syriaques (2004) - Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage (2011) Next steps: During the spring 2014 semester as visiting fellow at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, Prof. Saint-Laurent and her team planned to accomplish the following: finalize the XML data format for publishing the data; build the website and database that will make this data publically accessible; begin to build links between the hagiographic and geographic data.

Publication of Geographic Data Team Members: Thomas Carlson (lead), David Michelson, Winona Salesky, Thomas Elliott, Anthony Davis Progress: Dr. Carlson has collated and revised several geographic data sets: - Data from the Syriac, Arabic and English versions of Ignatius Aphram Barsoum, The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences (1943 & 2003) - David Wilmshurst, The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East 1318-1913 (2000) - Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage - Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity - Pleiades online gazetteer of the ancient world - Wikipedia (for reference and contemporary usage).

This part of the project has now been published as The Syriac Gazetteer (home page: http://syriaca.org/geo/). Next Steps: to begin building links between The Syriac Gazetteer and the Hagiogra- phy Database; to make public presentations of the research to encourage academic use of The Syriac Gazetteer.

Technical Development: Data Architecture and Preservation Team Members: David Michelson (lead), Thomas Elliott, Winona Salesky Progress: Prof. Michelson has directed the development of electronic tools for preserving and disseminating the data through the Syriac Reference Portal. This part of

32 the project experienced a temporary setback in August, when lead developer Hugh Cayless was hired away by Duke University as the senior programmer for the Duke Collaboratory for Classics Computing. Fortunately, it was possible to hire a new programmer, Winona Salesky, who has completed similar projects for Princeton Univer- sity and the University of Vermont. Salesky has built the eXist XML database for the The Syriac Gazetteer. This same database will be used to publish the Hagiography Database as well. Salesky has built the software with cross-compatibility in mind for that purpose. Progress: A complete working publication of a database and website for the The Syriac Gazetteer can be found at http://syriaca.org/geo. Prior to publication all data is being made publically available online at https://github.com/srophe/. A draft white paper with technical guidelines for the project can be consulted at https://docs.google. com/document/d/1MfCym6M4KWyhwyv-m-zpF8T3lGc6m9g7vlBomwt-a_Y, with an XML schemata for marking up the data at https://docs.google.com/document/ d/1_V_Ju1wuArSaKaR59bECTP-SKqA7Aw2dhvtHPLNfo8Y/edit?usp=sharing. Next Steps: finalize the XML data format for publishing hagiographic data; build the Hagiography website and database; begin to build links between the hagiographic and geographic data.

Technical Tools Team Members: George Kiraz (lead), James Bennett, David Michelson Progress: David Michelson is collaborating with the Beth Mardutho Research Library to develop two digital tools of immediate use to the Figures in a Landscape project. - New Syriac Unicode Encodings, Glyphs, and Fonts: There are several historical Syriac characters not currently represented in existing fonts or in the Syriac Uni- code range. Beth Mardutho has completed an initial draft of a new font based on the existing Serto Jerusalem font. - The SEDRA Parser for Text Analysis: The SEDRA parser is a text analysis tool that will be able to parse and translate any Syriac text displayed on a website or in an electronic document. The first draft of the parser is now functional and was demonstrated for a private group of scholars in November 2013 in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Next Steps: continue to collect glyphs for the Unicode revision; submit these glyphs to the Unicode consortium for revision; submit a revision of the Syriac language codes to the ISO governing body; continue work on the parser; collaborate with the http:// alpheios.net/ project to implement the Syriac parser through their web framework.

33 Publication of Editions and Translations Team Members: David Michelson (lead), Adam Becker (NYU), George Kiraz Progress: In July of 2013, Prof. Michelson met with Adam Becker in New York to discuss the future of this component of the project. Due to a variety of scheduling and logistical reasons, there was not as much progress as was hoped for. The project team is in the process of determining whether to shift the funding for this portion of the project into creating additional digital instead of printed publications. Next Steps: discuss the future of this part of the project with Peter Brown and the project team; revise budget and/or project timeline.

Further Funding Vanderbilt University has secured additional funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities (project title: “The Syriac Reference Portal: New Access to Sourc- es for the History of the Middle East”, undertaken from 5/16/12-5/16/14). This funding has allowed the hiring of additional research staff and software consultants.

Project Publicity Team members have made 17 public presentations about the Balzan Foundation’s Figures in a Landscape project. These presentations included demonstrations of the dataset and the solicitation of editorial comment from scholars in the field.

In addition to public presentations, Dr. Thomas Carlson’s geographic work led to a research prize, the Second Prize in the Global Digital Humanities Essay competition sponsored by the University of Lethbridge, Global Outlook::Digital Humanities, and the journal Digital Studies/Le champ numérique. The prize was awarded for Dr. Carlson’s research proposal “Digital Maps are still not territory: Challenges raised by Syriaca.org’s Middle Eastern places over two millenia”. For further information on the prize, see http://www.globaloutlookdh.org/global-outlookdigital-humanities- essay-prize-winners-announced/.

In addition to the presentations below, Drs. Michelson, Saint-Laurent and Schwartz have organized an entire conference panel on their work at the 2014 annual meeting of the North American Patristics Society in Chicago (http://patristics.org/annual-meeting/).

Presentations by David Michelson, project director: - Geographic Imagination and the Spatial Humanities Seminar, Vanderbilt Univer- sity, 2013

34 - Digital Humanities Seminar, Vanderbilt University, 2013 - Informal Presentation, Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2013 - Cultures of the Late Antique Mediterranean Workshop, University of Tennessee, 2013 - Digital Latin Library Consultation, ISAW, NYU, 2013 - Virtual International Authority File Council (Representing National Libraries), 2013 - Informal Presentation to Students at Gordon College, MA, 2013 - Digital Humanities Seminar, Vanderbilt University, 2013 - Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2012 - Linked Ancient World Data Institute, ISAW, NYU, 2012 - Ancient Religion/Modern Technology Workshop, Brown University, 2012

Presentations by Jeanne-Nicole Saint-Laurent, assistant director: - Department of Theology, Fordham University, 2013 - Informal Presentation, St. Michael’s College, VT, 2012 - XI Symposium Syriacum, University of Malta, 2012 - Consultation with Specialists, Société d’études Syriaques, Paris, 2011

Presentations by Thomas Carlson, postdoctoral fellow: - Religion and Digital Technologies Workshop, Princeton University, 2014 - Research Group on Manuscript Evidence, Princeton, NJ, 2013

35 Maurizio Calvesi

Professor Emeritus at the Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Fellow of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome; Fellow of the Accademia Clementina, Bologna

2008 Balzan Prize for the Visual Arts since 1700 For his outstanding work on the history of modern and contemporary visual art, which has contributed to a better understanding of the nature and development of modernism as well as to the study of the origin of new trends in contemporary art.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini, Collezione Burri, Città di Castello, Perugia

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky

Three Research Projects on the Visual Arts in Italy

Maurizio Calvesi has set aside the second half of the 2008 Balzan Prize for the Visual Arts since 1700 for three research projects, which are personally supervised by the prizewinner, and which involve five young scholars for two or three years.

Research Project A: Antiquarian Culture in Rome from Biondo Flavio to Piranesi. This project deals with a subject already touched upon by scholars, but which still has significant scope to be developed. This area covers the works of fifteenth century “antiquarians”, including the problem of Polifilo, ranging from Cartari, Pignoria and Cassiano, through Pozzo to Kircher, Venuti and Piranesi, to mention only a few of the names that immediately come to mind. In this era, there developed a compact tradition that was full of internal cross-references that are obviously closely related to the history of the visual arts, from Pinturicchio’s cycle in the Vatican to Piranesi’s work. The research is being carried out by three scholars: Stefano Colonna (in charge of the research), Camilla Fiore and Jacopo Curzietti. It is being supervised by Profes- sor Maurizio Calvesi, who has already produced various studies on these subjects. Professor Colonna’s close textual analysis of the single surviving example of Stefano Buzzoni’s Epigrammata has permitted the research to incorporate a triangularization

36 of cultural relations between Rome, Venice and Brescia. In addition, Professor Colonna has been able to identify the resting place of Tommaso Paleologo (previously described as unknown) in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. Drs. Curzietti and Fiore have carried out detailed research on the period covering the pontificates of the Barberini and Chigi Popes (1630-1666). In minutely examining the literature of the period and concentrating on the architectonic and figurative aspects of artistic expression, much light has been shed on the projection of the image of a Roma-Triumphans during this period. In addition, many new aspects regarding the restoration projects of classical Roman edifices and structures undertaken at the time have been uncovered. A number of articles describing the conclusions of the research are being published. A monograph Gli eruditi dell’Accademia alessandrina: la politica antiquaria sotto il pontificato di Alessandro VII (Chigi), which will draw together much of the material, is forthcoming.

Research Project B: Critical Edition of the Sources and Documents Related to Caravaggesque Painters and a Search for yet Undiscovered Sources. Professor Stefania Macioce, who will supervise this research together with Professor Maurizio Calvesi, Professor Alessandro Zuccari and Professor Caterina Volpi, has already published a fundamental collection of documents concerning Caravaggio (S. Macioce, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Fonti e documenti 1532-1724, Roma, 2003). The Balzan Project aims to create an analogous corpus for the main Caravaggesque painters, putting together a relevant research effort concentrating on the great number of scattered, already known documents. In the course of the research, which is being carried out by Michele Nicolaci, it is possible that new documents on Caravaggio himself might also be discovered.

Research Project C: Complete Catalogue of the Works of Umberto Boccioni. There is already a catalogue of Boccioni’s works (1982), compiled by Ester Coen with the supervision of Maurizio Calvesi, who penned the introductory essay. In consideration of the documentary innovations that have emerged on the painter since then, as well as the great number of unpublished works discovered (not to mention the errors now apparent in the text), a new catalogue of the works is obviously necessary. The article Ester l’Expert, Leggerezze su Boccioni penned by Professor Calvesi in 2008, can be considered as a detailed justification for such an endeavor. This new catalogue is being edited by Alberto Dambruoso, with the assistance of Professor Maurizio Calvesi, and will appear in two volumes published by Allemandi.

37 Researchers: Stefano Colonna Filippone de Montagu Jacopo Curzietti Alberto Dambruoso Camilla Fiore Michele Nicolaci

Publications: Calvesi, Maurizio. “Ester l’Expert, Leggerezze su Boccioni”, Storia dell’arte 119 (n.s. 19): 131-70; “1607: Pomarancio a Loreto e Caravaggio tra Malta e Corfù”, Storia dell’arte 127 (n.s. 27): 36-40; “Caravaggio, i documenti e dell’altro”, Storia dell’arte 128 (n.s. 28): 22-51; “Caravaggio, ancora due asterischi: la veste di cap- puccino, e ‘l’Humilitas’”, Storia dell’arte 130, (n.s. 30) pp. 38-40.

Project A Colonna Filippone de Montagu, Stefano. La fortuna critica dell’Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Rome: CAM Editrice, 2009. Colonna Filippone de Montagu, Stefano. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili e Roma. Me- todologie euristiche per lo studio del Rinascimento. Rome: Gangemi Editore, 2012. Curzietti, Jacopo. “La decorazione della cappella Pasqualoni in San Lorenzo in Luci- na. Note e documenti su Domenico e Giovan Francesco de Rossi”, Storia dell’arte 128 (n.s. 28): 98 121; “Gian Lorenzo Bernini e Domenico de Rossi. I busti di Giovan Battista d’Aste e Clarice Margana in S. Mariain Via Lata”, Storia dell’arte 130 (n.s. 30): 65-82. Fiore, Camilla S. “Mattia de Rossi: documenti inediti per il cantiere del monastero di S. Giuseppe a Capo le Case”, Storia dell’arte 130 (n.s. 30): 83-93. Fiore, Camilla S. “Parmi d’andare peregrinando dolcissimamente per quell’Etruria. Scoperte antiquarie e natura nell’Etruria di Curzio Inghirami e Athanasius Kir- cher”, Storia dell’arte 133 (2012).

The final conclusions of the research will be published in the following publications: Fiore, Camilla S. Un carteggio inedito: incisioni e documenti sulle antichita etrusche di Athanasius Kircher e Ovidio Montalbani (forthcoming). Curzietti, Jacopo and Camilla S. Fiore. Gli eruditi dell’Accademia alessandrina: la politica antiquaria sotto il pontificato di Alessandro VII (Chigi)(forthcoming).

38 Project B Nicolaci, Michele. Caravaggio. Mecenati e pittori. Edited by M. C. Terzaghi. Cinisel- lo Balsamo: Silvana editoriale, 2010. Eight contributions in exhibition catalogue (Caravaggio, Museo Diocesano, 2010). Nicolaci, Michele and Francesca Valdinoci, eds. Vite di Caravaggio. Padua: Casadei Libri, 2010. Nicolaci, Michele with Riccardo Gandolfi. “Il Caravaggio di Guido Reni. La ‘Nega- zione di Pietro’ tra relazioni artistiche e operazione finanziarie”, Storia dell’arte 130 (n.s. 30): 41-64. Nicolaci, Michele. Caravaggio a Roma. Una vita dal vero. Edited by Orietta Verdi and Michele Di Sivo. Rome: De Luca editore, 2011. Five contributions in exhibition catalogue (Rome, Archivio di Stato, complessso Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, 2011). Nicolaci, Michele. “Appendice I. Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi (1593-1654)”. In Ar- temisia. Storia di una passion. Edited by Roberto Contini and Francesco Solinas. Milan: 24 Ore cultura, 2011: 258-69. Appendix to exhibition catalogue, plus seven contributions (Milan, Palazzo Reale 2011/12). Nicolaci, Michele and Yuri Primarosa. Lettere di Artemisia. Edited by Francesco So- linas. Rome: De Luca editore, 2011. Nicolaci, Michele. Roma al tempo di Caravaggio. Edited by Rossella Vodret. Milan: Skira, 2011. Eight contributions, including 3 biographies (Caravaggio, Gentileschi and Guidotti) in exhibition catalogue (Rome, Palazzo Venezia, 2011/12). Nicolaci, Michele. “Sul naturalismo di Giovanni Baglione (1598-1606)”. In Roma moderna e contemporanea. Edited by Francesca Curti, Michele Di Sivo and Oriet- ta Verdi. Roma: Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 2012. Nicolaci, Michele. “Il Pensionante del Saraceni. Storiografia di un enigma caravagge- sco.’ In Carlo Saraceni. Un veneziano tra Roma e l’Europa (1578-1620). Edited by Maria Giulia Aurigemma. Roma: De Luca editore, 2013. Together with six contributions in this exhibition catalogue (Rome, Palazzo Venezia, 2013).

Forthcoming Publications: Nicolaci, Michele. “L’inventario dei beni di Giulio Mancini (1568-1630) e qualche ri- flessione sulle ‘Considerazioni sulla pittura’ ”. Storia dell’Arte 134 (forthcoming). Nicolaci, Michele. Paolo Guidotti il Cavalier Borghese (1560-1629) (forthcoming).

Project C Dambruoso, Alberto. Catologo generale dell’Opera di Umberto Boccioni (forthcoming).

39 Manuel Castells

University Professor and Wallis Annenberg Chair of Communication Technology and Society at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Professor at the Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona; Director of Research in the Depart- ment of Sociology, University of Cambridge; Professor Emeritus of Sociology and of City and Regional Planning at the University of California at Berkeley

2013 Balzan Prize for Sociology For his wide-ranging and imaginative thinking through of the implications of the great technological changes of our time: the digital revolution and the profound social and political challenges brought about by the emerging technologies of communication and information processing associated with computing, microelectronics and the internet. And for having proposed a general theory of the new global information society that has arisen out of these technologies.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: University of Cambridge University of Southern California Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Dominique Schnapper

The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the Economic Crisis 2008-2014. Financial Cultures, Human Suffering, and Social Protests This Project will integrate the results of three sub-projects conducted by young researchers during three years in three different institutions under the supervision of Professor Castells and professors in these institutions.

Sub-Project 1: Financial Cultures in the US Financial Crisis of 2008-2014. From Wall Street to Silicon Valley University of Southern California, Annenberg School of Communication Research Group on Financial Cultures The Research Group on Financial Cultures, led by research fellow Lana Swartz under the supervision of Professors Manuel Castells and Sarah Banet-Weiser at the Univer-

40 sity of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, will study the interconnection of what is often thought of as ‘cultural’ or ‘financial’. In particular, the objective of the research group is to produce an empirical analysis of the ethical, political, social and technological forms that anticipated and partly induced the 2008 global financial crisis as well as those that emerged in its aftermath. The research will be divided into two sub-projects: Wall Street Financial Cultures and New Economic Cultures emerging in the technology world in entrepreneurial Silicon Valley, such as Bitcoin.

Sub-Project 2: The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the 2008-2014 Economic Crisis: Human and Social Costs of the Crisis. Proposal for a Comparative Study of Greece, Italy and the UK Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge This project, supervised by Professors Manuel Castells and John Thompson (Depart- ment of Sociology) will explore the ways in which individuals and groups in different parts of Europe live through and experience the economic crisis, how it affects them and how they respond to it, both at the level of feelings, emotions and forms of suffering, and in terms of practices and types of collective action. A bottom-up approach will be adopted in a close, ethnographic study of the daily lives of ordinary individuals in carefully selected regions of Europe, with the aim of developing the concepts we need to understand these feelings, emotions, forms of suffering and practices. It will examine the ways that these responses may feed into types of collective action, including protest movements and other kinds of political mobilization.

Sub-Project 3: The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the Economic Crisis, 2008-2014: From Human Suffering to Social Protests. A Comparative Study of Networked Social Movements in Spain and the US (2011-2014) Research Group on Communication and Civil Society, Internet Interdisciplinary Insti- tute, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona This project is concerned with the dynamics of the current global wave of mobiliza- tions that are shaped by and are shaping social transformations. It aims to conduct an in-depth, double level analysis of two selected networked movements, 15M in Spain and Occupy Wall Street in the US, with an eye towards comparing the two different experiences in terms of their particular qualities as well as in the context of their

41 dynamics and evolution from an international perspective. The study, supervised by Professor Manuel Castells and Dr. Mireia Fernandez-Ardevol, will use innovative quantitative methodology by examining thousands of twits and messages in other social networks, and identifying emotional patterns as sources of social mobilization. The study will also qualitatively analyze the interaction between networked social movements and the political system, studying elections and the new political actors emerging from the movements.

The overall project will lead to several publications by young researchers, as well as to a volume integrating the findings of the three sub-projects, also co-authored by young researchers.

Researchers: John Thompson, Deputy Supervisor Dr. Eirini Avramopoulou Dr. Silvia Pasquetti

42 Terence Cave

Emeritus Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford; Emeritus Research Fellow of St. John’s College Oxford; Fellow of the British Academy

2009 Balzan Prize for Literature since 1500 For his outstanding contributions to a new understanding of Renaissance literature and of the influence of Aristotelian poetics in modern European literature.

Institution Administering Research Funds: St. John’s College, Oxford Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Karlheinz Stierle

The Balzan Interdisciplinary Seminar: Literature as an Object of Knowledge

Terence Cave is using the second half of his Balzan Prize to explore the value of literature as an object of knowledge, and more specifically, the cognitive value of literature in relation to other kinds of discourse. The research project is based at the Research Centre of St. John’s College, Oxford. The word “seminar” is used in the title to indicate the heuristic nature of the project: the core of the work lies in discussions designed to foster a sharper awareness of the issues that are at stake and to explore new directions in the understanding of literature.

Aims and scope of the project The title of the project is designed to provide a single overarching frame for an enquiry that addresses the following:

1. The public question The project title may be rephrased as a public question in the following form: “What are the nature and value of literature as an object of knowledge in the interdisciplinary spectrum?” Literary study remains one of the core disciplines in the humanities, but its status as an academic subject needs constantly to be reassessed and justified in an era where universities are increasingly being pressed to demonstrate the public utility of their research and teaching. The question necessarily has an interdisciplinary char acter, both because literary study is institutionally defined as one of a peer group of studies in the humanities and because it overlaps at many points with adjacent studies

43 within that group (linguistics, philosophy, history, social studies). The phrase “object of knowledge” in the project title thus refers in the first place to the academic pursuit of knowledge, of which literature constitutes one object among others.

2. A timely conceptual issue: cognitive methodologies in literary study The potential interest of literature as an object of knowledge begins to be apparent when one unpacks and extends the phrase “object of knowledge”. In such a perspec tive, it is natural to explore the sense in which a literary work may be (or be presented as) a vehicle of knowledge or, potentially, an instrument of knowledge. It is also evident that, while “knowledge” is the presumed outcome of such an enquiry, the enquiry itself is a process, a particular way of thinking, and that literary works (or groups of works) may themselves be considered as vehicles or instruments of thought. One may thus replace the word “knowledge” in all three instances with “thought” (literature as an object, vehicle and instrument of thought). All of these concerns become salient when literary study is viewed within the perspective of interdisciplinary research on cognition, and it is a primary aim of the project to foster cognitive approaches to literature that are perceived as valid by colleagues in other disciplines (and the public at large), while satisfying the requirements of a proper study of literature in all its modes and forms.

3. A double-stranded project: linking the cognitive with the historical Since Terence Cave’s personal research career has focused primarily on the Renais sance or, more generally, the early modern period, the project also has a “historical strand”. Most of the core participants within the field of literary studies are specialists in early modern culture: their task is to relate the historical study of their materials with the cognitive approaches referred to above. A key aim of the project is thus to bind together the historical and the cognitive strands and demonstrate that literary study can and must combine a general explanatory framework with close contextual reading.

Organization and activities The collective work of the project is carried out for the most part in workshops and discussion groups in which these interdisciplinary issues are explored and debated with the cooperation of colleagues from non-literary disciplines. The twin themes of knowledge and cognition provide a focus for the discussions. The integrity of individual research programmes is respected, but they are also used as test-cases or illustrations of the broader interdisciplinary issues raised by the project.

44 The programme is based on a core team of individuals under the general guidance of Terence Cave as project director. The project has a Senior Advisory Panel: Elleke Boehmer, Professor of World Literature in English, University of Oxford; Guillemette Bolens, Professor of English Literature and Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Université de Ge- nève; Robyn Carston, Professor of Linguistics, University College London and Cen- tre for the Study of Mind in Nature, Universitetet i Oslo; Gregory Currie, Professor of Philosophy, University of Nottingham; Paul Harris, Professor of Education, Graduate School of Education, Harvard; Marian Hobson, Professorial Research Fellow, Queen Mary, University of London; Michel Jeanneret, Emeritus Professor of French Litera- ture, Université de Genève; Jim Reed, Emeritus Professor of German, University of Oxford; Karlheinz Stierle, Universität Konstanz. The function of the panel, which has an interdisciplinary character, is in the first place to provide advice on the development of the project, but several members are regular participants in its activities and guarantee its interdisciplinary character.

The task of the two Deputy Directors (Dr. Wes Williams and Dr. Raphael Lyne) is to ensure the effective continuation of the project should the Director be absent for a prolonged period for reasons beyond his control.

Two Balzan Postdoctoral Research Fellowships were established at the outset of the project, tenable for 3 years. The Research Fellows were expected to produce published work of the equivalent of a book-length study over the course of their Fellow- ship. They also assisted in the arrangement of discussion groups, workshops and other collective events. They were not permitted to take on duties external to the project (for example teaching duties) except with the agreement of the Director. The Research Fellowships were attached to the St. John’s College Research Centre in Oxford, where the Fellows had offices.

Five Balzan Research Lectureships were conferred on younger colleagues holding permanent academic positions at five different UK universities, each lasting up to one semester on a “buy-out” basis. The positions carried with them the obligation to produce at least one article-length publication during the period of leave, and (under the guidance of the Director) to arrange a two-day workshop at the end of the period of leave structured around the Lecturer’s work. The Research Lecturers were expected to participate as far as their other duties permitted in the other collective activities of the project. The workshops were held in the lecturer’s home institution; this arrangement helped to guarantee the wider diffusion of the project’s aims and intellectual outcomes.

45 The project also recruited a number of Associate Researchers. This group consisted of individual researchers from various academic contexts whose work was closely relat ed to the aims of the project. They had no specific duties, but were expected to attend workshops and discussion groups in their areas of interest.

A discussion group, consisting of core project members and other invited participants from the University of Oxford (academic post-holders, postdoctoral researchers and a small number of doctoral students) was established in Oxford for the duration of the project. It met about once a month to discuss specific topics and problems arising from the project’s aim to develop a cognitive methodology for the study of literature. Visiting speakers with relevant interests were sometimes invited to give presentations to the group. The two Balzan Postdoctoral Fellows organized one-day workshops of their own in the final year of their tenure (2012-13). In addition, the project provided intellectual support and limited financial support for workshops on relevant topics organized by its Associate Researchers.

A programme of individual visits and exchange visits enabled core project participants to establish appropriate contacts in other universities, with the possibility of reciprocation. In addition, the Director gave (and continues to give) public lectures both in the UK and abroad and actively seeks to create an interdisciplinary network that will not only support and enhance the work of the project but also ensure that its intellectual energies are propagated beyond the lifetime of the project itself.

The first phase of the project ended on 30 September 2013. A Methodological Col- loquium entitled “Thinking with Literature” was held from 9-12 September 2013 at the University of Oslo, Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, and ILOS (organised by Kirsti Sellevold, Terence Cave, Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith). This event brought the various participants together in order to discuss methodological points of convergence between the different disciplines involved. In order to give the discussion coherence, particular methodological issues were highlighted, e.g., the value for literary study of methodologies from the experimental sciences, the relation of the historical strand of the project to the cognitive strand, and the ways in which the close reading of literary texts can be integrated within a general explanatory framework for literature.

At the end of 2013 there were still funds remaining. The money is being used to fund the start-up phase of continuation projects which will carry the work forward into the

46 future. Grants are being offered to a number of project participants (mainly younger colleagues and young researchers) to organise exploratory workshops with this aim in mind. Two of these ventures (one in Turku, Finland, one in Edinburgh, UK) have already led to further funding. Other activities currently in progress include a flagship publication, provisionally entitled Relevance in Literature, arising from the Oslo colloquium; a joint workshop with the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, University of Oslo, on “Metaphor, Imagery and Communication” (19-20 September 2014); and a workshop entitled “Renaissance Kinesis: Movement in Literature” to be held at Clare College, Cambridge (25-27 September 2014). While money from Balzan funds continues to be used, such activities will be known as “Balzan continuation projects/ workshops”, and the Balzan name will be advertised wherever relevant.

Details of Workshops: 22-23 September 2011: Workshop 1 “Concepts in Literature”, St. John’s College, Ox- ford (organised by Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith)

9-11 January 2012: Workshop 2 “Experiments in Drama; Questions of Intention”, Murray Edwards College, Cambridge (organised by Raphael Lyne)

29-31 March 2012: Workshop 3 “Literary and Cognitive Ends”, Durham University (organised by Kathryn Banks)

11-12 January 2013: Workshop 4 “Embodied Cognition, Phenomenology and Litera- ture”, Royal Holloway University of London (organised by Timothy Chesters)

25-26 March 2013: Workshop 5 “Historicity and Cognitive Reading”, University of Nottingham (organised by James Helgeson)

7 June 2013: Workshop 6 “Weak Implicatures, Strong Effects”, St. John’s College, Oxford (organised by Olivia Smith and Kirsti Sellevold)

25 June 2013: Workshop 7 “Cognitive Literary Study: Second-Generation Approach- es”, St. John’s College, Oxford (organised by Karin Kukkonen)

3-4 April 2014: Workshop 8 “Dreams, Delusions and Early Modern Literature”, Uni- versity of Birmingham (organised by Ita Mac Carthy)

47 Co-sponsored workshops: 12 April 2012: “Science and Literary Criticism”, St. John’s College (organised by Emily Troscianko and Michael Burke)

25-26 June 2012: “Immersion and the Storyworld”, St. John’s College (organised by Sabine Müller and Marcus Hartner)

Other meetings: 2 March 2012: Presentation of the Balzan Project to the Modern and Medieval Lan- guages Faculty, University of Oxford

14-15 September 2012: Core discussion group “Embodiment, Language, Imagina- tion”, St. John’s College, Oxford (organised by Terence Cave)

Regular meetings of a reading group, organised by Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith (assisted by Terence Cave and in 2012-13 by Kirsti Sellevold), with participants based in Oxford, were held in the academic years 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13. The reading group activities included a number of sessions with invited speakers. Among the speakers were the following:

Professor David Herman, Ohio State University (April 2011) Dr. Andrew Parker, St. John’s College, Oxford (November 2011) Professor Marie-Luce Demonet, Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance, Tours (February 2012) Dr. Alan Palmer, independent scholar (April 2012) Professor Paul Harris, Harvard University (May 2012) Professor Shaun Gallagher, University of Memphis (January 2013) Professor Christopher Frith, University College London and University of Aarhus (April 2013) Professor Gregory Currie and Anna Ichino, University of Nottingham (June 2013)

Researchers: Balzan Research Fellows Karin Kukkonen Olivia Smith

48 Balzan Research Lecturers Kathryn Banks Timothy Chesters James Helgeson Raphael Lyne Ita Mac Carthy

Associate Researchers Miranda Anderson Jennifer Gosetti-Ferencei Patricia Kolaiti Sabine Müller Kirsti Sellevold Emily Troscianko

Principal publications: Reading Literature Cognitively, edited by Terence Cave, Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith as a commissioned special issue of Paragraph (37.1, March 2014) and comprising a set of essays by eight core members of the project.

Second-Generation Cognitive Approaches to Literature, edited by Marco Caracciolo and Karin Kukkonen as a special ssue of Style 48 (2014, forthcoming).

Karin Kukkonen, A Prehistory of Cognitive Poetics: Neoclassicism and the Novel (complete and under consideration for publication).

Olivia Smith, Inside the Furnished Mind: A Literary Reading of Locke’s Essay (near- ing completion).

Terence Cave, Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitively Inflected Criticism (complete and under consideration for publication).

A number of other publications are in progress.

Link: http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/3122/The-Balzan-Project.html

49 Ronald Dworkin †

Professor of Philosophy in the Philosophy Department and Frank Henry Som- mer Professor of Law at the School of Law, New York University; Emeritus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University and University College London

2012 Balzan Prize for Jurisprudence For his fundamental contributions to Jurisprudence, characterized by outstanding originality and clarity of thought in a continuing and fruitful interaction with ethical and political theories and with legal practices.

Institution Administering Research Funds: New York University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Antonio Padoa Schioppa

Due to the unfortunate and untimely death of Professor Dworkin, it was impossible to continue with his research project as originally envisaged since it was to be based on the elaboration of a body of work produced by Professor Dworkin himself. When it proved impossible for him to continue, he delegated responsibility for the project, and in conjunction with a colleague Professor Liam Murphy of NYU, he elaborated another option to retain the essence of the project. In respecting the wishes of Profes- sor Dworkin, Professor Murphy has maintained the original themes, but has shifted the emphasis of the project to include more young researchers and has instituted a fellowship programme over three years.

Dworkin-Balzan Fellowship Programme

The New York University School of Law is honoured to host and implement the research project associated with the Balzan Prize of our late colleague, Ronald Dworkin. Our programme has two main elements. Three to five postdoctoral fellowships will be awarded, over a period of three years, in association with the NYU Colloquium in Le- gal, Political and Social Philosophy, which Professor Dworkin taught for many years together with another Balzan laureate, Thomas Nagel. Second, in the third year of the project a conference will be held at NYU to discuss themes from Ronald Dworkin’s work. The participants would include the postdoctoral fellows, other young philoso-

50 phers and legal scholars who had presented at the Colloquium during this period, and several more senior scholars with special expertise on Dworkin’s work.

1. Themes from Dworkin Ronald Dworkin’s interests ranged so widely in legal, moral and political philosophy that it is difficult to think of an issue he did not write about. Our programme focuses on the following sets of interconnected themes that were of special interest for him in recent years:

- Legitimacy, democracy, the rule of law and the role of courts - International law and justice - The nature of rights - The relation between the moral life and the good life - Philosophical foundations of substantive areas of law - Legal interpretation - Justice, equality and the market economy - Law and political obligation - The objectivity of value.

2. The Colloquium in Legal, Political and Social Philosophy This world-renowned colloquium was taught by Professors Dworkin and Nagel for twenty-five years. It introduced a distinctive format for discussion of unpublished work that has been widely imitated. The colloquium attracted, over the years, many of the world’s most distinguished philosophers and legal theorists as guests, including John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, T. M. Scanlon, Judith Jarvis Thompson and Peter Singer. With Professor Dworkin’s death, Thomas Nagel has decided not to continue to convene the colloquium. In the autumn semester of 2014 the colloquium will re- convene, led by Samuel Scheffler and Liam Murphy. Confirmed guests include T.M. Scanlon, Christine Korsgaard and Kwame Anthony Appiah. In the years that follow, it will be taught every year by some combination of Scheffler, Murphy and Jeremy Wal- dron. This colloquium was at the centre of Ronald Dworkin’s academic life. Through it, he and Professor Nagel educated generations of philosophers and legal theorists. It is appropriate, then, that the colloquium should have a central role in the research project associated with Professor Dworkin’s Balzan Prize.

3. Postdoctoral Fellowships A total of five fellows will be appointed over three years. Successful applicants will

51 have a doctorate in philosophy or law. They will be selected in part on the basis of their fit with the themes of the research project. Fellows will be required to attend the colloquium regularly and participate in discussion. They will be expected to participate in the conference.

4. Fellows for 2014-2015 Two fellows have been appointed for the first year of the programme.

Jed Lewinsohn Jed Lewinsohn received his BA from Cornell University in 2005, and his JD from Yale Law School in 2012; he is to defend his PhD in philosophy from NYU in the summer of 2014. Lewinsohn works primarily in the areas of moral, legal and political philosophy, and maintains an active side interest in philosophical aspects of Jewish law.

As a Dworkin-Balzan fellow, Lewinsohn will continue work on moral and political theories that are conventionalist in their denial that the rights, obligations and powers associated with property or contract law have a natural or pre-institutional basis. In particular, he will consider the following questions: What is the proper scope of a conventionalist theory, and do conventionalist theses about promising and property stand or fall together? What role does the state assume in standard conventionalist accounts of property and promising, and what is gained or lost if other entities, either comparatively local or global, fill that role? Precisely to what extent does non- conventionalism about a given domain place constraints on lawmakers to respect the pre-institutional normative state of affairs? How are debates about conventionalism about promising and property to be situated within broader metaethical debates about moral realism?

In tackling these questions, Lewinsohn will give serious consideration to the large class of socially significant actions that are defined in terms of rights and powers – actions ranging from getting married to forgiving a debt – and which seemingly cannot be performed without the utilization of conventional signs or formalities. Addition- ally, he will relate the inquiry about conventionalism to the more general question of whether and how the law might make a constitutive contribution to our moral landscape either by curing indeterminacies in moral principles that are in some sense prior to the law, or by satisfying the enabling conditions of independently valid moral principles. These latter questions, which loom so large in the writings of Hobbes,

52 Locke, Kant and others, are ripe for revisitation in light of new work in philosophy about indeterminacies in morality and law, in the one case, and the preconditions and dynamics of cooperation in the other.

Lewinsohn’s research falls clearly into three of the listed themes from Dworkin: justice, equality, and the market economy; philosophical foundations of substantive areas of law; and the objectivity of value.

Jacob Weinrib Weinrib began undergraduate study in 2001 in the great books program at the Uni- versity of King’s College in Halifax, Canada. After placing first in the program, he transferred to the University of Toronto, where he was the top ranking student in the Department of Philosophy. After graduating in 2005, Weinrib completed his MA in phi losophy at the University of Toronto in 2006. He then entered the Combined JD/PhD Program in Law and Philosophy at the University of Toronto. His JD was completed in 2009 and his PhD in 2013.

In law school, Weinrib received the Alan Borovoy Prize in Civil Liberties, the Norman Levy Prize in Jurisprudence, the International Holocaust Essay Award and the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy Essay Prize. As a doctoral student in philosophy, he held the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship awarded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. In 2011-12 Weinrib was a fellow at the University of Toronto Centre for Ethics, and in 2013-14 he has been a Global Research Fellow at the New York University School of Law and affiliated with the Center for Constitutional Transitions. His published work has appeared in the University of Toronto Law Journal, the Canadian Journal of Law and Jurispru- dence, the Kantian Review, the Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy and Law and Philosophy.

Weinrib’s primary research interest concerns the relationship between legal theory and comparative constitutional law. As a Dworkin-Balzan Fellow, he will complete a book entitled Dimensions of Dignity: The Theory and Practice of Modern Con- stitutional Law. The purpose of the book is to formulate a theory of the state that culminates in a justification of the fundamental norms, institutional arrangements and leading doctrines of rights-based constitutional democracies. The book will be published by the Cambridge University Press in the Studies in Constitutional Law series.

53 Weinrib’s research falls into many of the Dworkinian themes: legitimacy, democracy, the rule of law and the role of courts; international law and justice; the nature of rights; legal interpretation; and law and political obligation.

5. Conference During the third year of the project, a conference organized around the themes of the project will be held at NYU. In addition to the fellows, younger presenters at the colloquium during the term of the research project will be invited, along with several more senior scholars who have particular insight into the themes of the project. If appropriate, conference papers may be submitted to a publisher for publication.

54 Ludwig Finscher

Former Professor of Musicology at the Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main and at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg

2006 Balzan Prize for the History of Western Music since 1600 For his wide-ranging research activity in the field of musicology; for his penetrating, memorable insights into great works of music; for his profound commentaries on musical phenomena as well as his editorial direction of the new edition of the Ency- clopaedia Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, which makes the newest research accessible to a wide circle of musicians and music lovers.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Universität Zürich

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Gottfried Scholz

History of the Trio Sonata - Catalogue Raisonné of the Tradition

Ludwig Finscher set aside half of the sum of the Balzan Prize for the publication of an extensively annotated catalogue on the tradition and transmission of the trio sonata from its first appearance around 1650 until around 1780. The catalogue will estab lish the hitherto unwritten bases for the history of the trio sonata, and it will not only make a great contribution to musicology, but will also give a considerable stimulus to musical practice. The institutional base was established at the Institute of Musicology at the Universität Zürich, with its excellent technical equipment and library facilities. The initiative was kindly welcomed and is generously supported by the University. With the term “trio sonata”, musicology identifies a genre of instrumental music that spread through Europe between 1650 and 1780, and that was considered the most ‘noble’ chamber music genre. As a result, the production of this genre was very pro lific: at the beginning of the Balzan Project, at least 500 editions with six or twelve sonatas each were supposedly handed down. Composers were also very enthusiastic about it, and ambitiously used the trio sonata as a ‘calling card’ to make a successful entrance into the world of composition. The present state of research on this type of composition is diametrically opposed to its objective and methodological importance for the history of musical genres.

55 The project was established by Ludwig Finscher together with Laurenz Lütteken, acting as project manager responsible for administration. The project was set up with two 50% positions designated for young scholars. The first position was intended for a researcher who had completed his/her doctoral studies and was working towards the Habilitation; the second, for a doctoral candidate (PhD student). Dr. Cristina Urchueguía held the first position until February 2010. She completed her Habilitation in autumn 2009 and was appointed as assistant Professor of Musicology at the Universität Bern in February 2010. Her successor on the project is Dr. Nicola Schneider who completed his dissertation in March 2010. Dr. Schneider started working on the project on 1 April 2010. The position of the doctoral candidate was first held by Elisabeth Wanzenried. She later left the project for personal reasons and was replaced by Gabriela Freiburghaus. Ms. Freiburghaus completed her thesis on the Trio Sonata in Britain between Purcell and Händel in 2011. As of May 2011, about 1350 editions with three to twelve sonatas have emerged from more than 2000 sources – many more than were expected. A distinction has thus been drawn between printed editions and manuscripts, giving priority to the former. A specific data base has been developed for organizing the materials, and is being made available to specialized music libraries, students and professors. This data will form the basis of the printed catalogue to be published by Henle Verlag, which should appear in 2016. The first trio sonatas were composed during the early Baroque, while the last came out during the early classical period. The vast majority of works (sonate, suonate, balletti, sinfonie, trii, divertimenti and concerti) were written for two high-pitched instruments and a basso continuo. Until 1700 most of the publishers were Italian; they were then joined by Dutch, French, German and English publishers. As for authors, besides well-known names such as Corelli and Locatelli, works by composers who were known only to specialists up to the present day, such as Carlo Antonio Campioni, Giuseppe Fernando Brivio della Tromba, Johann Gottfried Schwanen- berger, Valentin Roeser, André Joseph Exaudet, Melchiorre Chiesa, Wenzel Joseph Spourni and Nicolas Dôthel il figlio, have now been made available to the general public. In another initiative connected to the project, the Baroque violinist Professor Monika Baer and harpsichordist Sergio Ciomei have, in conjunction with a specialized ensemble, helped to bring some of this lost music to life.

56 Researchers: Prof. Dr. Laurenz Lütteken, Supervisor

Monika Baer Sergio Ciomei Gabriela Freiburghaus Claire Genewein Ivana Rentsch Nicola Schneider Cristina Urchueguía Elisabeth Wanzenried

Publications: In total over 50 articles have been published including the following of particular note: Finscher, Ludwig. “Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man musikalische Gattungsge schichte?” In Passagen. IMS Kongress Zürich 2007. Five Keynote Speeches, edited by Laurenz Lütteken and Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, 21-37. Kas- sel etc.: Bärenreiter, 2008. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Matthesons Orchesterschriften und der englische Sensualismus”. Die Musikforschung 60 (2007): 203-213. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Christian Wolff und die Musikästhetik seiner Zeit”. In Chris- tian Wolff und die europäische Aufklärung. Akten des 1. Internationalen Christian- Wolff-Kongresses, edited by Jürgen Stolzenberg and Oliver-Pierre Rudolph, 231- 227. Halle (Saale), 4-8 April 2004. Teil 4. Sektion 8: Mathematik und Naturwis- senschaften. Sektion 9: Ästhetik und Poetik. Hildesheim etc.: Olms, 2008. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Werk -Opus”. In MGG, Supplement (2008): 1102-114. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Das Projekt Die Triosonate - Catalogue Raisonné. Ein Ein blick in das Versuchslabor der Kammermusik”. Sonus: Musikwelt Zürich II (2008): 18-19. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Die Triosonate – Catalogue Raisonné, Die Suche nach kom plexen Antworten auf einfache Fragen”. In Kammermusik im Übergang vom Ba- rock zur Klassik, edited by Christoph-Hellmut Mahling. Mainz, 2009. Schloss Engers. Colloquia zur Kammermusik. Vol. 5. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Die Triosonate – Catalogue Raisonné. Ein Katalogisierungpro- ject zur frühen Kammermusik”. Ensemble. Magazin für Kammermusik 1 (2010). These are to be followed by the publication of Die Trio Sonata – Catalogue Raisonné.

57 Marc Fumaroli

Professor at the Collège de France, holder of the chair in Rhétorique et société en Europe (XVIe-XVIIe siècles) since 1986; elected to the Académie Française in 1995 and to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in 1998

2001 Balzan Prize for Literary History and Criticism (post 1500) For his research on rhetoric from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, which has thoroughly renewed our understanding of European culture in the fields of literature, painting and the art of living.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Institut de France

Advisers for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Walter Rüegg and Karlheinz Stierle

The Comte de Caylus (1692-1765) and His Milieu: The Respublica Literaria

With the second half of his Balzan Prize, Marc Fumaroli involved three young scholars in a long-term study of the life and works of Anne-Claude-Philippe de Pestels de Lévis de Thubières-Grimoard, comte de Caylus (1692-1765) and of his milieu. The funds were also used for an array of cultural initiatives which were instrumental to the realization of a more comprehensive plan, i.e., the foundation of an interdisciplinary research institute on the history of the Republic of Letters. The Institut européen d’histoire de la République des Lettres – Respublica Literaria was officially established in 2006, with support from the Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche as well as the Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, and is now based at the École normale supérieure de Paris. The administration of the Balzan funds was entrusted to the Institut de France.

Cordélia Hattori, Nicola Iodice and Xavier Dufestel worked on different aspects of comte de Caylus’ life and work. He was a polyhedric intellectual, almost forgotten today despite his fundamental contributions, along with Scipione Maffei, Winckel- mann and others, in developing the cult of antiquity in eighteenth century France and Europe. His seven volume Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grecques, et

58 romaines (Paris, 1752-1767) was a chief source for the beginnings of the science of archaeology and the arts in the Neoclassical period. Cordélia Hattori (Musée de Lille) worked mainly on the official documents, which shed light on the finances of comte de Caylus, his genealogy and his many relationships, his influence on the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture and on the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres included. Nicola Iodice focused on his correspondence and, in collaboration with Xavier Dufestel, determined the precise chronology of his life, his studies and his intellectual and personal relationships.

Conferences/Symposia: - Les premiers siècles de la République des Lettres (Paris, Collège de France, Fon dation Singer Polignac, 2001). - I Barberini e la cultura europea del Seicento (Rome, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max-Planck Institute, Polo Museale Romano, Queen’s University Kingston, 2004). - Peiresc et l’Italie (Naples, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, 2006).

Academic Lectures: - De Le Brun à David: La Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes dans les Arts (1, 2, 3). Lecture given at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, 6, 9 and 10 February 2004. - De Caylus à David. Les Lumières et le ‘Retour à l’Antique’. Lecture given at the Cercle des Interalliées de Paris, February 2005. - Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du néo-classicisme. Lecture given at the École française de Rome, March 2006. - Le comte de Caylus et les arts français du XVIIIe siècle. Lecture given at the So- ciétè des Amis des Musées, 4 May 2007. - Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du goût néo-grec. Lecture given at the Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, 28 April 2008. - Le Mentor de Télémaque à l’Acadèmie royale de peinture et sculpture: le comte de Caylus, biographe d’artistes (1747-1762). Lecture given at the Louvre, 15 Febru- ary 2010.

Researchers: Xavier Dufestel Cordélia Hattori Nicola Iodice

59 Publications: Dufestel, X. “Le buste en terre cuite du comte de Caylus par Louis-Claude Vassé”. In Irène Aghion et al. Caylus, mécène du roi. Collectionner les antiquités au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: INHA, 2002. Exhibition catalogue (Cabinet des médailles de la Biblio- thèque nationale de France). Dufestel, X. “Deux portraits inédits du Comte de Caylus (1692-1765): le tableau d’Alexandre Roslin et le médaillon en bronze de Louis-Claude Vassé”. Storia dell’arte XXXV : 104/105, n.s. 4/5 January-August 2003. Fumaroli, M. Chateaubriand: Poésie et Terreur. Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 2003. Fumaroli, M. In Irène Aghion et al. Caylus, mécène du roi. Collectionner les antiqui- tés au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: INHA, 2002. Exhibition catalogue (Cabinet des médai- lles de la Bibliothèque nationale de France). Fumaroli, M. “Le ‘siècle’ d’Urbain VIII”. In I Barberini e la cultura europea del Seicento, edited by Mochi Onori, L., Schütze, S. and Solinas, F. Rome, 2007: 1-14. Hattori, C. “Le comte de Caylus d’après les archives: première partie”. Les cahiersd’histoire de l’art 5 (2007): 54-70. Fumaroli, M. “Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du Retour à l’antique eu- ropéen”. In Roma triumphans? L’attualità dell’antico nella Francia del Settecento , edited by Letizia Norci Cagiano. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du néo-classicisme”. In De Rome à Paris: peinture et puvoirs aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, 373-383. Dijon: Faton, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Arnaldo Momigliano et la rehabilitation des ‘antiquaires’: le comte de Caylus et le ‘retour à l’antique’ au XVIIIe siècle”. In Momigliano and Antiquar ianism: Foundations of the Modern Cultural Sciences, edited by P. N. Miller, 154- 183. University of Toronto Press, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Introduction”. In Lettres de Madame de Maintenon, édition intégrale et critique. Edited by H. Bots-Estourigie, I: 1650-1689. Paris: Champion, 2009. Fumaroli, M. “Retour à l’Antique: la guerre des goûts dans l’Europe des Lumières”. Preface to L’Antiquité rêvée. Innovations et résistances au XVIIIe siècle, 23-56. Paris: Louvre éditions/Gallimard, 2010. Solinas, F., ed. Peiresc et L’Italie. Paris, 2009.

Works in Progress: Le comte de Caylus, Mémoires et Carnets des voyages, edition intégrale, annotée et illustrée by Jacqueline Hellegouarch, Cordélia Hattori, Catherine Hémon-Fabre,

60 under the direction of Marc Fumaroli in the collection République des Lettres, Répub lique des Arts (Alain Baudry éditeur, Paris).

Documentary research is being initially carried out by Carole Martelli for a mon ograph to be overseen by Marc Fumaroli and which will appear in the collection Bibliothèque des Histoires (Gallimard).

Both works will explicitly acknowledge the support of the Balzan Foundation through the prize awarded to Marc Fumaroli in 2001.

61 Carlo Ginzburg

Former Professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; Franklin D. Murphy Professor of Italian Renaissance Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles

2010 Balzan Prize for European History (1400-1700) For the exceptional combination of imagination, scholarly precision and literary skill with which he has recovered and illuminated the beliefs of ordinary people in Early modern Europe.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Quentin Skinner and Salvatore Veca

A Comparative Approach to Religions. A Historical Perspective - from the Six- teenth to the Eighteenth Centuries

Carlo Ginzburg has dedicated the second half of his Balzan Prize to a three year research programme in which he intends to scrutinize the emergence of a comparative approach to religions. This will initially involve two young scholars.

The Research Project will go back to the 1500s, exploring the emergence of a comparative approach to religions, focusing on the connection between antiquarianism and early ethnology, in the framework of European colonial expansion. A series of analytical studies will emanate from this research.

The initial phase of the project is constituted by a number of works by Carlo Ginzburg which have just been or are shortly to be published: Machiavelli e gli antiquari; An- cora sui riti cinesi: documenti vecchi e nuovi; Provincializing the World: Europeans, Indians, Jews (1704). Researchers will also take account of the questions raised in the following works: Guy Stroumsa, A New Science. The Discovery of Religion in the Age of Reason, Harvard University Press, 2010; Arnaldo Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian”, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, 1950; Arnaldo

62 Momigliano, “Prospettiva 1967 della storia greca”, Rivista Storica Italiana 80 (1969). Positions for two researchers were advertised by the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. The winners were awarded a scholarship of one year duration. Two workshops and an international conference will also be organized. It is expected that the papers from the international conference will later be published. One more researcher will be appointed for 2014.

An international workshop Comparing Religions – A Historical Approach (16th- 18th Centuries) was organized by Professor Ginzburg at the Scuola Normale Su- periore in Pisa from 10-11 June 2013. The following papers were presented: Guy Stroumsa, Hebrew University, Jerusalem/University of Oxford, “Three Rings or Three Impostors? The Comparative Approach”; Marco Cavarzere, University of Pisa, “A Comparative Method for Sixteenth-Century Polemicists. Cults and De- votions in a Protestant History of Religions”; Giovanni Tarantino, University of Melbourne, “The Uses of ‘conformité/conformity’ in Bernard and Picart’s Céré- monies”; Lucio Biasiori, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, “The Child of Baby- lon: Itineraries of a Prophecy between East and West”; Silvia Berti, La Sapienza University, Rome, “From Dissimulation to Imposture”; Daniel Barbu, University of Geneva, “Idolatry and the History of Religions”; Anna Belgrado, University of Pisa, Le belief chez Hobbes”; Sanjay Subrahmanyam, UCLA, “The Puzzling Category of Religion: Perspectives from South Asia”; Jan Bremmer, University of Groningen/New York University, “Saecularis, the Secular and Secularisation: Notes towards a Genealogy”.

A conference, Norms and Exceptions. A Comparative Approach to Casuistry, will be held in Pisa from 11-13 December 2014. The proceedings of the conference will later be submitted to Cambridge University Press for publication.

Researchers: Angela Ballone Lucio Biasiori Giovanni Tarantino

Publications: Ginzburg, Carlo. “Machiavelli e gli antiquari”, in L’Europa divisa e gli altri mondi. Per Adriano Prosperi, vol. 2: 3–9. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2011.

63 Ginzburg, Carlo. “Provincializing the World: Europeans, Indians, Jews (1704)”. Post- colonial Studies, Volume 14, Issue 2 (2011): 135-150. Tarantino, Giovanni. Republicanism, Sinophilia and Historical Writing. Thomas Gordon (c. 1691 -1750) and his ‘History of England.’ Turnhout: Brepols, 2012.

64 Anthony Grafton

Henry Putnam University Professor of History at Princeton University

2002 Balzan Prize for the History of the Humanities For his outstanding work on the history of scholarship, especially of the classical tradition in European intellectual history since the Renaissance, including the history of the evolution of scholarly practices, techniques and attitudes, and the links between humanist learning and the development of modern science.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Princeton University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: M.E.H. Nicolette Mout

Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) - Edition of the Correspondence

Half of the Balzan Prize awarded to Anthony Grafton in 2002 has been devoted to the creation of a complete critical edition of the correspondence of the great French humanist and historian Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609). A complete edition of Scaliger’s correspondence has long been the wish of Anthony Grafton. In an era of great encyclopaedic minds, Joseph Scaliger was recognized by friends and enemies alike as the most learned man in Europe – as the only one who could rival Aristotle as the “greatest scholar of all times”. An erudite philologist, Scaliger could restore ancient texts like Virgil, Festus, Catullus, Tibullus, Apuleius, Caesar and Polybiusto to their original form. He also wrote treatises on “historical chronology”, the highly complicated but indispensable study of dates and calendars in ancient and recent history, and made fundamental contributions to various fields of knowledge. Anthony Grafton has dedicated a biography to Scaliger (Joseph Scaliger. A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, Vol. I. Textual Criticism and Exegesis, Oxford 1983; Vol. II. Historical Chronology, Oxford 1993) that not only deals with the man, but also presents a network of his contemporaries, describing their many-faceted activities.

As a leading figure of intellectual life and a privileged witness of the political and religious events of his time, Scaliger, through his correspondence, played a central role

65 in the trans-national community of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Scaliger’s letters, in French and Latin, are especially rich, but they have never been edited or analysed as a whole.

The Scaliger Project was established at the Warburg Institute in September 2003 by Professor Anthony Grafton to produce a critical edition of this important correspondence. Two editors, Dr. Paul Botley and Dr. Dirk van Miert, were appointed to under- take this task. By the end of the fourth year of the project, the text of the corpus had been established. The surviving correspondence of Joseph Scaliger amounts to some 1650 letters, written between 1561 and 1609. The entire correspondence has been transcribed and collated with its extant sources; this text has been edited and provided with a full textual apparatus; every letter has been provided with textual and contextual headnotes; and every letter has been supplied with an English synopsis.

Efforts during the fifth year focused on compiling elucidatory footnotes to accompany the letters, and on the preface and bibliography for the entire edition. Most of the textual work has been done from microfilms, photographs and photocopies. Final visits to Paris, Munich, Hamburg and Copenhagen were made in September 2009 to check the original manuscripts where these reproductions are unclear. Professor Henk Jan de Jonge of Universiteit Leiden, who served as supervisory editor of the correspondence, read and commented on the entire body of texts and notes, making many improvements and stimulating the editors to make many more.

At the end of 2009, Dr. van Miert left the Project to take up a position as a postdoctoral fellow at the Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis of the Koninklijke Nedelanddse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) in the Hague. Dr. Botley remained to complete the eight volumes of the letters. He also worked on compiling the final volumes, containing an essential companion to the text, undated letters, a number of textual and exegetical appendices, an extensive biographical glossary and the indices.

In 2011, Dr. Botley completed all work on the remaining volumes, in occasional consultation with Dr. van Miert. The distinguished publisher Max Engammare of Li- brairie Droz in Geneva agreed to publish the correspondence in the series Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance. After Dr. Botley configured the final texts to the required specifications, the volumes appeared in July 2012.

66 Lecture by Paul Botley: - “The Letters of Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614) and Richard Thomson (c. 1570- 1613)”. Cultures of Knowledge Project, University of Oxford, 23 June 2010.

Lectures by Dirk van Miert: - “Humanism and Warfare: Philology and Military Engineering in the Decades around 1600”, The Making of the Humanities. First International Conference on the History of the Humanities, Amsterdam, 24 October 2008. - “Confessionalisering in de Republiek der Letteren”, History Department, Univer siteit van Amsterdam, 19 November 2008. - “Scaliger Scatalogus. Retorische en filosofische achtergronden van scheldkannon ades in de brieven van Joseph Scaliger”, Classics Department, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 3 December 2008. - “De Canon van Amsterdam: het Athenaeum Illustre”, Beliën & Van Tol Stadsverk enningen, Amsterdams Historisch Museum, 14 December 2008. - “De filoloog met de hamer. Radicale filologie in de briefwisseling van Joseph Sca liger”, History Department, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 26 May 2009. - van Miert was also a panel member with Anthony Grafton and Marika Keblusek for a public discussion on “The Republic of Letters”, Historisch Café, Amsterdam, 25 February 2009.

Researchers: Paul Botley Dirk van Miert

Publications: The complete edition of Scaliger’s correspondence is now complete and the eight volumes were published by Droz in July 2012.

Botley, Paul and van Miert, Dirk, eds. The Correspondence of Joseph Justus Scaliger. Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 8 volumes. Geneva: Droz, 2012.

Publications by Paul Botley: Latin Translation in the Renaissance: The Theory and Practice of Leonardo Bruni, Giannozzo Manetti, and Desiderius Erasmus. Cambridge and New York: Cam- bridge University Press, 2004.

67 Learning Greek in Western Europe, 1396-1529: Grammars, Lexica, and Classroom Texts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2010.

Publications by Dirk van Miert: “Anne Mercier: Xantippe of Tanaquil? Een herwaardering van een hoogleraarsvrou- wuit de Gouden Eeuw”. In De brede Gouden Eeuw. Opstellenvoor Henk van Nier- op bij zijn zestigste verjaardag, edited by Frans Blom et al., 113-120. Amsterdam, 2009, pp. 113-120. “Keuchenius, Robertus and Scaliger, Joseph”, for On-line Bio-Bibliography of Dutch Humanists. The Hague. www.humbio.nl/biografi een_nederlands Neolatinisten Nieuwsbrief nr. 21 (co-edited, with H.J.M. Nellen and A. Wesseling). The Hague, September 2008.

Link: http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/scaliger/projects/scaliger/

68 Peter Hall †

Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Planning, Uni- versity College London; Senior Research Fellow at the Young Foundation

2005 Balzan Prize for The Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Begin- ning of the 16th Century For his unique contribution to the history of ideas about urban planning, his acute analysis of the physical, social and economic problems of modern cities and his powerful historical investigations into the cultural creativity of city life.

Institution Administering Research Funds: The Bartlett School of Planning, Uni- versity College of London

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Keith Thomas

New Patterns of Urban Activity

The following projects financed by Sir Peter Hall with the second part of his Balzan Prize were carried out at the Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at the Uni versity College of London. These projects stem from his studies and were carried out under his supervision.

1. Labour Markets and Housing Markets in England As proposed by Sir Peter Hall, PhD student Basak Demires Ozkul worked on the changing economic structure of the North West of England, one of the cradles of the English Industrial Revolution, which has been impacted by deindustrialization over the last forty years. She also continued to work on her specialist subject of housing, on which she had previously worked with Professor Lawrence Vale at MIT. The outcome was an extremely ambitious attempt to marry two different research streams: labour market modeling and housing market modeling. She examined the simultaneous operation of these two markets within her chosen region – an ideal area for the purpose, comprising two major cities that are successfully making the transition into the knowledge-based service economy, neighbouring industrial towns that are strug- gling to do so, and an attractive countryside to which many of the workers in the “new economy” are commuting.

69 Basak Demires Ozkul has also worked as assistant to Sir Peter Hall on research in a related field, which will be published by the UK Government Office for Science as a jointly-authored publication: Government Office for Science, Long Science Review on the Influence of Significant Drivers on Land Use since 1945.

2. Geographical and Temporal Patterns of Information Flows in European Cities A very able young American who had been Sir Peter’s Master’s student, Jonathan Reades, worked on innovative research strategies using mobile phone company data to analyse the geographical and temporal patterns of information flows in European cities. He developed a highly productive working relationship with MIT’s SENSEable City Laboratory, the world’s leading research group in the field of mapping mobile phone data as a means of analysing urban activity patterns. Here he has contributed to proposals that culminated in SENSEable’s installation at the MoMA in New York and in a disaster-planning research project with the Dutch telecommunications company Koninklijke KPN N.V.

3. European Identity and Recent Immigrants into European Cities Dr. Francesca Recchia, who completed her PhD on “Histories, Cultures and Litera tures of English speaking Countries” at the Oriental Institute in Naples in 2005, was engaged in postdoctoral studies on “European Identity” with Sir Peter Hall from October 2006 to October 2007. Her focus, stemming from her PhD, was an analysis of this through recent European literature, concentrating on writers with multiple ethnic and cultural identities. She first produced a paper on London as seen through the eyes of contemporary novelists who are either recent immigrants or children of immigrants, and then repeated the exercise for Paris in a published article (Recchia, 2008).

About a tenth of the research sum was allocated to the Young Foundation (formerly the Institute of Community Studies) to finalize and pay for two studies in book form. London Voices, London Lives was published in 2007 by Policy Press. It consists of edited transcripts of more than one hundred interviews with Londoners in eight different sample areas in and around the city. The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe was published in 2006 by Earthscan Publications. Fifty copies of this book were donated to the young researchers who participated in the POLYNET project, analyzing and describing flows of information and their geographical patterns in eight regions of North West Europe.

70 Researchers: Basak Demires Ozkul Jonathan Reades Francesca Recchia

Publications: Calabrese, F., J. Reades and C. Ratti. “Eigenplaces: segmenting space through digital signatures”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 9.1 (2010): 78-84. Andris, C., A. Biderman, F. Calabrese, G. Krings, N. Nabian, C. Ratti, J. Reades and F. Rojas. “City Gravity”. SEED Magazine (February 2009). Calabrese, F., J. Reades and C. Ratti, “Eigenplaces: analyzing cities using the space- time structure of the mobile phone network”. Environment and Planning B: Plan- ning & Design, 2009, vol. 36 (5): 824-36. Reades, J. (in peer review) “People, Places and Privacy: using Finite State Machines to preserve privacy while mining the mobile phone network”. Journal of Urban Technology. [Note: the above paper has been cited in Tourist Mobility and Ad- vanced Tracking Technologies, to be published by Routledge Geography.] Recchia, F. “Immigration, Politics and Violence in Urban France: Between Fiction and Facts”. Information, Society and Justice ISSN 1756-1078 (Online) Vol. No. 1 (December 2008). Hall, P. London Voices, London Lives: Tales from a Working Capital. London: Policy Press, 2007. Hall, P. The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe. London: Earthscan Publications, 2006.

71 Rosalyn Higgins

Dame Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC; former President of the International Court of Justice in the Hague; Fellow of the British Academy; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

2007 Balzan Prize for International Law since 1945 For her outstanding contributions to the development of international law since the Second World War and her role as an academic, judge and Court President; for her clear, constructive as well as innovative and groundbreaking books, writings, articles and court decisions in defence of the rule of law and human rights; for her leading role in strengthening and enlarging modern international law.

Institution Administering Research Funds: The British Academy

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Luzius Wildhaber

Oppenheim’s International Law. A New Volume on the United Nations

Rosalyn Higgins’ Balzan research project focuses on a comprehensive study of the main intergovernmental organizations, with the United Nations at the centre of the network. Directed by Dame Rosalyn, a group of young scholars (Dapo Akande, Sand- esh Sivakumaran, James G. Sloan, Philippa Webb and Ralph Wilde) are carrying out the research work necessary to the realization of a new Oppenheim’s International Law volume: Oppenheim on International Organizations. Philippa Webb has taken on the responsibilities of Project Manager.

The Balzan Oppenheim Project team had its first meeting in February 2008 in The Hague, The Netherlands. At this meeting, the team made extensive revisions to the original Outline of Contents for Oppenheim on International Organizations. It was early realised that it was physically impossible, in this ever expanding world, to cover the generality of international institutions, and our efforts would be directed to producing a work of great quality on the law of the United Nations. A broad assignment of topic areas was made and methodological issues and the approach to drafting in the ‘Oppenheim style’ were discussed. A second team meeting took place in Novem-

72 ber 2008 in The Hague during which preliminary research results on peacekeeping and human rights bodies were discussed. The meeting also considered outlines for research on UN immunities and legal personality of the UN at the domestic and international levels.

A third team meeting was held in November 2009 in The Hague. First drafts on the principal UN organs, the subsidiary organs, human rights, international criminal tribunals, financing and the role of the UN Secretariat were reviewed. The team had a fourth meeting in London in March 2010. At this meeting the first drafts on UN immunities and legal personality were discussed in detail. A fifth meeting was held in December 2010 in The Hague to consider first drafts on a range of topics and to review second drafts on peacekeeping, human rights, tribunals, principal and subsidiary UN organs, financing, the UN Secretariat, immunities and legal personality. A sixth meeting was convened in London in May 2011 to discuss a first draft on powers and a revised draft on the principal organs. The seventh meeting took place in London in March 2012 to examine first drafts on voting, the UNHCR, and disaster review as well as to consider revised drafts on tribunals, subsidiary organs, financing, UN Secretariat, peaceful settlement of disputes, the International Criminal Court, powers, and personality.

The eighth meeting was held in November 2013 in London to examine first drafts on the International Court of Justice (in part); Responsibility; Membership (in part); and Geneva-Vienna-New York relations. Substantive revisions are to be made to existing drafts on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees; Disaster Relief; Voting; Im- munities; Hybrid Tribunals; Peacekeeping; Principal Organs; Subsidiary Bodies; the Security Council; Legal Personality; Powers; International Criminal Court; and the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes.

The ninth meeting will be held in November 2014 in London. It was agreed that the priority for the coming year would be new drafting. The ninth meeting will consider new drafts on the International Court of Justice (various aspects), Membership, Pro- moting International Law, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Protect- ing the Environment, and Sanctions.

This was always anticipated to be a major and long-term project. In the meantime, the research for the project has generated some important, related publications for the young academics taking part, such as:

73 Dapo Akande, ‘The Effect of Security Council Resolutions and Domestic Proceedings on State Obligations to Cooperate with the ICC’ (2012) 10 Journal of International Criminal Justice 299.

Sandesh Sivakumaran. ‘How to Improve upon the Faulty Legal Regime of Internal Armed Conflicts’. In: A Casseseed., Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law Oxford University Press 2012, pp 525-538.

James Sloan and Hernandez, G. (2013) ‘The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Development of the Institutional Law of the United Nations’. In: Tams, C.J. and Sloan, J. (eds.) The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 197-233.

Philippa Webb, ‘The Security Council Veto and the Use of Force’ (2014) 19 Journal of Conflict and Security Studies.

Ralph Wilde, ‘Human Rights Beyond Borders at the World Court: The Significance of the International Court of Justice’s Jurisprudence on the Extraterritorial Applica- tion of International Human Rights Law Treaties’ (2013) 12(4) Chinese Journal of International Law 639-677.

As for the project itself, over 700 pages of research now exist and Dame Rosalyn remains deeply grateful to the Balzan Foundation.

Researchers: - Dapo Akande is Associate Professor of Public International Law in the Oxford Law Faculty, Yamani Fellow at St Peter’s College and Co-Director of the Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict and the Oxford Martin Programme on Human Rights for Future Generations.

- Sandesh Sivakumaran is Professor of Public International Law at the School of Law, and Fellow of the Human Rights Law Centre of the University of Notting- ham.

- James G. Sloan is Senior Lecturer in Public International Law at the School of Law of the University of Glasgow.

74 - Philippa Webb is former Special Assistant and Legal Officer to President Rosalyn Higgins at the International Court of Justice and, since September 2012, Lecturer in Public International Law at King’s College London.

- Ralph Wilde is Reader at the Faculty of Laws, University College London. He participated in the research project 2008-2012.

Time has not stood still for our research team, and not only have they published widely but also received promotions in their universities and/or other forms of recognition.

Publications: Oppenheim’s International Law. A New Volume on International Orga- nizations is planned to be ready for publication in 2015/2016.

75 Eric Hobsbawm †

President of Birkbeck College, University of London and Emeritus Professor in the Department of History

2003 Balzan Prize for European History since 1900 For his brilliant analysis of the troubled history of twentieth-century Europe and for his ability to combine in-depth historical research with great literary talent.

Institution Administering Research Funds: The School of History at Birkbeck College, University of London

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Keith Thomas

Reconstruction in the Immediate Aftermath of War: a Comparative Study of Europe, 1945-50

Eric Hobsbawm’s Balzan research project, entitled “Reconstruction in the Immedi- ate Aftermath of War: A Comparative Study of Europe, 1945-50”, was established at Birkbeck College, University of London. It was directed by David Feldman (Birkbeck College) and Mark Mazower (Columbia University), and it comprised a programme of research projects undertaken by two postdoctoral fellows, Jessica Reinisch and Elizabeth White, as well as four workshops and a conference.

The project began in the academic year 2004-2005 and research activities ended in 2007. Both postdoctoral fellows on the project, Jessica Reinisch and Elizabeth White, have now permanent university positions, the former at Birkbeck College and the latter at the University of Ulster. Postdoctoral researcher Jessica Reinisch worked on “The Reconstruction of the Public Health System in Germany up to 1949”. Se- curing public health was a key component in reconstruction, and the issue of public health has generally received only superficial treatment in the literature on German reconstruction. Jessica Reinisch pursued a comparative analysis of reconstruction in the different German occupation zones, and her research contributed to our understanding of post-war reconstruction in a comparative perspective. Postdoctoral researcher Elizabeth White worked on “The Return of Soviet Citizens Evacuated to the

76 Urals, Central Asia or Siberia”. This work looks both at the experience of return and at the attempts of the Soviet state to administer and control the re-evacuation and to use it as a form of social engineering. Whereas evacuation was a major theme in Soviet historiography, little work has been done on the return process. At the same time, the particular history of return in the Soviet Union presents one instance of a theme that the reconstruction project explores comparatively in a variety of national contexts. Over the course of the programme four workshops and a conference were held at Birkbeck College. These were attended by an international array of scholars from all over Europe and from the United States.

The first workshop, Comparing Europe’s Post-war Reconstructions, was held on 28 October 2005. Participants: Nicholas Atkin (Reading), Zhanna Bogdanovich (Birkbeck), Martin Conway (Oxford), Ralph Desmarais (Imperial College), David Feldman (Birkbeck), Sheldon Garon (Princeton), Peter Gatrell (Manchester), Yoram Gorlitzki (Manchester), Neil Gregor (Southampton), Jan Gross (Princeton), Eric Hobsbawm (Birkbeck), Simon Kitson (Birmingham), Carl Levy (Goldsmiths), Frances Lynch (Westminster), Mark Mazower (Columbia), Catherine Merridale (Queen Mary), Alan Milward (H.M. [UK] Government Cabinet Office), Shaun Morcom (Birkbeck), Philip Nord (Princeton), Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck), Jan Rueger (Birkbeck), Naoko Shimazu (Birkbeck), Ben Shephard (Oxford), Timothy Snyder (Yale), Nigel Swain (Liverpool), Johannes-Dieter Steinert (Wolverhamp- ton), Penny Summerfield (Manchester), Frank Trentmann (Birkbeck), Adam Tooze (Cambridge), Jay Winter (Yale), Elizabeth White (Birkbeck), Waqar Zaidi (Imperial College).

The other three workshops involved the following participants:

Relief and Rehabilitation in the Immediate Aftermath of War, June 2006. Rod Bailey (Imperial War Museum), John Barber (Cambridge), Polly Basak (Wellcome Trust), Virginia Berridge (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LSHTM), Sanjoy Bhattacharya (Wellcome Trust), Richard Bessel (University of York), G. Daniel Cohen (Rice University), Ralph Desmarais (Imperial College), David Feldman (Birkbeck), Matthew Frank (Sheffield Hallam), Katerina Gardikas (Athens), Peter Gatrell (Manchester), Christian Goeschel (Cambridge), Eric Hobsbawm (Birkbeck), Simon Kitson (Birmingham), Rowan MacAuslan (Birkbeck), Anthony McElligott (Limerick), Emily Mayhew (Imperial College), Mark Mazower (Colum- bia), Christopher Read (Warwick), Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck), Jan Rueger (Birkbeck),

77 Silvia Salvatici (Teramo), Rainer Schulze (Essex), Ben Shephard (Oxford), Naoko Shimazu (Birkbeck), Iain Smith (Warwick), Frank Snowden (Yale), Johannes-Dieter Steinert (Wolverhampton), Penny Summerfield (Manchester), Pat Thane (School of Advanced Study/ICBH, King’s College London), Flora Tsilaga (King’s College Lon- don), Paul Weindling (Oxford Brookes), Elizabeth White (Birkbeck), Waqar Zaidi (Imperial College).

Displacement and Replacement in the Aftermath of War, 1944-1948, September 2006. Pamela Ballinger (Bowdoin College), Antony Beevor (Birkbeck), Richard Bessel (York), G. Daniel Cohen (Rice University), Gustavo Corni (Trento), Matthew Frank (Sheffield Hallam), Orlando Figes (Birkbeck), Peter Gatrell (Manchester), Loukianos I. Hassiotis (Thessaloniki), Panikos Panayi (De Montfort), Daniel Pick (Birkbeck), Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck), Lucy Riall (Birkbeck), Eduard Mühle (Münster), Irena Salenice (Daugavpils), Silvia Salvatici (Teramo), Rainer Schulze (Essex), Nik Wachsmann (Birkbeck), Marie Sevela (CRJ-EHESS, Paris), Naoko Shimazu (Birk- beck), Johannes-Dieter Steinert (Wolverhampton), Elizabeth White (Birkbeck), Nick Stargardt (Oxford), Tara Zahra (Harvard).

Planning, Production and Reconstruction in Post-war Europe, June 2007. John Gillingham (Missouri, St. Louis), Jacek Kochanowicz (Universitas Varsoviensis - Warsaw), Katherine Lebow (Virginia), Mark Mazower (Columbia), Alan Milward (LSE), Kiran Patel (Humboldt, Berlin), Waqar Zaidi (Imperial College).

The final conference dedicated to Post-War Reconstruction in Europe was held in June 2008. Participants: Richard Bessell (York), Fred Cooper (New York Universi ty), Jan Gross (Princeton), Toby Haggith (Imperial War Museum), Mark Harrison (Warwick), Harold James (Princeton), Pieter Lagrou (Université Libre de Bruxelles), Suzanne Langlois (York University, Toronto), Mark Mazower (Columbia), Silvio Pons (Università di Roma, “Tor Vergata”), Peter Romijn (Amsterdam), Remco Raben (Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie), Jessica Reinisch (Birkbeck), Emma Rothschild (Harvard), Ben Shepard (Bristol/Oxford), Anders Stephanson (Co- lumbia), Jakob Tanner (Zürich), Adam Tooze (Cambridge), Nick White (John Moores University, Liverpool).

Researchers: Jessica Reinisch Elizabeth White

78 Publications: Reinisch, J. “Comparing Europe’s Post-war Reconstructions: First Balzan Work shop, Birkbeck College, London, 28 October 2005”. History Workshop Journal 61(2006): 299-304. Tsilaga, F. “Relief and Rehabilitation in the Immediate Aftermath of War, Second Balzan Workshop, Birkbeck College, London, 16 June 2006”. History Workshop Journal 63 (2007): 371-374. White, E. “After the War was Over: The Civilian Return to Leningrad”. Europe-Asia Studies Vol. 59, No. 7 (2007): 1145-61. Zaidi, W. “Planning, Production and Reconstruction in Post-war Europe, Fourth Balzan Workshop, Birkbeck College, London, 26 June 2007”. History Workshop Journal 65 (2008): 279-284. Reinisch, J., ed. Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 43. No. 3 (July 2008). [Special issue. Contents: Jessica Reinisch, Introduction: Relief in the Aftermath of War; Ben Shephard, Becoming Planning Minded: The Theory and Practice of Relief 1940-1945; Johannes-Dieter Steinert, British Humanitarian Assistance: Wartime Planning and Postwar Realities; G. Daniel Cohen, Between Relief and Politics: Refugee Humanitarianism in Occupied Germany 1945-1946; Jessica Reinisch, We Shall Rebuild Anew a Powerful Nation: UNRRA, Internationalism and National Reconstruction in Poland; Paul Weindling, For the Love of Christ: Strategies of International Catholic Relief and the Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-1948; Katerina Gardikas, Relief Work and Malaria in Greece, 1943-1947; Frank Snowden, Latina Province, 1944-1950; Flora Tsilaga, The Mountain Laboured and Brought Forth a Mouse: UNRRA’s Operations in the Cyclades Islands, c. 1945-46”.] White, E. and J. Reinisch, eds. The Disentanglement of Populations: Migration, Ex- pulsion and Displacement in Post-war Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Mazower, M., J. Reinisch and D. Feldman, eds. Post-war Reconstruction in Europe: International Perspectives, 1945-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Reinisch, J. “Survivors and Survival in Europe after the Second World War”, in S. Bardgett, D. Cesarani, J. Reinisch and J. Steinert, eds. Justice, Politics and Memo- ry in Europe after the Second World War, Landscapes after Battle, Volume 2, 1-18. Middlesex: Vallentine Mitchell, 2011. Feldman, David, ed. “Past and Present”. Post-War Reconstruction in Europe Volume 210 suppl. 6 (2011). [Contents: Mark Mazower, Reconstruction: The Historiographical Issues; David Edgerton, War, Recon- struction, and the Nationalization of Britain, 1939-1951; Adam Tooze, Reassessing the Moral Economy of Post-war Reconstruction: The Terms of the West German Settlement in 1952; Holly Case, Recon- struction in East-Central Europe: Clearing the Rubble of Cold War Politics; Mark Harrison, The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression; Silvio Pons, Stalin and the European Communists after World War Two (1943–1948); Richard Bessel, Establishing Order in Post-war East-

79 ern Germany; Pamela Ballinger, At the Borders of Force: Violence, Refugees, and the Reconfiguration of the Yugoslav and Italian States; Pieter Lagrou, Regaining the Monopoly of Force: Agents of the State Shooting Fugitives in and around Belgium, 1940-1950; Frederick Cooper, Reconstructing Empire in British and French Africa; Nicholas J. White, Reconstructing Europe through Rejuvenating Empire: the British, French, and Dutch Experiences Compared; Sunil Amrith, Reconstructing the ‘Plural So- ciety’: Asian Migration Between Empire and Nation, 1940–1948; Jessica Reinisch, Internationalism in Relief: The Birth (and Death) of UNRRA; Harold James, The Multiple Contexts of Bretton Woods; Waqar Zaidi, ‘A Blessing in Disguise’: Reconstructing International Relations Through Atomic Energy, 1945–1948; Tara Zahra, ‘A Human Treasure’: Europe’s Displaced Children between Nationalism and Internationalism.] Reinisch, J. The Perils of Peace – Public Health Crisis in Occupied Germany. Ox- ford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Links: www.balzan.bbk.ac.uk http://past.oxfordjournals.org/content/210/suppl_6/9.full

80 Nikki Ragozin Keddie

Professor Emerita of History at the University of California, Los Angeles

2004 Balzan Prize for the Islamic World from the End of the 19th to the End of the 20th Century For a remarkable contribution to our knowledge of the Islamic world in the 20th century, and particularly of the encounter between Muslim religion and thought and the spiritual and political values of the West.

Institution Administering Research Funds: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Hélène Carrère d’Encausse

Women, Gender, and the Family in the Muslim World

Professor Keddie’s research project initially involved her bringing six post-doctoral fellows in women’s studies to UCLA and working with them in the course of four years. The six Keddie-Balzan Fellows were chosen from authors of important re search on women, gender and the family in the Muslim World. They were encouraged by Nikki Keddie both to continue their ongoing research and to produce papers on the broader implications of their work for the study of the Islamic world and/or comparative history and society. The fellows for 2005-2006 were Holly Shissler, who taught two courses in history, and Nayereh Tohidi, who taught in women’s studies. The 2006- 2007 fellows were Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi in geography and sociology and Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi in history. The 2007-2008 fellow was Houri Berberian in history, and the 2008-2009 fellow was Janet Afary in history. A final workshop on New Ideas for Middle Eastern Societies: Analyzing Women’s Writings was held at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 2007. The papers presented by Balzan fellows Holly Shissler, Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi and Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi were published by the Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) in a special issue (Vol. 4, n. 3, Fall 2008). Nikki Keddie edited the issue and wrote its Introduction (“Innovative Women: Unsung Pioneers of Social Change”).

81 Professor Keddie was able to spend less than projected, and thus to continue the program beyond its original finish date. Two one-quarter fellowships were awarded, one to Pomona College Assistant Professor Arash Khazeni in history, autumn 2010, and a sup- plementary fellowship to Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi in gender-related studies in spring 2011.

Remaining funds were also used to organize a seminar: “Ethnic and Religious Minor ities in Iran: Realities and Policy Issues, Past and Present”, planned and presented by Nikki Keddie, Nayereh Tohidi and Janet Afary, UCLA, on 22 May 2009. Several publications relate to this seminar. It is anticipated that further such activities will be supported with remaining funds.

Talks initiated and largely funded by Keddie/Balzan funds: - Julia Clancy-Smith on her Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration, c. 1800-1900 (University of California Press, 2011). - Monica Ringer on her Pious Citizens: Reforming Zoroastrianism in India and Iran (Syracuse University Press, 2011). - Roy Mottahedeh on trends in Islamic Theology. - Lunch discussion by Elyse Semerdjian on her book Off the Straight Path: Illicit Sex, Law and Community in Ottoman Aleppo (Syracuse University Press, 2008). - Co-sponsored talk by Olivier Roy on Islamism worldwide.

Researchers: Janet Afary Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi Houri Berberian Arash Khazeni Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi Holly Shissler Nayereh Tohidi

Publications: Afary, J. Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Amanat, M. “Set in Stone: Homeless Corpses and Desecrated Graves in Modern Iran”, (Regarding Bahai and Jewish issues). International Journal of Middle East Studies 44 (2012): 257-283.

82 Amir-Ebrahimi, M. “Conquering enclosed public spaces”. Cities Volume 23, Issue 6, 2006. Amir-Ebrahim, M. “Blogging from Qom, behind Walls and Veils”. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Volume 28, Issue 2 (2008). Amir-Ebrahimi, M. “Transgression in Narration: The Lives of Iranian Women in Cy berspace”. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008). Amir-Ebrahimi, M. “Weblogs and the Emergence of a New Public Sphere in Iran”, in Publics, Politics and Participation: Locating the Public Sphere in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Seteny Shami, 326-356. New York: SSRC Books, 2009. Amir-Ebrahimi, M. “New Modes of Communication: Blogs Iran”, in Encyclopaedia of Women and Islamic Cultures. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. Berberian, H. “History, Memory, and Iranian-Armenian Memoirs of the Iranian Con- stitutional Revolution. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies Volume 17, Issue 3 (2008): 261-92. Berberian, H. “Connected Revolutions: Armenians and the Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century”, in L’ivresse de la liberté”: La révolution de 1908 dans l’Empire ottoman, edited by François Georgeon, 487-510. Leuvain: Peeters, 2012. Elling, R. C. Minorities in Iran: Ethnicity and Nationalism after Khomeini. Basing- stoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Khazeni, A. “Through an Ocean of Sand: Travel Writing, Pastoralism, and the Eques- trian Culture of the Eurasian Steppe”, in Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Alan Mikhail. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Khazeni, A. and A. Amanat, “The Steppe Roads of Central Asia and the Persian Cap- tivity Narrative of Mirza Mahmud Taqi”, in Globalizing Central Asia: The Writing of Travel at the Crossroads of Asia, edited by Nile Green. Bloomington, IN: Indi- ana University Press, 2014. Keddie, N. “Innovative Women: Unsung Pioneers of Social Change”. Journal of Mid- dle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008). Keddie, N. “Iranian Women’s Status and Struggles since 1979”. Journal of Interna tional Affairs Spring/Summer 2007, Volume 60, Issue 2 (2007). Rostam-Kolayi, J. “Origin of Iran’s Modern Girl’s Schools: From Private/National to Public/State”. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008).

83 Rostam-Kolayi, J. “From Evangelizing to Modernizing Iranians: The American Pres- byterian Mission and its Iranian Students”. Iranian Studies Volume 41, Issue 2 (2008). Shissler, H. “Womanhood Is Not For Sale: Sabiha Zekeriya Sertel Against Prosti tution and For Women’s Employment”. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008). Tohidi, N. “Revolution? What’s in it for them? Globalized Iranian American women are nudging their homeland toward democracy”. Los Angeles Times (31 July 2005). Tohidi, N. “In Memoriam: On Parvin Paidar”. Middle East Studies Association Bul letin Volume 39, Issue 2 (December 2005). Tohidi, N. “Islamic Feminism: Women Negotiating Modernity and Patriarchy in Iran”, in The Blackwell Companion of Contemporary Islamic Thought, edited by Ibrahim Abu-Rabi, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Tohidi, N. “The Women’s Movement and Feminism in Iran: A Glocal Perspective”, in Women’s Movements in the Global Era, edited by Amrita Basu, 359-396. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2010. Tohidi, N. “Women’s Rights and Status in Iran”, in Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, eds., 121-156. MD: Rowman & Littlefield and NY: Freedom House, 2010. Published in 3 languages: English, Arabic and Persian. Tohidi, N. “Ethnic and Religious Minority Politics in Contemporary Iran” in Con temporary Iran, edited by Ali Gheissari, 299-323. London & NY: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2009.

Links: The Annual Keddie-Balzan Lecture 2008: http://www.international.ucla.edu/podcasts/article.asp?parentid=93497

Seminar - Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Iran: Realities and Policy Issues, Past and Present: http://www.international.ucla.edu/asia/centralasia/events/showevent.asp?eventid=7370

84 Lothar Ledderose

Senior Professor of the History of East Asian Art at Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg

2005 Balzan Prize for the History of the Art of Asia For his outstanding work on the history of Chinese and Japanese art and innovative ideas, contributing to a new interpretation of the art of these countries, as well as to the creation of a modern vision of its role in global art.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität Heidelberg Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky

1. Heidelberg Colloquies in East Asian Art History, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg One third of the funding was devoted to colloquies held at The Institute of East Asian Art History at Heidelberg University (Institut für Kunstgeschichte Ostasiens an der Universität Heidelberg). About thirty researchers who were writing their theses in the field of East Asian art gave papers. The purpose was to give them a forum where they could present their work in progress, to offer them an opportunity to learn about each other’s topics and methods, and to establish international standards in the field. Appli cations were solicited from Europe, America and East Asia. Based on written thesis proposals, the selection was made by a committee of three professors from more than one country. In addition, one senior specialist was invited to each colloquy to give a lecture. Selected theses have been published. One young researcher took charge of the preparatory work for the colloquies, which were entitled the Heidelberg Colloquies on East Asian Art History.

The First Heidelberg International Colloquy on East Asian Art History took place from 14-17 September 2006. Sixteen PhD students from ten countries were selected from fifty-three applicants. The young researchers were: Xin Chen (University of Oxford); Youn-mi Kim, (Harvard University); Anton Schweizer (Ruprecht-Karls-

85 Universität, Heidelberg); Ya-Chen Ma (Stanford University); Pietro de Laurentis (Università di Napoli L’Orientale); Li-Wei Chen (Columbia University); Pik Ki Peggy Ho (National Taiwan University); Massimo Carrante (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg); Fei Bi (China Academy of Art, Hangzhou); Jong Phil Park (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor); Hui Guo (Universiteit Leiden); Mari Takamatsu (New York University); Rosina Buckland (New York University); Walter B. Davis (Ohio State University); Yu-chin Huang (SOAS, University of London); Christof Büttner (Ru precht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg).

The Second Heidelberg International Colloquy on East Asian Art History took place from 10-13 July 2008. Chairpersons: Professor Lothar Ledderose, Professor Dame Jessica Rawson (University of Oxford); Professor Craig Clunas (University of Oxford); Professor John Carpenter (SOAS, University of London). Speakers: Jie Shi (University of Chicago); Su-chin Wang (National Taiwan University); Sheri A. Lullo (University of Pittsburgh); Lei Xue (Columbia University); Minku Kim (University of California, Los Angeles); Li-Kuei Chien (SOAS, University of London); Nobushiro Takahashi (SOAS, University of London); Yu Ping Luk (University of Oxford); Annette Bügener (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg); Lingting Chiu (National Taiwan Univer- sity); Yi Gu (Brown University); Ken Yoshida (University of California, Irvine); Jie Dong (China Academy of Art, Hangzhou); Yu-jen Liu (University of Oxford); Mio Wakita (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg) and Kim Gyewon (McGill Univer- sity). Discussants: Shinya Maezaki (SOAS, University of London), Lidu Yi (Univer- sity of Toronto), Akiko of Mikasa (University of Oxford), Ning Yao (Ruprecht-Karls- Universität, Heidelberg).

The Third Heidelberg International Colloquy on East Asian Art History took place from 14-17 July 2011. Speakers presented their research thesis in four panels “Ob jects”, “Painting and Calligraphy”, “Space” and “Religious Art”, which were chaired by Professor Dame Jessica Rawson (University of Oxford); Professor Melanie Trede (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg); Professor Craig Clunas (University of Ox ford) and Professor Lothar Ledderose. Speakers: Chen Kaijun (Columbia University); Tseng Chin-Yin (University of Oxford); Anna Katharina Grasskamp (Universiteit Leiden); Peng Ying-Chen (University of California, Los Angeles); Frank Feltens (Columbia University); Ng Sau Wah (University of Oxford); Naoi Nozomi (Harvard University); Seo Yoonjung (University of California, Los Angeles); Lin Fan (McGill University); Liu Lihong (New York University); Grassmück-Zhang Shaohua (Ru precht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg); Anne Hennings (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität,

86 Heidelberg); Wang Xiang (Stanford University); Phillip Bloom (Harvard University); Wang Ching-Ling (Freie Universität zu Berlin); Wang Lianming (Ruprecht-Karls- Universität, Heidelberg).

2. Buddhist Stone Inscriptions in North China, Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften The research project is carried out in collaboration with the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften). This institution supports long term research on Buddhist inscriptions engraved in stone in China. The research project’s principal aim is to fully document these inscriptions. The Ledderose-Balzan research project is exploring methods of presenting the inscriptions to the scholarly community, and how to make them known and intelligible to a wider audience. This involves developing new methods of digitiz- ing the inscriptions and presenting them visually. One of the aims of the project is a scholarly catalogue for a public exhibition of these materials. A recent outcome of this research project is the exhibition Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 / The Heart of Enlightenment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600, organized for the centenary of the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln (Ger- many). The catalogue contains a preface by Adele Schlombs and essays by Lothar Ledderose, Claudia Wenzel and Suey-ling Tsai (Heidelberger Akademie der Wis- senschaften), Liqun He (Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Social Sci- ences in Beijing) and Petra Rösch (Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln). Since funds still remain, work will continue on this for a number of years, with the results presented digitally.

Exhibition: Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 / The Heart of Enlight enment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600. Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln, 2009.

Researchers: Paul Copp Suey-Ling Tsai

Publications: Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 / The Heart of Enlightenment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600, edited by the Museum für Ostasi- atische Kunst, Köln and the research project Buddhist Stone Inscriptions in China

87 of the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Köln: Peipers-Druck Zentrum Köln West, 2009. Hwang Yin. “The Age of Enlightenment: Global Perspectives on the History of East Asian Art. An interview with Lothar Ledderose and Adele Schlombs”. Orientations (Nov./Dec. 2009).

Professor Paul Copp of the University of Chicago is in the process of producing a book on the Hongdingshan panegyrics.

Links: The Heidelberg International Colloquies on East Asian Art History are archived at http://iko.uni-hd.de/archive/conferences_en.html

Exhibition: http://www.museenkoeln.de/home/pages/785.aspx?s=785&jahr=2009

88 Serge Moscovici

Director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (LEPS), Fondation Maison des sciences de l’homme

2003 Balzan Prize for Social Psychology Serge Moscovici’s works are characterized by their great novelty: they have overthrown the canonical paradigms of the discipline, renewed its methods of research and its orientations, and created a European tradition in social psychology whose originality is recognized everywhere. In the sciences of man and society, Serge Moscovici is in the position of eminence, which, until the end of the 1960s, was held by Jean Piaget.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Giovanni Busino

Social Psychology

The research projects that Serge Moscovici has carried out with the second half of the 2003 Balzan Prize for social psychology will have beneficial effects on social psychology at the international level.

The general principle was to stimulate research in countries where it was otherwise difficult to achieve training and scientific communication. The first strategy was to help set up research centres in different parts of the world. In the first instance this involved helping groups of researchers to create centres at universities, such as the Universidade de Brasília, where the Centro Internacional de Pesquisa em Represen- tações e Psicologia Social “Serge Moscovici” has been established. Secondly, centres of research were established in cooperation with other centres, such as Professor Ida Galli’s Centro Mediterraneo per lo studio delle Rappresentazioni Sociali at the Uni- versità di Napoli “Federico II”. Finally, centres were set up in cooperation with funding from another foundation, e.g., a centre in São Paulo, which obtained funds from the Fundação Carlos Chagas. The second strategy was to help researchers across the world, e.g., in Mexico or in Italy. The third strategy was to help some researchers who explored a specific topic.

89 In carrying out these projects, the Balzan Prizewinner brought together colleagues and young researchers from all the countries already associated with the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (LEPS) in Paris. This laboratory, created more than thirty years ago within the framework of the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, is an international network conceived to support and coordinate the activities of various research groups in social psychology. To this end it dealt with ensuring regular contacts between researchers on topics related to the problems, concerns and the transformations of contemporary European societies, stimulating exchanges in the field of psychosocial analysis, developing joint research, analyzing results obtained in the field of the theory of social representations, and taking part in the organization of international meetings. Its activities also included the publication of articles and books dealing with various theoretical and social questions.

The Social Representation of Marxism Coordinators: Serge Moscovici and Denise Jodelet Topic: One of these studies focused on the social representation of Marxism. Serge Moscovici began studying the diffusion of Marxism approximately twenty years ago. Thanks to the second half of the Balzan Prize, this research was to be taken up again by the Prizewinner, with the collaboration of Denise Jodelet, Professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS).

An Exemplary Ethnic Minority: The Case of the Gypsies Coordinators: Juan Antonio Pérez and Nikos Kalampalikis Topic: The problem of ethnic minorities which seek to express their identity by becoming protagonists in the playing out of their own destiny has preoccupied researchers from many countries and has attracted the attention of many international institutions. Serge Moscovici has concentrated his focus on this culturally rooted and wan- dering ethnic minority. Juan Pérez, ordinary Professor at the Universitat de València, and Nikos Kalampalikis, lecturer at the Université Lumière Lyon 2, have collected 1400 questionnaires in seven European countries. - In comparison, but on a more modest scale, a similar study was undertaken with regard to the Indians by Professor Campos in Brazil. - Ida Galli (Università di Napoli “Federico II”) coordinated research in social psychology in the countries of Southern and Mediterranean Europe at the Centro Med- iterraneo per lo Studio delle Rappresentazioni Sociali (2005).

90 - Risa Permanadeli (Universitas Katolik Atmajaya Jakarta, Indonesia, Ganeca Foun- dation) was to animate scientific networks on social representations with the countries of Southeast Asia at the Center for the Study of Social Representations Studies of Southeast Asia (2005).

Furthermore, Serge Moscovici earmarked the following projects for financing with the second part of his Balzan Prize: - studies on the representations of Alter-mondialism. The group of young researchers were directed by Professor Jean-Claude Abric, Université de Provence, Aix- Marseille I; - a joint psychosocial research project on the rights of the child, led by Professors Francesca Emiliani and Luisa Molinari of the Università di Bologna; - a psychological health study carried out by Professor Sylvia Valencia, Universidad de Guadalajara; - a modest part of the archival organizational work of professor Lavinia Betea, lecturer in the Faculty of Political Science at the Universitatea din Bucureşti, which concerned psycho-biographies of leaders of the Romanian Communist Party; - a one year PhD fellowship awarded to Luciana Radut who prepared a social psychology doctoral thesis, “The Representations of European Construction. Between Central Europe and Eastern Europe”.

Conferences: - VIII International Conference on Social Representations (Rome, 28 August-1 Sep- tember 2006). - Giornata di Lotta allo stigma del disagio mentale (Viterbo, 19 April 2007). - Troisiémes recontres Internationales du Centre Collaborateur de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale (Nice, 12 -15 June 2007). - V JIRS (Brasilia, 31 July-3 August 2007). - De Rosa, A.S., Imagerie collective et representations socials de la folie dans les dessins d’enfants et l’histoire de l’Art. Troisiémes recontres Internationales du Centre Collaborateur de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale (Nice, 12-15 June 2007).

The financing of the Balzan Foundation was an occasion of professional and intellec tual growth for the young researchers engaged in the various courses of research, and makes it possible at the same time to better understand certain psychosocial problems.

91 Researchers: Jean-Claude Abric Maurice Aymard Lavinia Betea P. H. F. Campos Francesca Emiliani Ida Galli Denise Jodelet Nikos Kalampalikis Ivana Marková Luisa Molinari Brigitta Orfali Juan Antonio Pérez Risa Permanadeli Sylvia Valencia

Luciana Radut (scholarship)

Publications: Campos, P.H.F. “Effets de contexte et adéquation normative dans le cas de la représentation sociale de l’indien au Brésil”. Abstracts of the 10th Internation- al Conference on Social Representations, I: 25. Tunis: Les Editions Apollonia, 2010. De Rosa, A.S. and E. Bocci. “The Iconographic Archaeology of Madness: Stability/ Changing of Social Representations more than 20 Years after the Basaglia Law”. Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Social Representations, 327. Rome, 28 August-1 September 2006. Galli, I. Del potere e di altri demoni. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2008. Kalampalikis, N. and S. Moscovici. “Une approche pragmatique de l’analyse Alces- te”. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale 66 (2005): 15-24. Marková, I. Dialogicité et représentations sociales. Paris: Puf, 2007 (French translation of Dialogicity and Social Representations, 2003). Moscovici, S. and I. Markovà. The Making of Modern Social Psychology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006. Moscovici, S. and J.A. Pérez. “A Study of Minorities as Victims”. European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007): 725-746. Moscovici, S. “Os ciganos entre perseguição e emancipação (The gypsies between

92 persecution and emancipation)”. Sociedade e Estado, Brasília v. 24, n. 3 (2009): 653-678. Moscovici, S. and J.A. Pérez. “A new representation of minorities as victims”, in Fab- rizio Butera and John M. Levine (eds.), Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion, 82-103. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Moscovici, S. “An essay on social representations and ethnic minorities”. Social Science Information 50 (2011): 442-461. Moscovici, S. Raison et cultures (Édition établie et présentée par N.Kalampalikis). Collection Audiographie. Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 2012. Moscovici, S. Le scandale de la pensée sociale (Textes fondamentaux et inédits sur les représentations sociales réunis et introduits par N. Kalampalikis). Collection Cas de figure. Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 2013. Passini, S., F. Emiliani and B. Lumanaj. I diritti e i doveri: rappresentazioni sociali di giovani italiani e albanesi. Bologna: Libreria Bonomo Editrice, 2007.

Links: http://www.leps.msh-paris.fr/eng/balzan_groups.htm http://www.centromoscovici.unb.br/

93 Thomas Nagel

Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University

2008 Balzan Prize for Moral Philosophy For his fundamental and innovative contributions to contemporary ethical theory, relating to both individual, personal choices and collective, social decisions. For the depth and coherence of his original philosophical perspective, which is centred on the essential tension between objective and subjective points of view. For the originality and fecundity of his philosophical approach to some of the most important questions in contemporary life.

Institution Administering Research Funds: New York University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Salvatore Veca

Philosophical Aspects of Global Order

The main aim of the research project is to explore the complexity of ethics and poli tics, but it also supports young researchers in the fields of philosophy of mind, philos ophy of language, and philosophy of science.

Most of the funds are being used to provide fellowships to enable visiting graduate students from abroad to spend time at New York University, to participate in the Philosophy Department’s program and its Institute of Philosophy research activities as well as in the NYU Law School “Colloquium in Legal, Political and Social Philos- ophy”, conducted by Thomas Nagel and Ronald Dworkin. The Colloquium examines scholarly work in progress on the issues of global justice, international human rights, immigration and national boundaries, and the relation between democratic legitimacy and judicial versus legislative supremacy. Students, younger scholars, and senior fac ulty members all participate in this program of ongoing discussions. For the four year duration of the project, several Balzan Fellowships are to be allocated each year to students coming to the Philosophy Department to spend a year as visiting graduate students. Every effort is made to identify students with the appropriate interests

94 and abilities, so that such a visit might provide them with an opportunity to greatly expand their intellectual horizons. Each of the Balzan Fellows will take two graduate seminars per semester for credit in the department, and also participate in the various colloquia and conferences sponsored by the Institute of Philosophy, the Philosophy Department and the School of Law.

A further portion of the funds supports activities of the Institute of Philosophy, foster ing research groups on topics of public concern that have an important philosophical dimension, such as “Science and Religion” or “Epistemology and Ethics of Disagree ment”. These working groups bring together junior and senior scholars and graduate students regularly over an extended period, with research papers subjected to criticism and discussion.

During the spring term of 2010 the funds supported a research seminar, “Evolution and Ethics”, conducted by two assistant professors in the NYU Philosophy Depart ment, Sharon Street and Laura Franklin-Hall. The seminar examined recent philosoph ical work concerning the relevance of evolutionary biology to ethics. Questions to be addressed included: How should we understand the role of biological and cultural evolution in shaping our capacity for normative thought and motivation, and in shaping the content of human values? Are such traits properly understood as evolutionary adaptations? What implications, if any, might evolutionary explanations have for our understanding of the nature of normative truth (both practical and epistemic) and our ability to know what it is? Are the causal origins of normative judgments ever relevant to normative theorizing – whether “first-order” or “meta-ethical” – and if so, in what way? Do the details of the best causal explanation matter? Does normative theory have an “autonomy” of sorts, and if so, how should we understand this idea? Attention was focused on the work of the following authors, each of whom visited the seminar: Philip Kitcher, John Dewey Professor of Philosophy and James R. Barker Professor of Con temporary Civilization at Columbia University; Allan Gibbard, Richard B. Brandt Dis tinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan; Richard Joyce, Associated Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney and Chandra Sripada, Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan. The authors’ visits were funded with the second half of the 2008 Balzan Prize for Moral Philosophy.

95 Funds were used to support three NYU/Columbia Graduate Student Philosophy Con- ferences:

In April 2011, the following papers were presented at the conference: “Shifts of At- tention and the Content of Perception”, Adrienne Prettyman (University of Toronto); “Against Epistemic Akrasia”, Sophie Horowitz (MIT); “A Two-pronged Strategy for Solving the Platonist’s Access Problem”, Sharon Elizabeth Berry (Harvard); “It’s All too Hard”, Aness Webster (University of Southern California).

In April 2012, the following papers were presented: “Of Grounding and Explanation”, Ryan Perkins (Oxford); “Self-Forgiveness and Quality of Will”, Per-Erik Milam (Uni- versity of California, San Diego); “Epistemic Blame and the Challenge of Doxastic Involuntarism”, Charles Cote-Bouchard (Montreal); “Subjective Ought”, Jennifer Carr (MIT); “Quasi-Realism and the Problem of Unexplained Coincidence”, James Dreier (Brown).

In April 2013, the following papers were presented: “Quantum Mechanics and Hu- mean Supervenience”, Elizabeth Miller (Harvard); “Is the Experience of Temporal Passage a Reason to Reject the B-Theory of Time?”, Melissa MacAulay (Western Ontario); “A Smaller Self: Two Criticisms of Real Self Theories”, Ross Colebrook (CUNY); “Against Intellectualist Accounts of Belief”, Jack Marley-Payne (MIT); “Time-Slice Epistemology and Action under Indeterminacy”, Sarah Moss (Michigan).

In the spring of 2013, Balzan funds were used to support a series of conferences conducted by the New York Institute of Philosophy, on the Foundations of Epistemology. The conferences brought together junior and senior scholars for intensive discussion of specific materials, presented by their authors. There were three meetings in all, the first two in New York and the third at the NYU conference center La Pietra, near Florence:

February 16: The Value of Truth Peter Railton (University of Michigan), “The Value of Truth and the Value of Be- lief”, with comments by Sinan Dogramaci (University of Texas); Paul Horwich (NYU), “Belief-Truth Norms”, with comments by Daniel Greco (NYU).

April 13: Reasoning John Broome (Oxford), “Reasoning and Normativity”, with comments by Jim Pry- or (NYU); Dan Sperber (Paris), “Why Do Humans Reason?” with comments by Matthew Kotzen (University of North Carolina).

96 June 3-6: The A Priori Tim Williamson (Oxford), “How Deep is the Distinction Between A Posteriori and A Priori Knowledge”, wih comments by Paul Boghossian (NYU); Crispin Wright (NYU), “The Basic A Priori: Simple Arithmetic as a Case Study”, with comments by Josh Schechter (Brown); John Bengson (University of Wisconsin), “The In- tellectual Given”, with comments by Amia Srinivasan (Oxford); Robin Jeshion (USC), “Intuiting the Infinite”, with comments by Jane Friedman (Oxford); David Chalmers (NYU), “Constructing the World”, with comments by Stephen Schiffer (NYU).

Researchers: Assistant Professors (Seminar): Laura Franklin-Hall, NYU Philosophy Department Sharon Street, NYU Philosophy Department

Graduate Fellowships 2009-2010: - Camil Golub, Universitatea din Bucureşti. He worked on the relation between nor mativity and evolutionary theory, with respect to the norms of logic and belief as well as the norms of intention and action. He took classes in: Philosophy of the High Level Sciences; Meaning, Understanding and Truth; Constructing the World; Non- Classical Logics; Evolution and Ethics. Individual advisor: Laura Franklin-Hall. - Ana Hulton, Universidad de Buenos Aires. She worked on the metaphysics of nat ural kinds and laws of nature, with special reference to modality and the distinction between essential and accidental properties. She also worked on the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of cognitive science. She took the following classes: Top- ics in Metaphysics: Metaphysics and Metaphilosophy and Constructing the World. (1 term). Individual advisor: Ted Sider. - Stefan Ionescu, Central European University, Budapest. He worked in the philoso phy of science, with special reference to the analysis of causation and explanation. He took classes on: The Philosophy of the Special Sciences, General Philosophy of Language and the class “Constructing the World”. Individual advisor: Michael Strevens.

Graduate Fellowships 2010-2011: - Ramiro Caso, Universidad de Buenos Aires, took courses on Philosophical Logic and Philosophical Research. He produced six papers. Two papers were on relativ- ism about truth; two were on sets and quantification; another was on admissible

97 solutions for the problem of self-undermining chances raised by Lewis’ Principal Principle; a final paper was produced on Aristotelian metaphysics (1 term). Indi- vidual advisor: Crispin Wright. - Orsolya Reich, Central European University, Budapest, attended classes in Eth- ics, Decision Theory and Egalitarianism. She produced two papers: “The Fairness Theory and the Particularity Requirement” and “Global Equality of Resources”. Individual advisor: Thomas Nagel. - Shun-Pin Hsu, National Yang Ming University in Taipei, focused on the level theory in biology. Individual advisor: Laura Franklin-Hall. - Joy Chihyi Hung, National Yang Ming University in Taipei, focused on philosophy of mind, and took courses in Metaphysics, Philosophy of Biology, Philosophy of Creativity, Philosophy of Mind. Individual advisor: Ned Block.

Graduate Fellowships 2011-2012: - Yun-Chak Chong, Chinese University of Hong Kong, participated in the Colloqui- um in Law, Philosophy and Social Theory; seminars on metaethics and on equality; on the philosophy of physics and individual directed research on the moral philoso phy of Hume and Kant. His research is especially concerned with the problem of how demanding moral requirements are in relation to the interests of the individual agent. Individual advisor: Thomas Nagel. - Alfonso Losada, Universidad de Buenos Aires, is working on the semantics of nat ural language and the link between the meaning and the epistemic dimension of expressions. He is also concerned with the epistemology of modality, and whether conceivability is a good guide to possibility. Individual advisor: Stephen Schiffer. - Attila Mraz, Central European University, Budapest, participated in the Colloqui- um in Law, Philosophy and Social Theory, and took other seminars in metaethics and equality. His research focuses on the relation between equality and justice and the scope of egalitarian justice – whether it applies nationally or internationally – as well as the question of how the structure of actual institutions affects this scope. Individual advisor: Samuel Scheffler. - Adriana Sora, Universitatea din Bucureşti, participated in seminars in metaphysics and the philosophy of science. Her research focuses on philosophy of mind, with special reference to the epistemological aspects of the mind-body problem. She participated in the workshop conducted by David Chalmers on problems about consciousness. Individual advisor: Peter Unger.

98 Graduate Fellowships 2012-2013: - David Bitter, Central European University, Budapest, pursued research on the cognitive status of hypnosis and hallucinations, and on the relation between the phenomenal and intentional content of perception, in discussion with Ned Block. In the fall he attended a seminar at Rutgers conducted by Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn on the Role of Concepts in Perception. In the spring he took Jesse Prinz’s seminar on Recent Issues in Consciousness, and the Mind and Language seminar conducted by Stephen Schiffer and Stephen Neale. He also participated in David Chalmers’s workshop on consciousness in the fall term. Individual supervisor: Ned Block. - Sapphires Sin Ting Wong, Chinese University of Hong Kong, came with a primary interest in philosophy of mind. She was individually supervised in the fall by Ned Block on the neurobiological basis of consciousness, by Thomas Nagel on the problem of personal identity in the fall term, and on ethical theory in the spring. In the spring she also had supervision by Helen Yetter Chappell in philosophy of mind. She participated in seminars and workshops conducted by Ned Block, Jesse Prinz and David Chalmers on neuroscience and the philosophy of mind. Individual supervisor: Thomas Nagel.

The research funds have been used almost exclusively to support graduate students in the middle of their studies, rather than post-doctoral researchers. But the opportunities the fellowships offer to students from all over the world to expand their horizons and enrich their intellectual experience have been invaluable, and will certainly bear fruit in the future.

99 Colin Renfrew

Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn; Senior Fellow at the McDonald Institute for Ar- chaeological Research University of Cambridge; former Disney Professor of Ar- chaeology and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research

2004 Balzan Prize for Prehistoric Archaeology Andrew Colin Renfrew, Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, is one of the most eminent per- sonalities in the world of archaeology today. He is among the promoters of outstanding innovations in processual archaeology, author of a series of brilliant works on central themes in European and world prehistory that are marked by great interpretative acumen and have had a revolutionary impact. He has had through his great intellectual depth and balanced critical vision, an almost unequalled influence in the world of Western archaeology, displaying an extraordinary capacity in organizing studies, promoting theoretical debate and raising awareness of the ethical aspects of the profession of archaeologist.

Institution Administering Research Funds: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Paolo Matthiae

Two Lines of Research in Prehistoric Archaeology

The first line of research was devoted to the development of “Material Engagement Theory”, the study of past ways of thinking through the material culture that has sur vived, a research area which Colin Renfrew has been trying to develop since his 1982 Cambridge Inaugural Lecture, Towards an Archaeology of Mind. The second line of research involves the development and expansion of archaeological fieldwork in the Early Bronze Age cultures of the Cycladic Islands of Greece, the subject of Renfrew’s 1965 doctoral dissertation and subsequent work.

1. Development of “Material Engagement Theory” From 2005 until 2008, Dr. Lambros Malafouris held the position of Balzan Post- Doctoral Research Fellow in Cognitive Archaeology at the McDonald Institute for

100 Archaeological Research in Cambridge. Professor Renfrew and Dr. Malafouris organ ized two major symposia: - The first symposium, “The Cognitive Life of Things. Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind” was held at the McDonald Institute from 7-9 April 2006. The papers presented at this symposium, after peer review, were published as a McDonald Institute Monograph in 2010 (Malafouris and Renfrew 2010). - The second symposium, “The Sapient Mind: Archaeology meets Neuroscience”, was held at the McDonald Institute from 14-17 September 2007. It was co-organized with Professor Colin Renfrew and Professor Chris Frith (Department of Cognitive Neuro- science, UCL). The papers presented in this symposium were published as a special theme issue by the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 2008, and in 2009 by Oxford University Press under the title The Sapient Mind: Archaeology Meets Neuroscience. (Renfrew, Frith and Malafouris 2008; 2009). The publication of The Sapient Mind has also received extensive coverage in New Scientist (14 May 2008).

In addition, the links between archaeology and neuroscience formed the basis for a seminar co-organized by Lambros Malafouris and Colin Renfrew, entitled “Steps to a Neuroarchaeology of Mind” (Exeter, 15-17 December 2006). Selected papers from this session were published in a special section of the Cambridge Archaeo- logical Journal 18, 3 (October 2008).

2. Archaeological fieldwork in the Early Bronze Age Cultures of the Cycladic Islands of Greece A junior colleague of Colin Renfrew, Giorgos Gavalas, was involved in completing the publication of an earlier phase of the work on the site of Dhaskalio, on the island of Keros, which was then published in monograph form by the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research (Renfrew et al., 2007).

Thanks to the award of the second half of the Balzan Prize to Colin Renfrew, it was possible to conduct the excavation of the site of Dhaskalio and Dhaskalio Kavos during the excavation seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008. Preliminary reports on the 2006- 2007 and 2008 excavations were published in The Annual of the British School of Athens (Renfrew et al., 2007; 2009). No further excavation is planned. The excavations involved the participation of a number of young graduate archaeologists, several of whom are contributors to the final report.

101 Researchers: Lambros Malafouris The quality of Dr. Malafouris’ research and the scientific impact of his work as Balzan Fellow were reflected in his frequent invitations to speak at conferences and institutions in the UK and overseas. For instance, from 2005 to 2008 he was invited to present papers at Edinburgh, UK (Interactive Mind AHRC workshop 2005), San Juan, Puerto Rico (SAA 2006), Berlin, Germany (European Platform 2006), Exeter, UK (lecture at the University of Exeter 2007), Southampton, UK (Innovation and Evolution workshop 2007), Oxford, UK (Classical Archaeology Seminar 2007), and the Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung (ZiF), Bielefeld, Germany (The Enculturated Body workshop 2008). Additionally, he has refereed articles for the Cambridge Archaeology Journal, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B and Science. For his innovative cross-disciplinary work in the area of “neuroarchaeology” and the extended mind, Dr. Malafouris was featured in Seed Magazine’s Revolutionary Minds Series (August 2008 issue).

Participants in the Excavation Project of 2006-2008: Michael Boyd Giorgos Gavalas Myrto Georgakopoulou Thomas Loughlin Evi Margaritis Barry Molloy Ioanna Moutafi Dimitris Tambakopoulos

Publications: Malafouris, L. “Before and Beyond Representation: Towards an Enactive Conception of the Palaeolithic Image”, in C. Renfrew and L. Morley, eds. Image and Imagina tion: a Global History of Figurative Representation. Cambridge: McDonald Insti tute for Archaeological Research, 2007. Malafouris, L. “The Sacred Engagement: Outline of a Hypothesis about the Origin of Human ‘Religious Intelligence’ ”, in D.A. Barrowclough and C. Malone, eds. Cult in Context, Reconsidering Ritual in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007. Malafouris, L. “Is it ‘Me’ or Is It ‘Mine’? The Mycenaean Sword as a Body-part”, in J. Robb and D. Boric, eds. Past Bodies. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008. Knappett, C. and L. Malafouris, eds. Material Agency: Towards a Non-Anthro pocentric Approach. New York, Springer, 2008.

102 Knappett, C. and L. Malafouris. “Material and Non-Human Agency: An Introduc tion”, in Material Agency (2008). Malafouris, L. “At the Potter’s Wheel: An Argument for Material Agency”, in Materi al Agency (2008). Malafouris, L. and C. Renfrew. “Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind”. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, 3 (2008). Malafouris, L. “Beads for a Plastic Mind: the ‘Blind Man’s Stick’ (BMS) Hypothesis and the Active Nature of Material Culture”. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, 3 (2008). Renfrew, C., C. Frith and L. Malafouris. “The Sapient Mind: Archaeology meets Neu- roscience”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 363 (2008). (Paperback edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Renfrew, C., C. Frith and L. Malafouris. Introduction in The Sapient Mind (2008, 2009). Malafouris, L. “Between Brains, Bodies and Things: Tectonoetic Awareness and the Extended Self”, in The Sapient Mind (2008, 2009). Malafouris, L. “ʻNeuroarchaeology’: Exploring the Links between Neural and Cul tural Plasticity”. Progress in Brain Research Vol. 178 (2009). Malafouris, L. and C. Renfrew, eds. The Cognitive Life of Things: Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Re search, 2010. Malafouris, L. “The Cognitive Life of Things: Archaeology, Material Engagement, and the Extended Mind”, in The Cognitive Life of Things (2010). Malafouris, L. “Engaging the ‘Missing Mass’”, in The Cognitive Life of Things (2010). Malafouris, L. “Grasping the Concept of Number: How Did the Sapient Mind Move Beyond Approximation?” in The Archaeology of Measurement (2010). Knappett, C., L. Malafouris and P. Tomkins. “Ceramics (as Containers)”, in D. Hicks and M.C. Beaudry, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies. Ox ford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Malafouris, L. “Prosthetic Bodies and Material Signs: Connections across the Skin Barrier and the Scales of Time”, in S. Jordan, J. Streeck, and I. Wachsmuth, eds. The Enculturated Body. Time Scales of Embodied Meaning in Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Malafouris L. “Linear B as Distributed Cognition: Excavating a Mind not Limited by the Skin”, in M. Jessen, N. Johanssen and H. J. Jensen, eds. Excavating the Mind: Cross-sections Through Culture, Cognition and Materiality. Aarhus: Aarhus Uni versity Press, 2011.

103 Renfrew C. and I. Morley, eds. The Archaeology of Measurement. Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Renfrew, C., C. Doumas, L. Marangou and G. Gavalas, eds. Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: The Investigations of 1987-88. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie and G. Gavalas. “Keros: Dhaskalio and Ka- vos, Early Cycladic Stronghold and Ritual Centre. Preliminary Report of 2006 and 2007 Seasons”. The Annual of the British School of Athens 102 (2007). Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie and G. Gavalas. “The Early Cycladic Set tlement at Dhaskalio, Keros: Preliminary Report of the 2008 Excavation Season”. The Annual of the British School of Athens 104 (2009). Renfrew, C., M.J. Boyd and C. Bronk Ramsey. “The Oldest Maritime Sanctuary? Dating the Sanctuary at Keros and the Cycladic Early Bronze Age”. Antiquity 86 (2012): 144-60. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N.J. Brodie, G. Gavalas and M.J. Boyd, eds. The Sanctu- ary at Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practice: Excavations at Dhaskalio and Dhaskalio Kavos, Keros 2006-2008. Volume 1. Cambridge: McDonald Insti- tute for Archaeological Research, 2013. More volumes forthcoming.

104 Paolo Rossi Monti †

Emeritus Professor at the University of Florence; Fellow of the Accademia dei Lincei

2009 Balzan Prize for the History of Science For his major contributions to the study of the intellectual foundations of science from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Florence

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: M.E.H. Nicolette Mout

Cosmology and Physics, Memory and Emotions: Research on the History of Science

Paolo Rossi Monti set aside half of the Balzan Prize for research that involved seven outstanding young scholars. Paolo Rossi Monti personally followed their research in detail.

Professor Paolo Rossi Monti was supported by Professor Michele Ciliberto, corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and regular Professor of Modern Philosophy at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, to follow the research on Cosmology and Physics, while Professor Bernardino Fantini, Director of the Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé at the Université de Genève, followed the research on the subject of Memory and Emotions. It is anticipated that a conference will be held at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei to present the findings and the conclusions of the projects.

The subject Cosmology and Physics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries was investigated in detail with the following pre-established themes:

- Cosmology and Medicine in the High and Late Renaissance: Olivia Catanorchi studied the interrelations between Astronomy, Cosmology and Medicine, and dedi-

105 cated special attention to the work of Cornelio Gemma, who was known by Campanella and Kepler. - Aspects of Aristotelian Physics in the Paduan Lessons of Pietro Pomponazzi: Francesca Dell’Omodarme studied Pomponazzi’s comments and observations on the argumentation on Physics and Cosmology in Aristotle’s works. - On the Mathematical Foundation of Giordano Bruno’s Natural Atomism: Marco Matteoli translated the Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus mathematicos et philosophos for the first time into Italian (including an extensive introduction and analytical commentary), starting with his in-depth study on Bruno’s writings dedicated to Mathematics and Geometry. - Science, Philosophy and Politics in the Venice of Paolo Sarpi: Chiara Petrolini studied the intense intellectual exchange between Venice and England at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and in particular, the physiognomy of the so-called Sarpi circle. This theme of research is related to the cultural background of De la Pirotechnia by Vannuccio Biringuccio. - The Moon in Fabula, Istoria and Utopia: Natacha Fabbri identified the main sources (pre-Galileo) defining the Moon as another Earth (Proclus, Macrobius, Simplicius, Plutarch) and delineated the ways it was articulated by Bruno, Patrizi, Kepler and Wilkins.

Concerning the subject Memory and Emotions, the following research projects dealt with the following pre-established themes:

- Arts of Memory in the Age of the Neurosciences: Matteo Borri followed an investigation on the historical developments of experimental research and on the theoretical contributions to the theme of memory and neurobiology, as well as techniques for increasing mnemonic power and maintaining mnemonic functions in the presence of pathologies, thus highlighting the connections between these techniques and the artes reminiscendi that enjoyed widespread popularity in Europe between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. - Psychiatry, Anthropology and Scientific Psychology from Descartes to the French Enlightenment: Textual Heritage and Theoretical Influx on Freud’s Theory of Emotions: Yamina Oudai Celso investigated the background to Freud’s Theory of Emotions.

106 Researchers: Supervisors: Professor Michele Ciliberto Professor Bernardino Fantini

Research fellowships: Matteo Borri Olivia Catanorchi Francesca Dell’Omodarme Natacha Fabbri Marco Matteoli Yamina Oudai Celso Chiara Petrolini

Academic Gatherings:

Matteo Borri 2013 Second Seminar International, Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, USI-Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano 18-19 October. - “Cerletti, Perusini e la psichiatria italiana”. Presentation of book by Andrea Ottanelli, Le Ville Sbertoli. Da Casa di Salute a Ospedale Neuropsichiatrico Pro- vinciale, Pistoia, Sala Sinodale dell’Antico Palazzo dei Vescovi, 28 June. - “La storia dell’Alzheimer per interpretare la complessità della malattia”. Summer School, Alzheimer: medicina, filosofia, letteratura, Nettuno, 21 June. - “Paolo Rossi. La scienza ieri e oggi”. Florence, Biblioteca delle Oblate, 19 March.

2012 - “Dalle arti della memoria alle neuroscienze”. Rome, Balzan Research Projects Presentations, Accademia dei Lincei, 15 November. - “Relevance, Facts and Memory”. Discussion with Carlo Ginzburg, first IinterLa+B, Rome, Accademia dei Lincei, 12 November. - “Storia della malattia di Alzheimer”, with Marco Trabucchi and Alessandro Pagnini, Genoa, Festival della Scienza, 1 November. - Lectio Magistralis, “Storia della malattia di Alzheimer”, Trieste, Riprendiamoci l’Alzheimer: il futuro della gestione delle demenze: ruolo e impegno degli specia- listi italiani. Novartis Unrestricted Grant, Trieste, 18-20 June. - “La deménce d’Alzheimer: colloque avec Frédéric Assal”. Geneva, Laboratoire de neuro/sciences humaines. Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève, 25 May.

107 - “Alzheimer: Da Auguste D. al neuroimaging funzionale”. Università di Urbino, 25 May. - “Leggere per non dimenticare”. Florence, Bilioteca delle Oblate, 4 May. - “Le neuroscienze”. Caldogno Villa di Scienza e di Pensiero, Caldogno (Vc), 24 April.

2010 - “Dal fronte al laboratorio: gli studi di Alois Alzheimer sui traumi della Guerra”, Florence Nightingale a cento anni dalla sua scomparsa. Comitato Regionale della Croce Rossa Italiana, Florence, 9-11 October. - “Arti della memoria nell’era delle neuroscienze”. Presentation of the Balzan Re- search Projects – An Overview, second edition 2010, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 18 November.

Natacha Fabbri - Annual Meeting of the Renaissance Society of America (Venice, 8-10 April 2010). Session Techne organized by UCLA and by the Getty Institute. Title of lecture: “Harmonic instruments and machinae mundi”. - Lecture at the University of Bergamo (17 June 2010). “Kepler: l’armonia della fisica celeste”. - Presentation of the Balzan Research Projects – An Overview 2010, Accademia Na- zionale dei Lincei, Rome (18 November 2010). Talk: “L’altra Terra: la Luna tra fabula, istoria e utopia”. - International conference celebrating Telesio (Centre d’Études Supérieures de la Renaissance, Tours, 25 November 2010). Title of lecture: “Moderatio des contraires et harmonie selon Telesio”. - International conference Sing aloud harmonious spheres: Music, Philosophy and the Order of the Universe in the Renaissance (Warwick and Oxford University, 12-15 May 2011). Title of lecture: “Mersenne’s Harmonious Universe between Theology and Natural Philosophy”. - First IinterLa+b meeting in Rome (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 12-13 No- vember 2012). Session Experiments (Junior discussant). - Presentation of the Balzan Research Projects – An Overview 2012 volume, Acca- demia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome (15 November 2012). Talk: “Plutarco e Galileo”. - International conference La science et son fondement: les dix premières années de la philosophie cartésienne, 1619-1628 (Université Paris Sorbonne, 23-24 No- vember 2012). Title of lecture: “Ordo et mensura dans le Compendium Musica. A l’origine des Regulae”.

108 - International conference Early Modern Philosophers and the Renaissance Legacy (Center for Advanced Studies, Munich, 19-20 September 2013). Title of paper: “The Rise of an Earth-like Moon in the Renaissance and Its Importance in Kepler and Galileo’s Heliocentrism”. - International conference Scientiae 2014 (University of Vienna, 23-25 April 2014). Session on Astronomy and Cosmology in Early Modern Europe. Title of paper: “Looking at an Earth-like Moon and Living on a Moon-like Earth in Renaissance and Early Modern Thought”.

Yamina Oudai Celso - Conference talk “Nietzsche ‘First Psychologist’ between Positivist Science and Dy- namic Psychiatry” at international congress Nietzsches Wissenschaftsphilosophie – Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Science. Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 18-21 July 2010. - Conference paper “Elektra” l‘hystérique: de la Grèce archaïque à la Vienne de Freud (cours-séminaire public Les émotions normales et pathologiques dans l‘histoire de la médecine et de la musique coordinated by Brenno Boccadoro and Bernardino Fantin. Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé, Université de Genève, 6 December 2010). - Conference talk “Freud e la biologia delle emozioni” at SISSA Conference Cer- vello, emozioni, morale. Trieste, 8 March 2011. - Conference talk “Mantegazza versus Freud: affinità elettive e corrispondenze tes- tualiper una psicofisiologia dell’eros” at the Giornata di Studio su Paolo Man- tegazza. ISITA (Istituto Italiano di Antropologia), Rome, Senato della Repubblica, Palazzo Giustiniani, Sala Zuccari, 11 March 2011. - Workshop talk “Freud et la biologie des émotions”. Journal Club, l’Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé de l’Université de Genève, 6 April 2011. - Conference talk “Freud e la filosofia antica”. SFI (Società Filosofica Italiana) course of lectures, Francavilla al Mare, 28 April 2011. - Conference talk “Nietzsche ‘first psychologist’ and the Genealogy of Ressenti- ment”, international congress On Resentment. An Interdisciplinary Workshop on the History of Emotions. Geneva, 26-28 October 2011. - Conference talk “L’interpretazione dei sogni (1900) di Sigmund Freud”, in lecture series Canone. Libri da leggere (possibilmente). Museo Archeologico Oliveriano, Pesaro, 6 May 2012.

109 Publications: Borri, M. Storia della malattia di Alzheimer. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2012. Borri, M., ed. Paolo Rossi. La scienza ieri e oggi. Parma: MUP Editore, 2012. Borri, M. “Un altro Paolo Rossi”, in Borri M., ed. Paolo Rossi. La scienza ieri e oggi, 10-13. Parma: MUP Editore, 2012. Borri, M. “Persi nel labirinto”. Newton 28 (Ottobre 2012): 30-36. Borri, M. “Alzheimer. La storia del male che mangia i ricordi”. Corriere del Ticino (31-1-2012). Borri, M. “Dal laboratorio al fronte: gli studi di Alois Alzheimer sui traumi della guerra”, in Florence Nightingale a cento anni dalla sua scomparsa (1910-2010), 41-45. Quaderni “Henry Dunant” no. 10. Florence: Edizioni Tassinari, 2011. Borri, M. “Il sapere scientifico tra storia delle idee e storia della scienza”. Study material for the online training platform Piano di diffusione delle lim - scuola secon- daria di secondo grado, Ministero della pubblica Istruzione, 2010. Catanorchi, O. with Cinzia Tozzini. “L’astrologia al tempo della riforma”, in Ger- mana Ernst and Guido Giglioni, eds. Il linguaggio dei cieli. Astri e simboli nel Rinascimento, 109-124. Roma: Carocci, 2012. Dell’Omodarme, F. “Ficin traducteur de Psellus”, in C. Le Blanc, L. Simonutti, eds., Le masque de l’écriture. Philosophie et traduction de la Renaissance aux Lumières, 73-93. Geneva: Droz 2013. Dell’Omodarme, F. Giordano Bruno. Parole, concetti, immagini. 2 vols. Pisa: Edizio- ni della Normale, 2014. Also including the following entries to the Enciclopedia Giordano Bruno. Parole immagini concetti: Aristarco, astrologia, Cecco d’Ascoli, demone, Ermete Trismegisto, Paracelso, Plinio Secondo Gaio, Bérigard, Guillermet, Fontenelle, Descartes, von Guericke, Iordanus Brunus redivivus, Harriot, Heunisch, Hevelius, Huet, Huygens, Mersenne, Ravensberg, Roeslin and Wilkins. Fabbri, N.“The Moon as another Earth: what Galileo owes to Plutarch”. Galilaeana IX (2012):103-135. Fabbri, N. “La conservation de l’univers selon Telesio: Moderatio des contraires et lutte permanente”, in G. Giglioni and J. Kraye, eds., Sense, Affect and Self-preservation. London: Warburg Institute (forthcoming). Fabbri, N. “Looking at an Earth-like Moon and Living on a Moon-like Earth in Renaissance and Early Modern Thought”, in Gianni E. Paganini and Cecilia Muratori, eds., Early Modern Philosophers and the Renaissance Legacy (forthcoming). Fabbri, N. Un altro mondo. La Luna tra fabula, istoria e utopia (in preparation).

110 Matteoli, M. “Materia, minimo e misura: la genesi dell’atomismo ‘geometrico’ in Giordano Bruno”. Rinascimento, L (2010): 425-449. Matteoli, M. “Giordano Bruno e la geometria dell’infinita material”, in Gian Mario Bravo and Vincenzo Ferrone, eds., Il processo a Galileo Galilei e la questione galileiana, 137-158. Rome, 2010. Matteoli, M. “Geometrie della memoria”, in Ornella Pompeo Faracovi, Aspetti della geometria nell’opera di Giordano Bruno, 129-170. Lugano: Agora & Co., 2012. Matteoli, M. “Dal macro al microcosmo: materia, spazio ed atomi in Giordano Bru- no”. Atti del Convegno Il concetto di ‘potenza’ nella cultura moderna. Florence, 15-17 December 2011 (forthcoming). Matteoli, M. has also written the following entries to the Enciclopedia Giordano Bru- no. Parole immagini concetti: atomo, continuo, dimensione, Euclide, geometria, limite, linea, matematica, mathesis, minimo, misura, mole, Pitagora, punto and termine; as well as the mathematical terms: Ars deformationum, De mordentii cir- cino, De somnii interpretatione, De triplici minimo et mensura, Idiota triunphans, Mordentius and Praelectiones geometricae. Oudai Celso, Y. “Istinti, pulsioni e cariche affettive: l’approccio freudiano all’emoti- vità”. L’Arco di Giano. Rivista di Medical Humanities 63 (Spring 2010): 83-101. Oudai Celso, Y. “Mantegazza versus Freud: affinità elettive e corrispondenze testuali per una psicofisiologia dell’eros”. Medicina & Storia, X, 2010, 19-20, n.s.: 165- 186. Oudai Celso, Y. “Nietzsche ‘first psychologist’ and genealogist of Ressentiment”, in B. Fantini, D. M. Moruno and J. Moscoso, eds. On Resentment. Cambridge: Cam- bridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. Oudai Celso, Y. “Dall’Unbewusst alla Implicit Memory: Kandel rilegge l’inconscio freudiano”. Sistemi intelligenti XXV (2013): 523-536. Petrolini, C. “Paolo Sarpi e la disputa anglicana sul giuramento di fedeltà”, in The Seventeenth Century (forthcoming).

Another article is in preparation for the Rivista di storia del cristianesimo.

111 Dominique Schnapper

Director of Research at the École des Hautes Études en sciences sociales, Paris; Honorary Member of the French Conseil Constitutionnel

2002 Balzan Prize for Sociology For her wide-ranging work analysing the different ways in which modern societies have developed, from the sociology of culture to the sociology of administration and in particular the problems of social integration and the relationship between citizens and the State.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Fondation Maison des Science de l’Homme

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Walter Rüegg and Hélène Carrère d’Encausse

Social Integration in Modern Democratic Societies

Dominique Schnapper has used the second half of her 2002 Balzan Prize for Sociol- ogy for a research project on social integration of marginalized groups in modern society. To this end she has assembled a research group composed of colleagues and young researchers. The project was designed to allow members of the group to further develop work already initiated (but interrupted due to lack of funds), within a shared framework and aims: a major quantitative inquiry on the problems of citizenship in France.

1. An Investigation on Jews in France. An empirical inquiry study undertaken in Tou- louse by Chantal Bordes-Benayoun (Université de Toulouse II - Le Mirail), in Stras- bourg by Freddy Raphaël (Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg), and in Paris by Dominique Schnapper (École des hautes études en sciences sociales - EHESS). Be- sides the results of the empirical inquiry, the interpretation of the Jewish predicament in France called for a wider historical and sociological reflection on the changing relationships between all ethnical identities and citizenship. The results were published in a volume, La condition juive en France : La tentation de l’entre-soi, Schnapper,

112 Bordes-Benayoun, and Raphaël (Presses Universitaires de France, 2009; a translation in English, Jewish Citizenship in France: The Temptation of Being among One’s Own, was published by Transactions Publishers in 2010).

2. Islam and Democracy. Mahnaz Shirali (Maison des Sciences de l’Homme) addressed the issue of the compatibility between Islam and democracy with a thorough inquiry based on participant observation in three different suburban areas of Paris and 150 interviews to young Muslims who live there. Focusing on multiple constructions of re- ligiosity within young members of families who migrated to France from the Maghreb, this work was concerned with the place of Islam within democracy. The inquiry gave rise to a book, Entre islam et démocratie : Parcours des jeunes Français d’aujourd’hui, by Mahnaz Shirali, with a Preface by Dominique Schnapper (Armand Colin, 2007).

3. Mixed Couples and Immigrant Families: a Comparison between France and Germany. During the last five years a number of comparative studies on mixed couples and immigrant families in France and Germany have been carried out under the responsibility of Beate Collet and Emmanuelle Santelli (Université de Lyon 2). Taken altogether, these studies have provided new insights on the interdependence of marital choice, family patterns and different ways to combine familial cultural references with participation in social life. The main results are summarized in the following publications: Collet, 2004; Collet, 2006; Santelli and Collet, 2006; Collet and Inowl- ocki, 2006; Santelli, Collet, Boukacem and Ousmaal, 2007; Collet and Santelli, 2008. In 2005 a DVD aimed at familiarizing the general public with these research activities was released on the occasion of the Fête de la Science (Paris). The expertise acquired by this research group, thanks to the support of the second half of the Balzan Prize awarded to Dominique Schnapper, allowed them to apply and obtain a grant from the Ministère de l’Immigration, de l’Intégration, de l’Identité nationale et du Développe- ment solidaire. The report on research was submitted in November 2007. Finally, the enquiry helped bring about a new international effort of cooperation at the Euro- pean level: a project named Mixcoup (Mixed couples and transcultural hybridization) aimed at the training of young researchers was submitted to the European Commis- sion in December 2009, within the ITN (Marie Curie Initial Training Network) initiative. The project included, besides Emmanuelle Santelli and Beate Collet, the German researchers who took part in the Balzan Project together with other partners from Spain, Turkey and Greece. A comprehensive work on mixed couples and transcultural hybridization was concluded in 2010 and published by Presses Universitaires de France (in the series Le Lien Social) in May 2012.

113 4. Social bond and citizenship in prison. Is it possible to speak of citizenship in prison? Citizens are entitled by the law to a number of rights which are not granted to inmates. How can those temporarily excluded from the “community of citizens” exercise their citizen’s rights and duties? These were the questions addressed by researchers Corinne Rostaing and Caroline Touraut (Rostaing, 2007, 2008; Touraut, 2005). Corinne Rosta- ing has also completed a study on the prison as a non-democratic institution, based on her whole empirical research on this issue. How can an institution which is contrary to democratic principles, especially those concerning individual freedoms, respond to the needs of a democratic society? A synthesis of this empirical research will be published under the title L’institution dégradante. Essai sociologique sur la prison.

Main Presentations: - Collet, B., Constructions identitaires et dynamiques familiales mixtes. Etude comparative auprès de descendants d’immigrés en France et en Allemagne. Commu- nication au Comité de Recherche n° 1 : Identité, espace et politique, XVIIème congress de l’ Association internationale des sociologues de langue francais (AISLF), Tours, July 2004 (abstract available online at: http://w3.aislf.univtlse2.fr/ tours2004/tours2004_pages/tours2004_30.php). - Collet, B., Mixed Partnerships and Experienced Citizenship. Mate Selection and Family Dynamics of Migration Descent in France and Germany. Intervention lors du colloque annuel du centre international des études doctorales (IPC), Goethe- Universität Frankfurt, May 2006. - Collet, B. and Inowlocki, L., Doing and Undoing “Being Ethnic”: Multiple Be- longings and Partner Relations among the Adult Children of Labor Immigrants from Turkey to Germany. Communication au XVI ISA World Congress of Sociol- ogy, Research Committee 38 ‘Biography and Society’, Durban, South-Africa, July 2006 (www.sociology2006.org.za). - Collet, B., Marital Choice of Turkish Immigrant descent. Partnership Patterns in Germany. Communication au 10è congrès de l’European Sociological Association, Research Network 13 ‘Family and Intimate Life’, Geneva, September 2011.

Researchers: Chantal Bordes-Benayoun Beate Collet Eran Gündüz Lena Inowlocki Freddy Raphaël Corinne Rostaing

114 Mahnaz Shirali Emmanuelle Santelli Caroline Touraut

Publications: Collet, B. and E. Santelli. “La mixité au-delà des différences culturelles”, in Beate Collet and Claudine Philippe, eds. Mixité(s). Variations autour d’une notion trans- versal, 68-94. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008. Gündüz, E. and U. Apitzsch. “Ethnicity and Belonging as Lived Dimensions in Mixed Marriages”. Papers. Revista de sociologia 1, no 97 (2012): 79-92. Collet, B. and E. Santelli. Couples d’ici, parents d’ailleurs: Parcours de descendants d’immigrés. Lien social. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2012. Rostaing, C. “Processus de judiciarisation carcérale : le droit en prison, une resource pour les acteurs?” Revue Droit et Société n° 67 (2007): 577-595. Rostaing, C. “L’expression des détenus: formes, marges de manoeuvre et limites”, in J-P. Payet, F. Giuliani and D. Laforgue, eds. La voix des acteurs faibles. De l’indignité à la reconnaissance, 121-138. Lien social. Rennes: Presses Universi- taires de Rennes, 2008. Santelli, E, B. Collet, with D. Boukacem and S. Ousmaal. “Les choix conjugaux des descendants d’immigrés maghrébins, turcs et africains francophones. Entre norme en- dogamique et transformations des réalités familiales en France”. Rapport de recherché remis à la Direction de la Population et des Migrations (November 2007): 139. Santelli, E. and B. Collet. “Les conjugalités mixtes des descendants d’immigrés en France et en Allemagne: Modes de formation conjugale et dynamiques familiale”. Rapport de recherche remis au conseil scientifi que de l’Institut des Sciences de l’Homme (October 2006): 141. Shirali, M. Entre islam et démocratie. Parcours de jeunes Français d’aujourd’hui. Paris: Armand Colin, 2007. Schnapper, D. Preface to M. Shirali, Entre islam et démocratie. Parcours de jeunes Français d’aujourd’hui. Paris: Armand Colin, 2007. Schnapper, D., C. Bordes-Benayoun and F. Raphaël. La condition juive en France. La tentation de l’entre-soi. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2009. (Trans- lated as Jewish Citizenship in France: The Temptation of Being among One’s Own. Transactions Publishers, 2010). Touraut, C. “Étude dynamique des rapports à la citoyenneté d’acteurs incarcérés”. Champ pénal / Penal Field (nouvelle revue internationale de criminologie), vol. II (2005). Available on line in French and English.

115 Quentin Skinner

Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities, Queen Mary, University of London

2006 Balzan Prize for Political Thought; History and Theory For his formulation of a distinctive methodology for the study of the history of ideas, his major contribution to the history of political thought and his acute reflections on the nature of liberty.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: European University Institute (EUI), Fiesole Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), Univer- sity of Cambridge

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Salvatore Veca

Balzan-Skinner Lectures and International Conferences

1. An annual lecture, for a period of six years, with accompanying one-day conferences, on themes in Modern Intellectual History. This series of lectures is currently being delivered at the University of Cambridge under the joint auspices of the Faculty of History and the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH). The Managers of CRASSH, who have representation on the Appointments Committee for the Lectureship, have agreed that each lecturer should also be made a Fellow at CRASSH during the academic term in which the lecture and accompanying conference take place, thereby providing the lecturer with a period of residence at Cambridge and the opportunity to make use of the full range of its outstanding facilities for research.

The regulations for the series require that the lectureship be restricted to younger re searchers (lecturers must be no further advanced in their careers than 10 years since the completion of their PhD); that each lecture should be delivered on a topic in Mod ern Intellectual History (1500 to the present day); and that a one-day Conference be associated with each lecture, to which other younger researchers in the relevant field are invited. The Appointments Committee has undertaken to ensure that the lecture

116 ship is equally open and hospitable to researchers working in all idioms and traditions of intellectual history.

The first lecture, Normativity of Nature, was delivered by Dr. Hannah Dawson of the University of Edinburgh in September 2010; the second, Radical Translation: Ana- lytic Philosophy in America, by Dr. Joel Isaac of Queen Mary, University of London in May 2011. The third lecture, John Locke and the Fable of Liberalism, was delivered in October 2012 by Dr. Timothy Stanton of the University of York. Dr. Gabriel Pacquette, Assistant Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University, delivered a lecture, Romantic Liberalism in Southern Europe, c. 1820-1850, in April 2013. The fifth scholarship was awarded to Dr. Karuna Mantena Associate Professor of Political Science at Yale University, whose lecture in May 2014 was entitled Gandhi’s Realism: Means and Ends in Politics. Full details of the lectures and conferences so far held can be found on the CRASSH website. The Prizewinner, Quentin Skinner, has been able to attend all the lectures and conferences so far held. After 2015 the series will continue in the form of a lecture only.

2. A series of four international conferences under the general title Freedom and the Construction of Europe. These conferences have now taken place. They were held between July 2008 and Sep tember 2009 at the Conference Centre of the European University Institute (EUI) at San Domenico di Fiesole (Florence). Very grateful thanks are owed to the then Presi dent of the Institute, Professeur Yves Mény, who gave warm hospitality to the young researchers involved, as well as furnished superb facilities for the conferences and arranged help with the administration of the events. As the result of an international advertisement, over a hundred applications were received from young scholars wish- ing to join the core group. After dossiers and references had been read, twenty-two names were selected (12 men, 10 women).

- First Conference, 3-5 July 2008: Religious Freedom and Civil Liberty. - Second Conference, 25-27 September 2008: Liberty and Liberties in Legal and Constitutional Thought. - Third Conference, 2-4 July 2009: The Freedom of Individuals. - Fourth Conference, 24-26 September 2009: European Freedom and its Boundaries.

The senior visitors: At each conference the core group was joined by a number of senior scholars, who were asked to deliver papers but also to give assistance and

117 advice to the members of the core group. At the first conferences the visitors who attended and delivered papers were:

Dr. Annabel Brett (Cambridge), Professor Thomas Kaufmann (Göttingen) and Pro fessor John Coffey (Leicester). At the second conference the visitors were Profes- sor Georg Schmidt (Jena), Professor Iain Hampsher-Monk (Exeter) and Professor Thomas Maissen (Heidelberg). At the third conference they were Professor Peter Stacey (California, Los Angeles) and Professor Philip Pettit (Princeton); at the fourth they were Professor Lars Magnusson (Uppsala), Professor Fonna Forman- Barzilai (California, San Diego), Professor Martina Reuter (Helsingin Yliopiston, Helsinki), Professor Michael Cook (Princeton), Dr. Noel Malcolm (Oxford) and Professor James Tully (Victoria, Canada).

Researchers: The Balzan-Skinner Lecture in Modern Intellectual History since c. 1500

Balzan-Skinner Scholars Hannah Dawson (2010), Joel Isaac (2011), Tim Stanton (2012), Gabriel Paquette (2013), Karuna Mantena (2014).

EUI Conferences: The core group of researchers Catherine Balleriaux, Theodor Christov, Rosanna Cox, Hannah Dawson, Serena Ferente, Felicity Green, Thomasz Gromelski, Polly Ha, Lena Halldenius, Jaska Kainulainen, Susan Karr, Lovro Kuncevic, Daniel Lee, Avi Lifschitz, Reidar Maliks, Sarah Mortimer, Eric Nelson, Alexander Schmitt, Freya Sierhius, Antti Tah- vanainen, Huseyin Yilmaz and Márton Zászkaliczky.

Publications: EUI Conferences Before the conferences were held, a steering committee was formed to work out the topics to be covered at each individual conference, and to make plans for the possible publication of the conference proceedings as a book. Members of the steering committee included the Prizewinner, Quentin Skinner, together with the Professor of Early Modern History at the European University Institute, Professor Martin van Gelderen, who acted as host to the conferences, and Mr. Richard Fisher, head of Hu- manities and Social Science publishing at the Cambridge University Press. Mr. Fisher kept closely in touch with the progress of the conferences, and attended the final one

118 in September 2009. He agreed at that stage that he would be willing to consider for the Press to publish a revised version of the proceedings of the conferences.

It was agreed at the final conference that all contributors should be given a year in which to revise, extend and annotate their papers in such a way as to turn them into chapters suitable for publication as a book. All contributors met the agreed deadline of October 2010, and the resulting chapters were then subedited and further revised by Quentin Skinner. These versions were then returned to the contributors, all of whom met the further deadline of April 2011 for producing final versions of their texts. The resulting book was at that point submitted to the Cambridge University Press to be refereed. The Press’s referees reported in July 2011, and their comments on individual chapters were circulated to all contributors at once. The referees called for the removal of some chapters, the extension of others, and further revisions of the entire text. The required changes were completed by November 2011, at which point the two volumes were re-submitted to the Press and formally accepted for publication. The book was finally published in late 2012. The volumes were presented at the Announcement of the 2013 Balzan Prizewinners in Milan in September that year.

Balzan-Skinner Lectures and Colloquia The eventual outcome will be a series of published lectures. The editorial Board of The Historical Journal, one of the leading Anglophone journals with a special com mitment to publishing research in modern intellectual history, has agreed that it will publish each lecture in a suitably extended and annotated form. It is further hoped that it may be possible, after the completion of the series, to publish the entire set of lectures as a book.

Links: EUI Conferences - Freedom and the Construction of Europe http://apps.eui.eu/Personal/Projects/FreedomProject/Abouttheproject.shtml

CRASSH, University of Cambridge - Balzan-Skinner Lectures and Colloquia http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/page/1026/balzan-skinner-fellowship

119 Reinhard Strohm

Emeritus Professor of Music at the University of Oxford

2012 Balzan Prize for Musicology For his extensive research on the history of European music within the cultural and socio-historical context from the late Middle Ages to the present, and for his detailed descriptions of vocal music, especially early sacred music in Flanders, and of the works of Vivaldi, Handel and Wagner.

Institution Administering Research Funds: University of Oxford Universität Zürich

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Gottfried Scholz

Towards a Global History of Music

This research project aims to promote post-European historical thinking. As a starting point one might consider what would ‘western music’ look like in an account of music history that aspired to be truly global? The project is not meant to create a universal (or global) history by itself, but to explore, through assembled case studies, parameters and terminologies that are suitable to describe a history of many different voices.

The programme has a Steering Committee consisting mainly of the representatives of the six collaborating institutions, and an Advisory Board of international specialists of musicology and ethnomusicology.

The idea of a global history of music may be traced back to Enlightenment forerun- ners and was reiterated in the 1970s by the music historian Leo Treitler, among others.

The present situation in various branches of western musicology is characterised by specialisation – on European music history on the one hand; on ethnological or sociological fieldwork on the other. Research on specific musical cultures sometimes lacks comparative outreach or is insufficiently reflected in the wider discipline. The histori-

120 cal depth of other civilisations is often underrated by western scholarship, and a concern for the world’s musical past, shared with non-western speakers, is rarely visible. Postcolonial critique has challenged the West’s self-ascribed position at the heart of world history. In the light of this challenge, how might a historical understanding of western music in the world proceed? How should it position or justify itself? Who might be authorised to speak for or against it? What would ‘western music’ look like in an account of music history that aspired to be truly global?

Collaborating Institutions: Faculty of Music, Oxford University; Department of Music, King’s College, University of London; Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Uni- versität Zürich; Musicology Department, Faculty of the Humanities, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem; Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien; Institut für Musikwissenschaft and the Medienwissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Research Visitorships The programme will support, over the course of the three academic years 2013-2016, twelve researchers in musicology or ethnomusicology at an intermediate stage of their academic careers (post-doctorates but not yet full professors with tenure) for short- term research visitorships. These visitorships are not appointments by or at the respective universities.

The research visitors will engage with the history and historiography of music in cultures of other continents, and/or with its interactions with western music history, and/ or with the question of an intercontinental/global history of music. They will use the visitorships to carry out further research on their special topics, or widen the purview of their studies. They will communicate about their work with colleagues, students and the public.

The researchers may come from anywhere in the world to visit one of the six partici- pating departments named above; or, if they are appointed at one of them, they may choose an appropriate location elsewhere for their visit, including a different partici- pating department. They may also be allowed, under certain circumstances, to remain in their home department or location for the visitorship. The research visitors are each expected to hold a one-day workshop (full grant researchers) or participate in a workshop (partial grant researchers) in the city of their stay. They are encouraged to give occasional seminars in the departments of their choice, where feasible; other initiatives to travel to conferences on their topics, give papers or lectures, are also encour-

121 aged and financially supported as far as justified. Jason Stoessel, for example, not only convened his Oxford one-day workshop but also gave invited seminars at Oxford and Utrecht universities on topics related to his Balzan-funded research. These workshops, seminars and conferences will provide opportunities for discussion and exposure of the research visitors’ work. Communication between Balzan research visitors staying in different places or in the same place at different times will be supported.

Applications for 2014-2015 A call for applications for visitorships in the year 2014-2015 was issued in March 2014.

Workshops 2013/2014 A one-day research workshop was held on 2 December 2013 at the Faculty of Music, Oxford, entitled “Mongols Howling, Latins Barking”: Voice and Song in Early Musi- cal Encounters in Pre-colonial Eurasia. This was convened by Jason Stoessel, assisted by Marie-Alice Frappat (research co-ordinator, Oxford) and the staff of the Faculty of Music. Speakers were Charles Burnett (The Warburg Institute, University of London); Manuel Pedro Ferreira (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal); Felicitas Schmieder (Fernuniversität Hagen, Germany) and Jason Stoessel (University of New England, Australia). The main theme of the event was the cultural diversity of concepts of the voice in the Middle Ages (12th-14th centuries) and its relevance for global relationships. The series of paper presentations, each with its own brief discussion, concluded with a general panel discussion chaired by Jason Stoessel, in which Catherine Holmes (Faculty of History, Oxford University) also participated.

On 16 January 2014 a workshop was held in the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin on the invitation of Prof. Dr. Laurenz Lütteken entitled Alternative Modernities: Post- colonial Transformations of “Traditional” Music in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. This was convened by Dr. Tobias Robert Klein (Berlin), one of the research visitors in 2013-2014. He was assisted by Prof. Dr. Laurenz Lütteken, Prof. Dr. Reinhart Meyer-Kalkus and the staff of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (Rektor: Prof. Dr. Luca Giuliani). The workshop was opened by Reinhart Meyer-Kalkus and Reinhard Dworkin. Papers were delivered by François Picard (Paris, Université de la Sorbonne); Yang Chien-Chang (National Taiwan University, Taipei); Tobias Robert Klein (Berlin); Nicholas Cook (University of Cambridge); Jonathan Goldman (Université de Mon- tréal) and Henry Spiller (University of California, Davis). The papers with their dis-

122 cussions revealed much of the reciprocity of musical developments in the West and in East Asia and Africa in the so-called “modern” period, whether through the increase of actual “influences” and cultural borrowings, or by the effect of historical events and encounters (including industrial relations, missions, global economies and wars) on national and regional musical identities.

The workshop speakers of 16 January, Steering Committee members, Advisory Board members and some younger participants of these events gathered again on 17 January 2014 at the Humboldt University Musicology Institute to discuss the workshop and possible progress of the project. This well-attended and fruitful discussion focused on questions of publication, screening, forward-planning and further implications of the research contributions. Questions and recommendations to the Steering Committee were agreed upon, and will be communicated through the project chairman.

A workshop, Alterity and Universalism in Eighteenth-Century Musical Thought, convened by Dr David Irving and Prof Estelle Joubert, was held from 30 May to 1 June 2014 at the Faculty of Music at Oxford.

On 10 and 11 October 2014, the Balzan Programme in Musicology Towards a Global History of Music will convene an international workshop in the Institute for Musicol- ogy at the University of Vienna. The working title is Issues of Intercontinental Mu- sic History. The keynote address will be given by Professor Malena Kuss (Professor emerita at the University of North Texas, Denton).

Researchers Dept. Director: Prof. Laurenz Lütteken

Research Coordinators: Marie-Alice Frappat Angharad Gabriel

Visitors 2013/14:

Humboldt Universität Berlin: - Prof. Jonathan Goldman (Faculté de musique, Université de Montréal) The Inven- tion of a Gamelan Tradition in Avant-Garde Music, 1970-1995.

123 - Dr. Tobias Robert Klein (Berlin) Panafrica and the “Idea Of Non Absolute Mu- sic”: An Exercise in the Global History and Aesthetics of Music. - Prof. Henry Spiller (UC Davis) Javanese and Sundanese Music and Dance in Eu- ropean Historical Reflections.

University of London King’s College: - Dr. David R. M. Irving (School of Music, Australian National University, Canberra) Analogues of Antiquity: World Cultures, Ancient Greek Music, and Comparative Anthropologies, 1500-1800. - Dr. Suddhaseel Sen (Stanford University) Intimate Strangers: Cross-Cultural Ex- changes between Indian and Western Musicians 1880-1940.

Faculty of Music, University of Oxford: - Dr. Jason Stoessel (University of New England, Armidale, Australia) The Role of the Singing Voice and Concepts of Song in Encounters between Latin, Persian and Mongol Cultures during the Time of the Mongol Empire, 1206-1368. - Prof. Estelle Joubert (Department of Music, Dalhousie University, Halifax) ‘Ana- lytical Encounters’: Global Music Criticism and Enlightenment Ethnomusicology.

Links “Mongols Howling, Latins Barking”: Voice and Song in Early Musical Encounters in Pre-colonial Eurasia https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/modlang/general/weekly_roundup/ MT2013/13-11-21/1.1_MongolsHowlingFlyer.pdf

Alternative Modernities: Postcolonial Transformations of “Traditional” Music in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries http://www.wiko-berlin.de/?id=1549

124 André Vauchez

Profesor Emeritus of History of the Middle Ages, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre

2013 Balzan Prize for Medieval History For his groundbreaking studies on medieval spirituality in Western Christianity and its central role in everyday life in the Middle Ages, for his research on the medieval conception of holiness and on the sacralization of space and time, for his contributions to research on monastic and women’s piety, for his all-encompassing knowledge and masterly presentation of the life, work and influence of St. Francis of Assisi.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, Paris

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Karlheinz Stierle

The Cult of Saints in the West in the Latter Centuries of the Middle Ages. Research on Shrines and Religious Life in France and Italy

Under the overall theme of The Cult of Saints in the West in the Latter Centuries of the Middle Ages, Professor Vauchez plans to conduct research on two saints in Italian libraries and archives. With the collaboration of a number of post-doctoral students, a number of works on the process of medieval canonization will be published for the first time, as will translations of medieval French texts concerning saints, visionaries and prophets or prophetesses of the time.

Three more projects are planned for Research on Shrines and Religious Life in France and Italy. The first will complete an inventory of French shrines and places of pilgrim- age launched in 1997. A research group comprised of academics, curators and young researchers, historians, art historians, archaeologists and specialists from various historical periods will utilize various perspectives to reconstruct the history of each site. The research will be directed by André Vauchez and Catherine Vincent from the Uni- versity of Paris Ouest Nanterre. The second, the “Prealp” programme (research on saint murals in the alpine regions), is currently directed by André Vauchez’s former student Dominique Rigaux of the University of Grenoble. International in character,

125 it will encompass all countries of the southern Alpine region (France, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia), combining field research with the investigation of relevant archives. Three young academics, two pursuing Masters programmes (in history and art history) and a post-doctoral student in medieval history, will be employed. The third project involves in-depth investigation into the Sabine territory and the region of Rieti, with a research programme that will employ two young researchers, one in religious history and another in art history, to conduct a thorough analysis of the links between shrines and sacred places over the centuries. This work is based on initiatives undertaken by Vauchez when he was director of the École française de Rome (Lo spazio del santuario. Un osservatore per la storia di Roma e del Lazio, 2008, and San- tuari d’Italia. Lazio, 2010, published in the series «Censimento dei santuari cristiani d’Italia»), which is the basis of the research programme Esperienze religiose, luoghi sacri e storia del territorio in Sabina e nel Reatino directed by Sofia Boesch Gajano (Università di Roma Tre) and Umberto Longo (Università di Roma La Sapienza).

126 Michel Zink

Professor of Literatures of Medieval France, Collège de France

2007 Balzan Prize for European Literature (1000-1500) For his fundamental contributions to the understanding of French and Occitan literature in the Middle Ages, a decisive chapter in the development of modern European literature; for his new interpretation of the relation between medieval and modern literature; for his seminal initiatives that have brought the literature of the Middle Ages back into the cultural tradition of France and Europe.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Institut de France

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Karlheinz Stierle

Three Objectives in the Studies of Medieval Literary Texts

1. Conferences on the circulation and translation of medieval literary texts. The first conference on the circulation and translation of medieval literary texts was entitled Lire un texte vieilli, du Moyen Âge à nos jours, and took place from 1-3 April 2009 at the Collège de France. Sixteen presentations were given by scholars from France, Germany, the United States, Italy and Switzerland, including, in addition to Michel Zink, Yves Bonnefoy, Antoine Compagnon, Harald Weinrich, Daniel Heller-Roazen, Karlheinz Stierle and a number of young researchers.

A preparatory session in regard to the second conference was organized with Anna Maria Babbi (Università di Verona) on the topic Ecrire dans la langue de l’autre. This was held at the Palazzo Guerrieri Gonzaga, Villa Lagarina (TN), Italy, on 13 May 2010, where a paper Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. La poésie comme langue de l’autre was presented. The conference itself, entitled D’autres langues que la mienne, was held in the Great Hall Marguerite de Navarre of the Collège de France on 10 and 11 May 2012. Speakers were (in order of their presentations): Michel Zink, Pascale Bourgain, Karlheinz Stierle, Jacques Le Rider, Odile Bombarde, Claudine Haroche, Marc Fumaroli, John E. Jackson, Michael Edwards, Jean-Noël Robert, Antoine Compagnon, Luciano Rossi, Jean-Paul Allouche, Yves Bonnefoy. In addition, the following were

127 officially invited to participate: Giovanna Angeli, Anna Maria Babbi, Ursula Bähler, Jacqueline Cerquiglini-Toulet, Alain Corbellari, Claudio Galderisi, Daniel Heller- Roazen, Lino Leonardi, Patrick Labarthe, Charles Ridoux.

2. Fellowships for young researchers (Prix de recherche en philologie romane). A fellowship program has made it possible for a young researcher to live and work in Paris for up to a year. Members of the jury awarding the fellowship are Giovanna Angeli (Università di Firenze), Karlheinz Stierle (Universität Konstanz) and Michel Zink. In 2009, the first fellowship was awarded to Chiara Concina. The second was awarded in 2011 to Mr. Hedzer Uulders who, under Professor Sylvie Lefevre (Columbia Uni- versity), helped put together an edition of Saluts d’amour (love poems in the form of letters) to be published in the Lettres gothiques collection which is now almost complete. In 2013 a third fellowship was awarded to Daniele Ruini.

3. Support for publications. Funds to complete the archives and publish the correspondence of the great Romanists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as well as to help publish some texts of medieval literature in the series Lettres gothiques.

- A research group is working with the Prizewinner on a project L’Europe des philologues, which is concerned with the publication of the correspondence of the great Romanists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The volumes are to be published in Florence by Edizioni del Galluzzo (Fondazione Ezio Franceschini). The first part, Gaston Paris – Joseph Bédier, supported by the Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, appeared in 2009. The Balzan research funds will contribute to the publication of the following volumes of correspondence: Gaston Paris – Karl Bartsch; Gaston Paris – Pio Rajna; Pio Rajna – Francesco D’Ovidio; Joseph Bédier and his correspondents besides Gaston Paris; Gaston Paris – Paul Meyer, Alfred Morel-Fatio, etc. Alain Corbellari, who was working on the volume Joseph Bédier and His Correspondents besides Gaston Paris, was on the point of consigning his manuscript to the publisher when he found unex- pected hoards of correspondence, which has necessitated reformulating the whole publication schedule. The volumes Gaston Paris – Karl Bartsch and Gaston Paris – Pio Rajna are almost finished, but publication has been further delayed by both personal and professional circumstances affecting the editors Ursula Bähler and Patrizia Gasparini. The volume (or perhaps two volumes) of the enormous correspondence Gaston Paris – Paul Meyer is on track: the letters were transcribed and the annotations almost complete. However, Charles Ridoux, who is for the editing

128 of the volume, is still encountering some difficulties regarding the decryption and translation of letters written in various languages and the identification of certain individuals.

- The research funds from the Balzan Prize have also made it possible for the collection Lettres gothiques (Le Livre de Poche, Hachette) to include important works from the beginning of the fourteenth century. It would have been difficult to publish such specialized and essentially unprofitable works without the Balzan Foundation’s help. The Balzan funds function as backup in ensuring that the required financial backing is always present. The Chronique attributed to Jean de Venette, the Roman de Fauvel and Baudouin de Flandre have already been published.

Researchers: Fellowships: Chiara Concina Daniele Ruini Hedzer Uulders

Research Group: Ursula Bähler Alain Corbellari Patrizia Gasparini Charles Ridoux

Publications: The volume Livres anciens, lectures vivantes, the proceedings of the first conference, was published by Odile Jacob in June 2010.

Bähler, Ursula and Alain Corbellari, eds. Gaston Paris, Joseph Bédier. Correspon dance. Florence: Edition du Galluzzo pour la Fondation Ezio Franceschini, 2009.

Chronique dite de Jean Venette. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2011.

Baudouin de Flandre. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2011.

Le Roman de Fauvel. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2012.

129 D’autres langues que la mienne, with the collaboration of Odile Bombarde. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2014.

Pèlerinage de vie humaine de Guillaume de Diguleville. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Ha- chette, 2015. (forthcoming).

Links: Conference, D’autres langues que la mienne http://calenda.revues.org/download.php?id=9728

130 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine Alain Aspect

Professor at the Institut d’Optique Graduate School and the École Polytech- nique, Palaiseau; CNRS distinguished scientist emeritus at Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique

2013 Balzan Prize for Quantum Information Processing and Communication For his pioneering experiments which led to a striking confirmation of Quantum Me- chanics as opposed to local hidden-variable theories. His work has opened the way to the experimental control of entangled quantum states, the essential element of Quan- tum Information Processing.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Institut d’Optique Graduate School (IOGS)

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Luciano Maiani

Quantum Information Processing and Communication: Quantum Information with Photons and Atoms

I. “Young Atom Informaticians” Conference The first proposal is to promote a series of conferences, Young Quantum Informati- cians, based on the model of the Young Atom Opticians conference launched by Professor Aspect and Professor Mlynek twenty years ago to enable PhD students and postdoctoral scholars working in cold atoms to gain experience organizing conferences and creating a European community. The structure of the proposed Balzan conference in the domain of quantum information will follow the same pro- cedures: everything must be organized by junior scholars, and senior academics will be strictly forbidden from interfering with the management of the workshop. Funds will be made available after their project is approved by an ad-hoc committee composed of international experts (Philippe Grangier, Nicolas Gisin, Jürgen Mlynek, Peter Zoller).

II. Quantum Simulations of Correlated Matter with Ultra-cold Atoms The second proposal is to fund two young researchers, David Clément and Marc

133 Cheneau, in a joint project involving quantum simulation of correlated matter with ultra- cold atoms. They intend to take sophisticated measurements giving access to quantum properties of entangled many-body systems of condensed matter. Marc Cheneau’s project concerns a cold atom quantum simulator of supersolids, and he intends to measure directly spatial correlations with resolution enabling him to see each individual atom. Balzan funding will be used for the acquisition of a high performan ce camera and the high grade optical components necessary for this goal. David Clément’s project concerns a quantum simulator of a strongly interacting quantum liquid, and he intends to measure how quantum depletion depends on the strength of the interactions. Balzan funds will allow him to buy a laser and to fund a postdoctoral researcher for one year.

Researchers Research Coordinator: Chris Westbrook

David Clément Marc Cheneau

134 David Charles Baulcombe

Regius Professor of Botany, Royal Society Research Professor; Head of the De- partment of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge

2012 Balzan Prize for Epigenetics For his fundamental contribution to the understanding of epigenetics and its role in cell and tissue development under normal and stressful conditions.

Institution Administering Research Funds: University of Cambridge

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Marc van Montagu

Further Investigation of Epigenetics in Hybrids and Evolution

The project is designed to address fundamental questions in biology using a genetic and molecular approach. The link with biology – in this instance evolutionary biology – is an essential component of this project. Molecular biologists are sometimes overly preoccupied with the naming of parts – scientific stamp collecting – rather than the biology of the systems. The project is also intended to introduce young scientists to the statistics and computational aspects of handling large datasets related to genome- wide profiling of epigenetic modification, gene expression and genome sequence. The advent of high throughput sequencing technology has been transformational in biology and their ability to use the resulting datasets is essential for their career progression as research scientists.

Part I is based on recent discoveries from my laboratory determining that epigenetic marks affecting gene expression are initiated in the genomes of hybrid organisms. It will have two stages. The first stage will involve dissection of an epigenetic change that we have observed already, to be initiated in hybrids between the tomato – Solanum lycopersicum – and a wild relative – S. pennellii. When completed, the conclusions will give us a baseline for the analysis of other loci that will be identified in the second stage. This second stage will involve genome-wide characterisation of genetic and epigenetic changes in the lycopersicum x pennellii hybrids. This research will indicate the extent to which induced epigenetic changes might affect the phenotype of the hybrid plants.

135 Part II exploits the unicellular green alga – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii – to investigate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in adaptation. The aim of the experiments is to test a hypothesis related to soft inheritance. It is to ask whether algae that are defective in soft inheritance are compromised in the ability to adapt to an altered environment. The first stage will be to characterise mutant and knock down lines of C. reinhardtii for epigenetics and RNA silencing. In parallel with this molecular biology preparation we will set up a series of long term culture experiments in which cultures are subject to mild stress herbicides and high CO2. The detailed experimental regime will be designed in collaboration with Sinead Collins in the Edinburgh Institute of Evolutionary Biology, with whom we are collaborating already, and will take account of previous studies in which C. reinhardtii cultures were adapted to these stresses.

Part I will be carried out by a postdoctoral scientist and Part II will be allocated to a four year PhD student.

136 Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann

Bruce Beutler is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla.

Jules A. Hoffmann is Distinguished Class Research Director at the Centre Na- tional de la Recherche Scientifique (Emeritus), Institute of Molecular and Cel- lular Biology in Strasbourg.

2007 Balzan Prize for Innate Immunity For their discovery of the genetic mechanisms responsible for innate immunity. They have worked in close cooperation to develop a new vision of the molecular defence strategy deployed by animals across a wide evolutionary spectrum against infectious agents. Their work has led to very promising medical applications.

Institutions Administering Funds: Centre International de Recherche aux Frontières de la Chimie, Strasbourg The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicole Le Douarin

Endogenous Activators of Inflammation in Insects and Mammals

The second half of the Balzan Prize to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann is propel ling joint efforts regarding the establishment of a model of inflammation in insects and mammals. The parallel study on inflammation in the absence of germs in the fruit fly (Drosophila) and in mice could lead to the future discovery of the causes by which, in humans, antibodies of endogenous origin are also activated in the absence of the patho genic germs they are supposed to fight, thus producing autoimmune diseases. The two Prizewinners hired young researchers and supervised research work in their respective laboratories, which will lead to a comparative analysis of the IMD (fly) and TNFTLR (mouse) proinflammatory, signalling pathways in infection and development.

In La Jolla, Dr. Michael Berger has screened peptidomimetic libraries for activators of TLR signalling. These studies, designed to identify molecules that could cause uncon ventional activation of TLR signalling, have been performed as a collaboration with

137 the laboratory of Professor Dale Boger at The Scripps Research Institute. Dr. Oren Milstein searched for immune activating functions of peptides that do not exist in the mouse proteome. Dr. Philippe Krebs has studied mutations that cause inflammatory disease and their attenuation by mutations that disrupt TLR signalling. Particularly significant has been his demonstration that signalling via TLRs drives the lethal in flammatory disorder observed in mice with deficiency of the inositol polyphosphate 5 phosphatase, SHIP-1. Drs. Sungyong Won and Lei Sun have worked jointly to de velop a technique for cloning mice from fibroblasts, with the goal of screening these cells en masse for ex vivo phenotypes (including spontaneous inflammatory pheno types) before regenerating mice from them and positionally cloning the causative mu tations. Dr. Carrie Arnold initiated a screen for defects in the adaptive immune re sponse, and has been very successful with it, identifying eleven mutations to date. Dr. Amanda Blasius identified a key molecule for the responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to nucleic acids.

In Strasbourg, Dr. Hidehiro Fukuyama has pursued a biochemical strategy to identify proteins that interact with components of the IMD pathway (IMD stands for immune- deficiency; this pathway is equivalent to that downstream of mammalian TNF) in Drosophila to limit inflammation caused by endogenous stimuli. Dr. Anne Kaukinen has made a functional analysis of some of the proteins isolated by Dr. Fukuyama and has namely addressed their potential roles in activating antimicrobial peptide gene expression following stimulation by a bacterial pathogen. Exciting new data obtained now point to a significant role of the IMD signalling pathway in the defence of flies against several viral pathogens. The Balzan funds still available in Professor Hoff mann’s group have been concentrated on developing this new line of research. Profes sor Hoffmann gave a lecture Gene Expression and Signalling in the Immune System at the sixth Cold Spring Harbor meeting in April 2012.

Researchers: In the Beutler laboratory Carrie Arnold Michael Berger Amanda Blasius Philippe Krebs Oren Milstein Lei Sun Sungyong Won

138 In the Hoffmann laboratory Hidehiro Fukuyama Anne Kaukinen

Publications: Fukuyama H, Ndiaye S, Hoffmann J, Rossier J, Liuu S, Vinh J, Verdier Y. 2012. On-bead tryptic proteolysis: An attractive procedure for LC-MS/MS analysis of the Drosophila caspase protein complex during immune response against bacteria. Journal of Proteomics. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.003. Liu X, Sano T, Guan Y, Nagata S, Hoffmann JA, Fukuyama H. 2012. Drosophila EYA Regulates the Immune Response against DNA through an Evolutionarily Con- served Threonine Phosphatase Motif. Journal PLos One. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042725 (15.08.2012).

139 Wallace Broecker

Newberry Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University

2008 Balzan Prize for the Science of Climate Change For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere, as well as the role of glacial changes and the records contained in ice cores and ocean sediments. His contributions have been significant in understanding both gradual and abrupt climate change.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Comer Science and Education Foundation (90% of total prize)

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Enric Banda

Past Patterns of Precipitation and Earth Temperature

The general aim of Wallace Broecker’s Balzan Research Project was to determine whether the paleoclimate record can support the prediction according to which, as the planet is warmed by fossil fuel CO2, precipitation will be more strongly focused on the Equator. Lacking an adequate warm analogue, a cold one – namely, the situation during the last glacial period – has been already used with encouraging results (i.e., less focusing of rainfall on the tropics during colder times). However, possible flaws in the cold analogue have yet to be evaluated. Research activities focused on data from different sources, including deep sea sediments and closed-lake basin size, cave deposits and ice core records. Wallace Broecker supported three postdoctoral fellows:

- Jimin Yu: As part of his PhD research at the University of Cambridge, he demonstrated

that the boron to calcium ratio in the CaCO3 shells of bottom dwelling open ocean foraminifera are tightly correlated with the extent of carbonate ion undersaturation. At Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, he used this method to reconstruct the evolution of deep ocean carbonate ion concentration from the glacial maximum (~25 kyrs ago) to the present. His goal was to evaluate the role of deep ocean

chemistry in the rise of atmospheric CO2 content at the close of the last glacial period.

140 - Xianfeng Wang: As part of his PhD research at the University of Minnesota, he created an 18O record for stalagmites in Brazil and showed that millennial duration fluctuations in monsoon rainfall were exactly antiphased with those in China. At Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, he continued this research, but also diversi- fied his efforts by measuring the concentrations of 234U, 230Th, 231Pa and 10Be in sediments from the abyssal ocean. In so doing, he followed up on research done by Richard Ku in the 1970s with modern instrumentation.

- Irene Schimmelpfennig: She completed her PhD in France on the production rate of 36Cl in separated minerals. She worked with Joerg Schaefer’s group at Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory to pursue the use of 36Cl and 10Be in what is termed “cosmic-ray exposure dating”.

Researchers: Supervisor Professor R. Lawrence Edwards

Researchers Irene Schimmelpfennig Xianfeng Wang Jimin Yu

Publications: Schimmelpfennig I, Schaefer J, Akçar N, Ivy-Ochs S, Finkel R and Schlüchter C. Glacier culminations in the Western Alps during the earliest and late Holocene link to the Greenland temperature record. Geology (forthcoming). Schimmelpfennig I, Schaefer J, Goehring B, Lifton N, Putnam A, Barrell DJA. Cali- bration of the in situ cosmogenic 14C spallogenic production rate in New Zealand’s Southern Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science (forthcoming). Cheng H, Sinha A, Wang X. Cruz FW, Edwards RL. 2012. The global paleomonsoon as seen through speleothem records from Asia and the Americas. Climate Dynam- ics (in revision). Osete M, Martin-Chivelet J, Rossi C, Edwards RL, Egli R, Munoz-Garcia MB, Wang X, Pavon-Carrasco FJ, Heller F. 2012. The Blake geomagnetic event recorded in an absolute-dated speleothem. Earth and Planetary Science Letters (in revision). Correa D, Auler AS, Wang X, Edwards RL, Cheng H. 2011. Geomorphology and genesis of the remarkable Araras Ridge tufa deposit, Western Brazil. Geomorphol- ogy. 134: 94-101. Strikis NM, Cruz FW, Cheng H, Karmann I, Edwards RL, Vuille M, Wang X, De

141 Paula MS, Novello VF, Auler AS. 2011. Abrupt variations in South American monsoon rainfall during the Holocene based on a speleothem record from central- eastern Brazil. Geology. 39: 1075- 1078. Boch R, Cheng H, Spotl C, Edwards RL, Wang X, Hauselmann P. 2011. NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60 ka. Climate of the Past. 7: 1247-1259. Liu DB, Wang YJ, Cheng, H, Edwards RL, Kong XG, Wang X, Hardt B, Wu JY, Chen ST, Jiang XY, He YQ, Dong JG, Zhao K. 2010. Sub-millennial variability of Asian monsoon intensity during the early MIS 3 andits analogue to the ice age termina- tions. Quaternary Science Reviews. 29: 11071115. Cai YJ, Tan LC, Cheng H, An ZS, Edwards RL, Kelly MJ, Kong XG, Wang X. 2010. The variations of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 291: 21-31. Cai YJ, Cheng H, An ZS, Edwards RL, Wang X, Tan LC, Wang J. 2010. Large variations of oxygen isotopes in precipitation over south-central Tibet during Marine Isotope Stage 5. Geology. 38: 243-246. Jin ZD, You CF, Yu J, Wu L, Zhang F, Liu HC. Seasonal contributions of catchment weathering and eolian dust to river water chemistry, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Chemical and Sr sotopic constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Sur- face. doi:10.1029/2011JF002002. Allen KA, Hönisch B, Eggins SM, Yu J, Spero HJ. Elderfield H. Controls on boron incorporation in cultured tests of the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.010. Shen C, Wu C, Liu Y, Yu J, Chang C, Dinh Lam D, Jhou J, Lo L, Wei K. Measure- ments of Natural Carbonate Rare Earth Elements in Femtogram Quantities by In- ductive Coupled Plasma Sector Field Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry. dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac201736w. Broecker WS, Yu J. What do we know about the evolution of Mg to Ca ratios in seawater? Paleoceanogr. doi:10.1029/2011PA002120. Johnstone H, Yu J, Elderfield H, Schulz M. Improving temperature estimates derived from Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera using X-ray computed tomography-based dissolution index. Paleoceanogr. doi:10.1029/2010PA001940. Hönisch B, Allen KA, Russell AD, Eggins SM, Bijma J, Spero HJ, Lea DW, Yu J. 2011. Planktic foraminifers as recorders of seawater Ba/Ca. Marine Micropaleontology. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.01.003. Yu JM, Broecker WS, Elderfield H, Jin ZD, McManus J, Zhang F. Loss of carbon from the deep sea since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science. doi: 10.1126/ science.1193221.

142 Yu JM, Foster GL, Elderfield H, Broecker WS, Clark E. An evaluation of benthic foraminiferal B/Ca and δ11B for deep ocean carbonate ion and pH reconstructions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 293(1-2): 114-120. Yu JM, Broecker WS, Comment on “Deep-Sea Temperature and Ice Volume Chang- es Across the Pliocene-Pleistocene Climate Transitions”. Science. 328,1480c, doi:10.1126/science.1186544. Peck VL, Yu J, Kender S, Riesselman CR. Shifting ocean carbonate chemistry during the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition: implications for deep ocean Mg/Ca- paleothermometry. Paleoceanogr.: doi:10.1029/2009PA001906. Jin ZD, Bickle M, Chapman H, Yu J, An ZS, Wang SM, Greaves M. Ostracod Mg/ Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr geochemistry from Tibetan lake sediments: Implications for early to mid-Pleistocene Indian monsoon and catchment weathering. Boreas. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00184.x. Palmer MR, Brummer GJ, Cooper M, Elderfield H, Greaves M, Reichart GJ, Schouten

S, Yu J. Multi-proxy reconstruction of surface water pCO2 in the northern Arabian Sea since 29 ka. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 295: 49-57. Jin ZD, Bickle M, Chapman H, Yu JM, Wang SM, Chen SY. Early to mid-Pleistocene ostracod δ18O and δ13C in the central Tibetan Plateau: Implication for Indian monsoon change. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280(3-4): 406-414. Jin ZD, You CF, Yu JM. Toward a geochemical mass balance of major elements in Lake Qinghai, NE Tibetan Plateau: A significant role of atmospheric deposition. Applied Geochemistry. 24(10): 1901-1907. Jin ZD, Yu JM, Wang SM, Zhang F, Shi YW, You CF, Constraints on water chemistry by chemical weathering in the Lake Qinghai catchment, northeastern Tibetan Pla- teau (China): clues from Sr and its isotopic geochemistry. Hydrogeology Journal. 17: 2037-2048.

143 Jean-Pierre Changeux

Professor Emeritus at the Institut Pasteur; Honorary Professor at the Collège de France

2001 Balzan Prize for Cognitive Neurosciences Professor Changeux’s broad and profound contribution ranges from the fundamental molecular mechanisms of chemical communication in the nervous system to learning and consciousness. In addition to his outstanding experimental work, Professor Changeux has made a theoretical contribution on the epigenesis of neuronal networks by selective stabilization of developing synapses and on several aspects of cognition. Jean-Pierre Changeux has established a new direction for the study of cognitive functions by rooting them at the molecular level.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Institut Pasteur

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicole Le Douarin

Neuronal Organization of the Brain and Cognitive Functions

In his research, 2001 Balzan Prizewinner in Cognitive Neurosciences Jean-Pierre Changeux was mainly concerned with the study of the correlation of cognitive functions and the molecular aspects of cerebral activity. His laboratory was the first to activate the genes of neuronal nicotinic receptors and to study the consequences they might have on human behaviour. Jean-Pierre Changeux used the second half of his Balzan Prize to continue and diversify this research at the Récepteurs et Cognition unit of the Institut Pasteur. General overviews of this research are contained in a book (Jean-Pierre Changeux and Stuart J. Edelstein, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: From Molecular Biology to Cognition, Paris-New York: Editions Odile Jacob, 2005) and in a recently published article (Jean-Pierre Changeux, Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically modified mice, Nature Reviews Neurosci- ence, 11 June 2010). In this article, Professor Changeux reviews studies in transgenic mice that have started to reveal which nicotine receptor subunits mediate the effects of nicotine on behavior, cognition and addiction, thus forming therapeutic targets for nicotine addiction.

144 Researchers: Nicolas Champtiaux Stanislav Dehaene Philippe Faure Thomas Gisiger Sylvie Granon Zhi-Yan Han Corentin Le Magueresse Nicolas Le Novère Jérôme Sallette

Main Publications: Changeux J-P, Edelstein SJ. 2005. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: From Molecu- lar Biology to Cognition. Paris-New York: Editions Odile Jacob. Changeux J-P. 2010. Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically modified mice. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

Other Publications (in chronological order): Le Novère N, Grutter T, Changeux J-P. 2002. Models of the extracellular domain of the nicotinic receptors and of agonist-and Ca2+ binding sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (5). Champtiaux N, Gotti C, Cordero-Erausquin M, David DJ, Przybylski C, Léna C, Clementi F, Moretti M, Rossi F, Le Novère N, McIntosh JM, Gardier AM, Changeux J-P. 2003. Subunit Composition of Functional Nicotinic Receptors in Dopaminergic Neurons Investigated with Knock-Out Mice, The Journal of Neu- roscience. 23 (21). Dehaene S, Sergent C, Changeux, J-P. 2003. A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception. Pro- ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (14). Han Z-Y, Zoli M, Cardona A, Bourgeois J-P, Changeux J-P, Le Novère N. 2003. Local- ization of [3H]-nicotine, [3H]-cytisine, [3H]-epibatidine and [125I]abungarotoxin binding sites in the brain of Macaca Mulatta. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 461 (1). Maggi L, Le Magueresse C, Changeux J-P, Cherubini E. 2003. Nicotine activates immature “silent” connections in the developing hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (4). Changeux J-P, Clarifying consciousness. 2004. Nature. 428 (8 April 2004).

145 Schütz B, Mauer D, Salmon A-M, Changeux J-P, Zimmer A. Analysis of the cellular expression pattern of beta-CGRP in alpha-CGR-deficient mice. 2004. Journal of Comparative Neurolology. 476 (1). Strochlic L, Cartaud A, Mejat A, Grailhe R, Schaeffer L, Changeux J-P, Cartaud J. 14-3-3 γ associates with muscle specific kinase and regulates synaptic gene transcription at vertebrate neuromuscular synapse. 2004. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (52). Changeux J-P. 2005. Genes, Brains and Culture from Monkey to Human; in From Monkey Brain to Human Brain: A Fyssen Foundation Symposium. Dehaene S, Duhamel J-R, editors. A Bradford Book. Cambridge (MA) and London: MIT Press. Changeux J-P, Edelstein SJ. 2005. Allosteric Mechanisms of Signal Transduction. Science. Vol. 308, No. 5727. Cohen G, Roux I-C, Grailhe R, Malcolm G, Changeux J-P, Lagercrantz H. 2005. Perinatal exposure to nicotine causes deficits associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (10). Dehaene S, Changeux J-P. 2005. Ongoing Spontaneous Activity Controls Access to Consciousness: a Neuronal Model for Inattentional Blindness. PLoS Biology. Vol. 3, Issue 5. Gisiger T, Kerszberg M, Changeux J-P. 2005. Acquisition and Performance of De layed-response Tasks: a Neural Network Model. Cerebral Cortex. 15 (5). Gotti C, Moretti M, Zanardi A, Gaimarri A, Champtiaux N, Changeux J-P, Whitaker P, Clementi F Zoli M. 2005. Heterogeneity and Selective Targeting of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Subtypes Expressed on Retinal Affer- ents of the Superior Colliculus and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Identification of a New Native nAChR Subtype α3β2(α5 or β3) Enriched in Retinocollicular Af- ferents. Molecular Pharmacology. 68:1162-1171. Grutter T, Prado de Carvalho L, Dufresne V, Taly A, Fischer M, Changeux J-P. A chimera encoding the fusion of an acetylcholine-binding protein to an ion channel is stabilized in a state close to the desensitized form of ligand-gated ion channels. 2005. Comptes Rendu Biologie. Vol. 328, Issue 3. Mrsic-Flogel TD, Hofer SB, Creutzfeldt C, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Changeux J-P, Bonhoef- fer T, Hübener M. 2005. Altered map of visual space in the superior colliculus of mice lacking early retinal waves. The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (29). Paas Y, Gibor G, Grailhe R, Savatier-Duclert N, Dufresne V, Prado de Carvalho L, Changeux J-P, Attali, B. 2005. Pore conformations and gating mechanism of a Cysloop receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (44).

146 Pascale Cossart

Director of the Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules; Professeur de Classe Exceptionnelle at the Institut Pasteur, Paris

2013 Balzan Prize for Infectious Diseases: Basic and Clinical Aspects For her seminal discoveries on the molecular biology of pathogenic bacteria and their interaction with host cells. Her research has provided very significant insights into the mechanisms underlying infectious diseases and how they might be combatted.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Institut Pasteur

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Jules Hoffmann and Peter Suter

Epigenetics and Bacterial Infections: The Role of a Novel Histone Deacetylase SIRT2

This project will further investigate recent results obtained in epigenetics and bacterial infections, a new research area in infection biology. In order to establish a successful infection, bacteria manipulate the host chromatin structure, dynamics and function to their own profit. Bacterial pathogens can manipulate chromatin directly by addressing factors that interact with histones or other chromatin components to the nucleus, or indirectly by interacting with signaling pathways which then affect the chromatin structure or dynamics. Our research has recently shown that the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes infection induces the nuclear translocation of SIRT2, an event dependent on the interaction between the bacterial protein InlB and its receptor Met on the cell surface and critical for a successful infection in vivo as shown by the resistance to infection of SIRT2-/-mice.

A graduate student and a post-doctoral fellow will carry out the project, which has four aims: to elucidate the mechanism underlying SIRT2 nuclear translocation induced by L. monocytogenes infection; to investigate the genome-wide impact of SIRT2-induced H3K18 deacetylation during infection with L. monocytogenes; to determine whether H3K18 deacetylation by SIRT2 is a common strategy used by other pathogens for host subversion; to determine whether L. monocytogenes infection induces an epigenetic memory in the host.

Researchers Research Coordinator: Melanie Hamon

147 Paolo de Bernardis and Andrew Lange †

Paolo de Bernardis is Professor of Astrophysics and Observational Cosmology at the Università di Roma “La Sapienza”.

Andrew Lange was the Marvin L. Goldberger Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.

2006 Balzan Prize for Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics For their contributions to cosmology, in particular the BOOMERanG Antarctic balloon experiment.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: Università di Roma “La Sapienza” California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Per Olof Lindblad

Observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

Observations of the finest details of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have the potential to explain some of the unresolved problems of modern cosmology, such as the existence of an inflation process in the very early Universe, the existence and the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and the formation of structures in the Universe. Paolo de Bernardis and Andrew Lange have used the second half of their Balzan Prize to finance two experimental investigations: one on CMB polarization and the other on the formation of cosmic structures. Tragically, Andrew Lange died on 22 January 2010. His colleagues Tom Soifer and James Bock at the California In- stitute of Technology are now managing his Balzan research project.

An Experimental Investigation of the First Stages of the Formation of Cosmic Structures This project has been carried out under the responsibility of Professor Paolo de Ber nardis. It is aimed at measuring the effect of the first structures on the background CMB light: in fact, phenomena like the Sunyaev Zeldovich Effect (SZE) in the first

148 clusters of Galaxies and resonant emission/absorption lines in the first structures leave an imprint in the CMB, which can be used to trace them.

This project uses an original approach, performing spectroscopic measurements of CMB anisotropy. After the photometric measurements of CMB anisotropy and polar ization, these spectroscopic measurements promise to open a new dimension in CMB research. The advantage of this approach, in particular for the measurements of the SZE, has been analyzed thoroughly in publication [1]. The possibility to study the na ture of dark matter using SZE measurements in clusters of galaxies in strong dynam ical interaction has been analyzed in paper [2]; the possibility to study the SZE in giant radio galaxies has been studied in paper [3].

From the experimental point of view, this strategy requires building a differential spectrometer, matched to a large aperture telescope, to achieve the necessary angular resolution. The system must be flown on a stratospheric balloon to cover the high- frequency side of the CMB spectrum, not accessible from the ground due to fluctuating atmospheric emission and absorption. This poses formidable experimental challenges, requiring cryogenic imaging detectors, cryogenic imaging spectrometers, a large telescope and a space mission.

A long preparation work was needed to qualify the method. Examples of technical publication analyzing possible systematic effects related to these measurements can be found in papers [4], [5], [6]; several more are in preparation. The first opportunity to test this idea experimentally will be with the forthcoming flight of the OLIMPO balloon-borne telescope (described in papers [7] and [8]). This has been recently up- graded with an ambient-temperature differential spectrometer, which can be inserted as a plug-in in the optical path between the telescope and the multi-band photometer, transforming the 4-band photometer in a low-resolution spectrometer. Its performance and scientific potential has been analyzed in paper [1].

A full phase-A study of an innovative satellite mission, called SAGACE, carried out by the group at “La Sapienza” in the framework of the second project above has been completed. For a short description see [9]; the scientific potential of this configura tion is also studied in paper [1]. The full study has been described in a long document (ref. KISAG-RP-010), which has been submitted to the Italian Space Agency for evaluation and possible implementation as a national small mission. We are also developing a differential spectrometer of this kind for the space mission Millimetron,

149 a space-borne sub-millimeter telescope, 10m in diameter and cooled below 10K. The groundbreaking scientific potential of a differential spectrometer on this mission is described in paper [1].

Balzan funds were used to acquire hardware to design and complete the instruments, to support the dedicated work of post-doctoral students already trained on the BOOMERanG project, to support the collaboration with the Cardiff (Ade, Mauskopf) and Pasadena (Lange) groups for the development of subsystems, and the diffusion of cosmology results through the preparation of a book on observational cosmology [10]. In detail: - Three post-doc fellowships at “La Sapienza” focusing on the data analysis of the BOOMERanG and Planck experiments (M. Veneziani, P. de Bernardis, et al. [11]) and on the SAGACE study [9] have been assigned. One fellowship has been as signed to Dr. Gianluca Polenta. Polenta has been very active in the analysis of the Planck satellite data, in collaboration with de Bernardis and the other members of the team. This work resulted in a large number of papers, including several on the full-sky survey of SZE clusters (more than 1200 clusters detected by Planck, see papers [12-15]). He is now a scientist at the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Data Center (ASDC). A second fellowship has been assigned to Dr. Luca Lamagna, who is now a Researcher (TD) with Professor de Bernardis’s group in “La Sapienza”. The third fellowship has been assigned to Dr. Alessandro Schillaci, and he is currently a post- doc in Professor de Bernardis’s group. - Support for the hardware of the large throughput Martin-Puplett interferometer built in our group. This instrument is a prototype for the missions described above. This has been the subject of the PhD thesis of Dr. Alessandro Schillaci, “Millimetric spec tropolarimetry of cosmological signals” discussed in Dec. 2009 at “La Sapienza”. This is a room-temperature system. The problem of the background resulting from the emissivity of wire-grids has been studied in detail in publication [5]. - Support the development of innovative mm-wave detectors, the microwave kinetic inductance detectors (paper [16]) and the cold electron bolometers (paper [17], 2011 Van Duzer Prize of the IEEE). - Cooperation with the Caltech group on CMB polarization measurements has also been supported, with the development of a parallel study carried out in Europe for a space mission devoted to CMB polarization. Two proposals have been submitted to ESA with Paolo de Bernardis serving as the PI and the collaboration of the US

150 teams in addition to the European ones. The first one was for a low angular resolu tion polarimeter, called B-Pol [19]. The second one, called COrE, was for a much more ambitious system, a Planck-like multiband telescope, with a large cryogenic rotating HWP used as the first optical component to modulate the polarized signal [20]. We are also actively studying the impact of systematic effects on the scientific exploitation of these measurements (see e.g., [21]). An even more ambitious mission, called PRISM, has been studied and proposed to ESA in 2013 in the framework of the call for science with large missions [22].

Researchers: Martino Calvo Luca Lamagna Silvia Masi Gianluca Polenta Maria Salatino Alessandro Schillaci

Publications: [1] De Bernardis P et al. 2012. Low-resolution spectroscopy of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and estimates of cluster parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 538, A86. [2] Colafrancesco S et al. 2007. Direct probes of Dark Matter in the cluster 1ES0657- 556 through microwave observations. Astronomy &Astrophysics. 467, 1. [3] Colafrancesco S, Marchegiani P, De Bernardis P, Masi S. 2013. A multi-frequency study of the SZE in giant radio galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 550, A92 (2013) astro-ph/1211.4809. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117376. [4] Schillaci A, De Bernardis P. 2011. On the effect of tilted roof reflectors in Martin- Puplett spectrometers. Infrared Physics. 55: 40-44. [5] Schillaci A, Battistelli E, D’ Alessandro D, De Bernardis P, Masi S. 2013. On the emissivity of wire-grid polarizers for astronomical observations at mm-wave- lengths. Infrared Physics & Technology. 58: 64–68. [6] Masi S et al. 2010. On the effect of cosmic rays in bolometric CMB measurements from the stratosphere. 2010. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 519, A24. [7] Masi S et al. 2008. “OLIMPO”. Mem. S.A.It. Vol. 79, 887. [8] Conversi L et al. 2010. Extracting cosmological signals from foregrounds in deep mm maps of the sky. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524, A7. [9] De Bernardis P et al. 2012. SAGACE: the Spectroscopic Active Galaxies and Clusters Explorer. Proc. of the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativ-

151 ity, Paris 12th-18th July 2009. Damour T, Jantzen RT, Ruffini R, editors. pp. 21-33. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN-13 978-981-4374-51-4; astroph/1002.0867. [10] De Bernardis P. 2010. Osservare l’Universo. Bologna: Il Mulino. [11] Veneziani M et al. 2009. Sub-Degree Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Signal from Multi- Frequency BOOMERanG observations. The Astrophysical Journal. 702, L61-L65. [12] Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. IX. XMM-Newton follow-up for validation of Planck cluster candidates (2011). A&A 536, A9. [13] Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. X. Statistical analysis of Sun yaev-Zeldovich scaling relations for X-ray galaxy clusters (2011). A&A 536, A10. [14] Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. XI. Calibration of the local galaxy cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich scaling relations (2011). A&A 536, A11. [15] Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. XII. Cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich optical scaling relations Planck Collaboration (2011) A&A 536, A12. [16] Calvo M et al. 2010. Development of Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Cosmic Microwave Background experiments. Experimental Astronomy. 28: 185-194. [17] Tarasov Mikhail A, Kuzmin LS, Edelman VS, Mahashabde S, De Bernardis P. 2011. Optical Response of a Cold-Electron Bolometer Array Integrated in a 345- GHz Cross-Slot Antenna. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 21: 3635-3639. [18] Salatino M, De Bernardis P, Kuzmin LS, Masi S, Mahashabd S. Sensitivity to Cosmic Rays of Cold Electron Bolometers for Space Applications. 2013. Journal of Low Temperature Physics. Submitted 2013. [19] De Bernardis P, Bucher M, Burigana C, Piccirillo L. B-Pol. 2009. Detecting Primordial Gravitational Waves Generated During Inflation. Experimental Astron- omy. 23: 5-16. [20] The COrE Collaboration. 2011. COrE (Cosmic Origins Explorer) A White Paper. astro-ph/1102.2181 (2011). [21] Pagano L et al. 2009. CMB Polarization Systematics, Cosmological Birefrin- gence and the Gravitational Waves Background. Physical Review. D80, 043522. [22] The PRISM collaboration. 2013. PRISM (Polarized Radiation Imaging and Spec- troscopy Mission): A White Paper on the Ultimate Polarimetric Spectro-Imaging of the Microwave and Far-Infrared Sky. astro-ph/ 1306.2259.

An Experimental Investigation of CMB Polarization Funding for Professor Andrew Lange’s investigation was used to support an ambitious program of new ground-based and balloon-borne CMB experiments, and an emerging generation of young experimental cosmologists. The BOOMERanG CMB

152 experiment, the basis of the 2006 Balzan Prize, demonstrated that the geometry of the universe was flat to high experimental accuracy, a measurement based on the apparent angular size of the first acoustic peak in the CMB temperature spatial power spectrum. This observation of a flat universe required a missing form of matter-energy density, obtained in the form ‘dark-energy’ needed to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe from concurrent supernovae measurements. A flat universe is also consistent with the predictions of inflation, an exponential sub-luminal expansion in the early universe. While observations of the CMB are well-explained by inflation, the physics of inflation, which are thought to occur at high energy scales and possibly associated with grand unification, remain a deep mystery.

Funds from the Balzan Prize were thus applied to build upon the results of BOOMERanG, to probe the physical process of inflation via CMB polarization measurements. De- pending on the physical process, inflation may produce a cosmological background of gravitational waves, detectable by a subtle signature in CMB polarization. Be- cause gravitational waves possess a handedness, they can impart a handed ‘B-mode’ polarization pattern. Two experiments were initiated to search for this polarization pattern using new technology millimeter-wave focal plane detector arrays. The BICEP2 (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) experiment is a degree-scale polarimeter currently carrying out science observations from the South Pole [1, 2]. The receiver is in many ways similar to its predecessor experiment BICEP [3], which currently has the best upper limits on the inflationary polarization signal [4], and excellent control of systematic errors [5]. BICEP2 differs in that the focal plane has been greatly enhanced, going from individual detectors, similar to those used in the Planck satellite, to entirely microfabricated arrays with superconducting sensors and readouts [6, 7]. BICEP2 was fielded at the South Pole in 2009, and has demonstrated 10 times faster observing speed compared with BICEP. The team has two seasons of high-quality CMB polarization data in hand, with excellent calibration measurements [8]. They are working on new science publications in the coming year. Balzan funds enabled them to initiate BICEP2, and a more powerful successor experiment named the Keck Polarimeter Array, with support from the National Science Foundation and the W.M. Keck Foundation.

In parallel, the research group has been developing a powerful balloon experiment named SPIDER [9] that uses 6 new-technology focal plane arrays [10]. These arrays are similar to the focal plane developed for BICEP2, except with even higher sensitivity due to the lower atmospheric emission available on a high-altitude balloon. SPIDER

153 will observe CMB polarization in multiple frequency bands, a key to discriminating cosmological polarization from polarized Galactic emission [11, 12]. The development of SPIDER is now reaching a critical stage. All major components of the experiment including the liquid helium cryostat [13] and experiment gondola are now in place. The first 150 GHz and 90 GHz receivers have been tested. This year the experiment will be integrated. The research group are working with the US balloon program to support an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight. Major funding for SPIDER has been provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Balzan funds have fostered a new generation of experimental scientists. Dr. John Ko- vac was supported while at Caltech, where he played a leadership role in the BICEP and BICEP2 program. He accepted a faculty position at Harvard University in 2009 and continues his close collaboration on these projects. Randol Aikin is a graduate student on BICEP2, and has seen the experiment from its inception. Mr. Aikin helped develop the focal planes, tested and calibrated the receiver, and is now leading the science data analysis. He plans to graduate from Caltech to what will surely be a promising scientific career. Dr. Roger O’Brient is expert at developing the radio-frequency designs used in the new focal plane arrays, and has been instrumental in developing new detector concepts expanding on this promising and flexible technology to new scientific applications.

Balzan funds have been expended and the hardware developed. However, the scientific results of this program are only now coming to fruition. The SPIDER balloon experiment has now been fabricated and assembled with six high-sensitivity receivers, complete with optics and waveplates, in a large liquid helium cryostat. After a pre-flight integration in Palestine, TX, SPIDER was deployed to Antarctica this fall for its first flight in December 2013. The 2013/14 balloon campaign was cancelled, however, due to the logistical challenges caused by the October government shut- down. SPIDER is currently targeting a flight in the 2014/15 season.

The BICEP2 instrument completed its expected 3 years of scientific observations from the South Pole and was decommissioned in December 2012. BICEP2 successfully led to the implementation of the Keck Polarimeter Array with 5 receivers of equal sensitivity that have now been fielded at the South Pole station and are currently observing. The collaboration is putting forth a comprehensive effort to analyze the BICEP2/Keck data set. Because BICEP2/Keck comprises the most sensitive probe of inflationary B-mode polarization to date, extreme care must be taken to account for

154 all possible sources of systematic error and foreground contamination. Furthermore, with multiple receivers observing over many years, the data set allows for numerous checks on systematic errors that must be carefully accounted. In the meantime, several intermediate papers have been published describing the instrument performance and the state of the detector technology that enable these measurements [14-21]. The team is now on the cusp of a scientific publication and is very excited to be in this privileged position, made possible by Balzan funding.

The research group was shocked and saddened by Professor Andrew Lange’s tragic death in 2010, and greatly moved by the outpouring of sympathy and support from the worldwide scientific community in the months following. Professor Lange’s thought ful acceptance speech from the Balzan Prize ceremony was the centerpiece of a video tribute to his scientific career shown at his Caltech memorial. They feel a deep personal commitment to carry forward his legacy, a combination of passionate curiosity about the universe and its origins, experimental inventiveness, selfless teamwork, and his tremendous enthusiasm for scientific exploration. The experiments that Professor Lange began have been largely realized, and are now poised to return initial scientific results in the coming years.

Researchers: Randol Aikin James Bock John Kovac Roger O’Brient Tom Soifer

Publications: [1] Ogburn RW et al. 2010. The BICEP2 CMB Polarization Experiment. SPIE 7741, 40O. [2] Nguyen ht et al. 2008. BICEP2/SPUD: Searching for Inflation with Degree Scale Polarimetry from the South Pole. SPIE 7020, 36N. [3] Yoon KW et al. 2006. The Robinson Gravitational Wave Background Telescope (BICEP): A Bolometric Large Angular Scale CMB Polarimeter. SPIE 6275, 51Y. [4] Chiang HC et al. 2010. Measurement of CMB Polarization Power Spectra from Two Years of BICEP Data. ApJ 711, 1123. [5] Takahashi YD et al. 2010. Characterization of the BICEP Telescope for High- Precision Cosmic Microwave Background Polarimetry. ApJ 711, 1141.

155 [6] Brevik JA et al., 2010. Initial Performance of the BICEP2 Antenna-Coupled Su- perconducting Bolometers at the South Pole. SPIE 7741, 41B. [7] Orlando A et al. 2010. Antenna-Coupled TES Bolometer Arrays for BICEP2/Keck and SPIDER. SPIE 7741, 12O. [8] Aikin RW et al. 2010. Optical Performance of the BICEP2 Telescope at the South Pole. SPIE 7741, 23A. [9] Crill BE et al. 2008. SPIDER: A Balloon-Borne Large-Scale CMB Polarimeter. SPIE 7010, 79C. [10] Filippini JP et al. 2010. SPIDER: A Balloon-Borne CMB Polarimeter for Large Angular Scales. SPIE 7741, 46F. [11] O’Dea DT et al. 2011. SPIDER Optimization II. Optical, Magnetic, and Fore ground Effects. ApJ 738, 63. [12] MacTavish CJ et al. 2008. Spider Optimization: Probing the Systematics of a Large Scale B-Mode Experiment. ApJ 689, 655. [13] Gudmundsson JE et al. 2010. Thermal Architecture of the SPIDER Flight Cry- ostat. SPIE 7741, 45G. [14] Fraisse AA et al. 2013. SPIDER: Probing the Early Universe with a Suborbital Polarimeter. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 4, 47. [15] O’Brient R et al. 2012. Antenna-coupled TES bolometers for the Keck Array, Spider, and Polar-1. SPIE 8452E, 1GO. [16] Kernasovskiy S et al. 2012. Optimization and sensitivity of the Keck Array. SPIE 8452E, 1BK. [17] Vieregg AG et al. 2012. Optical Characterization of the Keck Array Polarimeter at the South Pole. SPIE 8452E, 26V. [18] Ogburn IV RW et al. 2012. BICEP2 and Keck Array Operational Overview and Status of Observations. SPIE 8452E, 1AO. [19] Staniszewski Z et al. 2012. The Keck Array: A Multi-Camera CMB Polarimeter at the South Pole. JLTP 167, 827. [20] O’Brient RC et al. 2012. Supressing Beam Systematics in Antenna-Coupled TES Bolometers for CMB Polarimetry. JLTP 167, 497. [21] Bonetti JA et al. 2012. Characterization and Fabrication of the TES Arrays for the Spider, Keck and BICEP2 CMB Polarimeters. JLTP 167, 146.

156 Pierre Deligne

Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ

2004 Balzan Prize for Mathematics For major contributions to several important domains of mathematics (including algebraic geometry, algebraic and analytic number theory, group theory, topology and Grothendieck theory of motives), enriching them with new and powerful tools and with magnificent results such as his spectacular proof of the Riemann hypothesis over finite fields (Weil conjectures).

Institution Administering Funds: Independent University Moscow

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Jacques Tits

Pierre Deligne Contest

The Pierre Deligne Contest was a competition for young mathematicians of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The contest winner was awarded a three-year research grant. The aim of the contest was to help young mathematicians to stay in their home countries to carry out scientific research.

The main rules were: - Any person 35 or under who had a PhD in mathematics and lived in Russia, Ukraine or Belarus was eligible for the competition. - Competitors had to provide a research statement, and grant recipients had to present an annual report with a summary of that year’s achievements and their plans for the following year. - All papers submitted by grant recipients during the grant period were to mention partial funding from Pierre Deligne’s 2004 Balzan Prize in Mathematics.

The Jury consisted of two Co-Chairmen, two Vice-Chairmen, two scientific secretaries and numerous experts. The Jury members were: Pierre Deligne (Co-Chairman),Victor Vassiliev (Co-Chairman), Boris Feigin (Vice-Chairman), Yuliy Ilyashenko (Vice-

157 Chairman), Mikhail Agranovich, Valery Beloshapka, Victor Buchstaber, Alexander Bulinskiy, Yurii Burman (scientific secretary), Alexey Gorodentsev, Sabir Gussein- Zade, Vadim Kaloshin, Alexander Khelemskiy, Askold Khovanski, Valeriy Kozlov, Sergey Lando, Segrey Matveev, Sergey Natanzon, Leonid Pastur, Alexander Razborov, Armen Sergeev, Alexander Shen (scientific secretary), Leonid Shilnikov, Albert Shiryaev, Iskander Taimanov, Dmitry Treshchev, Michail Tsfasman, Anatoly Vershik, Ernest Vinberg and Mikhail Zelikin.

Balzan funds were used to finance seventeen three-year research grants: five in De- cember 2005; five in 2006; five in 2007; two in 2008. Since the grants were for three years, those awarded in 2008 continued until the end of 2011. Even though the funds were exhausted after the 2008 round, Pierre Deligne found the resources to prolong the awarding of grants through 2009.

Researchers: 2005 Winners: Pavel Kolesnikov (Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk), Alexander Kuznetsov (Steklov Mathematical Institute, Russian Academy of Scienc- es), Marat Rovinski (Independent University of Moscow), Sergei Shadrin (Moscow), Arcady Skopenkov (Moscow State University). 2006 Winners: Mikhail Bondarko (St. Petersburg State University), Denis Borisov (Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa), Sergey Loktev (Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow), Taras Panov (Moscow State University), Leonid Rybnikov (Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow). 2007 Winners: Ivan Arzhantsev (Moscow State University), Leonid Positselski (Inde pendent University of Moscow), Anton Savin (Independent University of Moscow), Evgenii Feigin (Independent University of Moscow), Ilya Shkredov (MoscowState University). 2008 Winners: Evgenii Vdovin (Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk), Dmitry Chelkak (St. Petersburg). 2009 Winners: S.V. Oblezin (Moscow), V.A. Timorin (Moscow). Sergei Shadrin left Russia to take up a position at the Universität Zürich a few months after winning his grant in December 2005. Hence, according to the rules of the contest, he was no longer able to receive the grant.

158 Publications: Ivan Arzhantsev Arzhantsev IV. 2009. On the factoriality of Cox rings. Mat. Zametki. 85, no. 5: 643- 651. Arzhantsev IV. 2009. Projective embeddings with a small boundary for homogeneous spaces. Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk Ser. Mat. 73, no. 3: 5-22. Arzhantsev IV, Gaifullin S. 2010. Cox rings, semi groups and automorphisms of af fine varieties. Sbornik Math. 201, no. 1: 3-24.

Mikhail Bondarko Bondarko MV. 2007. Canonical representatives in strict isomorphism classes of formal groups. Mathematical Notes. v. 82, n. 1-2: 159-164. Bondarko MV, Dievsky AV. Non-abelian associated orders of wildly ramified local field extensions. 2008. Zapiski Nauchnyh Seminarov POMI. vol. 356: 5-45. Bondarko MV. 2009. Differential graded motives: weight complex, weight filtrations and spectral sequences for realizations; Voevodsky versus Hanamura. J. Inst. Math. of Jussieu. 8, no. 1: 39-97. Bondarko MV. 2010. Weight structures vs. t-structures; weight filtrations, spectral sequences, and complexes (for motives and in general). Journal of K-theory. Vol. 6, 03: 387-504.

Denis Borisov Borisov D. On the spectrum of two quantum layers coupled by a window. 2007. Jour- nal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. V. 40. No. 19: 5045-5066. Borisov D. 2007. Asymptotic behavior of the spectrum of a waveguide with distant perturbation. Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry. V. 10. No. 2: 155-196. Borisov D. 2007. Distant perturbations of the Laplacian in a multi-dimensional space. Annales Henri Poincare. V. 8. No. 7: 1371-1399. Borisov D, 2008.Gagilishin R. Spectrum of periodic operators with a small local perturbation. Izv. T.72, 4: 37-66. Borisov D. 2008. Asymptoties of solutions of ellipti systems with rapidly oscillating coefficients. Alg. i An. 20: 19-42. Borisov D, Krejcirik D. 2008. PT-symmetric waveguide. Integral Equations and Op erator Theory. V. 62. No. 4: 489-515. Borisov D, Cardone G. 2009. Homogenization of the planar waveguide with frequently alternating boundary conditions. Journal of Physics A: Mathematics and Gen- eral. V. 42. No. 36, 365205 (21pp).

159 Borisov D, Freitas P. 2009. Eigenvalue asymptotics, inverse problems and a trace formula for the linear damped wave equation. Journal of Differential Equations (2009), V. 247. No.11: 3028-3039. Borisov D, Freitas P. 2009. Singular asymptotic expansions for Dirichlet eigenvalues andeigen functions on thin planar domains. Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincare (C) Analyse non-lineaire. V. 26. No. 2: 547-560. Borisov D, Freitas P. 2010. Asymptotics of Dirichlet eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on thin domains in Rd. Journal of Functional Analysis. 258 3: 893-912.

Evgenii Feigin

Feigin B, Feigin E, Jimbo M, Miwa T, Takeyama Y. 2008. A φ1,3-Filtration of the Vira- soro Minimal Series M (p, ṕ) with 1 < ṕ/p < 2. Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. Volume 44, Number 2: 213-257. Feigin E. 2009. N = 1 formal genus 0 Gromov-Witten theories and Givental’s formal- ism. Journal of Geometry and Physics. 59 (2009): 1127-1136. Feigin B, Feigin E, Jimbo M, Miwa T, Mukhin E. 2009. Fermionic formulas for eigenfunctions of the difference Toda Hamiltonian. Letters in Mathematical Physics: Volume 88, Issue 1: 39-77.

Pavel Kolesnikov Kolesnikov P. 2006. Identities of conformal algebras and pseudoalgebras. Comm. Algebra. 34, no. 6: 1965-1979. Kolesnikov P. 2007. On the Wedderburn principal theorem in conformal algebras, J. Algebra and Its Appl., 6, no. 1: 119-134. Kolesnikov P. 2008. Associative algebras related to conformal algebras. Applied Cat- egorical Structures16. no. 1-2: 167-181. Kolesnikov P. 2008. Universally defined representations of conformal Lie superalge- bras. Journal of Symbolic Computation 43, no. 6-7: 406-421. Kolesnikov P. 2008. On Irreducible subalgebras of matrix Weyl algebras. Shum KP et al., editors. Advances in Algebra and Combinatorics, 205-217. Hong Kong: World Scientific Publishing Co. Kolesnikov P. 2008. On irreducible algebras of conformal endomorphisms over a linear algebraic group. Sovrem. Mat. Prilozh T60: 42-56. Kolesnikov P. 2009. Conformal Algebras in The Context of Linear Algebraic Groups. Silvestrov S et al., editors. Generalized Lie Theory in Mathematics, Physics and Beyond, 235-246. Berlin: Springer.

160 Alexander Kuznetsov Kuznetsov A. 2006. Hyperplane sections and derived categories. Izvestiya RAN: Ser. Mat. pp. 23-128 (in Russian); translation in Izvestiya: Mathematics. 70:3 (2006): 447-547. Kuznetsov A. 2007. Homological projective duality. Publ. Math. IHES. 105, n. 1: 157-220. Kuznetsov A. 2007. Quiver varieties and Hilbert schemes. Moscow Mathematical Journal. Volume 7, N. 4. Kuznetsov A. 2008. Derived categories of quadric fibrations and intersections of quadrics. Advances in Mathematics, V. 218, N. 5: 1340-1369. Kuznetsov A. 2008. Exceptional collections for Grassmannians of isotropic lines. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, V. 97, N. 1: 155-182. Kuznetsov A. 2008. Lefschetz decompositions and categorical resolutions of singu- larities. Selecta Mathematica. V. 13, N. 4: 661-696. Kuznetsov A. 2008. Derived categories and rationality of cubic fourfolds. Proceed- ings of the 5th European Congress of Mathematics, Amsterdam.

Sergey Loktev Etingof P, Loktev S, Oblomkov A, Rybnikov L.2008. A Lie-theoretic construction of spherical symplectic reflection algebras. Transformation Groups. 13, no. 3: 541- 556. Guay N, Hernendez D, Loktev S. 2009. Double affine Lie algebras and finite groups. Pacific Math. J. 243, no. 1: 1-41. Loktev S. 2010. Weight Multiplicity Polynomials of multi-variable Weyl Modules. Moscow Math. J. 10 1: 215-229.

Taras Panov Maeda H, Masuda M, Panov T. 2007. Torus graphs and simplicial posets. Advances in Mathematics. 212, no. 2: 458-483. Buchstaber VM, Panov TE, Ray N. 2007. Spaces of polytopes and cobordism of quasitoric manifolds. Moscow Mathematical Journal. 7, no. 2: 219-242. Panov T. 2008. Cohomology of face rings, and torus actions, in Surveys in Contempo rary Mathematics. London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Series. Cambridge, U.K. vol. 347: 165-201. Masuda M, Panov T. 2008. Semifree circle actions, Bott towers, and quasitoric Mani- folds. Mat. Sb.199, no. 8: 95-122.

161 Panov T, Ray N. 2008. Categorical aspects of toric topology. Harada M et al. editors, Toric Topology s. Contemp. Math. vol. 460: 293-322. Providence (RI): Amer. Math. Soc. Panov T. 2008. Toric Kempf-Ness sets. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. vol. 263: 159-172.

Marat Rovinski Rovinsky M. 2005. Motives and admissible representations of automorphism groups of fields. Math. Zeit. 249, no. 1: 163-221. Rovinsky M. 2005. Semilinear representations of PGL. Selecta Math. 11: 491-522. Rovinsky M. 2007. Admissible semi-linear representations. J. Reine Angew. Math. 604: 159-186. Rovinsky M. 2007. Automorphism groups of fields, and their representations. Russian Math. Surveys, 62:6 (2007): 1121-1186. Rovinsky M. 2009. On maximal proper subgroups of field automorphism groups. Selecta Math. 15: 2 (2009): 343-376.

Leonid Rybnikov Chervov A, Falqui G, Rybnikov L. 2009. Limits of Gaudin Systems: Classical and Quantum Cases. SIGMA 5, 029, 17 pages.

Anton Savin Nazaikinskii VE, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2008. Noncommutative geometry and the classification of elliptic operators (in Russian). Sovrem Mat. Fundam. Napravl. 29: 131-164. Nazaikinskii E, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2008. Elliptic theory and noncommutative geometry. Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, volume 183. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. Nazaikinskii E, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2008. On index of non local elliptic oper ators. Dokl. 420 5 (2008). Nazaikinskii E, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2008. Non commutative geometry and classification of elliptic operators. Sovrem Mat. Fundam Napravl. 29 1:131-169. Nazaikinskii VE, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2009. On the Poincaré isomorphism in K- theory on manifolds with boundaries (in Russian). Sovrem. Mat. Fundam. Napravl. 34 (2009), 109-120. Nazaikinskii VE, Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. The Atiyah-Bott index on stratified Mani- folds (in Russian). Sovrem. Mat. Fundam. Napravl. 34 (2009), 100-108. Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2009. Surgery and index formulas on stratified manifolds (inRussian), Dokl. Akad. Nauk 427, no. 3: 313-317.

162 Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2009. The index of nonlocal elliptic operators over C*-al gebras (in Russian) Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 426, no. 3: 314-317. Nazaikinskii E, Savin A, Sternin B. 2009. Atiyah-Bott index on stratified varieties. Sovrem Mat. Fundam Napravl. 34: 100-108. Savin AYu, Sternin BYu. 2010. Non local elliptic operators on compact Lie groups. Dokl. Nauk.

Ilya Shkredov Shkredov I. 2009. On sumsets of dissociated sets. Online J. of Anal. Comb. 4, Art. 4, 26 pp. Shkredov I. 2009. On an inverse theorem for U3(_)-norm, Modern problems of mathematics and mechanics, Mathematics, Dynamical systems. v. 4, 2: 55-127. Shkredov I. 2011. Some applications of W. Rudins inequality to problems of combinato- rial number theory. Uniform Distribution Theory. Volume: 6; Issue: 2: 95-116.

Arcady Skopenkov Skopenkov A. 2007. A new invariant and parametric connected sum of embeddings. Fund. Math. 197: 253-269. Skopenkov A. 2007. A characterization of submanifolds by a homogeneity condition. Topol. Appl. 154 (2007), 1894-1897. Cencelj M, Repovs D, Skopenkov A. 2007. Codimension two PL embeddings of spheres with nonstandard regular neighborhoods. Chinese Annals of Mathematics, Series B. 28:5: 603-608. Skopenkov A. 2008. Classification of smooth embeddings of 3-manifolds in 6-space. Math. Zeitschrift. 260:3, (2008): 647-672. Skopenkov A. 2008. Embedding and knotting of manifolds in Euclidean spaces. Young N, Choi Y, editors, Surveys in Contemporary Mathematics. London Math. Soc. Lect. Notes. 347: 248-342.

Evgenii Vdovin Vdovin EP. 2009. Carter subgroups of finite groups. Siberian Adv. Math. v. 19, No. 1: 1-15.

Link: http://www.mccme.ru/pdc/rules_e.html

163 Ian Frazer

Research Director of the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane; Research Group Head, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute

2008 Balzan Prize for Preventive Medicine, including Vaccination For his outstanding scientific achievement and lasting contribution to preventive medicine through his role in the development of a vaccine that promises to prevent virus-induced carcinoma of the cervix, which claims 250,000 lives every year.

Institution Administering Funds: Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Werner Stauffacher

Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Immunisation

Ian Frazer used the funds available from his 2008 Balzan Prize to support two fellowships. The two fellows were based with Frazer’s group at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, and worked on individual projects in the frame of Professor Frazer’s program aimed at the development of a “therapeutic vaccine” against HPV induced cervical cancer. They were given the opportunity to visit other labs in Aus- tralia and internationally as part of their research projects.

Dr. Antje Blumenthal Dr. Blumenthal has extensive experience in studying the role of the innate immune system in chronic infections. She investigated how pathogens are recognized by the immune system, how appropriate inflammatory responses are initiated and regulated, and how this instructs adaptive immune responses that are critical to control chronic infections. Together with Professor Frazer, she directed research that aimed to understand mechanisms of immune suppression and cancer development in the skin and cervix. The fellowship also supported the establishment of Dr Blumenthal’s independent research program on regulatory mechanisms that control inflammation and pathogen control during infection. Her work addressed important knowledge gaps on endogenous regulators of the nature and strength of immune responses. This is likely to pioneer new concepts of mechanisms of immune regulation with the potential for the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

164 Supported by the fellowship, Dr. Blumenthal established a dynamic research group and attracted independent research funding from major national and local sources. She established and maintained strong collaborative ties within the UQ Diamantina Institute and the University of Queensland, as well as at a national and international level. Furthermore, the fellowship has accelerated the maturation of Dr Blumenthal’s national and international profile through presentations at conferences and institute seminars, contributions to conference organization, research leadership within the In- stitute and University as well as peer-review for international journals and the main national funding agency for biomedical research.

Dr. Steven Mattarollo Dr. Mattarollo has experience in the cellular mediators of innate immunity in cancer. He was funded for 2 years to work in Melbourne, Australia with Professor Mark Smyth, an acknowledged world expert on the role of NKT cells in control of cancer cell growth. During these two years as a Balzan Fellow he pursued two main lines of research: - Development of a therapeutic cancer vaccine against melanoma and non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma that induces innate and adaptive immunity by targeting the im mune adjuvant properties of NKT cells. - Determining the immune constituents that are important for the therapeutic effec tiveness of chemotherapies, and assessing combination chemo-immunotherapy strategies for treating solid tumours.

In May 2012 he returned to Brisbane to continue this research within Professor Frazer’s group, where he established an independent group consisting of 6 person- nel, focusing on immune-based therapies for blood cancers. He was awarded 3 years’ NHMRC project funding commencing in 2013 to continue this research. In January, 2013 he attended the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Keystone Meeting in Vancouver, Canada, where he was selected to present his recent findings in developing a therapeutic vaccine against B cell lymphomas.

Publications: Journal Articles Arising from the Research Skalamera D, Dahmer M, Purdon AS, Wilson BM, Ranall MV, Blumenthal A, Gabrielli B, Gonda TJ. 2012. Generation of a Genome Scale Lentiviral Vector Library for EF1a Promoter-Driven Expression of Human ORFs and Identifica- tion of Human Genes Affecting Viral Titer. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51733.

165 Blumenthal A, Nagalingam G, Huch JH, Walker L, Guillemin GJ, Smythe GA, Ehrt S, Britton WJ, Saunders BM. 2012. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces potent activation of IDO-1, but this is not essential for the immunological control of infection. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37314. Paget C, Chow MT, Duret H, Mattarollo SR, Smyth MJ. 2012. Role of γδ T Cells in α-Galactosylceramide-Mediated Immunity. J. Immunol. March 12 (2012). Rahimpour A, Mattarollo SR, Yong M, Leggatt GR, Steptoe RJ, Frazer IH. 2012. γδ T Cells Augment Rejection of Skin Grafts by Enhancing Cross-Priming of CD8 T Cellsto Skin-Derived Antigen. J. Invest Dermatol. Feb. 23 doi: 10.1038/ jid.2012.16. Nicol AJ, Tokuyama H, Mattarollo SR, Hagi T, Suzuki K, Yokokawa K, Nieda M. 2011. Clinical evaluation of autologous gamma/delta T cell-based immunotherapy for metastatic solid tumors. Brit J. Cancer Sep. 6; 105(6): 778-86. Mattarollo SR, Yong M, Gosmann C, Choyce A, Chan D, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. 2011. NKT cells inhibit antigen-specific effector CD8 T cell induction to skin viral proteins. J. Immunol. Jul. 8; 187(4):1601-1608. Mattarollo SR, Loi S, Duret H, Ma Y, Zitvogel L, Smyth MJ. 2011. Pivotal role of innate and adaptive immunity in anthracycline chemotherapy of established tumors. Cancer Res. Jul. 15;71(14): 4809-4820. Ma Y, Aymeric L, Locher C, Mattarollo SR, Delahaye NF, Pereira P, Boucontet L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Matsuzaki G, Ikuta K, Ryffel B, Benlagha K, Tesnière A, Ibrahim N, Déchanet-Merville J, Chaput N, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. 2011. Contribution of IL-17-producing gamma/delta T cells to the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapy. J. Exp Med. Mar 14;208(3): 491- 503. Mattarollo SR, Yong M, Tan L, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. 2010. Secretion of IFN-gamma but not IL-17 by CD1d-restricted NKT cells enhances rejection of skin grafts expressing epithelial cell-derived antigen. J. Immunol. 184(10):5663-9. Mattarollo SR, Rahimpour A, Choyce A, Godfrey DI, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. 2010. Invariant NKT cells in hyperplastic skin induce a local immune suppressive environment by IFN-gamma production. J. Immunol. 184(3):1242-50. Ma Y, Adjemian S, Mattarollo S.R, Yamazaki T, Aymeric L, et al. 2013 – in press. Intratumoral antigen presentation in chemotherapy-induced anticancer immune responses. Choyce A, Yong M, Narayan S, Mattarollo SR, Liem A, Lambert PF, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. 2013. Expression of a single, viral oncoprotein in skin epithelium is sufficient to recruit lymphocytes. PLoS One. 8(2):e57798. Epub 2013 Feb 26.

166 Mattarollo SR, Smyth MJ. 2013. NKT cell adjuvants in therapeutic vaccines against hematological cancers. Oncoimmunology (2013). Jan 1; 2(1). e22615. Mattarollo SR, Steegh K, Li M, Duret H, Ngiow SF, Smyth MJ. 2013. Transient Foxp3+ regulatory T cell depletion enhances therapeutic anti-cancer vaccination targeting the immune-stimulatory properties of NKT cells. Immunol Cell Biol (2013) Jan; 91(1): 105-14. Mattarollo SR, West A, Steegh K, Duret H, Paget C, Martin B, Matthews G, Shortt J, Chesi M, Leif Bergsagel P, Bots M, Zuber J, Lowe S, Johnstone R, Smyth MJ. 2012. NKT cell adjuvant-based tumor vaccine for treatment of myc oncogene- driven B cell lymphoma. Blood (2012) Oct 11; 120(15): 3019-3029.

Review Articles, Commentaries and Letters to the Editor Mattarollo SR, Frazer IH. 2012. Response to Comment on “Invariant NKT cells in hyperplastic skin induced a local immune suppressive environment by IFN-γ pro duction”. Letter to the Editor, J. Immunol. Feb. 1;188(3):931-2 (2012). Mattarollo SR, Smyth MJ. 2012. Therapeutic Approaches Utilising NKT Cells. Book Chapter in Terabe M, Berzofsky J, editors. Natural Killer T Cells: Setting the Bal- ance in the Regulation of Tumor Immunity. Cancer Drug Discovery and Develop- ment, 111-128. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-46140613-6_7 (2012). Frazer IH, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. 2011. Prevention and treatment of pap illomavirus related cancers through immunization. Annu. Rev. Immunol. Apr 23;29:111-38. Bhat P, Mattarollo SR, Gosmann C, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. 2011. Regulation of immune responses to HPV infection and during HPV directed immunotherapy. Im- munol. Rev. 239(1):85-98. Mattarollo SR, Smyth MJ. 2010. A novel axis of innate immunity in cancer. Nature Immunol. 11(11):981-921.

167 Walter Gehring †

Emeritus Professor at the Biozentrum, Universität Basel

2002 Balzan Prize for Developmental Biology For his seminal contribution to the discovery of a universal principle underlying the body plan and eye development in metazoans.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Biozentrum, Universität Basel

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicole Le Douarin

Genomic Analysis of Eye Development

The second half of the Balzan Prize was used by Walter Gehring to support the young postdoctoral fellow Lydia Michaut at the start of her academic career. She has become an expert in the genomic analysis of DNA chips (microarrays) applying her expertise to study eye development and eye diseases.

Insects have complex compound eyes and vertebrates have inverse lens eyes. Al- though these types of eye are different, the same genes are used in the early stages of development. The project has led to distinct conclusions, primarily due to the large volume of data that it produced. A special model system was used to conduct a total of 154,000 individual measurements of genetic activities. This system is based on the fact that there is only a single gene, PAX-6 at the outset of eye development and that insects can, in certain instances, form eyes on extremities such as legs or antennae. By introducing and activating PAX-6 in certain cells of the fly, Professor Gehring’s team was able to initiate the development of eyes in places where they would not normally be expected to grow. This is an ideal system for identifying the genes that only occur in relation to eye development. Comparing the differences in gene activity patterns between normal fly legs and those with PAX-6 induced eyes reveals which genes are involved in eye development. To understand how the activity of identical genes can lead to the development of different eye types, it is essential to know how the relevant genes behave.

168 Lydia Michaut completed a first round of genomic analysis of Drosophila eye development, performing whole genome profiling in the eye primordia of larva, pupae and adults, followed by an evolutionary comparison of gene expression in the eyes of fruit flies and mice. Large-scale analysis of gene expression has shown that the number of genes activated in the eye increases dramatically as an insect develops. During the larval stage, 98 genes are specially activated for this purpose. The figure rises to 409 during the pupal stage, and 474 in the fully grown insect. However, the functions of the activated genes vary considerably (Michaut et al., 2003).

In collaboration with the Institut de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, in Sion, she then later analyzed the gene response in the retina of a mouse model of Leber’s congenital amaurosis, an early onset form of retinitis pigmentosa that results in blindness or severely impaired vision in children. Mutations in seven different genes, one of which is called RPE 65, have been associated with this disease. Lydia Michaut and Sandra Cottet have studied mice mutants lacking RPE 65, using high density microarrays to compare gene expression in the retina of normal and RPE 65-deficient mice, and identified the secondary defects which lead to the death of the photoreceptor cells in the retina. These gene products can serve as potential targets to screen for protective drugs or compounds which limit cell death in the retina (Cottet et al., 2006). To allow general and easy access of these expression data in mouse and fly eyes, Lydia Michaut has set up a searchable database where Drosophila and mouse gene expression pro- files in the eye can be easily queried and visualized (Eyebase).

Researchers: Sandra Cottet Lydia Michaut

Publications: Cottet S, Michaut L, Boisset G, Schlecht U, Gehring WJ, Schorderet DF. 2006. Bio- logical characterization of gene response in Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber’s congenital amaurosis during progression of the disease. The FASEB Journal. 20: 2036- 2049. Kobayashi M, Michaut L, Ino A, Honjo K, Nakajima T, Maruyama Y, Mochizuki H, Ando M, Ghangrekar I, Takahashi K, Saigo K, Ueda R, Gehring WJ, Furukubo- Tokunaga K. 2006. Differential microarray analysis of Drosophila mushroom body transcripts using chemical ablation. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sci- ence. 103: 14417-14422.

169 Michaut L, Flister S, Neeb M, White K, Certa U, Gehring WJ. 2003. Analysis of the eye developmental pathway in Drosophila using DNA microarrays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 100: 4024-4029.

Link: http://eyes-on-chips.webiro.ch

170 Reinhard Genzel

Director at the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany

2003 Balzan Prize for Infrared Astronomy Professor Reinhard Genzel has made fundamental contributions to Infrared Astron- omy. He has developed instrumentation which enabled him and colleagues to make outstanding discoveries, including evidence for a massive black hole in the centre of our galaxy.

Institutions Administering Funds: Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) University of California, Berkeley

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Per Olof Lindblad

Cosmic Formation and the Evolution of Galaxies and Massive Black Holes

Research over the past two decades has demonstrated that most large galaxies in the local Universe harbour massive black holes at their centres. In particular, the detailed study of the motions of stars by Professor Genzel’s group shows that our galactic centre contains a central black hole a few million times as massive as the Sun, beyond any reasonable doubt. The evidence at the galactic centre is thus now arguably the best evidence for the existence of black holes. The galactic centre has turned out to be an ideal laboratory for testing the black hole paradigm and general relativity in the strong field limit, and for investigating the interaction of a massive black hole with its environment. It has also become clear that most massive black holes had formed early in the evolution of the universe, and that the evolution of the central black holes and the galaxies in which they are embedded are intimately related. The most spectacular examples of these accreting black holes are quasars, which have been discovered at a cosmological redshift corresponding to <1 billion years after the Big Bang.

Professor Genzel’s projects supported by Balzan funds were aimed at exploring how this connection came about, what physical processes were involved and when the lo-

171 cal black hole – galaxy mass relationship was established. They also investigated how massive galaxies like the Milky Way were formed and what the role of galaxy colli- sions and mergers in the assembly of galaxies was, including the mechanisms leading to the fuelling of the most luminous quasars. This was done by using instruments his team had developed for ground-based, airborne and space telescopes.

The second part of the Balzan Prize was used to strengthen the interaction between the experimental/observational group at the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) and several theoretical and interpretative research groups, in particular, the University of California, Berkeley (USA) and the University of Tel Aviv (Israel), by supporting scientific exchange and providing short-term support for collaborative research, specifically carried out by young scientists.

One major highlight of the research supported in part by the Balzan funds was a new major effort using the MPE-developed SINFONI near-infrared integral field spectrometer (at the ESO-VLT) for the first-ever survey of the kinematics of massive star forming galaxies at redshift ~2, approximately 3 billion years after the Big Bang. This groundbreaking survey, called SINS, has been highly successful and has given key insights into the evolution of stars forming galaxies at that epoch. It has become clear that large and massive disks comparable in mass to the modern Milky Way already existed at that time, but with substantially different physical properties. These recent observations, in conjunction with theoretical work of other groups in Israel and Cali- fornia, have now led to a significant shift in thought on how massive galaxies formed and evolved during this epoch. The SINFONI observations suggest that, rather than major mergers, rapid and continuous accretion of gas from the dark matter halos (the so-called ‘cold flows’) may have dominated the mass assembly of massive galaxies. This very ambitious and unique survey has just been completed, and has led to the publication of about a dozen papers, including a milestone paper published in Nature in 2006 (Förster-Schreiber et al., 2006, 2009; Genzel et al., 2006, 2008, 2009; Nes- vadba et al. 2006; Shapiro et al., 2008, 2009; Cresci et al., 2009; Bouche et al., 2007, 2009).

The Balzan funds have also been helpful in providing seed funding for the support of young researchers at MPE, and for stimulating international collaboration. A young scientist, Dr. Natascha Förster-Schreiber, was hired at MPE (in part by Balzan funds), and has now become the leading scientist of the SINS survey. Her outstanding work has attracted world-wide attention. As a result, Dr. Förster-Schreiber won a prestig-

172 ious Minerva MPG Fellowship (an independent research position funding a small research group for five years) in 2007. In Tel Aviv, a research group led by Professor Amiel Sternberg also carried out active work on this project. The seed funding by the Balzan Foundation led to the award of prestigious Deutsch-Israelische Projektkoo- peration (DIP) funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The DIP funding allowed MPE-Israel collaboration to include the theoretical group of Profes- sor Avishai Dekel at Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

Balzan funding also supported scientific research and international exchange in galaxy formation/evolution at the University of California, Berkeley, mainly with Pro- fessors Christopher McKee and Eliot Quataert, while also including graduate student Kristen Shapiro, who spent part of her time at Berkeley, and part at MPE.

Researchers: Professor Avishai Dekel Professor Christopher McKee Professor Eliot Quataert Professor Amiel Sternberg

Natascha Förster-Schreiber Kristen Shapiro

Publications: Bouché N et al. 2010. The Impact of cold gas accretion above a mass floor on galaxy scaling relations. The Astrophysical Journal. 718: 1001-1018. Bouché N et al. 2007. Dynamical properties of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies and a uni versal star formation relation. The Astrophysical Journal. 671: 303-309. Cresci G. 2009. The SINS Survey: Modeling the Dynamics of z ~ 2 Galaxies and the High-z Tully Fisher Relation. The Astrophysical Journal. 697: 115-132. Förster-Schreiber NM et al. 2006. SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of z ~ 2 UV selected galaxies: rotation curves and dynamical evolution. The Astrophysical Journal. 645: 1062-1075, 2006. Förster-Schreiber NM et al. 2009. The SINS Survey: SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. 706: 1364-1428. Genzel R et al. 2006. The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang. Nature. 442: 786-789.

173 Genzel R et al. 2008. From rings to bulges: Evidence for rapid secular galaxy evolution at z ~ 2 from integral field spectroscopy in the SINS Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. Genzel R. 2009. Astrophysics: Galaxies in from the cold. Nature. 457: 388-389. Nesvadba NPH et al. 2006. Lyman break galaxies under a microscope: the small-scale dynamics and mass of an arc in the Cluster 1E 0657-56. The Astrophysical Journal. 650: 661-668.

174 Peter and Rosemary Grant

Peter Grant is ‘Class of 1877’ Professor of Zoology and Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Emeritus), Princeton University.

Rosemary Grant is Emeritus Professor, Senior Research Biologist, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University.

2005 Balzan Prize for Population Biology Peter and Rosemary Grant are distinguished for their remarkable long-term studies demonstrating evolution in action in Galápagos finches. They have demonstrated how very rapid changes in body and beak size in response to changes in the food supply are driven by natural selection. They have also elucidated the mechanisms by which new species arise and how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations. The work of the Grants has had a seminal influence in the fields of population biology, evolution and ecology.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University Zoologisches Museum, Universität Zürich

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: John Krebs

Evolution in Small Populations

With their second half of the Balzan Prize, Peter and Rosemary Grant financed four lines of research concerned with mate choice and speciation in species of Drosophila; inbreeding and disease in small populations of Galápagos mockingbirds; the molecular basis of species-specific craniofacial patterning in birds; and beak development in an unusual Darwin’s finch species, the warbler finch.

1. Mate choice and speciation in species of Drosophila. Margarita Ramos addressed the genetic bases and adaptive significance of morphological evolution in Drosophila by focusing on the pigmentation differences between Drosophila yakuba and Dros- ophila santomea. While Drosophila yakuba displays the typical abdominal pigmenta-

175 tion pattern of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, in Drosophila santomea both sexes have lost most pigmentation so that their abdomens appear yellow. Drosophila santomea is a species endemic to the island of São Tomé. Margarita developed and applied a technique for identifying the individual genes responsible for abdominal pigment differences between species. The laboratory research was supervised by Dr. David Stern at Princeton University.

2. Inbreeding and disease in small populations of Galápagos mockingbirds. With her study, Paquita Hoeck tested the hypothesis that reduced genetic variation due to inbreeding lowers the ability of small and inbred populations to respond to infectious diseases. For this purpose, four allopatric species of mockingbirds on the Galápagos Islands were studied, and the genetic variability in populations of different size was determined by using neutral genetic markers (microsatellites). The positive results are of direct importance to the conservation management of the endangered Floreana mockingbird species, which today consists of only 2 populations (20-45 individuals on Champion and approx. 100 on Gardner-by-Floreana). In collaboration with the Galápagos National Park Service and the Charles Darwin Research Station in Galápa- gos, it is planned to reintroduce this mockingbird species onto Floreana Island to re- establish a larger, third population that once existed on Floreana and became extinct due to human impact approximately 120 years ago. This research was supervised by Dr. Lukas Keller at Universität Zürich.

3. The molecular basis of species-specific craniofacial patterning in birds. Céline Clabaut (post-doctoral fellow) studied the molecular basis of craniofacial patterning in Darwin’s medium ground finches of the Galápagos under the direction of Dr. Arkhat Abzhanov at Harvard University. Dr. Abzhanov had already found that the level and timing of expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (Bmp4) in the distal mesenchyme of the upper beak is correlated with wider and deeper beaks. The main aim of Céline Clabaut’s Balzan Foundation fellowship was to study the genetic basis of species-specific Bmp4 expression. Together, they were able to (1) show that the Bmp4 coding sequence in Darwin’s Finches is too conserved to be responsible for the species specific expression of Bmp4; (2) start the analysis of cis-regulatory changes; and (3) develop two powerful approaches to identify the enhancers: first, long-range detection of the enhancer activity with transgenic hybrid mice, and second, a more precise search using a lentivirus approach.

176 4. Beak development in an unusual Darwin’s finch species, the warbler finch. Jennifer Gee (post-doctoral fellow) worked in the same lab as Céline, applying similar techniques to the investigation of differences between the warbler finch (Certhidea) and the ground finches (Geospiza). Results from this study suggest that the unique pointed and elongate shape of the warbler finch beak results from suppression of the same molecular factors that are upregulated in the ground finches with broad and wide bills. Thus, the ancestor of the warbler finch may have had a more typical Darwin’s finch bill and a developmental program corresponding to this morphology. The candidate gene approach was used to detect differences at early stages of development, and as in Clabaut’s project, chicken material is being used to try out new techniques before chosen ones are applied to the limited finch material.

A two-day Balzan Symposium Population Biology and Evolution, dedicated to the overall results was held on 5 and 6 September 2008 at Princeton University. Par- ticipants were: Michael Arnold (University of Georgia), Leticia Avilés (University of British Columbia), Veronica Barragán (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador), Kimberly Bostwick (Cornell University), Paul Brakefield (University of Sheffield), Jeffrey Feder (University of Notre Dame), Michaela Hau (Universität Konstanz), Raymond Huey (University of Washington), Richard Lenski (Michigan State Univer- sity), Jonathan Losos (Harvard University), H. Frederik Nijhout (Duke University), Mohamed Noor (Duke University), Stephen Nowicki (Duke University), Nicolás Peñafiel (Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador), Kenneth Petren (University of Cincinnati), Paolo Piedrahita (La Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador), Uli Reyer (Universität Zürich), Robert Ricklefs (University of Missouri St Louis), Michael Ryan (University of Texas), Pablo Sanchez (La Pontificia Universidad Católi- ca del Ecuador), Kerry Shaw (Cornell University), Thomas Smith (University of Cali- fornia, Los Angeles), Klaus Schwenk (Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main), John Thompson (University of California, Santa Cruz), David Wake (University of Califor- nia, Berkeley), Mary Jane West-Eberhard (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), Martin Wikelski (Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie).

Researchers: Céline Clabaut Jennifer Gee Paquita Hoeck Margarita Ramos-Womack

177 Publications: Hoeck PEA, Beaumont MA, James KE, Grant BR, Grant PR, Keller LF. 2010. Saving Darwin’s muse: evolutionary genetics for the recovery of the Floreana mockingbird. Biology Letters. 6: 212-215. Hoeck PEA, Bollmer JL, Parker PG, Keller LF. 2010. Differentiation with drift: a spatio-temporal analysis of Galapagos mockingbird populations (Mimus spp.) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365: 1127-1138. Rebeiz M, Ramos-Womack M, Jeong S, Andolfatto P, Werner T, True J, Stern D, Carroll S. 2010. Evolution of the tan Locus Contributed to Pigment Loss in Dros- ophila santomea: A Response to Matute et al. Cell. 139, (6): 1189-1196. Grant PR, Grant BR. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply. The Radiation of Dar- win’s Finches. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. Grant PR, Grant BR., eds. 2010. In Search of the Causes of Evolution. From Field Observations to Mechanisms. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. Grant P, Grant R. 2010. The First Annual Balzan Lecture: The Evolution of Darwin’s Finches, Mockingbirds and Flies. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.

178 Michael Grätzel

Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Head of the Laboratoire de photonique et interfaces (LPI)

2009 Balzan Prize for the Science of New Materials For his many contributions to the Science of New Materials, and in particular for his invention and development of a new type of photovoltaic solar cell, the Dye Sensitized Cell, commonly known as the Grätzel Cell.

Institution Administering Research Funds: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicola Cabibbo †

Improving the Performance of the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC)

The overall goal of the Balzan research project proposed by Professor Michael Grätzel is to improve the performance of the Dye Sensitized Cell (DSC), commonly known as the Grätzel Cell. An increase in the overall efficiency of this kind of photovoltaic cell from its present 12.3 to nearly 15 percent is predicted, which would strongly contribute to making the DSC a widely used method for electricity production from sunlight.

With the second half of the 2009 Balzan Prize for the Science of New Materials, the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), directed by Michael Grätzel, acquired an Atomic Layer Deposition System for the Laboratory and hired Dr. Aswani Yella as a postdoctoral fellow for two years. Aswani Yella finished her thesis with Professor Wolfgang Tremel at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germany. A sum has also been set aside to support visits of students and researchers from Italian universities within a framework of collaboration on the research project.

Adopting an experimental approach to the design of the Grätzel Cell, the Balzan research project has focused its attention on the interface that separates the materials used in the device for transporting the negative charge carriers (electrons) and positive

179 charge carriers (called holes). The electron transporting material is constituted by a network of very small titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles whose size is in the nanometer range (a nanometer is one million times smaller than a millimeter), while the hole transporting medium is either an electrolyte or a solid p-type semiconductor. These electric charges are generated by dye molecules that are anchored as a monomolecular layer at the surface of the nanocrystalline TiO2 film. Following excitation by sunlight, the dye molecules inject electrons in the TiO2 particles and holes in the electrolyte or solid p-type conductor. In order to reach high conversion efficiencies with the solar cell, it is very important to collect these photo-generated charge carriers as electric current before they recombine. In order to achieve this goal, the charge carrier collection has to be significantly faster than their recombination. Contrary to conventional photovoltaic devices where electrons and holes are generated – and recombine – in the same semiconductor solid, in the Grätzel Cell their recombination has to take place across the interface that separates the electron transporting material from the hole transporting material. This offers the opportunity to retard the charge carrier recombination by judicious engineering of this interface.

The Balzan research project is exploring several new strategies to retard the interfacial charge carrier recombination rate. The dye molecule itself is a molecular insula- tor and hence should impair the electron-hole recombination on its own. However, the molecular dye layer formed by adsorption on the TiO2 nano-particles is usually disordered, leaving part of the surface exposed to the electrolyte or hole conductor. Hence, research will be conducted to improve the self-assembly of the dye molecules in order to form more compact films at the surface. Thus, Grätzel’s research group is modifying the chemical structure of the dye molecules to endow them with long alkyl chains enhancing their lateral attraction. This is expected to increase the packing of dye molecules retarding the unwanted interfacial recombination of negative and positive charge carriers. They are also attempting to use additives in the electrolyte that will promote the formation of dense monolayers of dye molecules. Finally, the atom layer deposition (ALD) system acquired with the second half of the Balzan Prize is a powerful tool to modify the titanium oxide surface by depositing a very thin overlayer of a semiconducting oxide in a contiguous and conformal manner. The goal here is to eliminate defects such as oxygen vacancies that are present at the nanocrystal surface. These defects, called electronic surface states, are known to accelerate the interfacial electron-hole recombination. Judicious engineering of the interface will retard the interfacial charge carrier recombination increasing the open circuit voltage and cell efficiency.

180 The work on introducing the ALD overlayers on the surface of the mesoscopic tita- nia films to stop interfacial charge recombination was carried out by Aravind Kumar Chandiran. He is a very gifted graduate student from India, with previous experience in material science. Dr. Aswani Yella has now started to test the films prepared by Dr. Chandiran to realize gains in voltage output and overall efficiency as foreseen in the proposal.

Researchers: Aravind Kumar Chandiran Aswani Yella

Publications: Chandiran AK, Yella A, Mayer mt, Gao p, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Sub-

nanometer conformal TiO2 blocking layer for high-efficiency solid-state CH3NH3P-

bI3 absorber solar cells. Advanced Materials. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201306271. Chandiran AK, Abdi Jalebi M, Yella A, Ibrahim Dar M, Yi C, Shivashankar SA, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Analysis of electron transfer properties

of ZnO and TiO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano. DOI: 10.1021/nn405535j. Chandiran AK, Abdi Jalebi M, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Quantum-Con- fined ZnO Nanoshell Photoanodes for Mesoscopic Solar Cells. Nano Letters. DOI: 10.1021/nl4039955. Chandiran AK, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2013. The role of insulating oxides in blocking the charge carrier recombination in dye-sensitized solar cell. Advanced Functional Materials. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201302352. Chandiran AK, Yella A, Stefik M, Heiniger L-P, Comte P, Nazeeruddin MsK, Grätzel M. 2013. Low temperature crystalline titanium dioxide by atomic layer deposition for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. vol. 5, num. 8: 3487. Chandiran AK, Comte P, Humphry-Baker R, Kessler F, Yi C, Nazeeruddin MdK,

M. Grätzel M. 2013. Evaluating the critical thickness of TiO2 layer on insulating mesoporous templates for efficient current collection in dye-sensitized solar cells. Advanced Functional Materials. vol. 23: 2775. Chandiran AK, Tetreault N, Humphry-Baker R, Kessler F, Baranoff E, Yi C,

Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2012. Sub-nanometer Ga2O3 tunneling layer by atomic layer deposition to achieve 1.1V open-circuit potential in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Letters. vol. 12, num. 8: 3941.

181 Yum J-H, Moehl T, Yoon J, Chandiran AK, Kessler F, Gratia P, Grätzel M. 2014 Toward Higher Photovoltage: Effect of Blocking Layer on Cobalt Bipyridine Pyra- zole Complexes as Redox Shuttle for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. DOI : 10.1021/jp412777n. Tétreault N, Heiniger L-P, Stefik M, Labouchère PL, Arsenault E, Nazeeruddin MdK, Ozin GA, Grätzel M. 2011. 220th ECS Meeting. ECS. pp. 303–314. Labouchere P, Chandiran AK, Moehl T, Harms H, Chavhan S, Tena-Zaera R, Nazeeruddin MK, Graetzel M, Tetreault N. 2014. Passivation of ZnO Nanowire Guests and 3D Inverse Opal Host Photoanodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials. DOI: 10.1002/201400217. Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, Curchod BFE, Ashari-Astani A, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers. Nature Chemistry. 6: 242-247.

182 Russell Hemley and Ho-kwang Mao

Russell J. Hemley is Senior Staff Scientist at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Washington DC and Director of the Carnegie/DOE Alli- ance Center (CDAC).

Ho-kwang Mao is Senior Staff Scientist at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Washington DC.

2005 Balzan Prize for Mineral Physics For the impressive impact of their joint work leading to fundamental breakthroughs, theoretical and experimental, in the field of minerals submitted to extreme physical conditions. They have operated as a highly effective team, characterized by twenty years of research contributions at the highest level. They have developed techniques which allow them to study the behaviour of a wide range of materials, such as hydrogen, the most abundant “mineral” in the universe. Their results have deep implications for our understanding of nature.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Enric Banda

New Directions in Mineral Physics: Multidisciplinary High Pressure Science

With the second half of their Balzan Prize, Russell Hemley and Ho-kwang Mao implemented a project focused on bringing bright young people from diverse back- grounds into the multidisciplinary field of High Pressure Science. Recent advances in mineral physics are unleashing the power of high pressure research to tackle a broad range of great challenges that span numerous scientific disciplines. Breakthroughs are expected in applications of high pressure research to mineralogy, geophysics, geochemistry and bioscience, as well as specific areas such as hydrogen storage, super- hard materials and superconductivity. We are thus coming close to solving mysteries like the Earth’s inner core and the roots of plate tectonics. The project was focused on training and its goal was the exploration of the new high-pressure dimension in multi-

183 disciplinary physical sciences. The fellowships encouraged the development, design, and fabrication of new instrumentation that exploited the CVD diamond technology developed by Professors Hemley and Mao. Publications and dissemination of results have also been financed.

- Dr. Pierre Beck was a Balzan Prize supported post-doctoral associate from 2006- -2007. He was trained in high-pressure meteorite impact phenomena at the École Normale Superieure in Lyon, France. Prior to joining Professors Hemley and Mao, he published a series of papers on meteorite studies including an important article in Nature in 2005. As part of his Balzan-supported project, he developed time- resolved (i.e., dynamic) high pressure-temperature phenomena with diamond anvil cells. His work has led to the first high pressure-temperature Raman studies of olivine and to a novel method for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials at high pressures and temperatures, with two papers and a series of abstracts in press. This is part of Professors Hemley and Mao’s Balzan-supported project to develop combined static and dynamic (i.e., shock-wave) compression science.

- Dr. Lin Wang was a Balzan Prize supported post-doctoral associate who received his PhD degree from Jilin University, China. He developed a new method for the synthesis of controlled shape C60 fullerene nanorods. Further high-pressure/temperature treatments lead to polymerization and transitions to tetragonal, orthorhom- bic, or rhombohedral phases. These nanorods exhibit very rich nanoeffects in their optical, structural, phase transition, and compressional properties but lack an in situ probe to characterize the structure directly. Dr. Wang developed a new technique to integrate the high-pressure diamond anvil cell with the high brilliance x-ray beam focused down to 50-200 nm size at the Advanced Photon Source. This will open a new field of single-crystal x-ray nanocrystallography that will explore the correlation between crystal structure, dimensionality, and size of nanomaterials under high pressures. With Balzan Award support, Dr. Lin Wang has been working at the High Pressure Synergetic Consortium (HPSynC) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in 2008. He is pioneering the x-ray nanocrystallographic studies that explore the correlation between crystal structure, dimensionality and size of nanomaterials under high pressures.

- Mr. Charles Qiaoshi Zeng received Balzan Prize support from 1 September to 31 December 2008. Mr. Zeng was a pre-doctoral fellow from Zhejiang University, China, and had done a superb job both at the Geophysical Laboratory and APS. Mr.

184 Zeng has conducted numerous x-ray diffraction experiments at the APS synchrotron facility. Most recently, he has discovered a new type of alloy and a new phenomenon in metallic glass that have far-reaching impact in fundamental physics as well as materials applications. This discovery was published in the 24 February 2009 issue of PNAS as “Substitutional Alloy of Ce and Al”.

The following high school students also received Balzan Award support: Andrew Kung, Daniel Cohen, Alexander Levedahl, Claire Barkett, Maura James, Manchali Madurri and Jaqueline Rivera.

- Mr. Andrew Kung received Balzan Prize support to develop a high-pressure project studying the pressure, temperature and temporal effects on a newly discovered

O2-H2 alloy. This alloy was synthesized by compressing water into high-pressure

phase ice VII and irradiated by x-rays, splitting the H2O molecules into O2 and H2.

At ordinary pressure, O2 reacts explosively with H2 to form H2O, but they coexist stably at high pressures. Mr. Kung used Ramanspectroscopy as an in situ diagnos-

tic probe to find the amounts of O2 and H2 in the alloy and their changes with pressure, temperature and time. The study provides important information about this novel material and its possible energy and environmental applications.

- Mr. Daniel Cohen received Balzan Award support to study novel electronic phenomena in diamond. Professors Hemley and Mao have extended their previous methods for growing large single crystal diamond by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to include very high levels of doping with nitrogen. The goal of Mr. Co- hen’s project is to produce a new material with metallic electrical conductivity, and possibly superconductivity. The project involved careful measurement of electrical resistivity as a function of temperature from 4-500 K of well characterized nitrogen doped CVD diamond that Professors Hemley and Mao produce in their laboratory.

- Mr. Alexander Levedahl received Balzan Prize support to investigate the high pressure-temperature behavior of hydrogen-containing ice materials known as hydrogen clathrates. These newly discovered materials are important for a broad range of problems, including understanding planetary evolution and climate change, as well as the development of new hydrogen storage materials. The experiments use laser spectroscopy techniques to determine the melting curve and new possible

high pressure-temperature solid phases containing H2 and H2O.

185 - Ms. Claire Barkett attended high school at Good Counsel High School in Olney, MD and was at Carnegie during the 2008-2009 school year. She received Balzan Prize support as she followed up on the earlier work of Jaqueline Rivera by syn-

thesizing several solid solutions in the Fe2O3-Al2O3 system very close to the 1:1

FeAlO3 composition. Because FeAlO3 has a completely different structure to the

rest of the Fe2O3-Al2O3 join, which have a rhombohedral corundum structure that is isostructural to the end members, it is of interest to know the precise range of

compositions where the FeAlO3 structure is stable. The careful chemical synthesis methods developed and carried out in this work were therefore crucial. Diffraction measurements on these materials allowed a refinement of work carried out in the 1950s, and a better understanding of the role of magnetic interactions between ferric

ions in stabilizing the FeAlO3 structure.

- Ms. Maura James received Balzan Prize support in the summer of 2008 when she was a high school student from the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Greenwich,

CT. She investigated high pressure clathrate formation in the H2O-NH2-H2 ternary system with Stephen Gramsch and Maddury Somayazulu. This was an exploratory project in which Ms. James worked out special techniques for sample loading and mapping the composition of the mixture inside the diamond anvil cell. Using Ra- man spectroscopy, she found that with increasing pressure, the ammonium hydrox-

ide-H2 mixture separates into two phases, a water-rich phase and an ammonia-rich phase that appears be composed of a clathrate containing the hydrogen molecules.

- Ms. Manchali Madurri was a high school student at Thomas Jefferson High School in Alexandria, VA when she received Balzan Prize support in the summer of 2008

for her study of H2-crown ether complexes at high pressure. Using Raman spectroscopy to track the vibrational properties of both the crown ether host and the com- plexed hydrogen molecules, she found that crown ether-hydrogen complexation is promoted by applied pressure, and that the optimal crown ether ring size for effective complexation of hydrogen is approximately 1.7-2.2 Å. This complexation appears to be enhanced upon decompression from pressures of approximately 5GPa, a result that has important implications for the use of such materials in hydrogen storage applications. As a result of her work, Ms. Madurri was named a semifinalist in both the Intel and Siemens national science fair competitions.

- Ms. Jaqueline Rivera went to high school at Cesar Chavez High School in Wash- ington, DC, and received Balzan Prize support during the summer of 2008. Ms.

186 Rivera developed new room-temperature, solution-based synthesis methods for

solid solutions in the Fe2O3-Al2O3 solid solution system. These methods ensure that the resulting material is as homogeneous as possible, but allow precise control of composition. This particular series of compounds can serve as a model system for understanding the effect of aluminum on the concentration of ferric iron, ferrous iron and oxygen vacancies in deep mantle minerals, particularly silicate perovskite and post-perovskite. The concentration and role of ferric iron in the deep mantle has important consequences for many high-pressure mineral properties. Ms. Rivera subsequently went on to study biochemistry at the Catholic University of America.

Presentations: - Beck P, Goncharov AF, Struzhkin V, Militzer B, Hemley RJ. Measurements of thermal diffusivites under planetary interiors pressure temperature conditions. 2007 Stewardship Science Academic Alliances Program Symposium (Washington, DC, 5-7 February 2007). - Somayazulu M, Levedahl A, Scott S, Gramsch S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. High pres-

sure-temperature Raman spectroscopy of H2-H2O clathrate. Geophysical Labora- tory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, March Meeting of the American Physical Society, Denver, CO, March 2007. Link: http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2007. MAR.D23.6 - Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng Y, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Yu T, Shu H, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Ultratough single crystal diamonds by MPCVD. Intertech 2008 (Orlando, FL, 5-7 May 2008). - Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng YF, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Yu T, Shu H, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Recent progress in fabrication of high quality single crystal diamond at high growth rates. Lithosphere petrology and origin of diamond International Sympo- sium (Novosibirsk, Russia, 5-7 June 2008). - Meng YF, Yan CS, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Shu HY, Yu T, Liang Q, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. High-temperature/low-pressure annealing of SC-CVD diamond. 2 Internation- al Conference on New Diamond and Nano Carbons (NDNC2008). (Taiwan, 26-29 May 2008).

Researchers: Pierre Beck Lin Wang Charles Qiaoshi Zeng

187 Claire Barkett Daniel Cohen Maura James Andrew Kung Alexander Levedahl Manchali Madurri Jaqueline Rivera

Publications: Beck P, Goncharov AF, Hemley RJ-2006. High-pressure high temperature Raman spectroscopy of San Carlos olivine. Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meet., Suppl., 87. Banighan EJ, Caracas R, Beck P, Hemley RJ. 2006. Theoretical and experimental Ra- man study of spinel. Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meet., Suppl., 87. Somayazulu M, Levedahl A, Goncharov A, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2007. High-pres-

sure-temperature Raman spectroscopy of H2-H2O clathrate [Abstract]. Bulletin of the American Physical Society, 52(1). Beck P, Goncharov AF, Struzhkin VV, Militzer B, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2007. Meas- urement of thermal diffusivity at high pressure using a transient heating technique. Appl. Phys. Lett., 91: 181914. Meng YF, Yan CS, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Shu H, Liang Q, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2008. Enhanced optical properties of chemical vapor deposited single crystal diamond by low-pressure/high-temperature annealing. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 105: 17620-17625. Goncharov AF, Haugen B, Struzhkin VV, Beck P, Jacobsen SD. 2008. Radiative conductivity and oxidation state of iron in the Earth’s lower mantle. Nature 456: 231- 234. Liu H, Wang L, Xiao X, De Carlo F, Feng J, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2008. Anomalous pressure-induced behavior of amorphous selenium from synchrotronx-ray diffraction and microtomography. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 105: 13229-13234. Goncharov AF, Beck P, Struzhkin VV, Hemley RJ, Crowhurst JC. 2008. Laser heating diamond anvil cell studies of simple molecular systems at high pressures and temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 69: 2217-2222. Goncharov AF, Jacobsen SD, Struzhkin VV, Beck P. 2008. Optical properties of minerals in the deep-earth. McGraw Hill 2008 Yearbook of Science & Technology, 242-245. New York: McGraw Hill. Jia L, Sun JR, Wang FW, Zhao TY, Zhang HW, Shen BG, Li DX, Nimori S, Ren Y,

Zeng QS. 2008. Volume dependence of the magnetic coupling in LaFe13−x Six based compounds. Appl. Phys. Lett., 92: 101904, 2008.

188 Zeng Q, He Z, San X, Ma Y, Tian F, Cui T, Liu B, Zou G, Mao HK. 2008. A new phase of solid iodine with different molecular covalent bonds. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 105: 4999-5001. Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng Y, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Yu T, Shu H, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2008. Ultratough single crystal diamonds by MPCVD. Proceedings of Intertech 2008. Goncharov AF, Beck P, Struzhkin VV, Haugen BD, Jacobsen SD. 2009. Thermal conductivity of lower mantle minerals. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 174: 2432. Liang Q, Chin CY, Lai J, Yan CS, Meng YF, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Enhanced growth of high quality single crystal diamond by MPCVD at high gas pressures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94: 024103. Sun L, Yi W, Wang L, Shu J, Sinogeikin S, Meng Y, Shen G, Bai L, Li Y, Mao HK, Mao WL. 2009. X-ray diffraction studies and equation of state of methane at 200 GPa. Chem. Phys. Lett. 473: 72-74. Wang L, Pan Y, Ding Y, Yang W, Mao WL, Sinogeikin SV, Meng Y, Shen G, Mao HK. 3+ 2009. High-pressure induced phase transitions of Y2O3 and Y2O3:Eu . Appl. Phys. Lett., 94: 061921. Wang L, Ding Y, Yang W, Mao WL, Liu W, Cai Z, Shu J, Shen G, Mao HK. 2009. Application of nano/submicron-focused x-ray probe for ultrahigh-pressure studies. High Pressure Synchrotron Science Workshop (Argonne, IL, 6-8 May 2009). Zeng QS, Ding Y, Mao WL, Luo W, Blomqvist A, Ahuja R, Yang W, Shu J, Sinogeikin SV, Meng Y, Brewe DL, Jiang JZ, Mao HK. 2009. Substitutional alloy of Ce and Al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 106: 2515-2518. Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng Y, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Recent advances in high-growth rate single-crystal CVD diamond. Diamond and Related Materials. Volume 18: 698-703. Liang QC, Yan S, Meng YF, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Enhanc- ing the mechanical properties of CVD single-crystal diamond. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. Issue 36. Beck P, Goncharov AF, Montoya JA, Struzhkin VV, Militzer B, Hemley RJ, Mao HK. 2009. Response to “Comment on ‘Measurements of the thermal diffusivities at high-pressure using a transient heating technique’”. Applied Physical Letters. Volume 95, Issue 9. Zha CS, Krasnicki S, Meng YF, Yan CS, Lai J, Liang Q, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Composite chemical vapor deposition diamond anvils for high pressure/high temperature experiments. High Pressure Research. Volume 29, Issue 2. Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng YF, Lai J, Yu T, Shu H, Krasnicki S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Evidence for ultratough single crystal CVD diamond. Phys. Stat. Sol. (forthcoming).

189 Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng Y, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Yu T, Shu H, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. Ultratough boron-doped CVD single-crystal diamond. Adv. Mat. (submitted). Beck P, Goncharov AF, Struzhkin VV, Militzer B, Hemley RJ Mao HK. Measure- ments of thermal diffusivity under pressure in the diamond-anvil cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. (to be submitted). Somayazulu M, Levedahl A, Scott S, Gramsch S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. High pres-

sure-High temperature Raman spectroscopy of C2 clathrate of H2-H2O (to be communicated).

190 Sumio Iijima

Professor at Meijo University, Nagoya; Director of the Research Center for Ad- vanced Carbon Materials at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sci- ence and Technology (AIST) in Tsukuba; Senior Research Fellow at NEC Cen- tral Research Laboratories

2007 Balzan Prize for Nanoscience For his discovery of carbon nanotubes, in particular the discovery of single-wall carbon nanotubes and the study of their properties.

Institution Administering Funds: Meijo University, Nagoya

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicola Cabibbo †

Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Study and Applications in Biomedicine

Sumio Iijima’s Balzan Research Project was composed of two parts:

1. The first part was concerned with the characterization of atomic-level structures and physical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their related nano-structures, by means of in situ high-resolution electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The detail of the atomic structures of individual tubes has become increasingly important for understanding their physical properties and growth behaviors where the atomic defects are believed to play an important role.

2. The second part dealt with the basic characterization of the CNTs necessary for biomedical applications, namely, drug delivery systems (DDS). CNTs have advantageous properties with respect to conventional DDS materials, such as liposomes and polymeric systems. They can be modified physically and chemically to meet optimum conditions for loading drugs in the inner spaces of CNTs and releasing them at specific sites and timing.

In the main, the program was conducted at Meijo University, Nagoya, Sumio Iijima’s affiliation from 2008 to 2010. Some research was performed at the Research Center

191 of Nanocarbon Materials at the National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, a governmental organization which is also directed by Professor Iijima.

Researchers: 1 post-doctoral research fellowship

Link: http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0711/2301.html

192 Kurt Lambeck

Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University

2012 Balzan Prize for Solid Earth Sciences, with emphasis on interdisciplinary research For his exceptional contribution to the understanding of the relationship between post-glacial rebound and sea level changes. His findings have radically modified climate science.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Australian National University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Enric Banda

Sea-level Change during Glacial Cycles

Sea levels have changed throughout the Earth’s history, and have impacted on the movements of species between land masses, including human movements over the more recent period of the past 100,000 or so years. The causes include tectonic and climate processes, and over the past million years it is the latter, with the cyclic growth and decay of the great ice sheets, that has been most important. Understanding how sea level has changed helps understand the fundamental processes that have shaped the earth through time. It is a truly interdisciplinary area of research involving the disciplines of solid-earth geophysics, geology and geochemistry, underpinned by physics and mathematics, with implications for past climates and human pre-history. The research component of the Balzan Prize addresses some important elements of this broad subject.

Research Themes 1. Geophysical modelling of interactions between ice sheets, the solid earth and sea level. When ice sheets melt or grow, they stress the earth and change the gravity field, which together leads to a complex spatial pattern of sea level change. Modelling of these interactions rests on a number of hypotheses that need testing, something that is now possible because of both enhanced computational facilities and observational data. Numerical modelling developments include refinement of

193 our models through improved characterisation of the Earth’s rheological parameters and improved inversions of field data for inferring the ice sheet history. One of the goals is to develop a version of the numerical models suitable for use by ‘non- experts’ so as to make the methodology available to geologists and archaeologists. Another goal is to develop the next iteration of ice sheet models with a particular focus on the Antarctic ice sheet, which up to now has played a rather passive role in the discussion of past sea levels, despite it being important in assessing the future of this ice sheet in a framework of a warming planet. Other targets include an improved ice sheet model for southern Greenland and improvements in the North American ice sheet model. These models provide improved reference points for testing climate models under conditions very different from today as well as the basis for palaeogeographic reconstructions during recent glacial cycles to explore possible constraints on human migrations.

2. Past interglacials as analogs of the present interglacial. The past interglacials that occur about every 110,000 years are periods when climate was similar to today and sea levels were close to present-day values. The last interglacial is particularly important because its traces are best preserved in the geological record. Its climate was similar to today, but possibly a few degrees warmer, and sea levels were 4-6 meters higher than today. But the precise timing of this occurrence and any variability within the interglacial interval remains poorly constrained. Yet this information is important in the context of current climate change debate for understanding the sensitivity of ice sheets to changes in temperature. Field sites from which we have preliminary information include: Western and Northern Australia, the Seychelles and the Mediter- ranean. Earlier interglacials will also be examined, including the Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago), when the global glacial-interglacial cycles were markedly different from those of the past 800,000 years.

3. The present interglacial (the Holocene). Ocean volumes have remained approximately constant during the past 6000 years, but periodically the argument arises that large amplitude (1-2 m) changes have occurred within relatively short time periods (a few hundred years). If correct, this has major implications for the instability of the climate system when the planet is not in an ice age. There are many reasons why this question remains debated. One is of the nature of the observational evidence. Another is land movement caused by tectonic and global dynamic processes. A third is the ongoing interaction between the past ice sheets and the solid earth and oceans. We

194 address these issues to arrive at what should be a definitive answer to the question of sea-level (and hence climate) stability or instability during interglacial periods.

The Research Plan

The funding has enabled a research associate to be appointed for 2 years at the Aus- tralian National University (ANU) to work on the modelling aspects of the various components of the earth-ocean-ice system. The appointee, Dr Anthony Purcell, has experience in this research area, so as to build on past work. A second appointment of a Post Doctoral Fellow, Dr Hélène Rouby, has been made together with the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris to work on the analysis of sea-level data to develop high-resolution models for sea-level change in low- and mid-latitude regions. This is part of a longer-term proposal to transfer the ANU software and experience to ENS for use by French researchers and to introduce a more complex mantle rheology into our models.

Support has also been provided to Ms Ye-Ying Sun from the University of Hong Kong (UHK) to work as a Balzan Student at the Australian National University (ANU) during 2013 compiling and analyzing sea-level data from South East Asia, from Malaysia to Japan, and learning the elements of geophysical modelling. This work is significant for both the global studies and for examining the past subsid- ence rates of the large east and southeast Asian river deltas. Contributions to two field projects have been made to permit students to extend their PhD work. One is a project with Ms Brigid Morrison from the University of Tasmania to collect further core samples from sites in Tasmania, and to provide radiocarbon dating to examine the rise of sea level during the past 7,000 years. The significance of this study is that it may answer questions about the role of Antarctica to the global sea level change since the last glacial maximum. The other project has provided support for PhD student Belinda Dechnik from Sydney University to participate in fieldwork in the Seychelles that examines earlier interglacial reefs that are now above sea level. These projects focus on specific scientific targets that bring together young and experienced researchers in selected field environments, in the requisite laboratory methods and in computational methods. Further field projects involving young researchers in Australia are being examined and will be gradually introduced over the next two years.

195 Sea level is an important component of the four-yearly Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment of the science of climate change. The Final Draft of the Working Group 1 report was delivered in May 2013. It highlights many of the important questions for which better answers are required. It is expected that through research inspired by the Balzan Foundation, the project will contribute significantly to providing useful answers.

Researchers Belinda Dechnik Brigid Morrison Anthony Purcell Hélène Rouby Ye-Ying Sun

196 Russell Scott Lande

Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College London

2011 Balzan Prize for Theoretical Biology or Bioinformatics For pioneering contributions to the development and application of theoretical population biology, including the modern development of the theory of quantitative genetics, and the study of stochastic population dynamics.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Imperial College London

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: H. Charles J. Godfray

Theories of Quantitative Character Evolution and Stochastic Population Dy- namics

With the second part of his Balzan Prize, Russell Lande is supporting young researchers at the postdoctoral and graduate student levels. Two experienced postdoctoral researchers are employed through Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, modeling the joint evolution of mating systems, flowering phenology and inbreeding depression in plants. Both are to be based at their home institutions in France, Dr. Em- manuelle Porcher at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle and Dr. Céline Devaux at Université Montpellier 2, doing collaborative research supervised by Professor Lande, with frequent visits to Silwood Park by them and to their home institutions by Professor Lande.

The Centre for Conservation Biology (CCB) organized a workshop entitled Stochas- tic demography in fluctuating environments: theory and empirical patterns from 23- 27 April 2012. The workshop was aimed at young scientists in the initial stages of their scientific career and focused on models for describing the demography of populations in fluctuating environments, methods for estimation of parameters from data and presentations of empirical examples that illustrate the practical application of this quantitative approach for understanding dynamics of populations. Central topics covered were the concepts of demographic and environmental stochasticity, density-

197 dependence in age-structured populations, techniques for estimating key parameters in age-structured models, spatial synchrony in population fluctuations, population vi- ability analyses and community dynamics.

A major part of the workshop was comprised of introductory lecturers by Prof. Steinar Engen, Prof. Russell Lande and Prof. Bernt-Erik Sæther. The aim of these lectures was to give an overview of the theories in stochastic population dynamics and demo graphy, to show their significance for general understanding of principles explaining patterns in fluctuations of natural populations and to demonstrate how these models could be parameterized using data from different model systems. The second part of the course consisted of exercises in practical applications of the models in analyses of data using a multitude of computer programmes mainly developed by researchers at CCB. These practicals were supervised by Professor Jarle Tufto and Researcher Vidar Grøtan. The final part of the course consisted of short presentations in which the participants presented their own research.

The venue for the course was Lovund Rorbuhotell on the island of Lovund in northern Norway. This rather isolated island was chosen because it provided the participants with knowledge concerning one of the major study areas for field projects at CCB. All together 42 persons (37 invited participants and 5 lecturers) participated in the workshop. 16 of the participants were Scandinavian, 19 came from rest of Europe, 1 from the USA and 1 from Asia. Lecturers - Russell Lande, United Kingdom; Steinar Engen, Norway; Bernt-Erik Sæther, Norway; Vidar Grøtan, Norway; Jarle Tufto, Norway. Invited participants - Adriana Plicanti, Italy; Aline M Lee, Norway; Agata Czapracka, Poland; Alva Curtsdotter, Sweden; Anders Wikstrom, Sweden; Anna Nilsson, Swe- den; Arne Schröder, Sweden; Ayco Tack, The Netherlands/Finland; Brancila Raluca Ioana, Romania; Chris Sutherland United Kingdom/Sweden; Daisy Brickhill, United Kingdom; Deborah Pardo, France; Diala Abu Awad, France; Edwige Bellier, France/ Norway; Erik Blystad Solbu, Norway; Helena Johansson, Sweden; Henna Fabritius, Finland; Henrik J. de Knegt, The Netherlands/Finland; Håkon Holand, Norway; Karen Lesley Szostek, Germany; Linda Kaneryd, Sweden; Marcin Tobolka, Poland; Markku Karhunen, Finland; Nele Schuwirth, Switzerland; Peter Hellström, Sweden; Piotr Tryjanowski, Poland; Shouli Li, China/Finland; Simona Imperio, Italy; Sonja Leidenberger, Germany/Sweden; Stephanie Jenouvrier, France/USA; Stine Svalheim Markussen, Norway; Tanjona Ramiadantsoa, Madagascar/Finland; Thomas Cameron, United Kingdom/Sweden; Thomas Kvalnes, Norway; Thor Harald Ringsby, Norway; Uli Steiner, Switzerland/France/USA.

198 Based on the feedback received from the participants during the course, it was clear that they considered it a huge success. Thus, this type of course may be replicated on a later occasion, using the same organizational concept.

Research publications Research was conducted with Dr. Celine Devaux, who was hired as a consultant for two summers (likely to be extended to a third one), and with Dr. Emmanuelle Porcher, who was hired as an employee of Imperial College London for two years beginning September 2012. Results to date include one published paper, listed below with its abstract, two submitted papers under review, listed by authors and title, and three manuscripts in advanced stages of preparation (not listed). The research focuses on developing quantitative theories of the evolution of plant mating systems, particularly mixed self-fertilization and outcrossing, as influenced by pollination ecology and the evolution of inbreeding depression.

- Porcher E, Lande R. 2013. Evaluating a simple approximation to modeling the joint evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression. Evolution. 67: 3628–3635. A comprehensive understanding of plant mating system evolution requires detailed genetic models for both the mating system and inbreeding depression, which are often intractable. A simple approximation assuming that the mating system evolves by small infrequent mutational steps has been proposed. We examine its accuracy by comparing the evolutionarily stable selfing rates it predicts to those obtained from an explicit genetic model of the selfing rate, when inbreeding depression is caused by partly recessive deleterious mutations at many loci. Both models also include pollen limitation and pollen discounting. The approximation produces reasonably accurate predictions with a low or moderate genomic mutation rate to deleterious alleles, on the order of U = 0.02–0.2. However, for high mutation rates, the predictions of the full genetic model differ substantially from those of the approximation, especially with nearly recessive lethal alleles. This occurs because when a modifier allele affecting the selfing rate is rare, homozygous modifiers are produced mainly by selfing, which enhances the opportunity for purging nearly recessive lethals and increases the marginal fitness of the allele modifying the selfing rate. Our results confirm that explicit genetic models of selfing rate and inbreeding depression are required to understand mating system evolution. - Devaux C, Lande R, Porcher E. 2014. Pollination ecology and inbreeding depression control individual flowering phenologies and mixed mating. Evolution. (revision in review). - Devaux C, Lepers C, Porcher E. 2014. Pollinator constraints on the ecology and evolution of plant mating systems. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. (in revision).

199 Xavier Le Pichon

Honorary Professor at the Collège de France

2002 Balzan Prize for Geology One of the pioneers of the Plate Tectonics Theory and of the high resolution exploration of plate boundaries in the ocean depths with submersibles.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Collège de France

Advisers for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Eugen Seibold † and Enric Banda

A Geodynamic Research Team in Aix-en-Provence

The research team of Professor Le Pichon moved to the Université Paul Cézanne, Aix- Marseille III, to install a new outpost of the Collège de France there in 2003. The second part of the Balzan Prize was used in part to finance new scientific equipment (a system to visualize seismic reflection data, a system to process images, a SIG and a rapid computer system). In addition, it was used to complement post-doctoral salaries and to finance geological field work. Xavier Le Pichon highlighted two projects in which young researchers who benefited in part from the Balzan financing have been especially active.

1. The first project concerned the tectonics of the Western Gulf of Mexico and was the result of cooperation with oil companies over four years. The young researchers involved were N. Flotté, L. Husson, C. Le Roy and L. Andréani. The results of the re search have been published in a special issue of the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179, co-published with the American Association of Petroleum Geology in 2008. The main result of the project is to have established that this continental margin, which was thought to be inactive since the Jurassic period, has been affected by active tectonics in the last 30 million years.

2. The second project concerned the geodynamics of the Provence basin. It was pub lished as a special issue of the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 181, and was the result of research carried out in this part of France since the research team moved to Aix-en-Provence in 2003. The young researchers involved were N. Flotté,

200 L. Husson, Y. Hamon, J.Y. Lin, L. Andréani and N. Loget. The main result of this project is to have established that the so-called alpine tectonics is the result of en masse gravity gliding of the thick Triassic salt layer. This gliding occurred when the Alps were uplifted during the Miocene epoch.

Researchers: Louis Andréani Nicolas Flotté Youri Hamon Laurent Husson Charlotte Le Roy Jing-Yi Lin Nicolas Loget

Publications: Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Sengor AMC. 2003. The North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Geophysical Research. 108: B42179. Nouze H, Henry P, Noble M, Martin V, Pascal G. 2004. Large gas hydrate accu mulations on the eastern Nankai Trough inferred from new high-resolution 2-D seismic data. Geophysical Research Letters. 31: L13308. Kreemer C, Chamot-Rooke N. 2004. Contemporary kinematics of the southern Aegean and the Mediterranean Ridge. Geophysical Journal International. 157: 1377-1392. Kreemer C, Chamot-Rooke N, Le Pichon X. 2004. Constraints on the evolution and vertical coherency of deformation in the Northern Aegean from a comparison of geodetic, geologic, and seismologic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 225: 329-346. Loevenbruck A, Cattin R, Le Pichon X, Dominguez S, Michel R. 2004. Co-seismic slip resolution ant post-seismic relaxation time of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake as constrained by geological observations, geodetic measurements and seismicity. Geophysical Journal International. 158: 310-326. Nielsen C, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, The ANDAMAN Cruise Team. 2004. From partial to full strain partitioning along the Indo-Burmese hyper-oblique subduction. Marine Geology. 209: 1-4, 303-327. Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Demirbag E, Imren C. 2004. Strain localisation in the sea of Marmara. Propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in a narrow inactive pullapart. Tectonics. 23(2): TC2014.

201 Le Pichon X, Kreemer C, Chamot-Rooke N. 2005. Asymmetry in elastic properties and the evolution of large continental strike-slip faults. Journal of Geophysical Research. 110: B03405. Sengor C, Tuyusuz O, Imren C, Sakin M, Eyidogan H, Gorur N, Le Pichon X, Rangin C. 2005. The North Anatolian Fault: A new look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Volume 33: 37-112. Bousquet R, Goffé R, Le Pichon X, De Capitani C, Chopin C, Henry P. 2005. Com- ment of “Subduction Factory: 1. Theoretical mineralogy, densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents” by Bradley R. Hacker, Geoffrey A. Abers, and Simon M. Peacock. Journal of Geophysical Research. 110: B02206.

Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 179, 2, 2008: [Contents: Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Martinez-Reyes J, Aranda-Garcia M. Gravity Tectonics and Plate Motions: The western margin of the Gulf of Mexico, 107-116; Flotté N, Martinez- Reyes J, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Husson L, Tardy M. The Rio Bravo Fault, a major late Oli- gocene left-lateral shear zone, 147-161; Husson L, Henry P, Le Pichon X. Thermal regime of the NW shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Part A: Thermal and pressure fields, 129-137; Husson L, Le Pichon X, Henry P, Flotté N, Rangin C. Thermal regime of the NW shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Part B: Heat Flow, 139-146; Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Flotté N, Husson L. Cenozoic gravity tectonics in the northern Gulf of Mexico induced by crustal extension: a new interpretation of multichannel seismic data, 117-128; Le Roy C, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Nguyen Thi Ngoc H, Andréani L, Aranda-Garcia M. Neogene crustal shear zone along the western Gulf of Mexicomargin and its implications for gravity sliding processes: Evidences from 2D and 3D multichannel seismic data, 175-185; Andréani L, Rangin C, Martinez-Reyes J, Le Roy C, Aranda-Garcia M, Le Pichon X, Peterson-Rodriguez R. The Neogene Veracruz Fault: evidences for left-lateral slip along the Southern Mexico Block, 195-208; Andréani L, Le Pichon X, Rangin C, Martinez-Reyes J. The Southern Mexico Block: Main boundaries and new estimation for its Quaternary motion, 209-223.]

Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 181, November 2010: [Contents: Le Pichon X, Rangin C. Introduction - Geodynamics of the France SoutheastBa- sin: importance of gravity tectonics, 475; Le Pichon X, Rangin C, Hamon Y, Loget N, Lin JY, Andréani L, Flotté N. Geodynamics of the France Southeast Basin, 477-501; Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Hamon Y, Loget N, Crespy A. Gravity tectonicsin the SE Basin (Provence, France) imaged from seismic reflection data, 503-530; Andréani L, Loget N, Rangin C, Le Pichon X. New structural constraints on the southern Provence thrust belt (France): evidences for an Eocene shortening linked to the Corsica-Sardinia subduction, 547-563.]

202 Wen-Hsiung Li

James Watson Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago

2003 Balzan Prize for Genetics and Evolution Wen-Hsiung Li has made seminal contributions to the field of evolutionary molecular genetics. He has developed widely used methods for inferring phylogenetic relationships and has made important discoveries about the rate of genetic change in different groups of animals.

Institution Administering Funds: The University of Chicago

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: John Krebs

Evolution of Gene Regulation and Regulatory Modules in Yeast

The development and the physiology of an organism are controlled by genes. For this purpose a gene must be turned on or off at the right time and under the right conditions, and when it is on, the level of its expression must be appropriate; otherwise, the organism can become sick or even die. The turn-on and -off and the level of expression of a gene are called gene regulation. Thus, one can imagine that evolutionary change in gene regulation (in short, regulatory evolution) might be important for the morphological or physiological differences between organisms. However, although this idea has existed since the 1960s, the subject is still not well studied because of experimental difficulties. Recent advances in molecular biology and genomics have allowed fruitful investigations of this subject. These advances notwithstanding, it is still not simple to study higher organisms. He has therefore chosen the budding yeast as the model organism for this purpose because its genetics and molecular biology are well understood and it is experimentally much easier to manipulate than higher organisms are.

The purpose of the project was to study how the regulation of yeast genes have evolved over time. Also, instead of looking at one gene at a time, the aim was to look at a group of genes that are subject to the same or similar regulation at the same time. Such a group of genes is called a regulatory module.

203 Researchers: Y.-W. Chang F.-G. R. Liu E. Marland A. Prachumwat H.-M. Sung

Publications; Major Results: Marland E, Prachumwat A, Maltsev N, Gu Z, Li W-H. 2004. Higher gene duplicabili- ties for metabolic proteins than for non-metabolic proteins in yeast and E. coli. J. Mol. Evol. 59:806-814. Gene duplication produces an extra copy that may be free to evolve in function. Therefore, gene duplication is the primary source of genetic novelties. Because in the yeast and the bac- terium E. coli, the expression level of genes whose products (usually enzymes and proteins) are required for metabolism may often be high, it would be advantageous for them to have extra copies, that is, to have duplicate genes. We examined whether this view is supported by DNA sequence data of the yeast and E. coli. We indeed found strong support for this view. In fact, we found that metabolic proteins tend to have higher gene duplicability than non-metabolic proteins. Moreover, a detailed analysis of metabolic pathways in these two organisms revealed that genes in the central metabolic pathways and the catabolic pathways have, on average, higher gene duplicability than do other genes.

Prachumwat A, Li W-H. 2006. Protein Function, Connectivity, and Duplicability in Yeast. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23:30-39. Protein-protein interaction networks have evolved mainly through connectivity rewiring and gene duplication. However, how protein function influences these processes and how a network grows in time have not been well studied. Using protein – protein interaction data and genomic data from the budding yeast, it was first examined whether there is a correlation between the age and connectivity of yeast proteins. A steady increase in connectivity with protein age was observed for yeast proteins except for those that could be traced back to bacteria. Second, it was investigated whether protein connectivity and duplicability vary with gene function. Results showed a higher average gene duplicability for proteins interacting with external environments than for proteins localized within intracellular compartments. For example, proteins that function in the cell periphery (mainly transporters) show a high duplicability but are lowly connected. Conversely, proteins that function within the nucleus (e.g., transcription, RNA and DNA metabolisms, and ribosome biogenesis and assembly) are highly connected but have a low duplicability. Finally, a negative correlation between protein connectivity and duplicability was demonstrated.

204 Chang Y-W, Liu F-GR, Yu N, Sung H-M, Yang P, Wang D, Huang C-J, Shih M-C, Li W-H. 2008. Roles of cis-and trans-changes in the regulatory evolution of genes in the gluconeogenic pathway in yeast. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 1863-1875. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae proliferates rapidly in glucose-containing media. As glucose is getting depleted, yeast cells enter the transition from fermentative to non-fermentative metabolism, known as the diauxic shift, which is associated with major changes in gene expression. To understand the expression evolution of genes involved in the diauxic shift and in non-fermentative metabolism within species, a laboratory strain (BY), a wild strain (RM), and a clinical isolate (YJM) were used in this study. Data showed that the RM strain enters into the diauxic shift ~1 hour earlier than the BY strain with an earlier, higher induction of many key transcription factors (TFs) involved in the diauxic shift. Sequence data revealed sequence variations between BY and RM in both coding and promoter regions of the majority of these TFs. The key TF Cat8p, a zinc-finger cluster protein, is required for the expression of many genes in gluconeogenesis under non-fermentative growth, and its derepression is mediated by deactivation of Mig1p. The kinetic study of CAT8 expression revealed that CAT8 induction corresponded to the timing of glucose depletion in both BY and RM and CAT8 was induced up to 50-90 folds in RM, whereas only 20-30 folds in BY. In order to decipher the relative importance of cis- and trans- variations in expression divergence in the gluconeogenic pathway during the diauxic shift, studies on the expression levels of MIG1, CAT8, and their downstream target genes in the co-cultures and in the hybrid diploids of BY-RM, BY-YJM, and RM-YJM, and in strains with swapped promoters were carried out. Data showed that the differences between BY and RM in the expression of MIG1, the upstream regulator of CAT8, were affected mainly by changes in cis elements, though also by changes in trans-acting factors, whereas those of CAT8 and its downstream target genes were predominantly affected by changes in trans-acting factors.

Prachumwat A, Li WH. 2008. Gene number expansion and contraction in vertebrate genomes with respect to invertebrate genomes. Genome Research. 18: 221-232. In addition to the evolution of yeast regulatory modules, Anuphap Prachumwat, a graduate student, had studied the origins of vertebrate genes by analyzing eight completely-sequenced land vertebrate genomes and six completely-sequenced invertebrate genomes. Ap- proximately 70% of the vertebrate genes can be found in the six invertebrate genomes with the standard homology search criteria (denoted as V.MCL), another ~6% can be found with relaxed search criteria, and an additional ~2%can be found in sequenced fungal and bacterial genomes. Thus, a substantial proportion of vertebrate genes (~22%) cannot be found in the non-vertebrate genomes studied (denoted as Vonly). Interestingly, genes in Vonly are predominantly singletons, while the majority of genes in the other three groups belong to gene families. The proteins of Vonly tend to evolve faster than those of V.MCL. Surprisingly, in many cases the family sizes in V.MCL are only as large as or even smaller than their

205 counterparts in the invertebrates, contrary to the general perception of a larger family size in vertebrates. Interestingly, in comparison with the family size in invertebrates, vertebrate gene families involved in regulation, signal transduction, transcription, protein transport and protein modification tend to be expanded, whereas those involved in metabolic processes tend to be contracted. Furthermore, for almost all of the functional categories with family- size expansion invertebrates, the number of gene types (i.e., the number of singletons plus the number of gene families) tends to be overrepresented in Vonly but underrepresented in V.MCL. The study suggests that gene function is a major determinant of gene family size.

Note: In pursuant to the intention of the Balzan research project, which is to cultivate a new generation of scholars, most of the researchers involved in the above studies were all graduate students or postdoctoral fellows. Anuphap Prachumwat, then a graduate student, has gone on to pursue postdoctoral research at the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Dr. Elizabeth Marland, then a postdoctoral fellow, later became a research scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois. Dr. Y.-W. Chang, then a postdoctoral fellow, has become an assistant professor at National Taiwan Uni- versity Medical School, Taipei, Taiwan. Dr. F.-G. R. Liu, who was also a postdoctoral fellow, has become an assistant professor at National Central University, Taiwan. Fi- nally, former postdoctoral fellow Dr. H.-M. Sung has become an assistant professor at National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan. Thus, most of the young scholars involved in the project have continued to pursue scientific research and are now faculty members at prestigious universities or research institutes.

206 Claude Lorius

Director Emeritus of Research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scienti- fique (CNRS), Grenoble

2001 Balzan Prize for Climatology For his outstanding activities and innovative results in the field of polar paleoclima- tology.

Institution Administering Funds: CNRS, Grenoble

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Enric Banda

Research on the Mechanisms Governing the Climate System

Global climate change has become a pressing topic of scientific research. The central problem is explaining the causes of the increase in temperature and its potential effects. The study of this problem is extremely complex because of the many factors that can contribute to global warming, whether natural or related to human activity. Thus, an analysis of the history of thermal evolution of the surface of the earth is fundamental in distinguishing between changes that are “physiological” and those caused by human activity.

One of the most important methods of inquiry into past climate change is the study of polar ice, which is a natural laboratory preserving a “historic memory” of climate changes. Claude Lorius and his group worked for decades on this issue. They were the first to reconstruct not only the history of the Earth’s climate by analyzing polar ice, but also that of the composition of the atmosphere, derived from the analysis of air bubbles that were trapped in the ice over hundreds of thousands of years. Research was carried out in particular on ice samples taken in proximity to Lake Vostok in Antarctica. Their research allowed them to establish the causal relationships between climate and content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

In this context, Claude Lorius initially planned to finance three projects with the second half of the Balzan Prize, but in actual fact was also able to finance a fourth. The

207 four groups of young researchers, each led by a senior researcher, presented their results in March 2008.

Project I Antartic Palaeo-temperatures and Antarctic climate mechanisms: cross-use of water isotopes (_D, _18O) and air isotopes (_15N, _40Ar) Senior Researcher: Jean Jouzel

Project II Climate and atmospheric chemistry: Constraints due to isotopes of oxygen and sulfur Senior Researcher: Joel Savarino

Project III Study of impurities in the ice: aerosols and organic content Senior Researcher: Jean Robert Petit

Project IV Record of atmospheric CO2 during Stage 11, 400,000 years ago Senior Researcher: Dominique Raynaud

Publications: Caillon N, Jouzel J, Severinghaus JP, Chappellaz J, Blunier T. 2003. A novel method to study the phase relationship between Antarctic and Greenland climate. Geo- physical Research Letters. vol. 30 (17): 1899. Caillon N, Severinghaus JP, Jouzel J, Barnola J-M, Kang J, Lipenkov VY. 2003. Tim- ing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes Across Termination III. Science. 299. Landais A, Chappellaz J, Delmotte M, Jouzel J, Bourg C, Blunier T, Caillon N, Cherrier S, Malaizé B, Masson-Delmotte V, Raynaud D, Steffensen JP. 2003. A tentative reconstruction of the last interglacial and glacial inception based on newgas measurements in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core. Journal of Geophysical Research. Vol. 108, No. D18, 4563. Stenni B, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Castellano E, Cattani O, Falourd S, Johnsen SJ, Longinelli A, Röthlisberger R, Sachs JP, Selmo E, Souchez R, Steffenssen JP, Udisti R. 2003. A high resolution site and source late glacial temperature record derived from the EPICA Dome C isotope record. Earth and Planetary Science Let- ters. 217: 183-195.

208 Raynaud D et al. 2003. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 in the Vostok ice core: CO2 Forcing and Stability of East Antarctica. Droxler WA et al., editors. Earth’s Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: The Marine Isotope Stage 11 Question, 27-40. Washing- ton (DC): American Geophysical Union. North Greenland Ice-core project (NorthGRIP). Andersen KK, Barnola J-M, Bigler M, Biscaye P, Caillon N, Chappellaz J, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Fischer H, Flückiger J, Fujii Y, Grønvold K, Gundestrup NS, Hansson M, Huber C, Hvidberg CS, Johnsen SJ, Johnson U, Jouzel J, Kipfstuhl S, Landais A, Leuenberger M, Lorrain R, Masson-Delmotte V, Miller H, Popp T, Raynaud D, Rothlisberger R, Ruth U, Samyn D, Schwander J, Shoji H, Siggard-Andersen M-L, Steffensen JP, Stocker T, Sveinbjörnsdóttir AE, Svensson A, Tison J-L, Thorsteinsso T, Watanabe O, Wilhelms F, White J. 2004. High resolution climate record of the Northern Hemi- sphere reaching into the last Interglacial period. Nature. 431: 147-151. Landais A, Caillon N, Severinghaus JP, Barnola JM, Goujon C, Jouzel J, Masson- Delmotte V. 2004. Analyse isotopique à haute précision de l’air piégé dans la glace pour quantifier les variations de temperature. C.R.A.S Géosciences. 336: 963-970. Landais A, Caillon N, Goujon C, Grachev A, Barnola JM, Chappellaz J, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V Leuenberger M. 2004. Quantification of rapid temperature change during DO event 12 and phasing with methane inferred from air isotopic measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 225: 221-232. Landais A, Barnola J-M, Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J, Chappellaz J, Caillon N, Hu- ber C, Leuenberger M, Johnsen S. 2004. A continuous record of temperature evolution over a whole sequence of Dansgaard-Oeschger during Marine Isotopic Stage 4 (76 to 62 kyr BP). Geophysical Research Letters. 31. Landais A, Steffensen JP, Caillon N, Jouzel J. Masson-Delmotte V. 2004. Evidence for stratigraphic distortion in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core dur ing Event 5e1 (120 kyr BP) from gas isotopes. Geophysical Research Letters. 109: D06103. Bulat S, Alekhina IA, Blot M, Petit JR, De Angelis M, Wagenbach D, Lipenkov DY, Vasilyeva L, Wloch D, Raynaud D, Lukin VV. 2004. DNA signature of thermo philic bacteria from the aged accretion ice of Lake Vostok: implications for search- inglife in extreme icy environments. Int. J. of Astrobiology. 3, 1: 1-12. De Angelis M, Petit JR, Savarino J, Souchez R, Thiemens MH. 2004. Contribution of an ancient evaporitic-type reservoir to lake Vostok chemistry. Earth Planet. Science Lett. 222: 751-765. Delmonte B, Basile-Doelsch I, Petit JR, Maggi V, Revel-Roland M, Michard A, Jagoutz E, Grousset FE. 2004. Comparing the Epica and Vostok dust records dur-

209 ing the last 220,000 years: stratigraphical correlation and provenance in glacial periods. Earth Science Reviews”, 66: 63-87. Delmonte B, Petit JR, Andersen KK, Basile-Doelsch I, Maggi V, Lipenkov VYa. 2004. Opposite regional atmospheric circulation changes over east Antarctica during the last climatic transition evidenced by dust size distributions changes. Cli- mate Dynamics, 23:427-438. Delmonte B, Petit JR, Basile-Doelsch I, Lipenkov VY, Maggi V. 2004. First characterization and dating of East Antarctic bedrock inclusions from subglacial Lake Vostok accreted ice, Environmental Chemistry. 1: 90-94. Delmonte B, Basile-Doelsch I, Petit JR, Maggi V, Revel RM, Michard A, Jagoutz E, Grousset FE. 2004. Comparing the Epica and Vostok dust records during the last 220,000 years: stratigraphical correlation and origin in glacial periods. Earth Sci- ence Reviews. 66: 63-87. EPICA Community Members. 2004. Eight Glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature. 429: 623-628. Petit JR. 2004. Geophysical, geochemical, glaciological and energy balance model constraints to the Lake Vostok. Mater. Glyatsiol. Issled. 97: 91-100. Landais A, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Caillon N. 2005. The temperature evolution over rapid climatic events in Greenland: a method based on air isotopic meas urements. CRAS. 377: 947-956. Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J, Landais A, Stiévenard M, Johnsen SJ, White JWC, Werner M, Sveinbjörnsdóttir A, Fuhrer K. 2005. GRIP deuterium excess reveals rapid and orbital changes of Greenland moisture origin. Science. 309:118-121. Alekhina IA, Petit JR, Lukin VV, Vasiliev NI, Bulat SA. 2005. Estimate for bacterial contents of 5G-1 borehole drilling fluid, Vostok station, Antarctica. Mater. Glyat- siol. Issled. [Data Glaciol. Stud.] 98: 109-117. Delmonte B, Petit JR, Krinner G, Maggi V, Jouzel J, Udisti R. 2005. Ice core evidence for secular variability and 200-year dipolar oscillations in atmospheric circulation over East Antarctica during the Holocene. Climate Dynamics. Gabrielli P, Planchon FAM, Hong S, Lee KH, Barbante C, Ferrari CP, Petit JR, Lipenkov V, Cescon P, Boutron CF. 2005. Trace elements in Vostok Antarctic ice during the last four climate cycles, “Earth and Planetary Science Letters”, 234: 249-259. Hong S, Boutron CF, Barbante C, Do Hur S, Lee K, Gabrielli P, Capodaglio G, Ferrari CP, Turetta C, Petit JR, Lipenkov VYa. 2005. Glacial-interglacial changes in the occurrence of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in Vostok Antarctic ice from 240,000 to 410,000 years BP. J. Environ Monit. Dec. 7 (12):1326-31.

210 Raynaud D, Barnola J-M, Souchez R, Lorrain R, Petit JR, Duval P, Lipenkov V. 2005. The record for marine isotopic stage 11. Nature. 436: 39-40. Siegenthaler U, Stocker TF, Monnin E, Lüthi D, Schwander J, Stauffer B, Raynaud D, Barnola J-M, Fischer H, Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J. 2005. Stable Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Late Pleistocene. Science. 310: 1313-1317. Huber C, Leuenberger M, Spahni R, Flückiger J, Schwander J, Stocker TF, Johnsen S, Landais A, Jouzel J. 2006. Isotope Calibrated Greenland Temperature Record

over Marine Isotope Stage 3 and its Relation to CH4. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 243 (3-4): 504-519. Landais A, Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J et al. 2006. The glacial inception as recorded in the NorthGRIP Greenland ice core: timing, structure and associated abrupt temperature changes. Climate Dynamics. 2, 26 (2-3): 273-284. Landais A, Barnola J-M, Kawamura K, Caillon N, Delmotte M, Dreyfus G, Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Minster B, Freitag J, Leuenberger M, Huber C, Schwander J, Etheridge D, Morgan V, Van Ommen T. 2006. Air 15N in modern firn and glacial- interglacial ice: a model-data mismatch during glacial periods in Antarctica? Quat. Sci.Rev. 25 (1-2): 49-62. Morin S, Savarino J. 2006. Une nouvelle application des isotopes stables del’oxygène. L’actualité chimique. 303: 14-18. EPICA Community Members. 2006. One-to-one coupling of polar climate variability. Nature. 444: 195-198. Gaspari V, Barbante C, Cozzi G, Cescon P, Boutron CF, Gabrielli P, Capodaglio G, Ferrari C, Petit JR, Delmonte B. 2006. Atmospheric iron fluxes over the last deglaciation: climatic implications. Geophysical Research Letters. 33. Lavire C, Normand P, Alekhina I, Bulat S, Prieur D, Birrien JL, Fournier P, Hänni C, Petit JR. 2006. Presence of Hydrogenophylus thermoluteolus DNA in accretion ice in the subglacial Lake Vostok, Antarctica, assessed using rrs, cbb and hox. Environ- mental Microbiology. 8 (12): 2106-2114. Baroni M, Thiemens MH, Delmas RJ, Savarino J. Mass-independent sulfur isotopic compositions in stratospheric volcanic eruptions. 2007. Science. 315: 84-87. Morin S, Savarino J, Bekki S, Cavender A, Shepson PB, Bottenheim JW. 2007. Ma- jor influence of BrO on the NOx and nitrate budgets in the Arctic spring, inferred from Δ17O(NO3-) measurements during ozone depletion events. Environ. Chem. 4: 238-241. Morin S, Savarino J, Bekki S, Gong S, Bottenheim JW. 2007. Signature of Arctic surface ozone depletion events in the isotope anomaly (Δ17O) of atmosphericnitrate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7: 1451-1469.

211 Savarino J, Kaiser J, Morin S, Sigman DM, Thiemens MH. 2007. Nitrogen and oxygen isotopic constraints on the origin of atmospheric nitrate in coastal Antarctica. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7: 1925-1945. Dreyfus G, Parrenin F, Lemieux-Dudon B, Durand G, Masson-Delmotte V, Jouzel J, Barnola J-M, Panno L, Spahni R, Tisserand A, Siegenthaler U, Leuenberger M. 2007. Anomalous flow below 2700 m in the EPICA Dome C ice core detected using d18O of atmospheric oxygen measurements. Climate of the Past, Special issue (EPICA ice cores age scales). 3: 341-353. Parrenin F, Barnola J-M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, Jouzel J, Kawamura K, Lemieux-Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson-Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit JR, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth U, Schwander J. 2007. The EDC3 chronology of the EPICA Dome C ice core, Cli- mate of the Past, Special issue (EPICA ice cores age scales), 3: 485-497. Landais A, Masson-Delmotte V, Nebout NC et al. 2007. Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine Isotopic Stage 4. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 258 (1-2): 101-113. Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola J-M, Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet JC, Johnsen S, Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Luethi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, Steffensen JP, Stenni B, Stocker TF, Tison JL, Werner M, Wolff E, Wolff W. 2007. Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years. Science. 317. Baroni M, Thiemens MH, Delmas RJ, Savarino J. 2007. Mass-independent sulfur isotopic compositions in stratospheric volcanic eruptions. Science. 315. Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Nouet J, Johnsen SJ, Leuenberger M, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck G, Schwander J, Souchez R, Selmo E, Stenni B, Stocker T, Werner M. 2007. Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the last 800,000 years. Science. 317: 793-796. Alekhina I, Marie D, Petit JR, Lukin VV, Zubkov VN, Bulat S. 2007. Molecular analysis of bacterial diversity in kerosene-based drilling fluid from the deep ice borehole at Vostok, East Antarctica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 59: 289-299. Xu J, Hou S, Ren J, Petit JR. 2007. Insoluble dust in a new core from Dome Argus, central Antarctica. J. Glaciol. 53 (180): 154-155. Delmonte B, Andersson PS, Hansson M, Schöberg H, Petit JR, Basile-Doelsch I, Maggi V. 2008. Aeolian dust in East Antarctica (EPICA-Dome C and Vostok): provenance during glacial ages over the last 800 kyr. Geophys. Res. Lett.

212 Lambert F, Delmonte B, Petit JR, Bigler M, Kaufmann PR, Hutterli MA, Stocker TF, Ruth U, Steffensen JP, Maggi V. 2008. Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000 years from the EPICA Dome C ice core. Nature. Delmonte B, Delmas RJ, Petit JR. 2008. Comments to “Dust Provenance in Antarc tic Ice during Glacial Periods: from where in southern South America?” by D.M. Gaiero. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L08707, doi:10.1029/2007GL032075. Laurantou A, Lavric JV, Köhler P, Barnola J-M, Paillard D, Michel E, Raynaud D,

Chappellaz J. 2010. Constraint of the CO2 rise by new atmospheric carbon isotopic measurements during the last deglaciation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24, GB2015 doi:10.1029/2009GB003545, 2010.

213 Michael Marmot

Director of the Institute of Health Equity; Director of the International Institute for Society and Health; MRC Research Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Adjunct Professor in the Department of So- ciety, Human Development and Health at Harvard University

2004 Balzan Prize for Epidemiology Sir Michael Marmot has made seminal contributions to epidemiology by establishing hitherto unsuspected links between social status and differences in health and life expectancy. He has initiated the era of social epidemiology and paved the way for the development of a wholly new concept of preventive medicine.

Institution Administering Funds: University College London

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Werner Stauffacher

UCL Balzan International Fellowship Programme

As initiator of the era of social epidemiology and a pioneer in the development of a wholly new concept of preventive medicine, Professor Marmot is using half of his Balzan Prize for a new programme of international fellowships at University College London’s International Institute for Society and Health. The Institute was founded in 2007 to bring together strong individual research programmes on the determinants of health and well-being in society. Multidisciplinary and international in scope, the Insti- tute is unequalled in offering opportunities for research and interdisciplinary research experience for young scholars. The international fellowships have two key objectives in Michael Marmot’s field of scientific interest: research experience in the social determinants of health and well-being, and the fostering of international networks of research and policy development. The aim is to develop the next cadre of researchers for the future and to benefit from the clear advantages that international collaboration brings.

- Dr. Kavita Sivaramakrishnan (Public Health Foundation of India) and Dr. Rama Baru (Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India) have jointly written a paper for The National Medical Journal of India entitled “The Commission on Social Deter-

214 minants of Health: Mainstreaming Social Inequalities in Public Health Education in India”. They presented a version of this paper at a UCL conference “The World Health Organization and the Social Determinants of Health: Assessing Theory, Policy and Practice” in November 2008.

- Dr. Krisztina László (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary) has successfully published her paper “Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries” in Social Science and Medicine (with Hynek Pikhart, Mária S. Kopp, Martin Bobak, Andrzej Pajak, Sofia Malyutina, Gyöngyvér Salavecz, Michael Marmot; Soc Sci Med. 2010 March; 70(6-3): 867-874). She presented results from this study to the American Psychosomatic Society Conference in Chicago in March 2009.

- Dr. Nelly Salgado (Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico) has developed a short course on the Social Determinants of Health (with Tarani Chan dola and Roberto De Vogli) for her Institute. The course took place from 10-15 August 2009 in Cuernavaca, Mexico, with over forty public health academics and practitioners from all over Latin America.

- Dr. Alex Gaina (University of Toyama, Japan) has submitted several papers on the social determinants of child obesity and development using data from the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. He participated in the International Conference on Health and the Changing World in November 2008 in Bangkok, with a presentation on SES and health among Japanese schoolchildren. His work on maternal employment and child obesity in Japan has been published in the International Journal of Obesity.

- Dr. Sergio Luiz Bassanesi (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Brazil) joined the department in January 2009 for twelve months. He is a medical doctor, with residency medical training in cardiology. Dr. Bassanesi was also trained in public health (Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil). He received his Master of Public Health degree from Johns Hopkins University, USA, and received his PhD in Med icine from UFRGS, Brazil. Dr. Bassanesi’s research area for the Balzan fellowship is related to socioeconomic urban segregation and its impact on health. He also has been working on the measurements of socioeconomic health disparities, especially in relation to cardiovascular mortality. He has also collaborated on epidemiological and clinical studies on tuberculosis. During his stay at UCL, Dr. Bassanesi was a coapplicant on a successful application to the Economic and Social Research Coun cil on spatial and social inequalities in health in Brazil and India.

215 - Dr. Adrienne Stauder (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary) joined the insti tute for a period of three months (April 2009-July 2009). A senior researcher, psy chiatrist and psychotherapist, her residency was proposed to explore opportunities for increased data analysis of extant Central and Eastern European data on inequal ities, the potential to develop collaborative database analysis and collaborative data collection, and the opportunities for new research questions on protective factors.

- Dr. Eleonor Fransson (Högskolan i Jönköping, Sweden) resided at UCL for five months (September 2009-February 2010). A postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Fransson earned her PhD from the Karolinska Institutet and an MSc in Statistics from Stock holms Universitet. Her period at UCL allowed her to work on Whitehall II data, and more specifically, on the relationship between BMI/WHR and inflammatory markers, thereby developing her skills and increasing her international contacts.

- Ms. Gyöngyvér Salavecz (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary) spent Sep tember 2009, February 2010 and May 2010 at the institute. Working on the cross cultural consistency of associations between positive effect and cortisol and heart rate variability, her periodic residency has both provided a training opportunity for her as well as supported increased collaboration between UCL, Princeton and Semmelweis Egyetem. She also completed a paper “Work Stress and Poor Health in Western European and in Post-communist Countries: an East-West Comparison Study” (coauthored by Chandola T, Pikhart H, Dragano N, Siegrist J, Jockel KH, Erbel R, Malyutina S, Pajak A, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M, Kopp M. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2010, 64: 57-62) during her stay at UCL.

- Professor Philippa Howden-Chapman (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zea land) joined the department in January 2010 for a period of five months. Her ex pertise on the effect of housing conditions on health has resulted in discussions of housing as a neglected but crucial social determinant of healthy ageing and possi bilities of housing conditions data collection in the ageing cohort studies at UCL.

Researchers: Rama Baru Sergio Luiz Bassanesi Eleonor Fransson Alex Gaina Philippa Howden-Chapman

216 Krisztina László Gyöngyvér Salavecz Nelly Salgado Kavita Sivaramakrishnan Adrienne Stauder

Publications: László KD, Pikhart H, Kopp MS, Bobak M, Pajak A, Malyutina S, Salavecz G, Marmot M. 2010. Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries, Soc Sci Med. 2010 Mar. 70(6): 867-74. Salavecz G, Chandola T, Pikhart H, Dragano N, Siegrist J, Jockel KH, Erbel R, Malyutina S, Pajak A, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M, Kopp M. 2010. Work Stress and Health in Western European and in Post-communist countries: an East-West Comparison Study, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 64:57-62. Gaina A, Sekine M, Chandola T, Marmot M, Kagamimori S. 2009. Mother em ployment status and nutritional patterns in Japanese junior high schoolchildren. International Journal of Obesity. 33(7): 753-7. Baru RV, Sivaramakrishnan K. 2007. The Commission on Social Determinants of Health: Mainstreaming Social Inequalities in Public Health Education in India. The National Medical Journal of India. 22 (1): 33-4.

Link: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iish/fellowships

217 Elliot Meyerowitz and Christopher R. Somerville

Elliot Meyerowitz is currently George W. Beadle Professor of Biology and Chair at the California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology.

Christopher R. Somerville is the Philomathia Professor of Alternative Energy and Director of the Energy Biosciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley.

2006 Balzan Prize for Plant Molecular Genetics For their joint efforts in establishing Arabidopsis as a model organism for plant molecular genetics. This has far reaching implications for plant science at both the fundamental level and in potential applications.

Institutions Administering Research Funds: California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Carnegie Institution of Science University of California, Berkeley

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Marc Van Montagu

Live Imaging of Cellular Differentiation in Shoot Apical Meristems and in Cel- lulose Synthesis

Plants are remarkably dynamic, with rapidly changing metabolic processes (on the or der of seconds), processes of genome readout (scale of minutes), and cellular differen tiation (scale of hours). One novel suite of methods that is now being developed, both at Caltech and at Carnegie, involves live imaging of dynamic processes followed by computational image processing. Two key processes under study are cellular differen tiation in shoot apical meristems and cellulose synthesis.

Elliot Meyerowitz initially involved Marcus Heisler, a pioneer of the new live imaging method. He works on the live imaging of growing shoot apical meristems and computational modeling of cell behavior and cell-cell communication during meristem growth. The orientation of cortical microtubule arrays in shoot apical meristem cells

218 under a variety of conditions has been live-imaged, and a set of rules whereby physical stress regulates their orientation has been derived. As the microtubule orientation affects the anisotropy of the cell wall (via regulation of cellulose deposition) and also cell division plane, this work is leading to a coherent theory of cell expansion and cell division in the shoot apical meristem. The first set of results was based on work done with collaborators at ENS Lyon, ENS Paris, the Université Denis-Diderot Paris 7 and Lunds Universitet. Published in Science in December 2008, it showed that the cortical microtubule array in meristematic cells aligns in response to the stress field, such that the microtubules align parallel to the principal direction of stress. A mathematical model of the stresses in the meristem was developed from the experimental data, and suggests future experiments that are in progress.

After Dr. Heisler departed from Caltech to establish his own laboratory at the Eu- ropean Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg; the project has involved two additional postdoctoral fellows, Dr. Wuxing Li and Dr. Paul Tarr. They carried the shoot apical meristem work forward by investigating the involvement of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in the control of cell expansion, division and gene expression, and therefore, to the contribution of these growth hormones to the interaction of physical and chemical signaling that controls meristem cell behavior. The work done in this part of the project has led to a new National Institutes of Health grant on the action of hormones in the shoot apical meristem, which will allow the work to continue.

Professor Somerville has involved three post-doctorate students in studies concern ing the molecular mechanisms associated with the synthesis or depolymerization of cellulose. In spite of the abundance of cellulose in the terrestrial biosphere, and the importance to life processes, very little is known about how cellulose is made. The research program in the Somerville laboratory has been focused on understanding several aspects of the control of cellulose synthesis or depolymerization. In early 2013, postdoctoral fellow Patricia Bubner joined the Somerville groups following doctoral studies in Graz, Austria, and is studying the role of glycosylation on enzyme activity by using genetic methods to modify the amount and location of glycans on proteins. Former postdoctoral fellow Ying Gu studied the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in orienting the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by analyzing mutants in which the deposition is altered. In order to identify proteins that mediate the interaction between cellulose synthase and microtubules, she used a two hybrid screen to search for candidate proteins and then characterized mutations in the genes corresponding

219 to the proteins that interact with cellulose synthase subunits. She identified a novel protein, named CSI1, and discovered that the protein is associated with the cellulose synthase complex using live cell imaging. This was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS Jan. 2012). She also screened directly for mutations that alter the deposition of cellulose, and has cloned two of the correspond ing genes by map-based cloning. The first gene characterized proved to be a subunit of a large complex called the prefoldin complex, which is involved in folding tubulin. A manuscript describing the characterization of this mutant was published in Proceed ings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS Nov. 2008). Gu is now an Assistant Professor at Pennsylvania State University.

Balzan funds were also used by Professor Somerville to support then postdoctoral fel low Seth DeBolt, who investigated the involvement of sterol glycosides in cellulose synthesis. This class of compounds had previously been suggested to act as primers for cellulose synthesis. However, Seth found that mutant lines with greatly reduced amounts of sterol glycosides had no effect on cellulose. The mutants did, however, have altered deposition of suberin, and the protein responsible for synthesis of the gly coside was found to be present in plasma membrane patches reminiscent of lipid rafts. His research on sterol glycosides was published in Plant Physiology in 2009. Seth is now an Associate Professor at the University of Kentucky.

In December 2007, Professor Somerville moved his laboratory from Carnegie to the University of California, Berkeley and, because of the administrative delays associ ated with moving funds from one institution to another, was unable to access the remaining Balzan funds until the summer of 2009. He has used the funds to partially support two graduate students, Adisorn Chaibang and Brad Dotson. Chaibang is examining the role of two laccase enzymes in lignin biosynthesis and Dotson is exploring the function of a family of proteins of unknown function that appear to play important roles in cell wall biosynthesis.

Researchers: Professor Meyerowitz: Marcus Heisler Wuxing Li Paul Tarr

220 Professor Somerville: Patricia Bubner Adisorn Chaibang Seth DeBolt Brad Dotson Ying Gu

Publications: Li S, Lei L, Somerville CR, Gu Y. 2012. Cellulose synthase interactive protein 1 (CSI1) links microtubules and cellulose synthase complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 109 (1): 185-190. DeBolt S, Scheible WR, Schrick K, Auer M, Beisson F, Bischoff V, Bouvier-Navé P, Carroll A, Hematy K, Li Y, Milne J, Nair M, Schaller H, Zemla M, Somerville CR. 2009. Mutations in UDP-glucose: sterol glucosyltransferase in Arabidopsis cause transparent testa phenotype and suberization defect in seeds. Plant Physiol- ogy. 151: 78-87. Gu Y, Deng Z, Paredez AR, DeBolt S, Wang Z, Somerville C. 2008. Prefoldin j6 is required for normal microtubule dynamics and organization in Arabidopsis. Pro- ceedings of the National Academy of Science. 105 (46): 18064-18069. Hamant O, Heisler MG, Jönsson H, Krupinski P, Uyttewaal M, Bokov P, Corson F, Sahlin P, Boudaoud A, Meyerowitz EM, Couder Y, Traas J. 2008. Developmen- tal Patterning by Mechanical Signals in Arabidopsis. Science. Vol. 322, no. 5908: 1650-1655.

221 Brenda Milner

Dorothy J. Killam Professor of Psychology in the Montreal Neurological In- stitute; Professor in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University

2009 Balzan Prize for Cognitive Neurosciences For her pioneering studies of the role of the hippocampus in the formation of memory and her identification of different kinds of memory system.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: John Krebs

Hemispheric Interaction in Cognitive Processes

Pioneering work by Dr. Brenda Milner and her colleagues has long established the important distinctions in functions of the left and right hemispheres of the human brain. Although language dominance in the left hemisphere had previously been established, her team used specific memory tasks in patients with damage to one side of the brain to demonstrate equally important, complementary specializations of the right hemisphere for visuospatial and other non-verbal information. However, the integration of information between the two is required for adequate memory processing. Through her careful study of patients who have undergone commissurotomy for the relief of intractable epilepsy, Dr. Milner has demonstrated that each hemisphere, when acting alone, is severely limited in its capacity to encode and retain information successfully, thus highlighting the critical contribution of interhemispheric communication for normal memory function. The research project funded with the Balzan Prize awarded to Dr. Milner aims to illuminate the nature of hemispheric interaction in the human brain and how the integration of information between the two hemispheres enables remembering. To this end, we will combine fine-grained behavioural paradigms with conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments as well as newly emerging tools in fMRI that allow us to examine patterns of interaction between distant brain regions. In a large cohort of healthy young subjects, we plan to

222 study how individual differences in patterns of hemispheric connectivity relate to the natural variation we see in capability for different types of memory tasks and to the cognitive strategies adopted by each individual.

One important component of this project will be the resting-state fMRI paradigm, which takes advantage of the natural patterns of fluctuations in the brain activity at rest. In particular, brain regions that normally work together during cognitive tasks are tightly coupled in their activity patterns in the absence of any external task requirement. In recent years, this discovery has led to an explosion of studies investigating the correlated activity of the resting brain to study functional interactions, and has contributed to a new understanding of intrinsic network organization of the brain. Dr. Randy Buckner’s research team at Harvard is one of the world leaders in this new field. Of particular interest to Dr. Milner’s research project, he and his colleague, Dr. Hesheng Liu, have used the approach to investigate the asymmetry of connectivity patterns in the right and left hemispheres. They have offered to lend their technical expertise to apply their method to examine the individual differences in the intrinsic connectivity architecture within and between the two hemispheres. As the first step of this collaborative effort, one of Dr. Milner’s postdoctoral fellows spent the summer of 2012 at Dr. Buckner’s lab at Harvard to learn how to use the analysis tools they had developed for the resting-state fMRI data. Soon after the second postdoctoral fellow joined the lab in October 2012, both attended a Functional Connectivity workshop offered by the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging in Boston to further explore the different approaches available to study brain interactions.

Dr. Milner’s team is currently in the final stages of testing a preliminary sample of twenty subjects on a paradigm to assess the role of interhemispheric connectivity in memory. Although interhemispheric connectivity-strength between the two hippocampi predicts individual differences in memory performance for dually encodable (i.e., visuospatial and verbal) objects, it is unclear if this connectivity reflects integration of visuospatial and verbal information, or whether interhemispheric connectivity is related more generally to memory performance, regardless of the type of information being processed. To investigate this question, twenty healthy, right-handed subjects are presented with ninety concrete and ninety abstract words. Subjects provide an imageability rating, indicating how easily they can visually imagine the word (i.e., to assess integration of verbal and visuospatial information). This task is followed by an out-of-scanner recognition memory test. Subjects also undergo a resting-state fMRI scan to assess intrinsic interhemispheric connectivity differences between in-

223 dividuals and how they relate to variation in neuropsychological measures of verbal and nonverbal memory.

In the task fMRI, strength of hemispheric interaction between the hippocampi should correlate with performance on a recognition memory test for stimuli presented in the scanner, in line with previous studies. Further, we predict that if interhemispheric hip- pocampal connectivity in memory encoding is related to the integration of verbal and visuospatial information, we should observe increased interhemispheric connectivity in the hippocampi for highly imageable concrete items (involving both verbal and visuospatial processing) that were subsequently remembered, compared to low-imageable abstract items (primarily involving verbal processing) that were subsequently remembered. In contrast, conditions that require predominantly verbal processing (i.e., low imageability abstract) should involve a more lateralized network.

Resting-state scans will be used to examine how individual differences in intrinsic interhemispheric connectivity relate to integration of visuospatial and verbal information, memory performance on our task and standardized neuropsychological measures. In particular, individuals with high intrinsic hemispheric connectivity should display greater integration of visuospatial and verbal information relating to superior subsequent memory performance, as well as enhanced performance on standardized neuropsychological memory measures compared to individuals exhibiting less connectivity during resting state. Thus, this work builds upon classical neuropsychological observations of split-brain patients with the use of novel, cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques. Findings will be presented at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in Washington, DC in November 2014.

In addition to the aforementioned project, Dr. Milner’s lab is developing several other memory paradigms to understand fully the nature of interhemispheric connectivity:

(1) Subjects will be presented with a pair of pictures of common objects. In one condition, subjects will be asked to combine the pair in a mental image, emphasizing the visual quality of the association. In another condition, they will be asked to generate a sentence using verbal labels for the pictures, in order to encourage integration of verbal description with the visually presented stimuli. (2) Another test will use meaningful adjective-noun pairs that differ in the degree of imageability. For example, memory for association between highly imageable com- binations, such as “green” and “book”, will be contrasted with meaningful but more

224 abstract associations, such as “engaging” and “book”. Processing of highly imageable word pairs has been shown to recruit both right and left hemispheres, while processing of abstract pairs depends more on the left-lateralized language network. (3) Subjects will study name-name or face-face pairs, which are expected to depend primarily on left- or right-lateralized memory structures, respectively. The subjects will then learn name-name and face-face associations together, so that the facilitation of name-pair learning in the presence of associated visual information or the face-pair learning in the presence of associated verbal information can be measured.

To summarize, Dr. Milner’s lab is (1) gaining experience in relevant neuroimaging methods through workshops and collaborative interaction with the Harvard team; (2) running and analyzing a preliminary sample of 20 subjects; and (3) designing behavioural paradigms for future task-fMRI experiments. These are critical steps for carrying out this innovative and large-scale study.

Researchers: Dr. Randy Buckner Dr. Joelle Crane Dr. Denise Klein Dr. Hesheng Liu Dr. Kate Watkins

Two Post-doctoral fellowships: Meera Paleja, PhD Ryerson University, Toronto 2012 Ami Tsuchida, PhD McGill University 2012

225 Jacob Palis

Professor at the Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro

2010 Balzan Prize for Mathematics (pure and applied) For his fundamental contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Dynamical Systems.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Étienne Ghys

Dynamical Systems, Chaotic Behaviour – Uncertainty, Linear Cocycles and Lya- punov Exponents

Jacob Palis is coordinating his Balzan Research Project together with Jean-Christophe Yoccoz at the Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, Bra zil. The creation of the modern theory of dynamical systems towards the end of the nineteenth century is attributed to Henri Poincaré. It is the principal mathematical ap proach used to model the evolution of many phenomena in nature. Classical examples are population growth of species, weather and climate prediction. Perhaps the same theory can be applied to understand certain aspects of turbulence in physics. Since Poincaré we have been wondering if it is possible to understand the typical behaviour of a typical dynamical system, where typical should be understood in a probabilistic sense to cover almost all possibilities.

Starting from a selected initial position of the system, one tries to describe the behav iour of its future trajectory, defined by its successive positions as time evolves. For example, the motion of the atmosphere is governed by a very complicated evolution equation, which cannot be solved explicitly. In 1963, Edward Norton Lorenz, a the oretical meteorologist, proposed a “toy” weather model, involving only three dimen sions and intended to be much easier to understand. The question of knowing whether this oversimplified model still captures the main properties of the actual atmospheric motion is controversial among physicists and meteorologists. However, Lorenz was able to observe “chaotic behaviour” in his “toy” model. Minute changes in the initial

226 data used were shown to produce extremely radical changes in the outcome. This was very surprising at the time. Jacob Palis’s research project proposes to tackle several conjectures which would imply that the phenomenon witnessed by Lorenz is not an exception but, on the contrary, may capture some fundamental features of general dynamics. The research project will study (and hopefully prove) a set of conjectures for dynamical systems that leads to a global perspective in this important branch of mathematics.

Towards the proof of this main conjecture concerning attractors of dynamical systems, in dimension one there was good progress on the finiteness of the number of attractors for typical dynamical systems in the case of maps of the interval. In fact, the conjecture is true even when there is a finite number of discontinuities, considering C3 maps having negative Schwarzian derivatives. The result is due to Brandão, Palis and Pinheiro. Relevant results have been achieved by Lyubich and Martens for diffeomorphisms in two dimensions in their work on the renormalization of Hénon attractors. In higher dimensions, for C1 diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds, the conjecture is essentially true by the result of Crovisier and Pujals. Progress in the dif- ferentiable case in two dimensions has also been achieved by Martens and Winckler for Lorenz Maps. Several other results are underway and shall be reported later. In brief, progress towards the proof of this hard conjecture is clear and steady.

An important contribution to the scientific popularization of dynamical systems, and particularly the main conjecture of the project concerning attractors, was made by Étienne Ghys in a fascinating film “Chaos” (http://www.chaos-math.org, http://www. chaos-math.org/it/chaos-i-moto-e-determinismo).

The Research Project is scheduled to take place over the period 2011-2015. Part of the funds of the project will support the activities of young researchers at IMPA in research on Dynamical Systems, Chaotic Behaviour and Uncertainty. Also, as part of the project, three Balzan Symposia were planned to take place, two of them at the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris (2013 and 2015) and one at IMPA (2012). The first Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems was held at IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, in June 2012. These symposia are designed to review advances and to stimulate further progress along the lines of the research project.

Papers presented at the First Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems IMPA, 25-29 June 2012:

227 Artur Ávila - IMPA, Rio de Janeiro and CNRS, France - On the metric properties of Feigenbaum-Julia sets; Pierre Berger - CNRS, France - Zoology in the Hénon family from twin baby Hénon-like attractors; Christian Bonatti - Université de Bour- gogne, Dijon - Foliated hyperbolicity; Sylvain Crovisier - CNRS, France - New- house phenomenon and uniformity of extremal bundles; Lorenzo Diaz - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC) - Robust vanishing of all central Lyapunov exponents; Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo - IMPA, Rio de Janeiro - Images of Julia sets that you can trust; Nicolas Gourmelon - Université Bordeaux 1 - C’ di- chotomies between Newhouse phenomena and dominated splittings, at homoclinic points; Pablo Guarino - IMPA - Rigidity of Critical Circle Map; Alejandro Kocsard - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil - Distributionally uniquely ergodic diffeomorphisms; Andrés Koropecki - UFF, Niterói, RJ - Prime ends rotation number and periodic points; Yuri Lima - Weizmann Institute of Sci- ence, Rehovot, Israel - Stationary spaces of discrete groups: an Abramov formula; Jorge Eric López - IMPA - Stable projections of Cartesian products of regular Cantor sets; Michael Lyubich - SUNY at Stony Brook, USA - On homoclinic tangencies in the complex Henon family; Marco Martens - SUNY at Stony Brook, USA - On the hyperbolicity of Lorenz renormalization; Carlos Gustavo Moreira - IMPA, Rio de Janeiro - On the continuity of fractal dimensions of horseshoes in dimenson 3; Sheldon Newhouse - Michigan State University -The Lorenz equations: A survey of rigorous results; Maria José Pacífico - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Fiber contracting maps versus Lorenz-like attractors; Vilton Pinheiro - Univer- sidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil - Measures with historic behavior; Rafael Potrie - Universidade la República, Uruguay - Partial hyperbolicity and leaf conjugacy in nilmanifolds; Enrique Pujals - IMPA, Rio de Janeiro; Critical points for sur- faces diffeomorphisms, abundance of periodic orbits and structural stability; Alvaro Rovella - Universidad de la República, Uruguay - Structural stability in dimension two; Martín Sambarino - Universidad de la República, Uruguay - Some questions, problems and remarks regarding C^r dynamics; Carlos Matheus Santos - CNRS, France - Fractal geometry of non-uniformly hyperbolic horseshoes; Waliston Luiz Silva - Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei - On the geometry of horseshoes; Sebastian Van Strien - Imperial College London - On stochastic stability of expanding circle maps with neutral fixed points; J. Regis Varão - Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil - Center foliation: Absolute continuity, disintegration and rigidity; Marcelo Viana - IMPA, Rio de Janeiro - Time 1 maps of geodesic flows; Jiagang Yang - UFF Niterói, RJ - Diffeomorphisms with contracting Center.

228 The second Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems was held at the Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, in June 2013.

Papers presented at the Second Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems, 10- 14 June, 2013: S. Alvarez - Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, Dijon - Ergodic study of some foliations; A. Avila - IMPA, RJ and CNRS, France - The Billiard on the regular poly- gon; P. Berger - CNRS, France - Two results around the positive metric entropy conjecture for the standard map; C. Bonatti - Université de Bourgogne, Dijon - France - Pesin theory for C1-dynamics: a story of domination; P. Brandão - IMPA, Pós-dou- torado - On the Finiteness of Attractors for Maps of the Interval Allowing Disconti- nuities; J. Buzzi - Department de Mathématiques d´Orsay, France - Diffeomorphisms without measures of maximal entropy; S. Crovisier - CNRS, France - Horseshoes with large entropy; V. Delecroix - l’Institut de Mathématiques, Paris VII. - Wind-tree models; W. de Melo - IMPA, RJ - Rigidity of Critical Circle maps; L. Diaz - Puc - Rio de Janeiro - Flip-flops in a blender. Robust existence of non-hyperbolic ergodic measures; N. Gourmelon - Université Bordeaux 1, France - Lyapunov exponents along periodic orbits for $C^r$ generic dynamics; P. Guarino (USP) - Geometric rigidity of critical circle maps; A. Hammerlindl - University of Sidney - Ergodicity and Clas- sification of Partially Hyperbolic Systems; A. Kocsard - UFF, Niterói, RJ - Livsic theorem for diffeomorphism cocycles; A. Koropecki - UFF,Niterói, RJ - Strictly toral dynamics; R. Leplaideur - Université de Brest, France - SRB measures for Almost Axiom-A diffeomorphisms. End of the story; Y. Lima - Weizmann Institute, Israel - Ergodicity of skew products over shifts of finite type; M. Lyubich - SUNY at Stony Brook, USA - Dynamics of dissipative polynomial automorphisms of C^2; M. Mar- tens - SUNY at Stony Brook, USA - Generalized Henon Renormalization; C. Moreira - IMPA, RJ - Dynamical Markov and Lagrange Spectra and Geodesic Flows; S. Ne- whouse - Michigan State University, USA - A partial linearization theorem for three dimensional vector fields and applications; M. J. Pacífico - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro - On measure expansive diffeomorphisms; R. Potrie - Centro de Matemática - Univ. de la Republica - Geometric properties of partially hyperbolic attractors; E. Pujals - IMPA, RJ - Minimality or density of periodic points for transitive attractors; J. Rodriguez- Hertz - Centro de Matematica - Universidade de La Republica, Uruguay - Partial hyperbolicity in dimension 3; M. Sambarino - Centro de Matematica - Universidade de La Republica, Uruguay - Dynamical coherence for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms istopic to Anosov; C. Matheus Santos - Collège de France, France - Finiteness of algebraically primitive closed SL (2,R)-orbits in moduli spaces; Y. Shi - Institut

229 de Mathématiques de Bourgogne-Dijon, France - Hyperbolic Dynamics on Heisen- berg Nilmanifolds; S. Van Strien - University of Warwick, UK - Stochastic stability of expanding circle maps with neutral axed point; M. Viana - IMPA, RJ - Partially hyperbolic maps with 2-dimensional center; J. Yang - UFF, Niteroi, RJ - Dynamical behavior of ergodic measure along weak direction; A. Zorich - Université de Rennes 1, France - Right-angled billiards and volumes of moduli spaces in genus zero.

Researchers Supervisor: Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, IMPA A. Avila (Fields Medad 2014) P. Berger P. Guarino A. Kocsard A. Koropecki Y. Lima J. E. López R. Poterie C. M. Santos W. Silva J. R. Varão J. Yang D. Zmiaikou

Links: First Palis-Balzan International Symposium on Dynamical Systems http://www.impa.br/opencms/pt/eventos/store_old/evento_1203?link=2

Second Palis-Balzan International Symposium on Dynamical Systems http://www.impa.br/opencms/pt/eventos/store_old/evento_1305?link=2

230 Joseph Ivor Silk

Professor of Physics at the Institut d’Astrophysique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Homewood Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Senior Fellow in the Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Oxford

2011 Balzan Prize for the Early Universe (From the Planck Time to the First Galaxies) For his pioneering work on the early evolution of the Universe, studying the effects of various physical processes and phenomena such as dark matter and space curvature on the fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background and the formation of galaxies of different types.

Institution Administering Research Funds: New College, University of Oxford

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Bengt Gustafsson

An Oxford New College - Johns Hopkins Centre for Cosmological Studies

Cosmology is in a golden age of discovery, but a deeper understanding of what is meant by a science of cosmology, in the fuller reaches of these words, is in its infancy. It must involve astrophysics, physics, philosophy, and cosmogony, and tackle genu- inely fundamental questions in cosmology.

Joseph Silk has designated part of his Balzan research funds for the creation of a Cen- tre for Cosmological Studies based at New College Oxford and at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. It will also involve the Oxford University Department of Physics and the Institut d’Astrophysique of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris.

The Centre’s goal will be to provide Balzan grants for young researchers in cosmology in frontier areas of research that are consistent with the scientific themes supported by the Centre, and to establish international links involving leading young researchers to develop scientific interactions and collaborations that will benefit their

231 careers as well as enhance the scientific life of the partner institution. The first grants were awarded in the autumn of 2013 to Visiting Junior Research Fellows who will be hosted at the three institutions mentioned above.

Projects: Balzan Awardees 2013/14

Sarah Andreas (DESY Theory Group, Hamburg, Germany): visit to Johns Hopkins University, October 2013

Hidden Sectors with Hidden Photons and Dark Matter Hidden sectors are frequently proposed as part of the physics beyond the standard model. This research is concerned with the phenomenology of models with a hidden sector which possesses an extra U(1) symmetry, is connected to the standard model through the corresponding light U(1) gauge boson and possibly contains a candidate for dark matter. Experimental constraints were derived on the mass mγ’ and interaction strength χ of this new light gauge boson, the hidden photon γ’, and further examine the possibilities to search for this particle in future experiments. After having studied the dark matter particle of these hidden sector models with respect to its signature in direct detection experiments (e.g., LUX), Dr. Andreas continued to analyse the corresponding constraints from different indirect searches. Such models in which dark matter interacts via a light mediator like the hidden photon are additionally of interest since this self-interacting dark matter might undergo gravothermal collapse and allow the formation of massive black holes. In this context, Andreas studies the possibility and consequences of energy losses due to the Bremsstrahlung of hidden photons.

Shant Baghram (Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Iran): visit to Institut d’Astrophysique, September 2013

Effects of structures (galaxies and voids) in expansion rate measurement of SNIa (In preparation) The accelerated expansion of the Universe and the physical mechanism behind it is one of the main open questions in cosmology, known as the Dark Energy problem. The standard model of (Lambda) CDM can explain the observational data, like luminosity distance of Supernova type Ia (SNIa) and the CMB power spectrum. However, there are other alternatives for cosmological constants, like the effect of structures on the expansion rate of the universe, modified gravity theories and dark energy models.

232 In this research project, the effect of large scale structures like cosmic voids and galaxies (group of galaxies) on the luminosity distance of SNIa-s will be investigated. This effect can be quantified by the total amount of gravitational lensing convergence

кg and Doppler lensing effect parameters кυ (к = кg + к d ). Using the SDSS DR10 void catalogue, the lensing convergence function for each line of sight of SNIa was produced. The deviation of distance modulus (∆ μ = μ – μm) from the standard model and its correlation with the lensing convergence parameter was investigated. Results show that the current catalogue of large scale structures SDSS DR10 up to redshift z=0.15 with the Union2 catalogue (considering the observational uncertainties) shows no significant deviation from the standard model.

Jonathan Davis (Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham Univer- sity): visit to Johns Hopkins University, October 2013 Dr. Davis primarily worked with Professor Joseph Silk on a novel signal of Dark Mat- ter particles in both our own galaxy and others, the basic idea being that particles of Dark Matter annihilate with themselves near sites of shock acceleration. This results in the products of such annihilations, such as electrons or protons, being injected into these shocks, which would then potentially accelerate such particles to high energies. These particles could then be detected on Earth as cosmic rays.

It was shown that the signal of these cosmic rays could be distinguished from the background under certain conditions. The work is soon to be completed and will appear on the arXiv shortly.

Yohan Dubois (Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris): visit to Astrophysics, Univer- sity of Oxford, November 2013 Dr Dubois’ recent research has focused on two different topics: 1) The evolution of mass and spin of supermassive black holes (BH). 2) The alignment of galaxies with the cosmic web.

By means of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations, Dubois and his colleagues from Oxford and Paris have shown that BHs at the heart of galaxies are spun up by gas accretion from the dense gas in galaxies. Due to the strong time coherence of the gas accretion onto the BH, the accreted gas angular momentum adds up construc- tively to the BH angular momentum (Dubois et al., 2014a). Those compact objects keep very large values (close to maximum) until a galaxy merger and binary BH-BH

233 coalescence re-orientate the direction of the spin and change its magnitude (Dubois et al., 2014b).

The large-scale hydro cosmological simulation, Horizon-AGN (PI Y. Dubois, co-I J. Devriendt, C. Pichon), has led to the investigation of how galaxies are aligned with the cosmic filaments. The simulation self-consistently follows the gas dynamics, the star formation process within galaxies and the feedback from stars and from BHs. Therefore, the simulation allows for large variety in simulated galaxies, from dwarf to massive, passive to actively star-forming, blue to red. They have shown that low-mass, blue, star-forming, rotation-supported galaxies tend to align their angular momentum with their cosmic filament, while massive, red, passive and pressure-supported galaxies are more perpendicularly orientated to the filament axis (Dubois et al., 2014c). Galaxy mergers that rapidly swing the spin axis of the galaxy remnant drive the transition from alignment to misalignment (Welker et al., in preparation).

Related publications: Dubois Y, Volonteri M, Silk J, Devriendt J, Slyz A. 2014. Black hole evolution: II. Spinning black holes in a supernova-driven turbulent interstellar medium. MNRAS (submitted 2014a). Dubois Y, Volonteri M, Silk J. 2014. Black hole evolution: III. Statistical properties of BH spins using large-scale hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. MNRAS (submitted, 2014b). Dubois Y, Pichon C, Welker C, Le Borgne D, Devriendt J et al. Dancing in the dark: galactic properties trace spin swings along the cosmic web. MNRAS (submitted, 2014c). Welker C, Devriendt J, Dubois Y, Peirani S, Pichon C. Mergers drive spin swings along the cosmic web. In preparation.

Ely Kovetz (Department of Physics, Weinberg Theory Group, University of Texas): visit to Johns Hopkins University, June 2013 The ideal method to detect the curl-component, or B-mode, signature of inflationary gravitational waves (IGWs) in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization, in the absence of foregrounds and lensing, is a prolonged integration over a single patch of sky of a few square degrees. However, since foregrounds abound, the sensitivity to B modes can be improved considerably by finding the region of sky cleanest of foregrounds. The best strategy to detect B modes thus

234 involves a trade-off between exploration (to find lower-foreground patches) and exploitation (through prolonged integration). The question is how to balance this trade-off efficiently. This problem has similar properties to the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem in probability theory, wherein a gambler faces a series of slot machines with unknown winning odds and must develop a strategy to maximize his/ her winnings with some finite number of pulls. While the optimal MAB strategy remains to be determined, a number of algorithms have been developed in an effort to maximize the winnings.

In order to develop adaptive survey strategies to optimize the sensitivity to IGW B modes, the search for IGW B modes was formulated in the presence of spatial- ly-varying foregrounds as an MAB problem and demonstrated, using realistic foreground models and taking lensing-induced B modes into account, that adaptive experiments can substantially improve the upper bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio (by factors of 2–3 in single frequency experiments, and possibly even more). Similar techniques can be applied to other surveys, including 21-cm measurements of signatures of the epoch of reionization, searches for a stochastic primordial gravitational wave background, deep-field imaging by the James Webb Space Telescope or various radio interferometers, and transient follow-up searches. A few of these other implementa- tions are now being investigated in follow-up work.

A preprint of this work has recently been uploaded to the arXiv (http://arxiv.org/ pdf/1308.1404.pdf) and submitted it to Phys. Rev. D. for review.

Mark Richardson (School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State Univer- sity): visit to Astrophysics, University of Oxford, October 2013 The cosmological hydrodynamics code Ramses, which uses adaptive mesh refinement was central to this project. Using Ramses and the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics code Hydra, high resolution simulations of energetic feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) in a cluster environment were performed. This permitted the comparison of the effect of numerical method (grid vs particle), resolution and feedback model on the impact of this feedback on the environment. Preliminary work involved comparing the impact of feedback on the central cluster gas density by a redshift of 4. The model with AGN feedback (labeled AGN) was compared with that of no AGN feedback (labeled FID). This work is still ongoing, with a publication expected in the spring. Results were to be presented at a this work at a conference in February 2014.

235 Aditya Rotti (Inter University Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, India): visit to Johns Hopkins University, July 2013

Measuring our local motion using high precision CMB measurements The CMB photons can be used to define a global rest frame. Any observer who does not detect a dipole in the CMB temperature anisotropy map can be defined to be at rest - the CMB rest frame. As a result of this motion, the CMB photons arriving from the direction of motion of the observer get Doppler boosted to higher energies while the ones arriving from the direction opposite to the direction of motion are de-boosted to lower energies. In addition to this, the motion of the observer also results in the CMB photons arriving from a slightly different direction, as compared to their direction of arrival had they been observed from the CMB rest frame. These effects result in a distortion of the observed CMB sky.

Specifically, this distortion causes the CMB sky to be rendered statistically anisotropic. The BipoSH basis forms a convenient basis to study the CMB two point correlation function in an anisotropic universe. The coefficients of expansion in this basis, BipoSH coefficients, are a natural generalisation to the well-known CMB angular power spectrum. These BipoSH coefficients completely encode complete information of the distortions induced in a Doppler boosted CMB sky. It can be shown that by measuring the BipoSH coefficients from a Doppler boosted CMB map, it is possible to recover the amplitude and direction of the velocity of the observer. An algorithm was developed to recover the direction and magnitude of the moving observer (with respect to the CMB rest frame) from measurements of Doppler boosted CMB temperature anisotropies.

Researchers: Project Director: Dr. Chris Lintott Advisory Committee: Dr. Adrienne Slyz Professor Marc Kamionkowski Professor John March-Russell

Balzan Awardees 2013/14 Sarah Andreas Shant Baghram Jonathan Davis

236 Yohan Dubois Ely Kovetz Mark Richardson Aditya Rotti

Link: http://balzan.new.ox.ac.uk/home.shtml

237 Shinya Yamanaka

Director of the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) at Kyoto University; Scientific Advisor at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sci- ences (iCeMS), Kyoto University; Senior Investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease in San Francisco; Professor of Anatomy at the Univer- sity of California, San Francisco

2010 Balzan Prize for Stem Cells: Biology and Potential Applications For the discovery of a method to transform already differentiated cells into cells presenting the characteristics of embryonic stem cells.

Institution Administering Research Funds: Kyoto University

Adviser for the Balzan General Prize Committee: Nicole Le Douarin

Molecular Basis During iPS Cell Generation and Its Application

Shinya Yamanaka will use half of his prize to support a five- to six-year research project on molecular mechanisms and application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University. iPS cells were originally generated from mouse and human fibroblasts by retroviral introduction of four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. iPS cells are similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, gene expression and most importantly, pluripotency. It is important to develop a method to differentiate various target cells from iPS cells with high efficiency and safety. Synthetic RNA technologies have a promising outlook for controlling such cell-fate conversion. For example, direct injection of synthetic mRNAs into mammalian cells could serve as a powerful tool for gene therapy and regenerative medicine because transfected mRNAs do not integrate into the genome, thus eliminating the risk of cellular damage such as tumor formation. Furthermore, the injection (being irrelevant to transfer to the nucleus and nuclear events) enables rapid and homogenous gene expression in cell clusters. However, precise control of protein production from directly transferred synthetic RNAs has yet to be attained. Thus, elucidating the design principle of functional RNA molecules could be particularly useful for the next generation of stem cell research.

238 The Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) hired one young faculty member, Dr. Saito, on 1 July 2011, to promote the research to control cell fate using synthetic RNA-based gene manipulation technologies. Dr. Saito attempts to take a synthetic biology approach that leads to understanding and controlling cells through the process of ‘artificially designed’ RNA molecules and RNA-based gene expression systems. Creating artificial RNAs that freely control the functions of cells and applying them to examinations and medical treatments is one of the research goals of this new field. His laboratory will use the unique technology of synthetic biology that designs RNA and/or RNA-protein complexes (RNP) artificially and experimentally evolve them in order to control the fate of target cells depending on cellular environment. In concrete terms, he will engage in the following research projects:

1. Developing a technique to control cell fate with high safety and purity using artificial RNA/RNP molecular complexes. 2. Developing artificial RNA/RNP-based genetic switches that can detect specific protein and/or RNA expression and control ON/OFF of the translation of target genes.

Advances made in fiscal year 2013 included the successful development of synthetic RNA switch extension technology that points to next-generation technology for control of gene expression (Endo K., Nat. Commun. 4:2393, 2013). An outline of these developments is given below.

At present, in order to alter cell fate from iPS cell to differentiated cell, genes have to be induced, for instance by adding growth factor, chemical substances, or other external additives at each stage of the culture process. This means that fate control responsive to intracellular conditions is challenging. The research team introduced above is engaged in the development of RNA switches that will make it possible to control cell fate by adjusting the expression of external genes in response to intracellular conditions (Saito H., Nat. Commun. 2:160, 2011). In their previous research, an OFF switch to repress gene expression and an ON switch to activate expression had to be designed and tuned separately, thus making it difficult to create a switch based on calculating the functions of a module with the target levels of sensitivity and performance.

In their latest work, the Saito group developed a method that allows ready adjustment and inversion of the action of the RNA switch. They have named the resulting device, made of RNA, an “RNA inverter”. The newly developed RNA inverter is able to turn

239 the RNA switch from OFF to ON, switching its function flexibly while maintaining its properties intact. The synthetic mRNA sequence into which this RNA inverter is inserted is rapidly degraded if the target factor is not expressed within the cell. This means that expression of the target gene is switched OFF. Conversely, when the target factor is expressed, the mRNA binds to the target (detection), the mRNA is stabilized depending on the volume of expression (assessment), and the translation of the target external gene is turned on by the inverter (activation). Because the RNA switch is able to independently control gene expression by sensing the intracellular conditions, it should lend itself to a range of applications. It could, for instance, lead to a method for inducing differentiated cells from iPS cells in response to intracellular conditions, or a method of inducing cell death based on exclusive detection of target cells such as undifferentiated cells or cancer cells. iPS cells and subsequently differentiated target cells/tissues would provide unprec- edented opportunities not only for regenerative medicine, but also in disease modelling and drug development. In early 2013, Shinya Yamanaka decided to use his prize to spread iPS cell research over institutes other than CiRA with Dr. Aoi at Kobe University to study recapitulation of several intractable diseases, including cancer by iPS cell technology. In this fiscal year, a new laboratory for the Aoi Group was built at the Kobe University graduate school of medicine. Currently, his team focuses on cancer stem cells, which have been suggested to be the potential for self- renewal and tumorigenesis in certain cancers. To start off, Aoi’s group successfully established a novel technology to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in intes- tinal cancer cells by introducing defined factors and collecting the cells with CSC properties, which leads to a further understanding of cancer disease mechanisms and medical applications.

Researchers: Hirohide Saito, Associate Professor, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University Takashi Aoi, Professor, Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University

Publications:

Endo K, Hayashi K, Inoue T*, Saito H *. 2013. A versatile cis-acting inverter module for synthetic translational switches. Nature Communications. 4:2393.

240 Endo K, Hayashi K, Saito H*, Inoue T*. 2013. Quantitative and simultaneous translational control of distinct mammalian mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 41(13):e135. Hara T, Saito H*, Inoue T*. 2013. Directed evolution of a synthetic RNA-protein module to create a new translational switch. Chemical Communications. 49(37): 3833-5. Kashida S, Saito H*. 2014. A Three-Dimensional Design Strategy for a Protein-Re- sponsive shRNA Switch. Methods Mol. Biol. 1111:269-86. Endo K, Saito H*. 2014. Engineering protein-responsive mRNA switch in Mamma- lian cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 1111:183-96.

Other Relevant Information References for the RNA-based gene synthetic biology technologies developed by Dr. Saito:

Saito H*, Fujita Y, Kashida S, Hayashi K, Inoue T*. 2011. Synthetic human cell fate regulation by protein-driven RNA swiches. Nature Communications. 2:160. Ohno H, Kobayashi T, Kabata R, Endo K, Iwasa T, Yoshimura S, Takeyasu K, Inoue T*, Saito H*. 2011. Synthetic RNAprotein complex shaped like an equilateral tri- angle. Nature Nanotechnology. 6: 116-120. Saito H*, Kobayashi T, Hara T, Fujita Y, Hayashi K, Furushima R, Inoue T*. 2010. Synthetic Translational Regulation by an L7Ae-Kink-turn RNP Switch. Nature Chemical Biology. 6: 71-78.

*corresponding author

241 Index Institutions A Abbazia di Montecassino, 18 Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 206 Genomics Research Center, 206 Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 87 Archaeological Institute, 87 Accademia Clementina, Bologna, 36 Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 36, 105, 107, 108 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Data Center (ASDC), Frascati, 150 American Academy in Rome, 17, 18 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge MA, 72 American Association of Petroleum Geology, Tulsa OK, 200 Amsterdams Historisch Museum, 67 Argonne National Laboratory, IL, 184, 206 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 78 Association internationale des sociologues de langue francaise (AISLF), Toulouse, 114 Australian National University, Canberra, 124, 191, 193, 195

B Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa, Russia, 158 Beth Mardutho Syriac Institute, Piscataway NJ, 33 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, 18 Bowdoin College, Brunswick ME, 78 British Academy, London, 43, 72 Brown University, Providence RI, 35, 86

C California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena CA, 148, 218 Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC, 183, 186, 187, 218, 220 Carnegie/DOE Alliance Center, 183 Geophysical Laboratory, 183, 184, 187 Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 187 Central European University, Budapest, 97, 98, 99 Centre International de Recherche aux Frontières de la Chimie, Strasbourg, 137

245 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble, 207 Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio, Vicenza, 17 Cesar Chavez High School, Washington DC, 186 China Academy of Art, Hangzhou, China, 86 Chinese University of Hong Kong, 98, 99 Collège de France, Paris, 58, 59, 127, 144, 200, 229 Columbia University, New York NY, 76, 86, 95, 128, 140 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 140, 141 Comer Science and Education Foundation, Chicago IL, 140 Convent of the Sacred Heart, Greenwich CT, 186 Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 52, 177

D Daugavpils Universitātes, Latvia, 78 De Montfort University, Leicester, 78 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn, 173 Duke University, Durham NC, 33, 177

E École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris, 78, 90, 112 Centre de Recherches sur le Japon (CRJ), Paris, 78 École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Lyon, 184 École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, 58, 195 Institut européen d’histoire de la République des Lettres – Respublica Literaria, 58 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 179 Laboratoire de Photonique et Interfaces (LPI), 179 European Commission, Brussels, 113 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 219 European University Institute (EUI), San Domenico di Fiesole, 116, 117

F Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, 89, 90 Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (LEPS), 89, 90 Fondation Singer Polignac, Paris, 59 Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, Florence, 128 Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini Collezione Burri, Città di Castello (Perugia), 36 Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique (FNS), Bern, 128

246 Foundation of the Center for the Study of Social Representations Studies of Southeast Asia, Jakarta, 91 Freie Universität zu Berlin, 87 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 118 Fundação Carlos Chagas, São Paulo, Brazil, 89 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 215

G Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 118 German Centre of the International Theatre Institute (ITI), Berlin-Kreuzberg, 24, 28 Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, 238 Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 55, 114, 177 Good Counsel High School, Olney MD, 186

H Harvard University, Cambridge MA, 17, 48, 78, 85, 86, 87, 96, 154, 176, 177, 214, 223, 225 Graduate School of Education, 45 Harvard Medical School, 223, 225 Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 63, 121, 173 Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (HAW), 85, 87, 88 Helsingin Yliopiston (University of Helsinki), 118 Högskolan i Jönköping (University of Jönköping), 216 H.M. (UK) Government Cabinet Office, London, 77 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 78, 121, 123

I Imperial College London, 77, 78, 197, 199, 228 Imperial War Museum, London, 77 Independent University of Moscow, 157, 158 Institut d’Optique Graduate School (IOGS), Palaiseau, 133 Institut de France, Paris, 58, 127 Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 58, 59, 125 Académie Française, 58 Institut de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, Sion, 169 Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 227, 229 Institut Pasteur, Paris, 144, 147 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ, 157

247 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, 158 Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 226 Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP), Cuernavaca, 215 International Court of Justice, The Hague, 72, 73, 75 International Criminal Court, The Hague, 73 Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Naples, 59 Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Florence, 105

J Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 214 Jilin University (JLU), Changchun, China, 184 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 179 John Moores University, Liverpool, 78 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 117, 215, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236

K Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 216 King’s College London, 75,78,121,124 Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW), Amsterdam, 66 Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 66 Kyoto University, 238, 240 Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), 238, 239, 240 Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), 238

L London School of Economics (LSE), 78 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 77 Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden, 219

M Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, 69, 70, 96 Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, 171, 172 Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rome, Bibliotheca Hertziana, 59 Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Seewiesen, 177 McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 86, 222, 225 Montreal Neurological Institute, 222 Medical Research Council (MRC), London & Swindon UK, 214

248 Meijo University, Nagoya, 191 Michigan State University, Lansing MI, 177, 228, 229 Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, Paris, 58 Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Paris, 58 Musée de Lille, 59 Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln, 87

N National Central University (NCU), Jhongli City, Taiwan, 206 National Cheng-Kung University (NCKU), Tainan City, Taiwan, 206 National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan, 191, 192 Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials, 191 National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, 86, 122, 206 Medical School, 206 National Yang Ming University (NYMU), Taipei, Taiwan, 98 NEC Central Research Laboratories, Kawasaki, Japan, 191 Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie (NIOD), Amsterdam, 78 New York University, New York NY, 31, 32, 50, 53, 63, 78, 86, 94

O Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 73 Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 86 Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, 78

P Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, 220 Polo Museale Romano, Rome, 59 Pomona College, Claremont CA, 82 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 177 Princeton University Princeton NJ, 30, 31, 33, 35, 65, 77, 78, 118, 157, 175, 176, 177, 216 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 175 Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, 214

Q Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada, 59

249 R Rice University, Houston TX, 77, 78 Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg, 55, 85, 86, 87 Institut für Kunstgeschichte Ostasiens, 85 Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 158 Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, 158 Steklov Mathematical Institute, 158 Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada, 225

S Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA, 137, 138 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 18, 62, 63, 105 Semmelweis Egyetem (University), Budapest, 215, 216 Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, 77, 78 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, 177 Società Filosofica Italiana, Rome, 109 St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 158 Stanford University, Stanford CA, 86, 87, 124 State University of New York (SUNY), Stony Brook NY, 228, 229 Stiftung Universität Hildesheim, 25, 27 Stockholms Universitet, 216

T Technische Universität Berlin, 109 Thomas Jefferson High School, Alexandria VA, 186 Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, 164

U United Nations, New York and Geneva, 72, 74 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Ge- neva, 73 Universidad de Buenos Aires, 97, 98 Universidad de Guadalajara, 91 Universidade de Brasília, 89 Centro Internacional de Pesquisa em Representações e Psicologia Social “Serge Moscovici”, 89 Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil, 228

250 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 228 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 215 Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil, 228 Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador, 177 Università di Bologna, 22, 36, 91 Università di Firenze, 128 Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 89, 90 Centro Mediterraneo per lo studio delle Rappresentazioni Sociali, 89, 90 Università di Napoli “L’Orientale”, 23, 86 Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 136, 148, 149, 150 Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, 78 Università di Teramo, 78 Università di Trento, 78 Università di Verona, 127 Universitas Katolik Atmajaya, Jakarta, 91 Ganeca Foundation, 91 Universitas Varsoviensis (Warsaw), 78 Universitat de València, 90 Universität Basel, 168 Biozentrum, 168 Universität Bern, 22, 56 Universität Bielefeld, 102 Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Forschung (ZiF), 102 Universität Hamburg, 24 Zentrum für Theaterforschung, 24 Universität Konstanz, 45, 128, 177 Universität Leipzig, 25, 27 Universität Münster, 78 Universität Zürich, 55, 120, 121, 158, 175, 176, 177 Zoologisches Museum, 175 Universitatea din Bucureşti, 91, 97, 98 Université Bordeaux 1, 228, 229 Université de Fribourg, 22 Université de Genève, 20, 22, 23, 45, 105, 107, 109 Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé, 105, 109 Université de Lausanne, 20, 22, 23 Université de Montréal, 122, 123

251 Université de Neuchâtel, 22, 23 Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille I, 91 Université de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, 112 Université Denis-Diderot Paris 7, 219 Université Libre de Bruxelles, 78 Université Lumière Lyon 2, 90 Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg, 112 Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-Marseille III, 200 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 231 Institut d’Astrophysique, 231 Universiteit Leiden, 86 Universiteit van Amsterdam, 67 Universitetet i Oslo, 45, 46, 47 Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, 45, 46, 47 University College London, 45, 48, 50, 69, 75, 214 The Bartlett School of Planning, 69 International Institute for Society and Health, 214 Institute of Health Equity, 214 University of Athens, Greece, 77 University of Birmingham, 47, 77 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 177 University of California, Berkeley CA, 40, 171, 172, 173, 218, 220 Energy Biosciences Institute, 218 University of California, Irvine CA, 86 University of California, Los Angeles CA, 62, 81, 86, 118, 177 University of California, San Diego CA, 96, 118 University of California, San Francisco CA, 238 University of California, Santa Cruz CA, 177 University of Cambridge, 40, 41, 47, 100, 101, 116, 122, 135, 140 Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), 116, 119 The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 100, 101 University of Chicago IL, 86, 88, 203 University of Cincinnati OH, 177 University of Edinburgh, 117 University of Essex, Colchester, 78 University of Exeter, 101, 102, 118

252 University of Georgia, Athens GA, 177 University of Glasgow, 74 University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, 220 University of Leicester, 118 University of Limerick, 77 University of Liverpool, 77, 78 University of London, 28, 45, 47, 76, 86, 116, 117, 121, 122 Birkbeck College, 76 Goldsmiths, 28 Queen Mary, 45, 116, 117 School of Advanced Study (Institute of Contemporary British History), 78 School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 86 Warburg Institute, 122 University of Manchester, 77, 78 University of Melbourne, 63 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 18, 86, 95, 96 University of Missouri, St. Louis MO, 78, 177 University of Notre Dame, South Bend IN, 177 University of Nottingham, 45, 47, 48, 74 Human Rights Law Centre, 74 University of Otago, Wellington NZ, 216 University of Oxford, 231, 233, 235 Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, 231 New College, 231 Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict, 74 St. John’s College, 43, 45, 47, 48 University of Pittsburgh PA, 86 University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 164, 165 Diamantina Institute, 164, 165 University of Reading, 77 University of Sheffield, 177 University of Southampton, 77, 102 University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, 40, 96 University of Sydney, 95 University of Tel Aviv, 172 University of Texas, Austin, TX, 177 University of Toronto, Canada, 53, 86, 96

253 University of Toyama, Japan, 215 University of Ulster, Coleraine, 76 University of Victoria, Canada, 118 University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, 78 University of Warwick, 230 University of Washington, Seattle WA, 177 University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 96 University of Westminster, London, 77 University of Wolverhampton 77, 78 University of York, 77, 177 Uppsala Universitet, 118

W Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 228, 229 Wellcome Trust, London, 77

Y Yale University, New Haven CT, 52, 77, 78, 117 York University, Toronto, Canada, 78 Young Foundation, London, 69, 70

Z Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou, China, 184

254 People

A Ballone, Angela, 63 Abric, Jean-Claude, 91, 92 Banda, Enric, 140, 183, 193, 200, 207 Abzhanov, Arkhat, 176 Banks, Kathryn, 47, 49 Ackerman, James, 17-19 Barber, John, 77 Afary, Janet, 81, 82 Barkett, Claire, 185, 186, 188 Agranovich, Mikhail, 158 Barragán, Veronica, 177 Aikin, Randol, 154, 155, 156 Baru, Rama, 214, 216, 217 Akande, Dapo, 72, 74 Basak, Polly, 77 Akiko of Mikasa, 86 Bassanesi, Sergio Luiz, 215, 216 Allouche, Jean-Paul, 127 Beck, Pierre, 184, 187 Amir-Ebrahimi, Masserat, 81, 82, 83 Beevor, Antony, 78 Anderson, Miranda, 49 Beloshapka, Valery, 158 Andréani, Louis, 200, 201, 202 Beltramini, Guido, 18 Andreas, Sarah, 232, 236 Berberian, Houri, 81, 82, 83 Angeli, Giovanna, 128 Berger, Michael, 137, 138 Appuhn, Karl, 18 Berger, Pierre, 228, 229, 230 Arnold, Carrie, 138 Berridge, Virginia, 77 Arnold, Michael, 177 Berry, Sharon Elizabeth, 96 Arzhantsev, Ivan, 158, 159 Bessel, Richard, 77, 78, 79 Atkin, Nicholas, 77 Betea, Lavina, 91, 92 Avagliano, Don Faustino, 18 Beutler, Bruce, 137-139 Ávila, Artur, 228, 229, 230 Bhattacharya, Sanjoy, 77 Avilés, Leticia, 177 Bi, Fei, 86 Aymard, Maurice, 92 Biasiori, Lucio, 63 Bitter, David, 99 B Blasi, Maria Pia, 18 Babbi, Anna Maria, 127, 128 Blasius, Amanda, 138 Baczko, Bronislaw, 20-23 Block, Ned, 98, 99 Baer, Monika, 56, 57 Bloom, Phillip, 87 Baghram, Shant, 232, 236 Blumenthal, Antje, 164, 165, 166 Bähler, Ursula, 128, 129 Bobak, Martin, 215, 216, 217 Bailey, Rod, 77 Bock, James, 148, 155 Balleriaux, Catherine, 118 Boehmer, Elleke, 45 Ballinger, Pamela, 78, 80 Bogdanovich, Zhanna, 77

255 Boger, Dale, 138 Campos, P. H. F., 90, 92 Bolens, Guillemette, 45 Carpenter, John, 86 Bombarde, Odile, 127, 130 Carr, Jennifer, 96 Bonatti, Christian, 228, 229 Carrante, Massimo, 86 Bondarko, Mikhail, 158, 159 Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 81, 112 Bonnefoy, Yves, 127 Carston, Robyn, 45 Bordes-Benayoun, Chantal, 112, 114 Caso, Ramiro, 97 Borisov, Denis, 158, 159, 160 Catanorchi, Olivia, 105, 107, 110 Borri, Matteo, 106, 107, 110 Cave, Terence, 43-49 Bostwick, Kimberly, 177 Celenza, Christopher S., 18 Botley, Paul, 66, 67 Cerquiglini-Toulet, Jacqueline, 128 Bourgain, Pascale, 127 Chaibang, Adisorn, 220, 221 Boyd, Michael, 102, 104 Champtiaux, Nicolas, 145, 146 Brakefield, Paul, 177 Chandiran, Aravind Kumar, 181, 182 Brauneck, Manfred, 24-29 Chandola, Tarani, 215, 216, 217 Brett, Annabel, 118 Chang, Sandra, 18 Broecker, Wallace, 140-143 Chang, Y.-W., 204, 206 Brown, Peter R. L., 30-35 Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 144-146 Bruschi, Arnaldo, 18 Chelkak, Dimitry, 158 Bubner, Patrizia, 219, 221 Chen, Kaijun, 86 Buchstaber, Victor, 158, 161 Chen, Li-Wei, 86 Buckland, Rosina, 86 Chen, Xin, 85 Buckner, Randy, 223, 225 Cheneau, Marc, 133, 134 Bügener, Annette, 86 Chesters, Timothy, 47, 49 Bulinskiy, Alexander, 158 Chien, Li-Kuei, 86 Bullard, Melissa, 18 Chiu, Lingting, 86 Burman, Yurii, 158 Chong, Yun-Chak, 98 Burns, Howard, 18 Christov, Theodor, 118 Busino, Giovanni, 89 Ciaralli, Antonio, 18 Büttner, Christof, 86 Ciccolella, Federica, 18 Ciliberto, Michele, 105, 107 C Ciomei, Sergio, 56, 57 Cabibbo, Nicola, 179, 191 Clabaut, Céline, 176, 177 Cafà, Valeria, 17, 19 Clancy-Smith, Julia, 82 Calvelli, Lorenzo, 18 Clément, David, 133, 134 Calvesi, Maurizio, 36-39 Clunas, Craig, 86 Calvo, Martino, 151, 152 Coen, Ester, 37

256 Coffey, John, 118 Deligne, Pierre, 157-163 Cohen, Daniel, 185, 188 Dell’Omodarme, Francesca, 106, 107, 110 Cohen, G. Daniel, 77, 78, 79 Desmarais, Ralph, 77 Cohen, Matthew A., 18, 19 Diaz, Lorenzo, 228, 229 Collet, Beate, 113, 114, 115 Dong, Jie, 86 Colonna Filippone de Montagu, Stefano, 38 Dotson, Brad, 220, 221 Compagnon, Antoine, 127 Dreier, James, 96 Concina, Chiara, 128, 129 Dressen, Angela, 17, 19 Conway, Martin, 77 Dubois, Yohan, 233, 234, 237 Cook, Michael, 118 Dufestel, Xavier, 58, 59, 60 Cooper, Fred, 78, 80 Dworkin, Ronald, 50-54, 94, 122 Copp, Paul, 87, 88 Corbellari, Alain, 128, 129 E Corni, Gustavo, 78 Edwards, Michael, 127 Cote-Bouchard, Charles, 96 Edwards, R. Lawrence, 141, 142 Cottet, Sandra, 169 Emiliani, Francesca, 91, 92, 93 Cox, Rosanna, 118 Engammare, Max, 66 Crane, Joelle, 225 Engen, Steinar, 198 Crovisier, Sylvain, 227, 228, 229 Cupperi, Walter, 18 F Currie, Gregory, 45, 48 Fabbri, Natacha, 106, 107, 108, 110 Curzietti, Jacopo, 36, 37, 38 Fantini, Bernardino, 105, 107, 111 Farkas, Mirjana, 22 D Faure, Philippe, 145 Dambruoso, Alberto, 37, 38, 39 Feder, Jeffrey, 177 Davis, Jonathan, 233, 236 Feigin, Boris, 157, 160 Davis, Walter B., 86 Feigin, Evgenii, 158, 160 Dawson, Hannah, 117, 118 Felbeck, Friederike, 25, 26, 29 de Bernardis, Paolo, 148-156 Feldman, David, 76, 77, 79 de Figueiredo, Luiz Henrique, 228 Feltens, Frank, 86 de Jonge, Henk Jan, 66 Ferente, Serena, 118 de Laurentis, Pietro, 86 Figes, Orlando, 78 De Vogli, Roberto, 215 Finscher, Ludwig, 55-57 DeBolt, Seth, 220, 221 Fiore, Camilla, 136, 137, 138 Dechnik, Belinda, 195, 196 Flotté, Nicolas, 200, 201, 202 Dehaene, Stanislav, 145, 146 Forman-Barzilai, Fonna, 118 Dekel, Avishai, 173 Förster-Schreiber, Natascha, 172, 173

257 Frank, Matthew, 77, 78 Gramsch, Stephen, 186, 187, 190 Franklin-Hall, Laura, 95, 97, 98 Granon, Sylvie, 145 Fransson, Eleonor, 216 Grant, Peter, 175-178 Frazer, Ian, 164-167 Grant, Rosemary, 175-178 Freiburghaus, Gabriela, 56, 57 Grasskamp, Anna Katharina, 86 Frith, Chris, 101 Grassmück-Zhang, Shaohua, 86 Fukuyama, Hidehiro, 138, 139 Grätzel, Michael, 179-182 Fumaroli, Marc, 58-61, 127 Green, Felicity, 118 Gregor, Neil, 77 G Gromelski, Thomasz, 118 Gabriel, Angharad, 123 Gross, Jan, 77, 78 Gaina, Alex, 215, 216, 217 Gu, Yi, 86 Galderisi, Claudio, 228 Gu, Ying, 219, 221 Galli, Ida, 89, 90, 92 Guarino, Pablo, 228, 229, 230 Gardikas, Katerina, 77, 79 Gündüz, Eran, 114, 115 Garon, Sheldon, 77 Guo, Hui, 86 Gasparini, Patrizia, 128, 129 Gussein-Zade, Sabir, 158 Gatrell, Peter, 77, 78 Gustafsson, Bengt, 231 Gavalas, Giorgos, 101, 102, 104 Gyewon, Kim, 86 Gee, Jennifer, 177 Gehring, Walter, 168-170 H Genewein, Claire, 57 Ha, Polly, 118 Genzel, Reinhard, 171-174 Haggith, Toby, 78 Georgakopoulou, Myrto, 102 Hall, Peter, 69-71 Ghys, Étienne, 226, 227 Halldenius, Lena, 118 Gibbard, Allan, 95 Hamon, Melanie, 147 Gillingham, John, 78 Hamon, Youri, 201 Ginzburg, Carlo, 62-64, 107 Hampsher-Monk, Iain, 118 Gisiger, Thomas, 145, 146 Han, Zhi-Yan, 145 Godfray, H. Charles J., 197 Haroche, Claudine, 127 Goeschel, Christian, 77 Harris, Paul, 45, 48 Golub, Camil, 97 Harrison, Mark, 78, 79 Gorlitzki, Yoram, 77 Hassiotis, Loukianos I., 78 Gorodentsev, Alexey, 158 Hattori, Cordélia, 58, 59, 60 Gosetti-Ferencei, Jennifer, 49 Hau, Michaela, 177 Gourmelon, Nicolas, 228, 229 He, Liqun, 87 Grafton, Anthony, 65-68 Heeg, Günther, 25, 27

258 Heisler, Marcus, 218, 219, 220, 221 Jouzel, Jean, 208, 209, 210, 211 Helgeson, James, 47, 49 Joyce, Richard, 95 Heller-Roazen, Daniel, 127, 128 Hemley, Russell, 183-190 K Hennings, Anne, 86 Kainulainen, Jaska, 118 Hensel, Andrea, 25, 26, 27, 29 Kalampalikis, Nikos, 90, 92, 93 Higgins, Rosalyn, 72-75 Kaloshin, Vadim, 158 Ho, Pik Ki Peggy, 86 Kamionkowski, Marc, 236 Hobsbawm, Eric, 76-80 Karr, Susan, 118 Hobson, Marian, 45 Kaufmann, Thomas, 118 Hoeck, Paquita, 176, 177, 178 Kaukinen, Anne, 138, 139 Hoffmann, Jules, 137-139, 147 Keblusek, Marika, 67 Horowitz, Sophie, 96 Keddie, Nikki R., 81-84 Howden-Chapman, Philippa, 216 Keller, Lukas, 176 Hsu, Shun-Pin, 98 Khazeni, Arash, 82, 83 Huang, Yu-chin, 86 Khelemskiy, Alexander, 158 Huemer, Christine, 18 Khovanski, Askold, 158 Huey, Raymond, 177 Kim, Minku, 86 Hulton, Ana, 97 Kim, Youn-mi, 85 Hung, Joy Chihyi, 98 Kitcher, Philip, 95 Husson, Laurent, 200, 201, 202 Kitson, Simon, 77 Klein, Denise, 225 I Knust, Jennifer, 18 Iijima, Sumio, 191-192 Koch, Christine, 25, 26, 27, 29 Ilyashenko, Yuliy, 157 Kochanowicz, Jacek, 78 Inowlocki, Lena, 113, 114 Kocsard, Alejandro, 228, 229, 230 Iodice, Nicola, 58, 59 Kolaiti, Patricia, 49 Ionescu, Stefan, 97 Kovetz, Ely, 234, 237 Isaac, Joel, 117, 118 Kolesnikov, Pavel, 158, 160 Kopp, Mária S., 215, 216, 217 J Koropecki, Andrés, 228, 229, 230 Jackson, John E., 127 Kovac, John, 154, 155 James, Harold, 78, 80 Kozlov, Valeriy, 158 James, Maura, 185, 186, 188 Kralik, Christine, 18 Jaxcsens, Eileen, 118 Krebs, John, 175, 203, 222 Jeanneret, Michel, 45 Krebs, Philippe, 138 Jodelet, Denise, 90, 92 Kukkonen, Karin, 46, 47, 48, 49

259 Kuncevic, Lovro, 118 Liu, F.-G. R., 204, 206 Kung, Andrew, 185, 188 Liu, Hesheng, 223, 225 Kuznetsov, Alexander, 158, 161 Liu, Lihong, 86 Liu, Yu-jen, 86 L Loget, Nicolas, 201, 202 Labarthe, Patrick, 128 Loktev, Sergey, 158, 161 Lagrou, Pieter, 78, 80 López, Jorge Eric, 228, 230 Lamagna, Luca, 150, 151 Lorius, Claude, 207-213 Lando, Sergey, 158 Losada, Alfonso, 98 Lande, Russell S., 197-199 Losos, Jonathan, 177 Lange, Andrew, 148-156 Loughlin, Thomas, 102 Langlois, Suzanne, 78 Luk, Yu Ping, 86 László, Krisztina, 215, 217 Lullo, Sheri A., 86 Lauritzen, Frederick, 18 Lütteken, Laurenz, 56, 57, 122, 123 Le Douarin, Nicole, 137, 144, 168, 238 Lynch, Frances, 77 Le Magueresse, Corentin, 145 Lyne, Raphael, 45, 47, 49 Le Novère, Nicolas, 145 Lyubich, Michael, 227, 228, 229 Le Pichon, Xavier, 200-202 Le Rider, Jacques, 127 M Le Roy, Charlotte, 200, 201, 202 Ma, Ya-Chen, 86 Lebow, Katherine, 78 MacAuslan, Rowan, 77 Ledderose, Lothar, 85-88 Mac Carthy, Ita, 47, 49 Lee, Daniel, 118 Macioce, Stefania, 37 Lefevre, Sylvie, 128 Madurri, Manchali, 185, 186, 188 Lenski, Richard, 177 Maezaki, Shinya, 86 Leonardi, Lino, 128 Magnusson, Lars, 118 Levedahl, Alexander, 185, 187, 188, 190 Maiani, Luciano, 133 Levy, Carl, 77 Maissen, Thomas, 118 Lewinsohn, Jed, 52-53 Malafouris, Lambros, 100, 101, 102, 103 Li, Wen-Hsiung, 203-206 Malcolm, Noel, 118 Li, Wuxing, 219, 220 Maliks, Reidar, 118 Lifschitz, Avi, 118 Mantena, Karuna, 117, 118 Lima, Yuri, 228 Malyutina, Sofia, 215, 216, 217 Lin, Fan, 86 Mao, Ho-kwang, 183-190 Lin, Jing-Yi, 201 March-Russell, John, 236 Lindblad, Per Olof, 148, 171 Margaritis, Evi, 102 Lintott, Chris, 236 Marías, Fernando, 18

260 Marková, Ivana, 92 N Marland, Elisabeth, 204, 206 Nagel, Thomas, 50, 51, 94-99 Martens, Marco, 227, 228, 229 Natanzon, Sergey, 158 Marmot, Michael, 214-217 Nelson, Eric, 118 Masi, Silvia, 151 Newhouse, Sheldon, 228, 229 Mattarollo, Steven, 165, 166, 167 Ng, Sau Wah, 86 Matteoli, Marco, 106, 107, 111 Nicolaci, Michele, 37, 38, 39 Matthiae, Paolo, 30, 100 Nijhout, Frederik H., 177 Matveev, Sergey, 158 Noor, Mohamed, 177 Mayhew, Emily, 77 Nord, Philip, 77 Mazower, Mark, 76, 77, 78, 79 Nowicki, Stephen, 177 McElligott, Anthony, 77 Nozomi, Naoi, 86 McKee, Christopher, 173 McReynolds, Daniel, 17, 19 O Mény, Yves, 117 Oblezin, S.V., 158 Merridale, Catherine, 77 O’Brient, Roger, 154, 155, 156 Meyerowitz, Elliot, 218-221 Orfali, Birgitta, 92 Michaut, Lydia, 168, 169, 170 Oudai Celso, Yamina, 106, 107, 109, 111 Michelson, David, 31, 32, 33, 34 Ozkul, Basak Demires, 69, 70, 71 Milam, Per-Erik, 96 Milner, Brenda, 222-225 P Milstein, Oren, 138 Pacífico, Maria José, 228, 229 Milward, Alan, 77, 78 Pacquette, Gabriel, 117 Molinari, Luisa, 91, 92 Padoa Schioppa, Antonio, 50 Molloy, Barry, 102 Pajak, Andrzej, 215, 216, 217 Morcom, Shaun, 77 Paleja, Meera, 225 Moreira, Carlos Gustavo, 228, 229 Palis, Jacob, 226-230 Mortimer, Sarah, 118 Panayi, Panikos, 78 Moscovici, Serge, 89-93 Panov, Taras, 158, 161 Mottahedeh, Roy, 82 Park, Jong Phil, 86 Mout, Nicolette M.E.H., 65, 105 Pastur, Leonid, 158 Moutafi, Ioanna, 102 Patel, Kiran, 78 Mraz, Attila, 98 Peñafiel, Nicolás, 177 Mühle, Eduard, 78 Pérez, Juan Antonio, 90, 92, 93 Müller, Sabine, 48, 49 Perkins, Ryan, 96 Müller-Wesemann, Barbara, 25, 26 Permanadeli, Risa, 91, 92 Munteanu, Dana, 18 Petit, Jean Robert, 208

261 Petren, Kenneth, 177 Reich, Orsolya, 98 Petrolini, Chiara, 106, 107, 111 Reinisch, Jessica, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 Petrucci, Armando, 18 Renfrew, Colin, 100-104 Petruccione, John, 18 Rentsch, Ivana, 57 Pettit, Philip, 118 Reuter, Martina, 118 Pick, Daniel, 78 Reyer, Uli, 177 Piedrahita, Paolo, 177 Riall, Lucy, 78 Pikhart, Hynek, 215, 216, 217 Richardson, Mark, 235, 237 Pinheiro, Vilton, 227, 228 Ricklefs, Robert, 177 Polenta, Gianluca, 150, 151 Ridoux, Charles, 128, 129 Pons, Silvio, 78, 79 Rifkind, David, 17, 19 Porret, Michel, 20, 22, 23 Ringer, Monica, 82 Positselski, Leonid, 158 Rivera, Jaqueline, 185, 186, 187, 188 Potrie, Rafael, 228, 229 Robert, Jean-Noël, 127 Prachumwat, Anuphap, 204, 205, 206 Romijn, Peter, 78 Prettyman, Adrienne, 96 Rösch, Petra, 87 Pujals, Enrique, 227, 228, 229 Rosset, François, 20, 22, 23 Purcell, Anthony, 195, 196 Rossi, Federica, 17, 19 Rossi, Luciano, 127 Q Rossi Monti, Paolo, 105-111 Quataert, Eliot, 173 Rostaing, Corinne, 114, 115 Rostam-Kolayi, Jasamin, 81, 82, 83, 84 R Rothschild, Emma, 78 Raben, Remco, 78 Rotti, Aditya, 236, 237 Radding, Charles M., 18 Rouby, Hélène, 195, 196 Radhakrishnan, Manu, 18 Rovella, Alvaro, 228 Radut, Luciana, 91, 92 Rovinski, Marat, 158, 162 Ramos-Womack, Margarita, 177, 178 Rowland, Ingrid, 18 Raphaël, Freddy, 112, 114 Roy, Olivier, 82 Rawson, Jessica, 86 Rueger, Jan, 77 Raynaud, Dominique, 208, 209, 211, 212, Rüegg, Walter, 58, 112 213 Ruini, Daniele, 128, 129 Razborov, Alexander, 158 Ryan, Michael, 177 Read, Christopher, 77 Rybnikov, Leonid, 158, 161, 162 Reades, Jonathan, 70, 71 Recchia, Francesca, 70, 71 S Reed, Jim, 45 Sabisch, Petra, 25, 26, 29

262 Sabnis, Sonia, 18 Sevela, Marie, 78 Sæther, Bernt-Erik, 198 Shadrin, Sergei, 158 Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole, 31, 32, 34, Shapiro, Kristen, 173 35 Sharifi, Azadeh, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Saito, Hirohide, 239, 240, 241 Shaw, Kerry, 177 Salatino, Maria, 151, 152 Shen, Alexander, 158 Salavecz, Gyöngyvér, 215, 216, 217 Shephard, Ben, 77, 78, 79 Salenice, Irena, 78 Shi, Jie, 86 Salgado, Nelly, 215, 217 Shilnikov, Leonid, 158 Sallette, Jérôme, 145 Shimazu, Naoko, 77, 78 Salvatici, Silvia, 78 Shirali, Mahnaz, 113, 115 Sambarino, Martín, 228, 229 Shiryaev, Albert, 158 Sanchez, Pablo, 167 Shissler, Holly, 81, 82, 84 Santelli, Emmanuelle, 113, 115 Shkredov, Ilya, 158, 163 Santos, Carlos Matheus, 228 Shvidkovsky, Dmitry, O., 17, 36, 85 Savarino, Joel, 208, 209, 211, 212 Sider, Ted, 97 Savin, Anton, 158, 162 Sierhius, Freya, 118 Scheffler, Samuel, 51, 98 Silk, Joseph I., 231-237 Schiffer, Stephen, 97, 98, 99 Silva, Waliston Luiz, 228, 230 Schillaci, Alessandro, 150, 151 Sin Ting Wong, Sapphires, 99 Schimmelpfennig, Irene, 141 Sivakumaran, Sandesh, 72, 74 Schlombs, Adele, 87, 88 Sivaramakrishnan, Kavita, 214, 217 Schnapper, Dominique, 20, 40, 112-115 Skinner, Quentin, 62, 116-119 Schneider, Nicola, 56, 57 Skopenkov, Arcady, 158-163 Schneider, Wolfgang, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Sloan, James G., 72, 74 Scholz, Gottfried, 24, 25, 55, 120 Smith, Iain, 78 Schmidt, Georg, 118 Smith, Olivia, 46, 47, 48, 49 Schmitt, Alexander, 118 Smith, Thomas, 177 Schubert, Leo, 17, 19 Smyth, Mark, 165, 166, 167 Schulze, Rainer, 78 Snowden, Frank, 78, 79 Schweizer, Anton, 85 Snyder, Timothy, 77 Schwenk, Klaus, 177 Soifer, Tom, 148, 155 Seibold, Eugen, 200 Somayazulu, Maddury, 186, 187, 188, 190 Sellevold, Kirsti, 46, 47, 48, 49 Somerville, Christopher, 218-221 Semerdjian, Elyse, 82 Sora, Adriana, 98 Seo, Yoonjung, 86 Sripada, Chandra, 95 Sergeev, Armen, 158 Stacey, Peter, 118

263 Stanton, Timothy, 117, 118 Tremel, Wolfgang, 179 Stargardt, Nick, 78 Trentmann, Frank, 77 Stauder, Adrienne, 216, 217 Treshchev, Dmitry, 158 Stauffacher, Werner, 164, 214 Troncarelli, Fabio, 18 Steinert, Johannes-Dieter, 77, 78, 79 Troscianko, Emily, 48, 49 Stephanson, Anders, 78 Tsai, Suey-ling, 87 Stern, David, 176 Tseng, Chin-Yin, 86 Sternberg, Amiel, 173 Tsfasman, Michail, 158 Stierle, Karlheinz, 43, 45, 58, 125, 127, 128 Tsilaga, Flora, 78, 79 Street, Sharon, 95, 97 Tsuchida, Ami, 225 Strevens, Michael, 97 Tully, James, 118 Stroumsa, Guy, 62, 63 Summerfield, Penny, 77, 78 U Sun, Lei, 138 Unger, Peter, 98 Sun, Ye-Ying, 195, 196 Urchueguía, Cristina, 56, 57 Sung, H.-M., 204, 206 Uulders, Hedzer, 128, 129 Swain, Nigel, 77 Suter, Peter, 147 V Vale, Lawrence, 69 T Valencia, Sylvia, 90, 91, 92 Tahvanainen, Antti, 118 van Miert, Dirk, 66, 67, 68 Taimanov, Iskander, 158 Van Montagu, Marc, 135, 218 Takahashi, Nobushiro, 86 Van Strien, Sebastian, 228, 230 Takamatsu, Mari, 86 Varão, J. Regis, 228, 230 Tambakopoulos, Dimitris, 102 Vassiliev, Victor, 157 Tanner, Jakob, 78 Vdovin Evgenii, 158, 163 Tarantino, Giovanni, 63, 64 Veca, Salvatore, 11, 62, 94, 116 Tarr, Paul, 219, 220 Vershik, Anatoly, 158 Thane, Pat, 78 Viana, Marcelo, 228 Thomas, Keith, 69, 76 Vinberg, Ernest, 158 Thompson, John, 41, 42 Volpi, Caterina, 37 Timorin, V.A., 158 Tits, Jacques, 157 W Tohidi, Nayereh, 81, 82, 84 Wachsmann, Nik, 78 Tooze, Adam, 77, 78, 79 Wake, David, 177 Touraut, Caroline, 114, 115 Wakita, Mio, 86 Trede, Melanie, 86 Wang, Ching-Ling, 87

264 Wang, Lianming, 87 X Wang, Lin, 184, 187 Xue, Lei, 86 Wang, Su-chin, 86 Wang, Xianfeng, 141 Y Wang, Xiang, 87 Yamanaka, Shinya, 238-241 Wanzenried, Elisabeth, 56 Yang, Jiagang, 238 Watkins, Kate, 225 Yao, Ning, 86 Webb, Philippa, 72, 74, 75 Yella, Aswani, 179, 181 Webster, Aness, 96 Yi, Lidu, 86 Weindling, Paul, 78, 79 Yilmaz, Huseyin, 118 Weinrib, Jacob, 53-54 Yin, Hwang, 88 Weinrich, Harald, 127 Yoccoz, Jean-Christophe, 226, 230 Wenzel, Claudia, 87 Yoshida, Ken, 86 West-Eberhard, Mary Jane, 177 Yu, Jimin, 140, 141 Westbrook, Chris, 134 White, Elizabeth, 76, 77, 78 Z White, Nick, 78 Zagorski, Andrea, 25, 26, 27 Wikelski, Martin, 177 Zahra, Tara, 78, 80 Wilde, Ralph, 72, 74, 75 Zaidi, Waqar, 77, 78, 79, 80 Wildhaber, Luzius, 72 Zászkaliczky, Márton, 118 Williams, Wes, 45 Zelikin, Mikhail, 158 Winter, Jay, 77 Zeng, Charles Qiaoshi, 184, 187 Won, Sungyong, 138 Zink, Michel, 127-130 Wright, Crispin, 97, 98 Zmiaikou, D., 230 Zuccari, Alessandro, 37

265