Erika Pignatti · Sandro Pignatti
Plant Life of the Dolomites Vegetation Tables Publication of the Museum of Nature South Tyrol Nr. 11 ThiS is a FM Blank Page Erika Pignatti • Sandro Pignatti
Plant Life of the Dolomites
Vegetation Tables Erika Pignatti Sandro Pignatti Rome Italy
Publication of the Museum of Nature South Tyrol Nr. 11
ISBN 978-3-662-48031-1 ISBN 978-3-662-48032-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015958096
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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface
The study on the life of plants in the Dolomites is a complex work, and the results largely exceed the limits of a single volume. In fact, the authors think it would be impossible to concentrate in one book an exhaustive account of the large assembly of original observations and experiments carried out by themselves over a period of several decades. Consequently, the authors, in accord with the publishers, decided to divide the results among three volumes. The first volume Plant Life of the Dolomites: Vegetation Structure and Ecology was published in 2014, and here we introduce the second volume on vegetation tables. The third volume Plant Life of the Dolomites: Atlas of Flora will contain chorological data. In general, vegetation monographs are based on lengthy investigations and experiences carried out by different scientists under different conditions of space and time, so that the author of a concluding paper can operate based on the detailed results from a more or less rich previous literature. On the contrary, in the case of the Dolomites, the existing literature was scarce and the authors must play the role of both pioneering explorers and redactors of the final conclusions. The first step of the naturalistic studies consists of the analysis (observations on single individuals, species or ecosystems); with the collection of data a synthesis is later necessary in order to reach the possibility of proposing a theory. The study of vegetation is primarily based on fieldwork (releve´s, pedological observations and ecophysiological measures), and the collected data are the necessary basis for the subsequent elaborations. Usually only the results are exposed in detail and discussed, whereas field data are summarized or somewhat neglected. Here, as we are dealing with unusual dimensions and quantities of data (more than 2000 vegetation surveys), these would have excessively burdened a single book, forcing us to distribute the different arguments in three volumes. In the first volume of Plant Life of the Dolomites, with the subtitle Vegetation Structure and Ecology (in the following cited as ‘Vol. 1’) a great quantity of information and comments are given; nevertheless, it contains only part of the data and observations collected during the many years of fieldwork and research on this argument. We considered it appropriate, in accord with the editors, to concentrate all data from our field research in separate treatments, which will be published in this second volume Vegetation Tables (in the following cited as ‘Vol. 2’) with the phytosociological tables and explicatory notes and in the third volume Atlas of Flora (‘Vol. 3’), in which all observations regarding flora will be exposed.
v vi Preface
For easy comparison with the text and tables of the first volume, the chapter titles and headings in this second volume refer to the chapter and table numbers of the corresponding chapters in the first volume.
Rome, Italy Erika Pignatti Sandro Pignatti Contents
Part I Remarks on Chapters from “Plant Life of the Dolomites: Vegetation Structure and Ecology” (Vol. 1)
Exploration of the Flora and Ecological Factors in the Dolomites ...... 3 Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis ...... 7 Previous Elaborations ...... 7 Classification of the Sesleria Communities Based on Releve´s from the Dolomites ...... 9 Ordination and Interpretation of the Tables ...... 10 Some Questions of Syntaxonomy ...... 12 The Problem of Character Species ...... 14
Part II Association (Vegetation) Tables
Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements” ...... 19 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane Habitat” ...... 43 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” ...... 77 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)” ...... 99 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” ...... 141 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” ...... 153 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” ...... 165 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” ...... 201 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” ...... 239 Association Tables to the Habitat “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges and Peak Habitats” ...... 299
vii viii Contents
Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds” ...... 329 Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats” ...... 339 Geo-Referenced Locations of Releve´s ...... 365 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species ...... 367 Releve´s to “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements” (Chap. 2 in Vol. 1) ...... 368 Releve´s to “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane Habitat” (Chap. 3 in Vol. 1) ...... 373 Releve´s to “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” (Chap. 4 in Vol. 1) ...... 379 Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)” (Chap. 5 in Vol. 1) ...... 384 Releve´s to “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” (Chap. 6 in Vol. 1) ...... 393 Releve´s to “Wet Habitats” (Chap. 7 in Vol. 1) ...... 397 Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) ...... 399 Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) ...... 406 Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) ...... 414 Releve´s to “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges and Peak Habitats” (Chap. 11 in Vol. 1) ...... 424 Releve´s to “Snow Beds” (Chap. 12 in Vol. 1) ...... 429 Releve´s to “Rupestrian Habitats” (Chap. 13 in Vol. 1) ...... 431
Part III Data on Microclimate and Ecophysiology
Energy Flow and Vegetation ...... 439 Light (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 528) ...... 439 Soil Temperature (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 531–532) ...... 439 Microclimate—Methods (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 533–544) ...... 440 Ecomorphological and Ecophysiological Adaptations (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 535) ...... 440 Adaptations to Solar Radiation (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 537) ...... 441 Luminous Cascade ...... 442 The Plant Community and the Bioclimatic Niche (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 538) ...... 442 The Problem of the Reference System ...... 443 Thermal Environment of the Alpine Belt on Limestone and Dolomite (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 540) ...... 443 Microclimate of the Picea abies Belt and at the higher Belts on Acid Soil (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 544) ...... 444 Microclimate of the Deciduous Forests and Meadows (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 546–547) ...... 445 Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) ...... 446 Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem ...... 471 Contents ix
Part IV Vegetation Complexes, Landscape Tables
The Landscape of the Dolomites ...... 487 Observations Along the Dolomite Trail No. 2 (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1, Sect. The Dolomite Trail No. 2, p. 650) ...... 488 The Most Significant Vegetation Complexes in the Dolomites (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1, Sect. The Vegetation Complexes, p. 653) ...... 489 The Vegetation Complex as an Expression of Order (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1, p. 675–681, Fig. 19.19) ...... 489 Landscape Units ...... 491 The Colline (Prealpine) Landscape Unit ...... 491 Montane Landscape Units ...... 493 Subalpine Landscape Units ...... 506 Group of the Rhododendron-Complexes (Landscape Tables 12–15) ...... 513 Alpine Landscape Units on Acid Substrates ...... 525 Alpine Landscape Units on Basic Substrates ...... 532 Three Landscape Systems (Refer to Vol. 1, p. 655, 674) ...... 553 Landscape System of the Prealps ...... 553 Landscape System of the Exterior Dolomites ...... 553 Landscape System of the Interior Dolomites ...... 554 References ...... 557 Part I Remarks on Chapters from “Plant Life of the Dolomites: Vegetation Structure and Ecology” (Vol. 1) Exploration of the Flora and Ecological Factors in the Dolomites
Remarks to Vol. 1: Introduction; From Flora to Vegetation
Study of the flora of the Dolomites, synthetically work, a first general view can be obtained on the outlined in the foreword, has developed over five vegetation of the Eastern Alps and particularly of the centuries. Investigations regarding its vegetation are Dolomites; it also includes phytosociological data. much more recent. The first remarks (in terms of time) Important field activity in the Dolomites was on the plants and environment of the Dolomites date developed by Silvia Zenari (in the Belluno, Cadore back to 1905, when the International Botanical Con- and Comelico areas) during the years 1930–1950. She gress of Vienna concluded with an extensive excursion first described the different substrates based on her through the East Alps. The written guide by original experience in geology. Later, her interests Vierhapper and Handel-Mazzeetti (1905) contains an concentrated on botany, and she developed the first interesting description of the itinerary, from Bolzano ecological study of high mountain vegetation on through Schlern, Campitello, Fedaia, Andraz, rocks with many original observations of the Drei Falzarego, Cortina, Nuvolau, Landro and Toblach, Zinnen/Lavaredo—Cadini mountain groups. She with a large amount of data dealing with vegetation then conducted more extensive monographic research and environment. within the mountain group Schiara—Pelf (Zenari Scientific study of the vegetation on Dolomite 1934), which also includes the very interesting substrates began in the 1920s by Josias Braun- Monte Serva. In this paper, Zenari developed a Blanquet, the maestro of phytosociology. Together descriptive approach that led to the identification of with his wife, Gabrielle, he crossed various parts of communities, which later corresponded to basic the Eastern Alps and on occasion of a visit to his friend phytosociological units. Statistical analysis regarding Erwin Aichinger, at that time forest engineer in altitudinal belts is provided with life forms in order Rosental, visited Carinthia. The first results are to explain the distribution of species. The subsequent published in Braun-Blanquet and Jenny Lips (1926), monograph of the vegetation of Comelico (Zenari regarding some releve´sofFestucetum halleri from 1942) contains descriptions of a large number of Passo Sella and Seiser Alm, and of Curvuletum near biotopes, like a copy of observations written during the Denti di Terrarossa, Giogo di Fassa and Schlern. excursions, and here the floristic interest prevails. These are probably the very first releve´s carried out in In her subsequent publications, Zenari treats only the territory of the Dolomites and as such they are the flora, based on the revision of her abundant retained by Scharfetter (1935). In a successive publi- plant collections. No further important progress in cation (Braun-Blanquet 1931), the vegetation of the terms of the phytosociological analysis of the Dolo- Grossglockner Group is described wherein the experi- mite vegetation occurred during this period and ence gathered during study of Swiss vegetation is used approximately the next 30 years. However, the to describe the vegetation of the Eastern Alps. A few study by Bojko (1929) of a lateral valley of the years later, the treatment by Scharfetter (1935) Gardena Valley must be mentioned; the following followed, based on his personal experiences and on contribution by Caldart is of a more general various contributions of previous authors. From this character.
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_1, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 4 Exploration of the Flora and Ecological Factors in the Dolomites
During the years 1949–1952, the author E.P. (nee´ Dolomites were often observed. At that time, no gen- Erika Wikus), then a student at the University of eral treatment of flora and vegetation of the Dolomites Vienna, conducted extensive field work during the existed. In 1961, the second meeting of the “Ostalpin spring–autumn periods in the Lienz Dolomites Dinarische Assoziation fu¨r Vegetationskunde” took (Osttirol), the north-easternmost range of the place in Brixen with the participation of Dolomites, for her thesis. Her temporary base for E. Aichinger, J. Braun-Blanquet, E. Oberdorfer, fieldwork was the Kerschbaumer Alm (less often the H. Pitschmann, H. Reisigl, O.H. Volk and Karlsbader Hu¨tte), which at that time could be reached M. Wraber. One excursion went to the Passo Sella only after a hike of several hours and ascending about and offered the possibility of discussing Dolomite 1200 m. The material and data collected were vegetation directly in the field with extremely experi- elaborated in Lienz; species were identified under the enced botanists. Since then, our stages in the guidance of Helmut Friedel, the author of an accurate Dolomites became increasingly frequent; during the exploration of vegetation at the border of period 1968–1979 every summer at least a couple of Grossglockner’s Pasterze glacier, and later at the Insti- months were dedicated to fieldwork and research in tute of Plant Physiology of the Vienna University this territory. On a few occasions we had the company (Director Karl Hoefler) with the assistance of of colleagues from Trieste (D. Lausi and L. Poldini, G. Wendelberger and the unforgettable friend Hans later also P.L. Nimis) as well as F.M. Raimondo (from Metlesics. After her doctor degrees she specialized at Palermo) or friends who visited us, among them we the S.I.G.M.A in Montpellier from 1952 to 1953, also record E. and I. Aichinger, A. Hofmann, H. Niklfeld, completing and drawing up her thesis under the guide T. Wraber, T. and N. Dolcher, and I. and T. Boiti. The of J. Braun-Blanquet. This first study of the vegetation latter completed a thesis on the vegetation in the in a Dolomite environment is based on 350 releve´s that higher Valley of Falcade then moved to Predazzo are described in the monographic study of 20 plant where their house became a reference point for associations (Wikus 1958–1961), which, to date, botanists and zoologists interested in the flora and remains the most comprehensive source of data of fauna of the Dolomites. Our friend F. Pedrotti, being vegetation on the Dolomites. born in Trento, developed parallel activity mostly Phytosociological studies were extended to the situated westward of the areas in the Dolomites stud- Dolomitic ranges in Italian territory in the years leading ied by us; the results of his work have also been of up to 1960. This work was inspired by C. Cappelletti great interest to us given the affinity of arguments. In who was, at that time, Professor of Botany in Padova. the following years, several students of Padova and Silvia Zenari, Professor of Systematic Botany in the Trieste Universities elaborated their doctorate same faculty, had become the victim of a car accident, research in the territory of the Dolomites. The very and one of us (S.P.) was called to take her place. first of these, like M. Zanotto, had started with Profes- Cappelletti was interested in ecophysiology for a sor Zenari; others continued during our short period of while and started a series of field experiments in the residence in Padova and, over the next 30 years in Badia Valley (Abteital). In order to have a partner, he Trieste, among them F. Bianchini, G. Cristofolini, specialized in flora even though this was less interesting G.G. Lorenzoni, and E. Feoli. These activities have for him, and promoted phytosociological investigations been opportunities to exchange experiences and col- in this area on various occasions. The University of laboration that have continued over 40 years. Padova organized several summer courses with botani- The decades 1970–1990 saw scientific meetings in cal arguments in Brixen with the participation of Cap- the Dolomites of the International Society for Plant pelletti and the two Pignattis. Geography and Ecology (Ostalpin-Dinarische The very first extensive excursion was carried out Arbeitsgemeinschaft) in Brixen (1961), at the Rifugio by E. and S. Pignatti together with their friend Ruben dal Piaz (Vette di Feltre), Rovereto (1995) as well as Sutter (at that time assistant to Braun-Blanquet in of the Italian Botanical Society (Predazzo, 1974) and Montpellier) in August 1960. The itinerary included of the Botanical Society of the British Isles in Selva di the Sella group, Sassolungo and Catinaccio with Gardena, 18–28 July 1991. Of great importance for dozens of releve´s; the same plant communities that our activity has been the relationship with the forest E.W. had seen and described previously in the Lienz agency of Belluno (dr. A. Merli), co-operating with Exploration of the Flora and Ecological Factors in the Dolomites 5 our research in many ways, particularly with transport The ANPA (the National Environmental Protection and hospitality in areas with restricted access, guides Agency) organized an excursion in the Valley in sum- in the field and assistance from professional experts. mer 1997 and in the Belluno Dolomites and Boite Thanks to dr. Merli we came in contact with experi- Valley in summer 1999. German colleagues have enced naturalists in their territory who have also been contributing original research to the study accompanied us during numerous excursions: of the Dolomites and among them we want to high- C. Lasen, A. Scopel, G. Paoletti, G. Busnardo. Later, light the group of Ko¨ln, coordinated by Professor a first botanical guide of the southern Dolomites D.J. Werner, followed by the research by Wallossek (Lasen C., Pignatti E. and S., Scopel A., 1977) was (1990, 2000), Verjans (1995) and Erschbamer (1990, created. The Dolomites have become a gymnasium of 1992) of Innsbruck University. In the last years, dif- alpine botany: summer courses for students of Trieste ferent portions of the Dolomites have been included in and Rome Universities have taken place in Falcade, extended activities of floristic inventory of Su¨dtirol Gosaldo, Campitello, Passo Sella, S. Vigilio and in the (H. Niklfeld, Th. Wilhalm), Trentino (F. Festi, Dolomites of Sexten. With participation in scientific F. Prosser), and in the Bellunese (C. Argenti, reunions and routine courses, many young students C. Lasen). (of botany, ecology, zoology) who are now researchers During the last three decades, from 1980 until at different levels, have had in the Dolomites their first today, the authors have visited areas that had been imprinting. A clear and up-to-date exposition of the left outside their previous research and completed vegetation of the Fiemme Valley and Pale di floristic inventories, vegetation plots, ecological S. Martino was created by Boiti and Boiti Saffaro measurements and cartography; the last excursion for (1988); these authors distinguish the vegetation belts, the moment was on 13 September 2003 in the Passo about 20 associations, each one accompanied by phy- Rolle and Primiero areas, to provide the GPS tosociological tables that can be judged as examples. references for releve´s taken in the area. Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis
Further Discussion of Vol. 1: Chap. 10 Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites; Introduction; Structure and Classification
Previous Elaborations and those of the pre-alpine belt at lower altitudes are clearly highlighted and are interpreted as a distinct The syntaxonomical arrangements proposed by differ- community, called Carici ornithopodae-Seslerietum. ent authors who have especially studied the Sesleria However, less convincing is the attribution of all grasslands are shown for a comparison in the scheme Sesleria grasslands of the whole alpine chain to the given below. The first arrangement was proposed in Caricon austroalpinae, an argument to which we shall E. Wikus (1958–1961) on the basis of releve´s taken in return later. the Lienz Dolomites (1949–1952), and the following The scheme proposed by Eggensberger (1994) for elaboration during 1953 in the S.I.G.M.A. the Alps of Ammergau in Bavaria is quite complex. It (Montpellier) under the guidance of J. Braun- is based on 110 releve´s and therefore carries all the Blanquet. It is mainly based on the succession of the problems connected with the treatment of large tables, Caricetum firmae towards the Seslerio-Caricetum with which we have also had to deal. The Seslerietum sempervirentis and the Caricion ferrugineae, due to is divided into three sub-associations: increasing soil acidity. The Seslerietum is subdivided – ericetosum, with 65 releve´s, contains mainly sec- into four sub-associations, the first of which (with ondary Sesleria grasslands, generally deriving from Saxifraga caesia) represents the pioneer aspects still Pinus mugo woodlands from which the woody connected with the Firmetum, while the component has been eliminated by natural causes sub-association with Senecio abrotanifolius represents or grazing; the optimal aspect of the community. Due to a further – “without differential species”, documented by leaching of the uppermost superficial stratum of the 38 releve´s corresponding to the natural aspect of soil, acidiphilous species are entering that characterize primary Seslerietum; the sub-association with Potentilla aurea.This – caricetosum mucronatae with seven releve´sisa scheme has its own logic, and the same dynamism particular aspect on sunny and exposed slopes. can often also be observed in the whole of the The scheme by Eggensberger has also inspired us Dolomites, given the geographical vicinity, although even though our releve´s belong to vegetation that it is not applicable as such to our data. In fact, the result in much richer floristic elements (the species Lienz Dolomites, due to their geographical position, number of the Dolomites’ releve´s exceeds that of appear to have a colder climate and seem to be richer Ammergau by 50–75 %). In discussion of these in northern and microthermal species, indicating fre- units, the author frequently uses the consideration of quent soil acidification, a process that is generally rare distributions of relict character, with largely accept- in the true Dolomites (in the South-Tyrol). able conclusions. Furthermore, his evaluation of In the work by Chiapella and Poldini (1993) that aspects of major naturality should be noted: good deals with the plant communities of the calcareous indicator species are often lacking in communities mountains in Carnia, the differences between the with a rich flora, and in the literature they used to be Sesleria grasslands of the main alpine mountain chains noted as ‘typical’ or ‘normal’ variants. This can be
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_2, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 8 Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis
Table 1 Comparison among the different treatments of Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis Number of Area Author Vegetation unit releve´s Lienz Dolomites Wikus (1958–61) Seslerio-Semperviretum (38) Subass. of Saxifraga caesia 14 Subass. of Carex humilis 6 Subass. of Senecio abrotanifolius 12 Subass. of Potentilla aurea 6 Carnic Alps Chiapella and Poldini Carici ornithopodae-Seslerietum 9 (1993) Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis 28 Ammergau Alps Eggensberger (1994) Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis (110) ericetosum herbaceae pseudorelictic form 17 historic form 48 Subass. without differential species (differentialartenlose) var. with Senecio doronicum Daphne striata Subvar. 15 Subvar. without differential species (differentialartenlose) 6 Calamagrostis varia Subvar. Variant without differential species (differentialartenlose) 14 caricetosum mucronatae 7 Bayerische Ro¨sler (1997) Seslerio-Caricetum semperevirentis (182) Alpen caricetosum mucronatae 20 Subass. without differential species (differentialartenlose Subass) var. with Plantago media 85 Variant without differential species (differentialartenlose Variante) montane-subalpine altitudinal form montan-subalpine Ho¨henform 36 alpine altitudinal form alpine Ho¨henform 41 considered nomenclatural subterfuge that has long selaginoides, while groups III–IV are characterized been banned in plant taxonomy where varieties and by Homogyne alpina and Erica carnea, a structure typical subspecies (or eu-subspecies) also exist. In this we also find in our elaboration. case, the author notates these conditions as “differen- Roesler’s treatment (1997) is highly significant tialartenlos” (¼ without differential species), as the because results are based on the highest number of characterisation is not given by the criterion of species releve´s and because they are distributed uniformly on presence–absence, but contains the entire specific the whole northern part of the Bavarian Alps. Besides combination. This seems a reasonable solution that the vast territory examined, the author considers that it we have also adopted (Table 1). is not possible to distinguish geographic subunits In the accurate research of Verjans (1995), the because of the lack of significant differential species; Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis is divided into however, a clear distinction is made in the altitudinal seven habitat groups (Standortsgruppen) based on the sense, and the releve´s of lower altitudes are inserted presence–absence of indicator species; they do not into a distinct association (Laserpitio-Seslerietum). seem to be the result of a multivariate analysis. The floristic composition of the different units is Besides, they are the result of data deriving from the strongly influenced by historical events (glaciations Latemar and Rosengarten areas, which give a partial and nunataks). These conclusions are also confirmed image of the Dolomites. It can be observed that groups by our experience in the Dolomites. The Bavarian V–VI contain the highest values of Selaginella Seslerietum communities also contain a Classification of the Sesleria Communities Based on Releve´s from the Dolomites 9 sub-association C. mucronatae on slopes and windy • Southernmost peaks: Vette, Pizzocco, M. Serva and crests in southern exposition and on primitive soil. In M. Cavallo (nunataks during the glaciations). Roesler’s releve´s, E. carnea plays a reduced role • A further group contains data for pre-alpine because the high rainfall in this region hinders its mountains, separate from the complex of the real participation in the alpine vegetation. Dolomites, such as M. Grappa, the group of Col Visentin and the Small Dolomites (only 14 of 37 available releve´s), which clearly are referring Classification of the Sesleria Communities to a distinct association, the Pimpinellidi- Based on Releve´s from the Dolomites Seslerietum (Table 10.4 pag. 280–287) The aim of this comparison was the research of a The treatments previously discussed contain deeper South-North gradient within the distribution of the analysis describing the characteristics of Sesleria species of the Dolomites. The alternative approach, to communities: 38 releve´s in Wikus (1958–61), 37 in identify a West-East gradient, was abandoned a priori Chiapella and Poldini (1993), 110 in Eggensberger due to the insufficient extension of this area. Indeed, (1994) and 182 in Roesler (1997). In our study, the the tentative plan to detect territorial patterns in the releve´sofSesleria associations are the largest group distribution of species did not bring the expected (with nearly 150 releve´s), and a more exhaustive results, as the differences between the groups of releve´s description of the diversity at the community level from the different areas are scarce and often contradic- has been reached. However, this does not mean that tory. The frequencies in the majority of the species are the ordination of this material has been facilitated; on similar in all groups, or eventual differences appear the contrary, the classification of a large number of randomly distributed. The few cases in which it releve´s contains serious difficulties and requires the seems possible to define a recognisable variation are use of statistical methods, the results of which rarely outlined in Vol. 1, Table 10.4. appear totally satisfactory. A few species are rare in the South and become For the ordination and classification of our releve´s, progressively more frequent towards the alpine chains: we first tried to apply the criteria proposed by previous Aster alpinus, Festuca quadrifolia, Leontopodium authors, then we tried ordination on a territorial basis, alpinum, Gentianella anisodonta, Pedicularis but the results were unsatisfying. Therefore, we succes- rostrato-capitata, Achillea clavennae, Elyna sively applied different multivariate analysis procedures. myosuroides, Trollius europaeus. These elaborations were made possible thanks to techni- Other species are more frequent in the South, cal assistance from Dr. Giuseppe Pignatti (ISAFA showing a progressive decrease towards the North: Trento and Arezzo, ENTECRA Roma). Avenula praeusta, Carlina acaulis, Globularia Territorial articulation—The releve´s have been cordifolia, Trifolium nivale, Betonica alopecurus, distributed into six geographically distinguished terri- Erica carnea, Nigritella nigra. torial groups (see Vol. 1, Table 10.4) that, although Finally, there are species that are rare in the South, differing in terms of the number of releve´s (which vary with increasing frequency in the central region of the in extreme cases up to 1:4), appear to be sufficiently Dolomites, but apparently decreasing again towards representative: the North: Homogyne alpina, Aster bellidiastrum, • Northern mountain chains, mostly between Puster Hieracium bifidum. Valley and Gardena Valley This distribution appears quite casual, so to speak, • Western mountain massifs, Fassa-Dolomites and because there is no clear correlation between the dis- Schlern tributional range in the Dolomites and the general • Area of Cortina: Tofane, Cristallo, Nuvolau, Croda range of these species; those that are more frequent da Lago in the Northern belt cannot be referred to the boreal • Eastern mountain chains: in Cadore, Drei Zinnen/ element, nor can those of the Southern belt be referred Lavaredo and Comelico to the Mediterranean-mountain element. Besides this, • Southern chains from the Pale di S. Martino to it is impossible to establish fixed and certain limits in Civetta, Zoldano area, Sass de Mura and Schiara the distribution of species between one altitudinal belt 10 Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis and another. It seems evident that further research in artefact, but the result in general terms is in line with this sense could be undertaken only by ad hoc that obtained with an analogous method by measures and with adequate methodology. It seems Eggensberger (1994). Therefore, it seems these units that phytosociological releve´s are not able to provide may possibly correspond to different ecological information on this subject. Therefore, the above- conditions. mentioned differences appear scarcely significant. Multivariate analysis—A table with 143 columns  187 lines has been prepared with two successive Ordination and Interpretation treatments using the algorithms ‘similarity ratio’ and of the Tables ‘euclidean distance’. Results seem quite well coherent together, but we shall concentrate only on the calculus Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, the of the euclidean distance–minima variance, which releve´s belonging to the Seslerio-Caricetum seems to give a clearer picture. sempervirentis have been divided into three Independent of the adapted method, the 14 releve´s sub-associations: the first named after Soldanella- belonging to Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum (all from the Homogyne, the second after Euphrasia salisburgensis pre-alpine massifs) directly refer to a cluster strongly and the third after Erica-Globularia. They are divergent from all others. This confirms our hypothe- subdivided into variants and a further four units are sis, already gained in the field, to have to do with a added, represented by few releve´s and only of local community, well distinct in respect of the Seslerio- significance. Caricetum sempervirentis, to which all the other These units correspond to defined clusters given by 129 releve´s (from the alpine area) belong. In this the multivariate analysis procedure; the case, the treatment given by Chiapella and Poldini sub-association Selaginella-Homogyne and the (1993) is confirmed in that they also ascribed the sub-association Euphrasia salisburgensis are strictly pre-alpine Sesleria communities of the mountains in linked and depict the natural aspect of the community Friuli and Carnia to the Carici ornithopodae- to which about two-thirds of the releve´s belong. This Seslerietum (and the releve´s from the alpine chain to aspect corresponds to the sub-association without dif- a different association). Besides, this community, ferential species of the Ammergau Alps although closely related, clearly differs from that in (Eggensberger 1994); the structure is analogous. the Dolomites (Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum); in fact, Also, the most representative variant is lacking proper Carex ornithopodioides as well as Ranunculus venetus differential species in our releve´s. in our releve´s show only a weak presence in this The sub-association Erica-Globularia is less dif- community and its optimum is clearly in different fuse; it generally grows at lower altitudes and, at units. Pimpinella alpestris, which characterizes our least in part, contains secondary Sesleria communities releve´s, is lacking in the table of Chiapella and derived from the transformation of Pinus mugo and Poldini; however, a Pimpinella saxifraga is present Pinus cembra woodlands in order to gain pastures. among the species with low frequency (and possibly They correspond to the sub-association ericetosum of could be considered co-specific). Regarding the frag- the Ammergau Alps; in Albrecht (1969) this mentary distribution area from M. Pasubio to the sub-association is described as variant a2 and can be Tagliamento river, the problem could be worth further found in many publications concerning the northern investigation. part of the Alps, but is excluded from the territory Concerning the sub-associations and variants, it studied by Roesler (1997) due to the high rainfall. should be noted that, in the Seslerio-Caricetum In Vol. 1, Synoptic Association Table 10 sempervirentis, they are not evident and during our “Grasslands on Limestone” shows the frequency in fieldwork we did not arrive at a preventive identifica- percentage of every single species in the units defined tion of subunits: these are the output of the automatic in this way (Table 2). treatment of the data. We obtained this result from The Seslerietum in the Dolomites shows at least concordant elaborations, and it was not easy to iden- four different aspects. Concerning the altitudinal tify the ecological meaning of the different units. One level (see Vol. 1, Fig. 10.12) three of them, indicated could therefore think that it can be judged as an in the following Table 2 as a). b), etc., have the same Ordination and Interpretation of the Tables 11
Table 2 Overview of Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis in the Dolomites Dolomiti Pignatti E. e S. Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis (129 releve´s) a) subass. a Selaginella-Homogyne alpina var. lacking differential species 42 var. with Carex ornithopoda 4 b) subass. with Euphrasia salisburgensis 39 c) subass. a Erica carnea—Globularia cordifolia
c1) var. with Carex firma e C.mucronata 16
c2) var. with Linum catharticum 20 aggr. with Poa alpina 5 aggr. with Ranunculus grenierianus 5 Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum 37 distribution, with optimum being 2000–2300 m, while selaginoides, Cetraria islandica. Among the opti- c2) develops mainly between 1800 and 2100 m. As for mum species in this environment are Aster the exposition (see Vol. 1, Fig. 10.9), there are no bellidiastrum, Agrostis alpina, Bartsia alpina and substantial differences, since it always develops on Trollius europaeus, all indicating conditions with slopes inclined towards the south or southeast. somehow higher humidity. These are ubiquitous One can immediately observe that the species cho- species or acidophilous (Homogyne) that are sen as differential are those that have a markedly directly linked to the boreal flora, indicators of a higher frequency in a single unit, but only rarely are cold continental climate and mildly humified soil they are found exclusively in it. The differences that is partially decalcified, at least at the surface. In between diverse variants are statistical, and a clear this aspect, they characterize these Seslerietum qualitative distinction (i.e. meaning that at least one communities as a final stable association in the species is present in all releve´s of a sub-association or inner mountain chains, occurring on the highest variant and lacking in all others, so that we could elevations and generally with southern exposure. understand immediately we are dealing in that special The releve´s belonging to this sub-association have unit) is not possible. But this seems to be an inevitable been mostly conducted in the northern parts of the situation whenever one is dealing with a large set of Dolomites, in the Catinaccio group, Sassolungo, releve´s in species-rich communities: differences in the Sella, Puster Dolomites and Dolomites around floristic composition depending on the ecological Cortina and Sesto/Sexten. conditions are nearly absent and there are vast var. Carex ornithopoda overlaps, so that the distribution of species appears Occurs sporadically in the mountains around widely casual. Cortina and towards the Puster Valley and is There are no direct measurements to investigate the characterized not so much by the presence of ecological conditions of the niches in which the single Carex ornithopoda itself, but rather by the absence sub-associations and variants develop, but some infor- of species with southern barycentre like Betonica mation can be obtained from the average values of alopecurus, Globularia cordifolia, Horminum ecological indication (Zeigerwerte by Ellenberg 1974) pyrenaicum and Ranunculus hybridus. of the species occurring in each vegetation unit. b) Sub-association Euphrasia salisburgensis a) Sub-association Selaginella selaginoides- The differential species is Euphrasia Homogyne alpina salisburgensis, the only one largely diffused This aspect, together with the following, is the most among the annual species of the Sesleria commu- frequent of the Seslerietum in the alpine belt and nity. It is not capable of being efficiently concur- represents the highest altitudinal occurrence of the rent with perennial species and grows in the small community. It generally occurs on slightly inclined empty spaces within the grassland’s carpet that can slopes of small valleys with longer snow cover. The be observed forming escarps on inclined soil differential species, and just preferential here, are surfaces with the characteristic step structure. An Soldanella alpina, Homogyne alpina, Selaginella important role is played by species with lignified 12 Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis
stems at the base, like Daphne striata, c2) var. Linum catharticum Helianthemum alpestre, Helianthemum The releve´s (or at least the majority of them) nummularium (mostly subsp. grandiflorum, Vol. represent probably the aspect of secondary 1, Fig. 10.14). These species help support the soil Sesleria communities on southernmost calcareous on the escarps and the vegetation growing like mountain chains (some releve´s also from the espaliers at the edge of the steps. The slope inclina- Vette di Feltre) and derive from lower altitudes, tion is stronger than that of the following variant already in contact with conifer vegetation. (medium 31 against 23), but there are no altitudi- d) Poa alpina aggr. nal differences worth mentioning. Five releve´s of different areas are united here, and c) Sub-association Erica carnea-Globularia their differential species (first of all Poa alpina, cordifolia Trifolium nivale) seem to indicate that these have The differential species give divergent indications, been heavily grazed. We rarely observed this spe- making it difficult to establish a common denomi- cies combination, and the available data are not nator. Erica carnea is a species that grows on raw sufficient to decide whether this aspect is really humus, often on soil developed under forest significant. conditions, Betonica alopecurus is a thermophilous e) Ranunculus grenerianus aggr. species with a southern distribution range, while The floristic composition seems to be intermediate Globularia cordifolia connects these alpine between that of the Seslerio-Caricetum pastures with the vegetation of consolidated screes. sempervirentis and that of Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum Polygala chamaebuxus is also concentrated in this (cfr. the scheme of the last association). sub-association although it also appears in some aspects of the previous sub-association; its ecologi- cal requirements are the same as those of Erica Some Questions of Syntaxonomy carnea. In fact, both species can be considered linked to the Erico-Pinion, indicating a relatively The Sesleria communities of the Alpi Carniche (the warm and dry continental environment, and can chain at the east of the Dolomites, at the boundary have a primary character in rocky areas or second- between Austria and Italy) are interpreted by ary where the impact on the coniferous tree layer Chiapella and Poldini (1993) as two distinct with Pinus mugo, P. cembra and P. sylvestris associations: Carici ornithopodae-Seslerietum and rejuvenates the soil profile (secondary Seslerietum Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis. The communities). It is here that most of the aspects first, placed in the pre-alpine belt, seems to play a reported from the southern part of the Dolomites parallel role to that of the Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum at (Fassa Dolomites to the Pale of S. Martino, Civetta, the southern edge of the Dolomites, in the Venetian Zoldo and the Belluno area) belong. pre-alps. It can be noted the species that gives the c1) Variant Carex firma and Carex mucronata name (Carex ornithopoda) seems not well selected, Herein are concentrated the indicators of sunny as this is a European-caucasic plant with a large distri- and warm areas, where the snow in spring melts bution in the central mountains of the Eastern Alps, earlier. Two aspects can be distinguished, and this which reaches a frequency peak just in the Puster is why the frequency of these dominant Carex do Dolomites and is also present with high frequency in not exceed 50 % of the total: releve´s 1–12 with pine woods with Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo and Carex firma and Carex mucronata are from an Pinus cembra (cfr. Association Tables 5.2, 5.3, 5.8 in elevation of 2100–2350 m with 15–40 inclina- this volume). Therefore, this species seems to be not tion, whereas releve´s 13–16 with Carex humilis quite adequate to differentiate a syntaxon of endemic are from a lower elevation (1840–2150 m) but on pre-alpine distribution; however, this is irrelevant steeper slopes (30–45). An analogous from the nomenclatural point of view. As for the sub-association with Saxifraga caesia of the Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis,it Seslerietum was described by Wikus (1958–61) includes all releve´s of the Seslerio-Caricetum for the Lienz Dolomites. sempervirentis of the southern portion of the Oriental Some Questions of Syntaxonomy 13
Table 3 Comparison between the floristic combination of the Sesleria grasslands in Ammergau, Lienz Dolomites and Dolomites from Piave to Puster Valley Species number in table Percentage per area Percentage on the total Only Ammergau 20 16.5 11.2 Ammergau + Lienzer Dol. 5 4.13 2.8 Ammergau + Dolomites 31 25.6 17.3 Common to the three areas 65 53.7 36.3 Tot. Ammergau 121 67.6 Only Dolomites 39 25.7 21.8 Dolomites + Lienz Dolomites 17 11.2 9.5 Dolomites + Ammergau 31 20.4 17.3 Common to the three areas 65 42.8 36.3 Tot. Dolomites 152 84.9 Only Lienz Dolomites 2 2.2 1.1 Lienz Dolomites + Dolomites 17 19.1 9.5 Lienz + Ammergau 5 5.6 2.8 Common to the three areas 65 73.0 36.3 Tot. Lienz Dolomites 89 49.7
Alps. The authors affirm that the Seslerio-Caricetum southern part of the Alps and lacking in the northern sempervirentis could be interpreted as “a one (Tyrol, Salzburg, Bavaria); many of these species macroassociation in which geographic races could be are south-alpic endemics. At this point, it would be defined or which can be split into two associations”, necessary to provide a differential diagnosis of the and the authors choose the latter hypothesis: Seslerio- Seslerion as a north-alpic alliance, and here in our Caricetum sempervirentis for the alpine pastures on opinion exist unavoidable difficulties. In fact, ende- limestone of the northern part of the Alps and the mism is not much developed on the northern part of Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis for the the Alps, and a comparable contingent of that southern part. Nevertheless, the two associations indicated by the authors for the southern mountain described are distributed into two different alliances: chains is lacking. A comparison between one of these (Caricion austroalpinae) has been Eggenberger’s tables (1994, with nearly 300 releve´s discussed, while no character species are indicated between Firmetum and Seslerietum communities) and for the second. our releve´s of the Dolomites shows that, between the Regarding the Caricion austroalpinae, recall that it character species and those with a frequency higher was described by Sutter (1962) as a vicariant alliance than 20 %, only two are not present in our tables: of the Seslerion at low altitudes and endemic on mar- Androsace chamaejasme and Arabis corymbiflora ginal mountain chains of Insubria, from the Grigne to (¼A. ciliata). Indeed, A. ciliata is also present in the Mount Baldo and Lessini Mountains. Over the decade Dolomites but in Brometalia communities or in 1960–1970, we made several excursions into the Trifolio-Geranietea, therefore only A. chamaejasme Dolomites with our friend Sutter, who had recognized could be taken into consideration to characterize the a few elements of the C. austroalpinae only in the north-alpic alliance. In our opinion, this would be a pre-alps of Feltre, but never expressed any doubt not totally insufficient characterization because it is based to attribute the Sesleria associations of the Dolomites only on one infrequent (presence around 30 %) single to the Seslerion (well known from his experience in species. Regardless, it has a large arctic-alpine distri- Graubu¨nden). In the publication of Chiapella and bution area and, as such, is inadequate to characterize Poldini (1993), the syntaxon Seslerion is amended a north-alpine endemic alliance. and the authors give (on pages 16–17) three lists of As the data in Table 3 (cfr. also Vol. 1, Figs. 10.16) character species referring to this. This is a very accu- show, species occurring in only one of the three areas rately chosen list that contains about 30 species from taken into consideration are in the minority: 25.7 % of the Sesleria communities that are present only in the the species occurring in the Sesleria communities, 14 Syntaxonomy of the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis
16.5 % in the Ammergau and only 2.2 % in the Lienz However, this does not mean that the arguments pro- Dolomites (these values decrease further to 21.8, 11.2 posed by Chiapella and Poldini (1993) to define the and 1.1 when referring to the entire catalogue of southern component of the flora of the Sesleria Seslerietum species). These percentages, already communities are useless, but that they gain an expla- quite low in themselves, lose further significance if nation interpreting these phenomena in a diachronic one considers that a sensible contingent of endemic way. Separating the Seslerietum of both sides of the species that are completely lacking in both of the other Alps in different alliances inhibits the unitary vision. areas exist only in the Dolomites. Species in common to all three territories vary instead from 42.8 to 73.0, which means 36.3 % of the gross total; among these The Problem of Character Species exist nearly all of the more frequent species and those with high cover values. At this point, the problem of character species of the As there are no endemics among the 16.5 % of the Seslerietum arises, understood in a broad sense in species present in Ammergau (and just one species order to include the alpine pastures on limestone absent in the Dolomites, i.e. A. chamaejasme), one from the northern as well as from the southern portion could ask of what this contingent is made up, which of the Alps. In one of our papers (Pignatti E and S anyway is composed of at least 20 species. For the 1975), we expressed doubt as to whether there were majority of these cases, they concern species that are character species valid for the whole area of this asso- also present in our releve´s, but in different vegetation ciation because its origin is only rather recent (post- types, for instance in Thlaspietea communities (Cam- glacial period), and this would not have permitted panula cochlearifolia, Kernera saxatilis) or in the species of high frequency to stabilize solely in this class Salicetea herbaceae (Sedum atratum); a few spe- community. To this can be added some uncertainties cies in common with Ammergau and the Lienz on behalf of the correspondence of the sociological Dolomites do also have the same properties. A possi- behaviour of some species present on both sides of the ble explanation for this distribution may be that per- Alps. At least the research for character species of haps in the Seslerietum of the Northern Alps there was general value in this case is above all a need for a minor selective pressure (with a medium of 30–35 completeness insofar as the characterization of the species per releve´ against 50–60 species in our association derives anyway from the specific combi- releve´s) as if that had functioned like a sort of pump, nation that is repeated with scarce differences on the aspiring floristic elements of surrounding whole territory, although the most significant species communities. (Sesleria caerulea and Carex sempervirens first of all) Further arguments against the splitting of are not exclusive to this community. Since then, much Seslerietum into distinct associations are provided by literature has been accumulated. The argument is the analysis of articulation in sub-associations and discussed again by Eggensberger (1994), who variants that is possible via automatic treatment of underlines the importance of certain Hieracium spe- big datasets: for the Ammergau Alps and the cies, primarily Hieracium villosum. This is already Dolomites, largely corresponding units could be retained as character species in the community found to demonstrate that the floristic composition is described by Wikus (1958–1961) for the Lienz basically the same in both cases and is reacting in an Dolomites. Eggensberger states that this is a group of analogous way to parallel environmental conditions. Hieracium containing several agamospecies in an area Furthermore, character species can be listed that are that had been covered by the ice cap; therefore, it common to both territories like E. carnea and Carex seems possible that these agamospecies have devel- mucronata, but were this vegetation placed into differ- oped in the frame of a process of microevolution in ent alliances, they would become confused among the post-glacial times. character species of order or just as companions. On the basis of the data in our possession, we may For these reasons, it seems that the hypothesis of indicate the following character species for the one single, highly polymorph association Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis: H. villosum, Sene- (Dachassoziation or macroassociation) present on cio doronicum, Nigritella miniata, to which both slopes of the Alps better reflects the reality. Pedicularis rostrato-capitata can be added as a The Problem of Character Species 15 differential species in respect to the Pimpinellidi- Festuca norica and Festuca puccinellii”, which is Seslerietum. With local significance and limited to interpreted as a transition between the two. Dealing the region of the Dolomites, there can be also recorded with two species that are also frequently present in our Oxytropis jacquinii, Achillea clavennae and tables, a brief discussion seems necessary. R. hybridus. They are highly frequent species, with F. puccinellii is the same species that, until the presences of up to 100 % in both cases. 1970s, had been noted as Festuca violacea, and A special problem is C. sempervirens itself, which estimated to be connected to a particular niche with is an essential constituent of the Seslerietum, present long-lasting snow cover at the edge of the Caricetum in 100 % of the releve´s and generally the dominant ferrugineae and the Festuco-Trifolietum thalii; the species (in terms of cover values and biomass); never- presence of this Festuca in the Seslerio-Caricetum theless, this species is also largely diffused in alpine sempervirentis is only sporadic and does not seem to pastures on acid soils like in the Festucetum create any particular problem. In the recent revision by intercedentis, Gentianello-Festucetum variae, Foggi, Rossi and Signorini (1999), F. puccinellii is Knautio-Trifolietum, in communities with Nardus restricted only to populations in the Apennines, and and on the Rhaetic Alps in the Festucetum halleri. the alpine populations are attributed to a new species: Being diffused in two clearly distinct vegetation clas- Festuca melanopsis. ses, it should be considered just as an accompanying The case of F. norica, which in some areas can be species, but this seems quite paradoxical. A possible frequent and abundant, is quite different. F. norica is explanation was given by Gigon (1971) who, by midst present in southern-exposed Seslerietum communities of experimental cultures, has brought to evidence how and is generally quite able to be observed because of the populations growing on limestone and those on the prolonged flowering period. Stems exceed those of silicate are specifically adapted to their own type of Sesleria, from which they are usually well distinct environment and presumes that this adaptation could because their stems also incline towards the slope; be genetically fixed. In this case, there would be two the base of the sheath of the leaves is often reddish. different, morphologically indistinguishable ecotypes, The soil surface generally does not show the charac- and, as such, they could be considered character spe- teristic step structure, and the vegetation more or less cies. It is possible that further research at a molecular completely coversthe surface. It is composed of com- level could emphasize that in reality there are two pact turf united in groups with vegetative propagation. distinct races. On the other hand, one must take into The soil is deep, well humified and, as shown by our account that C. sempervirens could occupy a measurements and confirmed by a note in Wallossek differentiated microniche in small acidified soil (1990), weakly acidified (pH 5.6–6); instead, Verjans pockets as it would result from the analysis discussed (1995) has measured basic values (pH 7.0–8.2). In in point b); it does not seem impossible that also in the general, F. norica shows a vigorous expanding capac- Seslerietum there could be analogous conditions such ity and does not allow much space for other species; as those described by Wallossek (2000) for the therefore, the diversity of the whole community often Seslerio-Festucetum variae. tends to incline. For the above-described reason, it The problem of slopes with Festuca norica:Inthe does not seem useful to consider F. norica as an study by Verjans (1995) on alpine vegetation of the indicative species of a distinct association, but rather Latemar and Rosengarten on the boundary between as a highly competitive species that tries to invade the the real Seslerietum and the Seslerio-Festucetum Seslerietum and represents a more mature stage that variae, there is a unit notated as “Meadows with can expand among different communities. Part II Association (Vegetation) Tables
(The Sequence of Associations Follows Their Treatment in Chaps. 2–13 in Vol. 1)
Part II presents all of the information on the species composition in the vegetation of the Dolomites. This investigation of the plant life in the Dolomites is based on a procedure of testing carried out with a standardized method: the phytosociological releve´.This procedure consists of a census of all species occurring in the tested area that generally extends over 100 m2, rarely 50 m2, but in particular conditions may be smaller or larger, up to 500 m2 and more in forests of high growth. This procedure was first applied in Europe, but later used with success in almost all temperate and cold areas of the world (an exception is the equatorial rain forest, from where only limited examples exist). During the long period of fieldwork investigating the natural environment in the Dolomites and the surrounding mountain areas (from 1960 to 2005), approximately 2000 releve´s were carried out, and around 2250 species were found. Almost all these releve´s are published here for the first time: only releve´s from peripheral areas not belonging to the Dolomites in the strict geographical sense are excluded. This large set of information and results is accessible only after specialized elaboration. Releve´s were treated with multivariate analysis methods for ordination and classification in order to distinguish the single plant communities (associations, phytocoenoses), as indicated in Vol. 1, Part VII, Synthesis, Data Interpretation and Statistical Calculations, p. 525–526. The plant community is the basic unit for the interpretation of the plant cover: associations are defined basing on a characteristic species combination, repeated with modest variations where niches with similar ecological conditions occur. Part II presents all the floristic and ecological data sampled in the environment of the Dolomites: in principle, one table for each association. Indeed, in many cases, the number of available releve´s was so high that it was impossible to concentrate everything in one single table for print; consequently, for the more frequent associations, more than a single table is necessary (the limiting case is Seslerio- Caricetum sempervirentis, with 125 releve´s, which needs six tables), so the gross total exceeds 130 tables. In order to easily assign the association tables in this volume to the corresponding information in Vol. 1, the association tables are numbered in the following way: the first number is that of the chapter in Vol. 1 describing the association (each chapter covers a group of plant associations of a defined habitat). The second number gives the position of the data sheet of this association in the sequentially treated associations. This position number is identical to the number of the column that shows the data for this association in the Synoptic Association Table of the given chapter. 18 Part II Association (Vegetation) Tables
Where more than one table is required for one association, the table number is followed by a, b, c, etc. to differentiate the tables. As an example, “Association Table 2.1a. PASTINACO-ARRHENATHERETUM” means that the plant community Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum is treated in Vol. 1, Chap. 2 “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements” and the data of this association are listed in column number 1 of the “Synoptic Association Table 2 Synanthropic Vegetation”. Further, this association is described in the first data sheet of Chap. 2 and there are more than one table for this association. It has to be pointed out that in the original version of the phytosoiological tables, when the releve´es were carried out, many micro-species of highly variable genera (Alchemilla, Rubus, Hieracium, Festuca, etc.) were recorded, but in the following years they have been deleted because of taxonomical changes, consequently some- times the total number of species in some releve´es could be different by one or a few units. Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements”
(Refers to Chap. 2 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 19 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_3, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 20 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.1a PASTINACO-ARRHENATHERETUM (rel. 1-13) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 35–38) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 Altitude (meters) 1300 1300 1250 600 800 970 700 1350 750 750 750 750 Exposition S S S S SW S SE SW SE SE SE SE Slope (deg) 5 5 15 5 5 10 10 5 1 1 1 1 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Number of species 35 32 43 34 38 35 51 28 36 48 25 28 34 Diversity (Shannon) 1.44 1.46 1.57 1.42 1.47 1.45 1.61 1.4 1.52 1.55 1.31 1.41 1.5 tot. %
Character species of the Association Arrhenatherum elatius + 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 2.1 1.1 2.2 1.2 + + 1.2 13 100 Ranunculus acris 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 13 100 Rumex acetosa 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 2.2 + + + 11 85 Pastinaca sativa +.2 1.2 + + 4 31
Character species of Alliance and Order (Arrhenatherion, -etalia) Tristeum flavescens 3.3 3.4 2.1 2.2 + + 1.1 + 2.2 2.2 1.1 + 1.2 13 100 Trifolium pratense 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + + 2.2 + + 2.2 13 100 Leucanthemum vulgare 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 2.2 11 85 Festuca pratensis 1.2 + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 +.2 +.2 9 69 Achillea millefolium + + + 1.1 1.2 + + + + + 10 77 Leontodon hispidus + + 1.1 3.3 1.1 + + +.2 8 62 Carum carvi + + + + + 1.1 + 7 54 Anthoxanthum odoratum 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 6 46 Heracleum sphondylium 2.3 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + + 1.2 10 77 Pimpinella major + 1.1 + 1.1 4 31 Avenula pubescens + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 6 46 Tragopogon orientalis +++++++754 Festuca rubra + +.2 + +.2 4 31 Anthriscus sylvestris + + 1.1 + + + 5.5 4.5 4.4 9 69 Agrostis tenuis 1.2 2.1 2.2 3 23 Lathyrus pratensis + 1.2 2 15 Centaurea gr. jacea +18 Phleum pratense +++ + 431 Crocus albiflorus ++ 215 Viola tric. subsp. subalpina +18 Campanula patula ++ + 323 Ornithogalum umbellatum ++ 215 Crepis biennis +18
Character species of the Class (Arrhenatheretea) Dactylis glomerata 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 2.1 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 13 100 Taraxacum officinale + + + + + + 1.1 2.2 + + + + 1.1 13 100 Silene vulg. subsp. antelopum 1.1 +.2 1.1 + + + + + + + + 11 85 Trifolium repens 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 11 85 Poa pratensis 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 3.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 11 85 Galium mollugo (incl. G. album) + +.2 1.2 + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 10 77 Veronica chamaedrys + + + + + 1.2 1.1 7 54 Plantago lanceolata ++ + +1.1+++++1077 Rhinanthus aristatus 00 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 21
Association Table 2.1a (continued) (incl. Rhin.alectorolophus) ++ + 323 Plantago media ++++++646 Campanula glomerata + + + + 1.1 + + 7 54 Lotus corniculatus + + + + 2.2 + + 7 54 Cerastium holosteoides + + + + + 1.1 6 46 Medicago lupulina +.2 + + + 1.1 + 6 46 Colchicum autumnale 1.1 2.1 + + 1.1 5 38 Poa trivialis + 1.1 + 2.2 2.2 5 38 Bellis perennis 1.1 2.2 + + + + + + 8 62 Briza media + 1.1 2 15 Onobrychis viciaefolia 1.2 1.2 +.3 3 23 Lolium perenne 1.1 2.2 1.1 + 4 31 Glechoma hederacea +++323 Daucus carota ++++ 431 Medicago sativa + + 1.2 3 23 Carduus carduelis 00 Bromus mollis + 3.3 + 3 23 Scabiosa columbaria 1.1 1.1 + 3 23 Geranium phaeum +18
Companion species Vicia cracca + + + + + 1.3 + +.2 + 9 69 Silene dioica + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 9 69 Salvia pratensis + 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 7 54 Myosotis sylvatica + + + + 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.2 8 62 Trifolium montanum +18 Trollius europaeus + 18 Bromus erectus + +.2 2 15 Campanula scheuchzeri +18 Alchemilla xanthochlora + r + 1.1 4 31 Anthyllis vulneraria alpestr. 00 Knautia arvensis ++ 215 Urtica dioica + 1.2 (+) + 4 31 Knautia longifolia +18 Lilium bulbiferum +18 Phyteuma orbiculare 00 Poa alpina ++ 215 Prunella vulgaris +++ 323 Lamium album +.2 + (+) + 4 31 Geranium sylvaticum + 18 Linum cathart. subsp. alpinum ++ 215 Laserpitium latifolium 00 Primula officinalis + P. veris 00 Stellaria graminea 1.1 1 8 Brachypodium caespitosum 00 Festuca valesiaca + 1.2 2 15 Scorzonera aristata 00
Sporadic species 7 4 67 64102691–1 22 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.1b PASTINACO-ARRHENATHERETUM (rel. 14-23) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 35–40) Rel. 1–24 Pedrotti 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Tot. Med. 1963 Altitude (m) 1450 1450 1350 1650 1340 1040 1350 1280 1450 1125 858 Exposition S S E SW NE S S Slope (deg) 5 15 5 5 15 5 5 3 6 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 500 500 100 100 100 200 100 100 300 148 100 Number of species 37 32 28 39 45 46 58 55 40 93 38.5 54 Diversity (Shannon) 1.49 1.46 1.35 1.53 1.53 1.55 1.7 1.63 1.59 1.68 1.505
Character species of the Association 26 Arrhenatherum elatius 1.1 + 2.2 + 2.1 + 18 78 73 Ranunculus acris 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 23 100 100 Rumex acetosa + 1.1 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + 18 78 100 Pastinaca sativa 41715
Character species of Alliance and Order (Arrhenatherion, -etalia) Tristeum flavescens Trifolium pratense 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 21 91 100 Leucanthemum vulgare + 1.1 1.1 2.2 3.2 +.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 23 100 88 Festuca pratensis 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 21 91 100 Achillea millefolium 1.2 2.2 3.3 + + 1.1 + 1.1 17 74 81 Leontodon hispidus + + + 1.1 + + + 17 74 92 Carum carvi 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 2.2 3.2 1.1 2.1 17 74 100 Anthoxanthum odoratum + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 16 70 96 Heracleum sphondylium 2.2 + 1.1 + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 15 65 100 Pimpinella major + 1.1 + + 14 61 96 Avenula pubescens 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 14 61 100 Tragopogon orientalis + 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 13 57 69 Festuca rubra + + 1.1 + + 1.1 13 57 38 Anthriscus sylvestris 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 11 48 100 Agrostis tenuis +104319 Lathyrus pratensis 2.2 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.1 + 9 39 50 Centaurea gr. jacea 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 8 35 8 Phleum pratense + + + 1.1 8 35 73 Crocus albiflorus +626 Viola tric. subsp. subalpina + 1.1 6 26 77 Campanula patula + 2.1 1.1 + + 3 13 88 Ornithogalum umbellatum 29 50 Crepis biennis 29 77
Character species of the Class (Arrhenatheretea) Dactylis glomerata 14 62 Taraxacum officinale + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 23 100 96 Silene vulg. subsp. antelopum + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + + 21 91 85 Trifolium repens 1.2++.2++++187877 Poa pratensis 1.11.1+ + +++187873 Galium mollugo (incl. G. album) + + 1.1+++177488 Veronica chamaedrys +1.1 ++ +167027 Plantago lanceolata + + (+) + (+) + + 14 61 62 Rhinanthus aristatus s.l. + ++135792 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 23
Association Table 2.1b (continued) Rel. 1–24 Pedrotti Plantago media 1.1 + + 2.2 + 2.1 + + 1.1 2.1 13 57 15 Campanula glomerata + + 1.1 1.1 + + 12 52 23 Lotus corniculatus + ++++125231 Cerastium holosteoides 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 12 52 69 Medicago lupulina (+) + + 1.1 + + 12 52 96 Colchicum autumnale + + + +.2 10 43 42 Poa trivialis 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 10 43 54 Bellis perennis + 2.3 1.1 (+) + 10 43 85 Briza media + 9 39 35 Onobrychis viciaefolia (+) (+) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 9 39 54 Lolium perenne 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 8 35 27 Glechoma hederacea + 5 22 85 Daucus carota +417 Medicago sativa 417 Carduus carduelis +417 Bromus mollis 1.1 3.2 1.1 (+) 4 17 Scabiosa columbaria 31369 Geranium phaeum 313 + 3.3 3 13
Companion species Vicia cracca Silene dioica 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 15 65 65 Salvia pratensis + 1.1 + + 13 57 96 Myosotis sylvatica + + 1.1 + 1.1 12 52 65 Trifolium montanum + 1.1 1.1 + + + 14 61 100 Trollius europaeus + + 1.1 + 2.1 8 35 Bromus erectus (+) 1.1 2.2 1.2 + 1.1 7 30 35 Campanula scheuchzeri (+) ++++730 Alchemilla xanthochlora + + 1.2 1.1 + 6 26 23 Anthyllis vulneraria carpath. + 2.2 6 26 65 Knautia arvensis + + + 6 26 23 Urtica dioica ++++62692 Knautia longifolia +522 Lilium bulbiferum + (+) + + 5 22 Phyteuma orbiculare ++ ++ 522 Poa alpina + + 1.1 + + 5 22 27 Prunella vulgaris + + + 5 22 50 Lamium album ++ 52238 Geranium sylvaticum 417 Linum cathart. subsp. alpinum + + (+) 4 17 88 Laserpitium latifolium ++4178 Primula officinalis + P. veris + +.2 + 1.2 4 17 Stellaria graminea ++++41727 Brachypodium caespitosum 1.1 + 3 13 Festuca valesiaca 1.2 + 1.2 3 13 Scorzonera aristata 1.1 3 13 27
Sporadic species 2262211119412 Association Table 2.2 DESCHAMPSIO-AGROSTETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 38–40) of Vegetation and Meadows “Stable Habitat the to Tables Association 24 1234567891011121314151617 Altitude (m) 1400 1300 1600 1550 1650 1700 1980 1450 1730 1400 1150 1600 1600 1800 1900 2000 1450 1604 Exposition NE S W NE SW W E W N S ESE Slope (deg) 2 5 3 2 3 – 3 51355 2 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 25 50 50 50 50 100 50 50 50 100 100 50 200 50 50 50 50 66 Number of species 26 27 22 26 22 14 21 20 25 20 25 23 19 15 18 26 23 21.9 Diversity (Shannon) 1.39 1.4 1.29 1.41 1.32 1.09 1.29 1.28 1.37 1.16 1.2 1.34 1.26 1.15 1.23 1.24 1.33 1.28
Diagnostic species (Kennarten) Deschampsia cespitosa 2.2 3.4 3.3 1.1 1.1 4.4 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.1 17 100 Agrostis tenuis 2.2 2.2 3.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 (+) 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 1.2 2.1 1.2 17 100 0 Character species of Arrhematherion, -etalia, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 0 Trifolium pratense + 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 3.2 16 94 Leontodon hispidus + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 (+) + + 1.1 15 88 Ranunculus acris + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 14 82 Carum carvi +++1.1 ++(+)++1.11.1+++1482 Trifolium repens + 1.1 1.1 + + 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 + + 11 65 Leucanthemum vulgare ++++ (+)+.2 + + +953 Anthoxanthum odoratum +1.1+++ +++ +1.1953 Briza media 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 8 47 Festuca pratensis + 1.2 + (+) 1.2 + + 2.2 8 47 Cerastium holosteoides + + + (+) 1.1 + + + 8 47 Achillea millefolium + (+) + (+) + + + + 8 47 Taraxacum officinale + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 7 41 Lotus corniculatus + + 1.1 + + + 6 35 Centaurea nigrescens + 1.1 (+) + + + 6 35 Caltha palustris + (+) 2.2 + 1.3 5 29 Poa pratensis 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 5 29 Phleum pratense + 1.1 1.1 1.1 5 29 Leontodon autumnalis + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 5 29 Rumex acetosa +++ + 424 Rhinanthus aristatus ++++ 424 Dactylis glomerata + 1.1 1.1 +424
Crepis paludosa + + 1.1 318 ... soito alst h aia Sal edw n eeainof Vegetation and Meadows “Stable Habitat the to Tables Association
Campanula scheuchzeri +++318 Ranunculus repens ++ ++ + 212 Plantago lanceolata +16 Agrostis stolonifera 1.2 1 6
Companion species 0 Festuca rubra 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 + 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 14 82 Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.3 10 59 Poa alpina + +1.1 ++++1.11.1953 Prunella vulgaris + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 9 53 Potentilla erecta + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 8 47 Alchemilla xanthochlora 2.2 1.2 1.1 + + 2.2 2.3 7 41 Ranunculus montanus + + 1.1 2.2 + + + 7 41 Poa supina + + 1.2 + + + 6 35 Veratrum album 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 5 29 Polygonum viviparum ++ ++ + 529 Alchemilla crinita + + + + 2.3 5 29 Plantago major + 1.1 + + + 5 29 Carex flacca clavaeformis ++ + + 424 Carex panicea 2.2 1.1 + + 4 24 Geranium sylvaticum ++ + + 424 ... Rhinanthus minor + +++ 424 Veronica chamaedrys + +++ 424 Tussilago farfara ++ + + 424 Prunella grandiflora 1.1 + 1.1 + 4 24 Lathyrus pratensis +++ 318 Alchemilla glabra 1.1 2.2 1.1 3 18 Alchemilla coriacea 1.2 1.2 1.1 3 18 Nardus stricta +++318 Knautia longifolia ++ + 318 Geum rivale ++ 1.1 3 18
Sporadic species 10115181011437 11998 11 25 26 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.3 TRISETETUM FLAVESCENTIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 41–43) 12345678 Altitude (m) 1985 1400 1745 1650 2120 1950 1950 1950 1844 Exposition W W S S S S S S Slope (deg) 5 15 10 15 2 5 5 5 8 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 96 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 106 Number of species 47 39 41 45 33 40 37 42 40.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.55 1.44 1.53 1.62 1.35 1.51 1.56 1.58 1.52
Character species of the Association Trisetum flavescens 3.3 + 1.1 1.1 3.2 2.2 + 7 88 Polygonum bistorta ++113
Character species of Arrhematherion, -etalia, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Poa alpina + + + + 3.2 + 2.2 1.1 8 100 Trifolium repens 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.2 + + + 8 100 Trifolium pratense 1.2 + 2.1 3.2 1.2 + + 7 88 Leucanthemum vulgare + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 7 88 Leontodon hispidus 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 6 75 Anthoxanthum odoratum ++ +++ +675 Festuca pratensis + 1.1 2.2 + + 1.2 6 75 Lotus corniculatus + + 1.1 +.2 + + 6 75 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum ++++++675 Briza media + 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 63 Phleum alpinum + 1.2 + 1.1 +.2 5 63 Rumex alpestris + (+) 1.1 + + 5 63 Achillea millefolium + + + 1.1 + 5 63 Festuca rubra + 1.1 + 3.1 1.2 5 63 Avenula pubescens 2.2 + 1.1 + 4 50 Crocus albiflorus ++++ 450 Cerastium holosteoides ++++450 Dactylis glomerata + + 1.1 + 4 50 Primula elatior ++ + +450 Colchicum autumnale ++++450 Agrostis tenuis +.3 1.1 + 3 38 Ranunculus acris ++ + 338 Tragopogon pratensis ++ 225 Lilium bulbiferum ++ 225 Alchemilla glabra ++ 225 Taraxacum officinale ++ 225 Campanula patula +113 Poa trivialis (+) 1 13 Scorzonera aristata +113 Alchemilla gracilis +113 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.2 1 13 Phleum pratense 1.1 1 13 Alchemilla coriacea +113 Bellis perennis +113 Poa pratensis +113
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 27
Association Table 2.3 (continued) Companion species Trollius europaeus 1.1 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 + 7 88 Myosotis sylvatica + +1.1++++788 Rhinanthus aristatus 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 2.1 7 88 Galium anisophyllum + + + +.2 + + 6 75 Campanula scheuchzeri ++ ++++675 Ranunculus cfr. grenierianus + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 5 63 Phyteuma orbiculare +++++563 Carum carvi + 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 50 Trifolium badium + + 1.1 + 4 50 Geranium sylvaticum 1.2 +.2 (+) + 4 50 Horminum pyrenaicum + 2.2 + 3.4 4 50 Potentilla erecta + + + 3.04 38 Pedicularis verticillata +++338 Veronica chamaedrys + (+) +.2 3 38 Gentianella germanica ++ +338 Soldanella alpina +++338 Knautia longifolia ++ + 338 Nardus stricta + 1.2 +.2 3 38 Centaurea nervosa + 1.2 + 3 38 Poa supina + +.2 1.2 3 38 Plantago media ++ + 338 Carduus defloratus +++338 Veratrum album +++338 Luzula sudetica ++225 Geum montanum ++225 Leontodon autumnalis ++ 225 Rumex acetosa 1.2 + 2 25 Biscutella laevigata + 1.2 2 25 Trifolium montanum 1.1 1.1 2 25 Onobrychis viciaefolia 1.2 1.1 2 25 Pimpinella major 1.1 1.1 2 25 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica ++225 Luzula campestris ++ 225 Polygonum viviparum ++225 Arabis hirsuta ++ 225 Veronica serpylliifolia + 1.2 2 25 Prunella vulgaris ++225 Polygala alpestre ++225 Parnassia palustris ++225 Festuca nigrescens + 2.2 2 25 Lathyrus pratensis ++ 225 Potentilla aurea 1.1 1 13 Potentilla crantzii 1.2 1 13 Sesleria albicans 1.1 1 13 Carex sempervirens +.2 1 13 Anthoxanthum alpinum 2.1 1 13
Sporadic species 1063585116 28 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.4 MOLINIETUM COERULEAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 44–45) 1234567Tot. % Altitude (m) 1700 1050 1300 1170 850 1100 1295 1209 Exposition S SE N S N – N Slope (deg) 55551–24 Cover (%) 90 90 100 100 100 100 100 97 Surface (m2) 25 4 25 40 50 50 50 32 Number of species 26 16 19 22 24 26 34 23.9 Diversity (Shannon) 1:24 1:16 1:29 1:57 1:16 1:12 1:25 1.26
Character species of the Association Molinia coerulea 3.3 2.2 3.4 4.3 3.4 3.2 3.3 7 100 Succisa pratensis + 1.1 + + 3 43 Sesleria uliginosa +114 Geranium palustre +114 Scorzonera humilis +1 14
Character species of Molinion, Molinietalia caeruleae Parnassia palustris + + + 1.1 (+) + 6 86 Tofieldia calyculata + 1.1 + + 4 57 Angelica sylvestris 1.1 1.2 + + 4 57 Cirsium palustre + + + 1.1 4 57 Crepis palustris +++ 343 Carex hostiana +.2 1.1 + 3 43 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.1 1.2 + 3 43 Filipendula vulgaris 1.2 + 2 29 Primula farinosa (+) + 2 29 Galium verum subsp. wirtgeni 1.1 + 2 29 Carex paniculata 1.3 1 14 Epipactis palustris +114 Geranium pratense ++114 Polygala amarella +1 14
Character species of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Briza media + + + 1.1 4 57 Centaurea nigrescens 1.1 + 1.1 3 43 Lotus corniculatus +++3 43 Dactylis glomerata ++ 229 Leontodon hispidus ++ 229 Achillea millefolium ++ 229 Pimpinella maior ++ 229 Trifolium pratense ++2 29
Transgr. species of Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae and other aquatic Vegetation Classes Carex panicea 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.2 5 71 Eriophorum latifolium 1.1 + + 3 43 Juncus alpino-articulatus 1.1 + + 3 43 Carex flava 1.1 + + 3 43 Dactylorhiza incarnata ++ 229 Valeriana dioica ++ 229 Carex fusca ++ 229 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 29
Association Table 2.4 (continued) Carex davalliana 2.2 + 2 29 Equisetum palustre 2.2 2.2 2 29 Pinguicula alpina ++229 Galium palustre +114
Companion species Potentilla erecta 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 7 100 Agrostis tenuis + + + 1.1 1.1 5 71 Prunella vulgaris + 1.1 + + + 5 71 Ranunculus acris + ++3 43 Trifolium montanum 1.1 1.1 2 29 Ononis spinosa subsp. foetens + 1.2 2 29 Stachys alopecurus 1.1 + 2 29 Festuca rubra +.2 + 2 29 Carex flacca ++229 Poa alpina ++229 Polygonum viviparum ++229
Bryophyta Cratoneuron commutatum 3.3 1.3 3.5 3 43
Sporadic species 7239111113
Association Table 2.5 AGROSTIO-RANUNCULETUM REPENTIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 46–48) 12345678 Altitude (m) 1400 1400 1300 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1388 Exposition –––––––– Slope (deg) –––––––– Cover (%) 65 30 100 25 15 40 30 90 49 Surface (m2) 15 20 10 20 100 10 10 10 21 Number of species 33553553 4.4 Diversity (Shannon) 0.42 0.43 0.58 0.67 0.81 0.5 0.57
Character species of the Association Ranunculus “reptabundus” 3.5 2.4 + 1.2 + 5 63
Other species Agrostis stolonifera +.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.1 1.2 8 100 Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpina 1.2+.2++.2+++788 Juncus alpino-articulatus + 1.2 1.1 + 4 50 Equisetum palustre 2.1 + 5.4 3 38 Triglochin palustre ++ 225 Eleocharis cfr. austriaca 5.5 1 13 Groenlandia densa fo. terrestris +113 Caltha palustris +113 30 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.6 ADONIDO-DELPHINIETUM CONSOLIDAE FRAMM. (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 49–51) 12345 Altitude (m) 1300 1050 1050 400 1200 1000 Exposition – – – W S Slope (deg) – – – 5 3 2 Cover (%) 5 50 50 33 100 48 Surface (m2) 25 50 100 100 100 75 Number of species 18 12 21 20 8 16 Diversity (Shannon)
Cereals in cultivation Secale cereale 5.1 1 20 Hordeum tetrastichum 5.1 1 20 Hordeum distichum 5.1 5.5 2 40 Triticum polonicum 3.5 1.1 2 40 Triticum monococcum 3.5 1 20
Character species of Class Stellarietea media Capsella rubella + C.bursa-past. annuale ++++ 480 Viola arvensis + 2.2 + + 4 80 Polygonum bellardi + + 1.1 1.1 4 80 Stellaria media 1.1 1.1 + 1.3 4 80 Myosotis arvensis + 1.1 1.1 3 60 Fallopia convolvulus + + 1.1 3 60 Veronica persica +++360 Chenopodium ficifolium ++ 240 Galium spurium var. vaillantii ++240 Solanum tuberosum ++ 240 Camelina microcarpa ++240 Fumana officinalis aff. subsp. wirtgenii +120 Papaver dubium +120 Consolida regalis +120 Adonis aestivalis +120 Descurainia sophia +120 Anagallis phoenicea +120 Papaver rhoeas +120 Sinapis arvensis +120 Buglossoides arvensis +120 Veronica agrestis +120
Companion species Convolvulus arvensis + 1.1 2.2 + 4 80 Cirsium arvense +++360 Arenaria serpyllifolia +++360 Galeopsis tetrahit ++240 Phleum pratense ++240 Euphorbia helioscopia ++ 240 Polygonum persicaria 1.2 1 20
Sporadic species 03784 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 31
Association Table 2.7 ALCHEMILLO-POETUM SUPINAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 51–53) 123456 7 Altitude (m) 2500 2400 2380 1800 2150 2330 2260 Exposition – – – W W E Slope (deg) – – – 1 3 2 1 Cover (%) 95 30 50 50 35 30 46 Surface (m2)254103446 Number of species 14 4 11 6 6 8 6.2 Diversity (Shannon) 0.911 0.593 0.783 0.568 0.665 0.814 0.722
Character species of the Association Poa supina 1.1 + 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 6 100
Character species of Salicetea herbaceae Cerastium cerastioides 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 5 83 Sagina saginoides + + +.2 +.2 1.1 5 83 Gnaphalium supinum +++ 350 Saxifraga androsacea +117 Sibbaldia procumbens +117 Arenaria biflora +117 Veronica alpina +117 Potentilla brauneana +117
Companion species Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpina 3.3 + +.2 3 50 Poa alpina + 1.2 + 3 50 Polygonum viviparum 1.1 + 2 33 Ranunculus montanus 1.1 + 2 33 Taraxacum alpinum ++233
Sporadic species 5–4211 Association Table 2.8 LOLIO-PLANTAGINETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 53–55) of Vegetation and Meadows “Stable Habitat the to Tables Association 32 123456789101112131415 Altitude (m) 1960 1630 2270 800 1600 1470 450 1450 1600 1400 750 1300 1300 750 800 1340 Exposition – W S – –––––SWW–NWE Slope (deg) – 2 2 – –––––22–25 1 Cover (%) 80 70 80 70 95 70 70 50 60 80 70 60 80 90 80 73 Surface (m2) 1041641654154452484 7 Number of species 5 12 7 7 13 5788667888 7.6 Diversity (Shannon) 0.519 0.917 0.74 0.854 0.901 0.632 0.665 0.817 0.876 0.632 0.722 0.812 0.869 0.535 0.756 0.75
Character species of the Association Plantago major 1.1 2.1 + 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 3.2 3.2 2.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 15 100 0 Character species of Alliance, Order & Class 0 Poa annua 2.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.3 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 13 87 Trifolium repens + 1.3 + + + 1.2 1.2 2.2 + 9 60 Lolium perenne 1.2++++3.22.2747 Matricaria discoidea 1.1 1.2 + + 2.1 5 33 Polygonum aviculare 2.2 1.1 +.2 + 1.2 5 33 Poa supina 4.5 2.2 1.1 3.2 2.2 5 33 Potentilla anserina 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 4 27 Juncus tenuis 1.2 + 2 13 Potentilla reptans + 17
Companion species Taraxacum officinale +.2+++++++++ + +1280 Carum carvi ++ + ++ + 640 Ranunculus repens ++++427 Deschampsia cespitosa + +.2 + 3 20 Leontodon autumnalis ++ 213 Ranunculus montanus ++ 213 Trifolium hybridum + +213
Sporadic species 131–4–21–1–––43 ... Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 33
Association Table 2.9 HACKELIO-CHENOPODIETUM FOLIOSI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 56–58) 12345678 Altitude (m) 1850 1850 2120 1850 2200 2200 1850 2300 2030 Exposition S S E W SE E W – Slope (deg) 10 2 5 3 1 2 2 – 3 Cover (%) 50 50 30 30 30 5 50 70 39 Surface (m2) 2 2 3 3 8 10 10 4 5 Number of species 7 7 12 7 8 4 7 10 7.9 Diversity( Shannon) 0.23 0.75 0.876 0.727 0.665 0.595 0.817 0.876 0.692
Character species of the Association Hymenolobus pauciflorus 3.2 2.1 + +.2 + 1.2 +.3 7 88 Chenopodium foliosum 1.2 +.2 +.2 + 4 50 Silene veselskyi + 113 0 Character species of Alliance, Order & Class 0 Capsella rubella 1.1 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 5 63 Urtica urens +.2 1.2 2.2 3 38 Stellaria media 2.2 + 2 25 Senecio rupestris ++225 Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia +.2 + 2 25 Chenopodium bonus-henricus 1.2 1.1 2 25 Galium spurium 2.2 + 2 25 Draba stylaris 1.2 1 13 Urtica dioica +.2 1 13 Thlaspi arvense 1.1 1 13 Descurainia sophia 1.1 1 13 Capsella bursa-pastoris +113 0 Companion species 0 Silene saxifraga r +.2 +.2 3 38 Poa alpina + 1.2 + 3 38 Silene quadridentata ++ 225 Taraxacum officinale ++225 Poa supina + +.2 2 25
Sporadic species 41513––2 34 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.10 TANACETO-ARTEMISIETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 59–61) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Med. Altitude (m) 750 700 1000 650 650 650 500 450 450 644 Exposition W SW – – – – – – – Slope (deg) 3 10 – – – – – – – 1 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 102015102540252010029 Number of species 29 23 25 32 28 29 29 35 33 29.22 Diversity (Shannon) 1.4 1.21 1.32 1.37 1.37 1.4 1.36 1.33 1.37 1.35
Character species of the Association Artemisia vulgaris + 2.2 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 1.1 9 100 Tanacetum vulgare 3.1 2.2 1.1 + 4 44 0 Character species of Arction, Artemisietalia 0 Silene alba 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 6 67 Melilotus albus + + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 6 67 Mentha longifolia + + + + + 1.1 8 89 Arctium lappa 1.1 1.1 + + (+) 5 56 Melilotus officinalis ++ 222 Cirsium vulgare +111 Rudbeckia laciniata +111
Character species of Artemisietea Urtica dioica 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 + 1.1 (+) 7 78 Aegopodium podagraria 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 5 56 Lamium album + 1.1 + + + 5 56 Anthriscus sylvestris 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 4 44 Erigeron annuus 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 6 67 Artemisia absinthium + 1.2 2 22 Heracleum sphondylium 1.1 + 2 22 Parietaria erecta 3.3 111 Helianthus tuberosus 1.2 1 11 Chelidonium majus +111 Artemisia verlotiorum +111 Barbarea vulgaris +111 Lactuca serriola +111
Companion species Galium mollugo 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 7 78 Achillea millefolium distans + + + + 1.1 + 6 67 Arrhenatherum elatius ++ + + + 556 Equisetum arvense 1.1 + 1.2 + + 5 56 Agropyrum intermedium + 1.2 + + + 5 56 Saponaria officinalis +++++556 Taraxacum obovatum ++ +++ 556 Dactylis glomerata +++ ++ 556 Fallopia convolvulus + 1.1 + 1.2 4 44 Chenopodium album + + 1.1 1.2 4 44 Trifolium pratense + + 1.1 + 4 44 Clematis vitalba + + + 2.2 4 44 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 35
Association Table 2.10 (continued) Convolvulus arvensis + 1.1 + 3 33 Galeopsis tetrahit 1.1 + + 3 33 Campanula trachelium ++ +333 Pastinaca sativa ++ 333 Daucus carota + + 1.1 3 33 Trifolium repens + + 1.2 3 33 Solidago canadensis ++ +333 Stachys sylvatica + + (+) 3 33 Reseda lutea 1.2 +.2 + 3 33 Tussilago farfara 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 33 Eupatorium cannabinum + + 1.2 3 33 Calamagrostis arundinacea 1.2 2.3 2 22 Medicago falcata 1.2 1.2 2 22 Equisetum ramosissimum 1.2 + 2 22 Geum urbanum 1.1 + 2 22 Rumex obtusifolius (+) 1.1 2 22 Cichorium intybus + 1.2 2 22 Silene vulgaris ++ 222 Poa pratensis ++ 222 Chenopodium bonus-henricus ++ 222 Capsella bursa-pastoris ++222 Sonchus oleraceus ++ 222 Agropyrum caninum ++222 Cirsium arvense ++ 222 Lotus corniculatus ++ 222 Centaurea nigrescens ++222 Valeriana officinalis ++222 Atriplex hastata 2.2 1 11 Calystegia sepium 2.2 1 11 Potentilla reptans 2.2 1 11 Rubus cfr. hirtus 2.2 1 11 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 1.1 1 11 Dryopteris filix-mas 1.1 1 11 Verbascum thapsus 1.1 1 11 Sisymbrium austriacum 1.1 1 11 Sisymbrium officinale 1.1 1 11 Bromus inermis 1.2 1 11 Petasites albus 1.2 1 11 Salvia glutinosa 1.1 1 11 Trisetum flavescens 1.1 1 11 Ranunculus acris 1.1 1 11
Sporadic species 26 2 6 2 15 138 36 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.11 SENECIONI-EPILOBIETUM ANGUSTIFOLII (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 62–64) 12345678910 Altitude (m) 1600 1700 2050 1900 1900 1500 1600 1900 1600 1200 1670 Exposition SW SE S E N N NE E S – Slope (deg) 15 5 5 10 20 20 2 10 10 – 10 Cover (%) 100 100 50 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 93 Surface (m2) 30 100 100 200 25 50 50 200 50 150 95 Number of species 23 24 18 34 23 23 25 19 24 31 26.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.201 1.294 1.107 1.392 1.076 1.058 1.154 1.15 0.986 1.209 1.16
Character species of the Association Epilobium angustifolium 5.5 5.5 3.2 4.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.5 3.2 2.2 10 100 Character species of Mulgedio-Aconitetea Geranium sylvaticum + + 1.1 + + + + + 8 80 Alchemilla xanthochlora + 1.1 + + 1.2 + + 8 80 Salix appendiculata 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 60 Chaerophyllum hirsutum + 1.1 + + 1.2 5 50 Rumex alpinus + + 1.1 2.2 4 40 Cirsium erisithales 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 40 Peucedanum ostruthium + + 1.1 + 4 40 Adenostyles glabra +++330 Myosotis sylvatica + 1.1 + 3 30 Stellaria nemorum subsp. nemorum 1.2 + + 3 30 Senecio fuchsii + 1.2 1.2 3 30 Epilobium alpestre ++ 220 Veratrum album + (+) 2 20 Senecio cordatus 1.2 + 2 20 Geum rivale 1.1 + 2 20 Trollius europaeus + (+) 2 20 Agropyrum caninum ++220 Aconitum napellus +110 Poa nemoralis +110 Cirsium spinosissimum +110 Adenostyles alliariae +110
Companion species Rumex alpestris ++++ ++1.1+880 Rubus idaeus 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 8 80 Tussilago farfara + + 1.1 1.1 + + 6 60 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 + 6 60 Silene vulgaris ++ ++ + +660 Heracleum sphondylium + + + 1.1 2.2 5 50 Solidago virgaurea 1.1 + + + 4 40 Dactylis glomerata + 1.1 + + 4 40 Ranunculus acris ++++440 Achillea stricta ++ + + 440 Urtica dioica + + 1.2 + 4 40 Trifolium pratense +++ 330 Fragaria vesca ++ + 330 Poa pratensis ++ +330 Phleum alpinum ++ + 330 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 37
Association Table 2.11 (continued) Phleum pratense +++330 Rumex acetosa ++220 Anthoxanthum odoratum ++ 220 Briza media ++220 Festuca pratensis + 1.1 2 20 Leontodon hispidus ++ 220 Carum carvi ++ 220 Taraxacum officinale ++220 Veronica chamaedrys ++ 220 Pimpinella major ++220 Valeriana montana + 1.1 2 20 Bromus inermis 1.2 1 10 Anthriscus sylvestris 2.2 1 10 Petasites paradoxus 2.2 1 10 Aconitum ranunculifolium 1.1 1 10 Viola biflora 1.1 1 10 Alchemilla acutiloba 1.2 1 10 Cirsium arvense 1.1 1 10 Agropyrum intermedium 1.1 1 10 Equisetum arvense 1.1 1 10
Sporadic species 9 1 4 7 8 10 7 3 10 11 38 Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of...
Association Table 2.12 RUBETUM IDAEI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 64–66) 123456789 Altitude (m) 400 850 1400 1580 1200 1600 850 1350 850 1260 Exposition SW W N S S S N N N Slope (deg) 10 5 10 35 5 10 10 5 20 14 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 200 150 20 25 50 100 25 100 96 Number of species 29 54 35 37 28 22 28 28 16 33.13 Diversity (Shannon) 1.17 1.28 1.14 1.06 0.63 1.07 1.01 1.10 0.74 1.02
Diagnostic species (Kennart) Rubus idaeus 3.3 3.4 3.3 4.3 4.5 2.2 5.5 4.5 5.5 9 100 0 Species of Class Adenostyletea 0 Cirsium erisithales 1.2 + 1.1 + 4 44 Geranium sylvaticum + + 1.1 + 4 44 Chaeropyllum hirsutum subsp. hirsutum + (+) 1.1 3 33 Chaeropyllum hirsutum subsp. villarsii + 1.1 2 22 Salix appendiculata + 1.1 2 22 Alnus incana 1.1 (+) 2 22 Poa nemoralis ++ 222 Myosotis sylvatica ++ 222 Adenostyles alliariae ++ 222 Aconitum lycoctonum 2.2 (+) 1.1 1 11 Geum rivale +111 Aconitum paniculatum 1.1 1 11 Geranium phaeum +111 Alnus viridis +111 Stellaria nemorum subsp. nemorum +111 Polygonatum verticillatum +111 Alchemilla xanthochlora +111 Saxifraga rotundifolia 1.1 1 11
Companion species Urtica dioica 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 + + 6 67 Dactylis glomerata + + + (+) 4 44 Solidago virgaurea ++ + + 444 Epilobium montanum ++++444 Fragaria vesca + 1.1 + + 4 44 Vicia cracca ++ ++444 Silene vulgaris + +++ 444 Ranunculus lanuginosus 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 33 Salvia glutinosa ++ + 333 Galeopsis speciosa 1.1 2.2 + 3 33 Heracleum sphondylium 2.2 + + 3 33 Senecio fuchsii + 1.1 + 3 33 Oxalis acetosella + 1.2 1.2 3 33 Sambucus racemosa ++ + 333 Epilobium angustifolium 1.2 3.2 + 3 33 Calamagrostis varia 1.2 + + 3 33 Festuca pratensis 1.1 + + 3 33 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of... 39
Association Table 2.12 (continued) Picea abies ++ +333 Mycelis muralis + + 1.1 3 33 Tussilago farfara + + 2.3 3 33 Agropyrum intermedium 1.1 + + 3 33 Geranium robertianum ++ +333 Pteridium aquilinum + + 1.1 3 22 Stellaria graminea +++ 322 Ranunculus acris +++322 Campanula trachelium ++ 222 Stachys sylvatica 1.2 2.2 2 22 Trifolium repens ++ 222 Rosa pendulina 1.1 + 2 22 Knautia arvenisis ++ 222 Anthriscus sylvestris ++ 222 Poa pratensis ++222 Vicia sepium ++ 222 Viola biflora ++222 Corylus avellana 1.1 2.1 1 11 Hypericumperforatum 2.1 1 11 Petasites albus 2.1 1 11 Veronica urticaefolia 1.1 1 11 Calamintha clinopodium 2.3
Sporadic species 9 251421126127 9 Association Table 2.13 RUMICETUM ALPINI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 66–68) of Vegetation and Meadows “Stable Habitat the to Tables Association 40 12345678910111213141516 Altitude (m) 1700 1340 1840 1800 2100 2000 1800 1718 1900 1700 1900 1600 1920 1700 1400 1250 1720 Exposition S SE W SE E S SW – SE S S S SW – – – Slope (deg) 1 5 2 3 5 2 15 – 5 10 2 2 10 – – – 4 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 500 100 50 100 25 100 100 150 10 150 30 150 200 50 25 100 115 Number of species 25 31 16 15 23 21 17 20 24 23 21 22 24 14 20 25 21.19 Diversity (Shannon) 1.29 1.18 1.01 1.02 1.22 1.18 0.96 1.11 1.21 1.16 1.14 1.13 1.17 0.78 1.13 1.24 1.12
Character species of the Association Rumex alpinus 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.5 2.2 5.5 4.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.3 13 81 Senecio cordatus 1.1 + 1.1 3.3 3.3 1.2 3.3 3.3 5.5 4.3 2.1 11 69
Character species of Mulgedio-Aconitetea Alchemilla xanthochlora + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 2.3 + 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 15 94 Myosotis sylvatica + + + + + + + + + + 10 63 Stellaria nemorum subsp. nemorum 2.1 2.2 3.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 7 44 Epilobium alpestre +++++ + (+)744 Peucedanum ostruthium + 2.2 + + + 2.2 6 38 Geum rivale 1.1 +.2 + 2.2 1.1 2.2 6 38 Geranium sylvaticum + 1.2 +.2 + 1.1 + 6 38 Veratrum album + 1.1 1.1 (+) + + 6 38 Chaerophyllum hirsutum + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 5 31 Cirsium spinosissimum + 1.1 + (+) 4 25 Aconitum lamarckii + 2.2 + 1.1 4 25 Cirsium erisithales + + 2.2 3 19 Aconitum napellus + 1.1 213 Geranium phaeum +.2 16 Alchemilla straminea + Myrrhis odorata 3.3 1 6 Adenostyles glabra (+) 1 6
Companion species Urtica dioica 1.2 2.2 + +.2 1.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 + + 1.2 3.3 +.2 + 1.1 15 94 Rumex alpestris + 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 + + 9 56
Achillea stricta ++ ++ +++ ++ 956 ... soito alst h aia Sal edw n eeainof Vegetation and Meadows “Stable Habitat the to Tables Association
Deschampsia cespitosa 1.2 + 1.3 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 +.2 9 56 Veronica chamaedrys +.2 + + 1.2 + (+) + 7 44 Carum carvi 1.1 + + + + + 6 38 Poa alpina ++++++ 638 Poa supina 2.3 2.2 1.1 + + 1.1 6 38 Chenopodium bonus-henricus 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 + 531 Taraxacum officinale + 1.1 + (+) + 5 31 Phleum alpinum 1.1 + + (+) + 5 31 Trifolium pratense +++ + + 531 Festuca pratensis + + 1.1 + + 5 31 Phleum pratense + + + + 1.1 5 31 Capsella bursa-pastoris ++++425 Poa trivialis + + + 3.3 4 25 Festuca rubra + +.2 + + 4 25 Galeopsis speciosa + ++ 319 Rumex obtusifolius 1.2 + 1.1 3 19 Heracleum sphondylium (+) +.2 + + 3 19 Ranunculus lanuginosus 3.3 1.1 2 13 Stellaria media +.2 + 2 13 Silene dioica 2.2 + (+) 2 13 Epilobium montanum ++ 213 ... Ranunculus repens 1.2 + 2 13 Trollius europaeus + +.2 2 13 Tussilago farfara ++213 Stachys alpina (+) 1.1 2 13 Poa hybrida ++213
Sporadic species 41443556567567756 41 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane Habitat”
(Refers to Chap. 3 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 43 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_4, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 44 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.1 PRUNO-LIGUSTRETUM + CORYLETUM + CLEMATIDETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 86–88) Med. Ril. Ril. Ril. 123456789 101112131–7 8–12 1–13 Altitude (m) 730 450 600 550 300 360 300 900 1050 1200 1000 1100 730 470 1050 713 Exposition S N S S S SE S W S N S S Slope (deg) 5 10 5 25 10 15 15 15 30 40 20 2 10 24 15 Cover B+C 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 99 Surface (m2) 25 50 20 25 20 50 30 50 25 100 100 50 50 31 65 46 Number of species 38 19 26 17 33 35 28 43 26 25 26 22 31 28.0 28.8 28.5 Substrate por por sil cal cal cal cal sil sil. moren. sil sil. Diversity (Shannon) 1.46 1.13 1.15 1.11 1.43 1.39 1.28 1.34 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.21 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.28
Character species of the associations Cornus sanguinea 2.1 3.3 2.2 + 1.1 2.2 3.2 100 54 Ligustrum vulgare 2.1 2.2 3.3 3.3 1.2 2.2 86 46 Corylus avellana 1.1 3.2 3.3 1.1 4.5 4.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 57 100 69 Clematis vitalba (+) 1.1 + + 1.1 2.2 4.4 86 54
Character species of Prunetalia Prunus spinosa 1.1 (+) 3.3 + 1.1 + 71 20 46 Fallopia dumetorum + + + + 14 40 31 Rhamnus cathartica + + 1.1 1.1 29 40 31 Rubus gr. tomentosus 1.2 + + 2.3 29 40 31 Viburnum lantana + + 1.1 29 20 23 Berberis vulgaris + + 1.1 29 20 23 Rosa canina + 1.1 + 29 20 23 Rosa villosa +208 Prunus padus +8
Character species of Fagetalia and Querco-Fagetea Geranium robertianum (+) + + + + + 14 100 46 Campanula trachelium + + 1.1 + + 29 60 38 Fraxinus ornus 1.1 + + + 1.1 57 20 38 Salvia glutinosa + + + 1.2 29 40 31 Crataegus monogyna 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 57 31 Cruciata glabra ++ + 292023 Vicia sylvatica 1.1 + + 60 23 Astragalus glycyphyllos (+) 1.1 + 14 20 23 Euonymus europaeus 2.2 + + 14 20 23 Geum urbanum 1.1 + + 60 23 Lonicera xylosteum + 1.1 1.1 60 23 Mycelis muralis + 1.1 + 14 40 23 Glechoma hederacea 1.2 + + 29 20 23 Brachypodium sylvaticum 2.2 +.2 40 15 Quercus robur + + 14 20 15 Prunus avium + + 14 20 15 Dryopteris filix-mas 2.2 + 40 15 Tilia cordata + + 29 15 Cornus mas 1.1 + 29 15 Primula vulgaris + + 29 15 Ulmus minor 1.1 + 29 15 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 45
Association Table 3.1 (continued) Med. Ril. Ril. Ril. 123456789 101112131–7 8–12 1–13 Acer campestre (+) + 29 15 Pulmonaria officinalis + + 14 20 15 Quercus petraea 1.2 14 8 Viola cfr. riviniana +208 Ajuga reptans +148 Viola reichenbachiana +148 Festuca heterophylla +148
Companion species Dactylis glomerata + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 57 60 62 Clinopodium vulgare + + ++ 1.1 +296046 Vincetoxicum (+) + + 1.1 1.1 + 57 40 46 hirundinaria Galium mollugo + + + + + + 29 60 46 Fragaria vesca + + + + 1.2 14 80 38 Brachypodium 1.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.2 57 20 38 caespitosum Heracleum sphondylium +++ + +432038 Aegopodium podagraria 1.2 + 1.2 2.2 + 14 80 38 Lathyrus pratensis +++++296038 Salix caprea + 2.2 1.1 1.1 60 31 Sambucus nigra + 1.1 2.1 + 60 31 Stachys officinalis + + + + 43 20 31 Urtica dioica 2.2 + + + 60 31 Galeopsis tetrahit + + + + 14 40 31 Knautia drymeia + 2.2 + + 57 31 Vicia cracca 1.1 + + + 43 20 31 Achillea distans + + + + 43 20 31 Verbascum nigrum + (+) + + 43 31 Rubus ulmifolius + + 1.1 + + 43 31 corylifolii Rubus idaeus 1.1 + 1.1 60 23 Pteridium aquilinum + 1.1 + 60 23 Salix appendiculata ++ +4023 Viola cfr. collina 1.1 + + 29 20 23 Galium verum + + 1.1 43 23 Pimpinella major +++ 4323 Euphorbia cyparissias +++ 4323 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1.1 + + 43 23 Coronilla varia + + 2.3 29 23 Medicago falcata +++142023 Galeopsis speciosa +++ 4023 Chaerophyllum hirsutum + 1.1 40 15 s.l. Centaurea bracteata 1.1 + 29 15 Chaerophyllum temulum (+) + 29 15 Peucedanum oreoselinum 1.1 + 29 15 Solidago virgaurea 1.1 + 14 20 15
Sporadic species 74104611921565 511 46 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.2 BERBERIDI-ROSETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 89–90) 1 2 3 45 6789 10 Altitude (m) 1450 1450 1400 850 1200 750 950 920 1000 1100 1110 Exposition E NE S – S S – S – SW Slope (deg) 30 5 15 – 20 20 – 30 – 50 17 Cover B (%) 45 55 67 67 67 67 67 45 67 67 61 Cover C (%) 55 60 75 75 75 75 75 55 75 75 70 Surface (m2) 20 100 20 10 15 20 25 20 10 15 25 Number of species 20 37 33 35 31 27 22 28 21 43 30.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.22 1.35 1.34 1.28 1.06 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.12 1.42 1.25 Dominace (Simpson D/1) 20.6 33.5 27 23.5 18.9 28.5 37 12.8 31.3 17.6 25.1
Character species of the Association Berberis vulgaris 2.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 4.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 (+) 1.1 10 100
Character species of Alliance, Order & Class Rosa dumalis + 2.2 (+) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 80 Rosa montana + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 7 70 Prunus spinosa + 2.2 3.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 6 60 Prunus padus 2.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 4 40 Cotoneaster integerrima 1.1 1.1 + 3 30 Rhamnus cathartica 1.1 (+) 1.1 3 30 Rosa cfr. rubrifolia + + 1.1 3 30 Ribes grossularia ++ 220 Rosa tomentosa 1.2 1.1 2 20 Sambucus nigra 2.1 + 2 20 Astragalus glycypyllus (+) 1 10 Corylus avellana +110 Agrimonia eupatoria +110 Rosa rubiginosa +110 Prunus avium 1.1 1 10 Rosa pimpinelloides +110 Chaerophyllum aureum +110 Sisymbrium strictissimum 2.3 1 10 Geranium divaricatum +110 Campanula trachelium +110 Ribes alpinum 1.1 110 Viburnum lantana +110 Prunus mahaleb 1.1 1 10
Companion species Galium album 1.1 + + 1.1 + 2.2 + 1.2 + + 10 100 Urtica dioica +++++++1.1+990 Campanula rapunculoides ++++ + ++770 Rubus idaeus +++++ + + 770 Hypericum perforatum + + + + + 1.1 + 7 70 Chaerophyllum temulum 1.1 1.1 + + + (+) 6 60 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 47
Association Table 3.2 (continued) 1 2 3 45 6789 10 Brachypodium caespitosum 3.3 +.2 1.1 + 1.1 5 50 Lathyrus pratensis 1.1 + + + + 5 50 Arrhenatherum elatior ++ ++ + 550 Viola tricolor subsp. arvensis ++ + + + 550 Geranium robertianum ++++ 440 Silene alba 1.1 + + 1.2 4 40 Heracleum sphondylium 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 30 Fragaria vesca 1.1 + + 3 30 Veronica teucrium 1.1 + + 3 30 Euonymus europaeus 2.2 1.1 + 3 30 Pteridium aquilinum (+) 1.1 1.1 3 30 Verbascum thapsus ++ + 330 Vicia sepium ++ + 330 Sedum telephium +++ 330 Vicia cracca ++ + 330 Poa nemoralis ++220 Geum urbanum ++ 220 Lonicera alpigena ++ 220 Lonicera xylosteum 1.1 1.2 2 20 Polygonatum officinale + 1.1 2 20 Cruciata laevipes (+) 1.2 2 20 Campanula rapunculus ++ 220 Arabis glabra (+) + 2 20 Fallopia dumetorum 1.1 + 2 20 Melica ciliata transylvanica 1.1 +.2 2 20 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 1.1 1.2 2 20 Carex contigua ++ 220 Agropyrum intermedium ++220 Thalictrum minus ++220 Galeopsis tetrahit ++220 Medicago falcata ++220 Achillea distans ++220
Sporadic species 5 14161217958613 48 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.3 ASTRAGALO-JUNIPERETUM SABINAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 91–93) 12345678910111213 Altitude (m) 1400 1700 1650 1000 1300 1700 1650 1650 1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1412 Exposition W W W S W S W W S S S S S Slope (deg) 80 45 40 60 20 15 35 35 60 30 30 30 20 38 Cover (%) 90 50 10 70 80 100 70 80 100 100 100 80 100 79 Surface (m2) 1685 1510251620751010101618 Number of species 24 20 12 18 22 20 26 20 29 46 36 26 32 25.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.09 1.04 0.81 1.02 1.02 0.92 1.27 1.12 1.25 1.34 1.35 1.24 1.33 1.14 Soil gra tufi tufi sci tufi tufi tufi tufi tufi sil. sil. sil. sil.
Kennarten Juniperus sabina 4.5 1.2 +.2 1.3 2.2 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.5 13 100 Thymus cfr. oenipontanus 1.2 + + 3 23
Species of the Order Prunetalia Rhamnus cathartica + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 6 46 Prunus spinosa ++++431 Rosa canina var. 1.1 + (+) + 4 31 Astragalus purpureus subsp. ++ +323 gremli Berberis vulgaris + + 1.2 + + 3 23 Rosa montana +++ 323 Astragalus penduliflorus 1.2 1 8 Ononis rotundifolia +18
Species of the Class Querco-Fagetea Astragalus glycyphyllus +.2 1.2 1.1 + + 5 38 Ribes alpinum + 1.2 + + + 5 38 Lilium bulbiferum + r 1.1 + 4 31 Polygonatum odoratum + 1.2 + + 4 31 Prunus padus ++ + 323 Cotoneaster integerrima +++323 Hieracium umbellatum ++ 215 Thalictrum aquilegifolium ++ 215 Viburnum lantana 1.1 1 8 Lonicera xylosteum 1.2 1 8 Phyteuma spicatum 1.3 18 Geranium robertianum +18 Verbascum nigrum +18
Species of the Class Trifolio-Geranietea Silene nutans + +.2 + 3 23 Primula elatior ++ 215 Coronilla varia ++215 Valeriana collina ++ 215 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ++ 215 Lathyrus pratensis +18 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 49
Association Table 3.3 (continued) 12345678910111213 Pimpinella nigra +.2 18 Trifolium medium +18 Viola hirta +18
Species of the Class Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis +1.2+.2 + +++754 Brachypodium caespitosum +.2 + + + + +.2 6 46 Koeleria macrantha + ++++538 Galium lucidum + 1.1 + 5 38 Festuca rupicola ++++431 Potentilla heptaphylla ++++431 Euphorbia cyparissias ++215 Melica ciliata ++215 Onobrychis montana ++ 215 Poa pratensis subsp. ++215 angustifolia Seseli cfr. austriacum ++ 215 Stachys rectus ++ 215 Viola pinnata ++ 18
Companion species Aster alpinus + (+) 1.2 + 1.2 2.3 2.1 + 8 62 Dactylis glomerata 2.3 1.1 3.3 + +.2 +.3 + +.2 8 62 Cirsium erisithales + 1.21.1++++754 Fragaria vesca + + + +.2 1.1 + (+) 7 54 Avenula pubescens + + ++++646 Melampyrum sylvaticum + + + + (+) 5 38 Calamagrostis villosa + 1.2 2.2 + 4 31 Epilobium montanum +++ + 431 Polygala chamaebuxus ++++431 Juniperus communis 1.1+++431 Acinos alpinus +++ 323 Galium anisophyllum +++ 323 Hieracium sylvaticum + + (+) 3 23 Oxalis acetosella ++ +323 Pimpinella major +++323 Sambucus racemosa +.2 +.2 + 3 23
Bryophytes Thuidium tamariscinum 2.4 3.3 2.3 3 23 Hylocomium splendens 3.4 1 8
Sporadic species 1195711106610211068 50 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.4 BUGLOSSOIDI-OSTRYETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 93–95) 12 34 5 6 7 Altitude (m) 370 600 550 910 350 350 450 511.4 Exposition S NW N SW S W W Slope (deg) 20 25 10 25 25 10 10 18 Cover A (%) 95 100 30 10 98 85 95 73 Cover B (%) 50 30 95 100 15 20 30 49 Cover C (%) 80 70 30 70 70 60 60 63 Surface (m2) 100 100 150 200 100 100 100 121 Number of species 41 39 33 42 25 24 39 35.14 Substrate cal cal cal cal cal cal Diversity (Shannon) 1.51 1.523 1.43 1.382 1.162 0.975 1.339 1.332
Character species of Association and Alliance Ostrya carpinifolia (A layer) 2.3 4.5 3.4 5.5 1.2 4.5 7 100 Ostrya carpinifolia (B layer) 1.1 1.1 + Fraxinus ornus (A layer) 3.4 1.1 1.1 Fraxinus ornus (B layer) 1.2 1.1 1.1 6 86
Differential species from Orno-Ostryetum Viburnum lantana 1.1 + + + + 5 71 Cyclamen purpurascens 1.1 + + + 4 57 Acer pseudoplatanus (A–B layer) ++ +343 Lathyrus vernus ++ + 343 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 1.1 1.1 2 29 Melampyrum velebiticum ++ 229 Mercurialis ovata ++ 229
Character species of Quercetalia pubescentis Coronilla emerus + +++457 Tamus communis + 1.1 + 3 43 Cornus mas 2.3 + + 3 43 Hieracium laevigatum ++ 229 Quercus pubescens 1.1 1.1 2 29 Ligustrum vulgare ++ 229 Laburnum alpinum 1.1 + 2 29 Tilia cordata 1.1 1.1 2 29 Ulmus glabra 1.1 2 29 Mycelis muralis +114 Melittis melissophyllum +114 Berberis vulgaris +114 Sorbus domestica +114 Sorbus torminalis +114 Sorbus aria 1.1 1 14 Euphorbia dulcis +114 Asparagus tenuifolius +114 Clematis recta +114 Lembotropis nigricans +114 Paeonia officinalis +114
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 51
Association Table 3.4 (continued) 12 34 5 6 7 Character species of Querco-Fagetea Crataegus monogyna + + + (+) + + 6 86 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 1.1 + + + 4 57 Hepatica nobilis 1.1 1.2 + +.2 4 57 Clematis vitalba + + (+) + 4 57 Melica nutans 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 43 Festuca heteropylla 2.2 2.2 +.2 3 43 Viola reichenbachiana ++ +343 Acer campestre (A layer) 1.1 + 1.1 3 43 Cornus sanguinea 1.1 + + 3 43 Rhamnus cathartica ++ + 343 Corylus avellana 1.1 3.4 4.5 3 43 Anemone trifolia + 1.1 + 3 43 Hedera helix 2.3 + 2 29 Carex digitata + 1.2 2 29 Lonicera xylosteum ++229 Acer campestre (B layer) + 2.2 2 29 Asarum europaeum 1.1 1.2 2 29 Euonymus europaeus ++ 229 Frangula alnus ++ 229 Campanula trachelium +114 Hieracium lachenalii +114 Aegopodium podagraria +114 Daphne mezereum +114 Ranunculus nemorosus +114 Actaea spicata +114 Neottia nidus-avis +114 Convallaria majalis +.2 1 14 Galium laevigatum +114 Betula pendula 2.1 1 14 Malus sylvestris 1.1 1 14 Viburnum opalus +114 Vinca minor 3.3 1 14
Companion species Brachypodium sylvaticum + + +.2 3 43 Fragaria vesca +++ 343 Juniperus communis 1.1 + 1.1 3 43 Rhamnus saxatilis ++ 229 Sesleria caerulea 3.4 3.2 2 29 Pteridium aquilinum ++ 229 Primula vulgaris ++ 229 Carex alba 2.3 2.3 2 29 Cruciata glabra ++ 229 Clinopodium vulgare (+) 1 14 Erica carnea 3.3 1 14 Sorbus aucuparia 1.2 1 14 Oxalis acetosella 1.2 1 14
Sporadic species 74 816121518 52 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.5 ORNO-OSTRYETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 95–97) 123456789 Altitude (m) 870 325 600 500 500 500 500 700 550 560.6 Exposition SSE SE S SE N SW W S SW Slope (deg) 40 30 20 15 35 35 50 30 30 32 Cover A (%) 80 85 100 95 100 95 100 80 – 82 Cover B (%) 20 50 50 60 30 50 60 50 100 52 Cover C (%) 20 70 60 10 80 30 70 70 70 53 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 150 250 60 150 300 200 156.7 Number of species 33 31 44 29 25 25 27 33 39 31.78 Substrate calc gra gra gra gra scisti scisti por gra Diversity (Shannon) 1.462 1.262 1.484 1.328 1.315 1.20 1.319 1.424 1.439 1.36
Character species of Association and Alliance Ostrya carpinifolia (A layer) 3.3 3.3 4.3 1.1 4.4 4.3 3.3 1.1 9 100 Ostrya carpinifolia (B layer) + 1.1 1.1 3.3 Fraxinus ornus (A layer) 2.3 3.3 2.3 3.3 1.2 3.3 9 100 Fraxinus ornus (B layer) 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 3.3 2.2
Differential species from Buglossoidi-Ostryetum Prunus mahaleb + + + + 1.1 1.2 + 7 78 Solidago virgaurea + + +++556 Hieracium sylvaticum +++ ++556 Quercus petraea (A layer) 1.1 2.2 2.1 5 56 Carex humilis 2.3 + 2.3 3 33 Quercus petraea (B layer) + 2.2 2 22 Celtis australis (A layer) 1.2 1.1 2 22
Character species of Quercetalia pubescentis Ligustrum vulgare + 1.1 1.2 + + 5 56 Cornus mas + + 2.2 1.2 1.1 5 56 Prunus avium (A layer) ++ ++444 Coronilla emerus (+) 1.1 + + 4 44 Mycelis muralis +++ +444 Hieracium laevigatum + + + 1.1 4 44 Quercus pubescens 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 4 44 Melittis melissophyllum +++ +444 Tamus communis ++ + 333 Lathyrus niger ++ + 333 Berberis vulgaris +++ 333 Viola mirabilis +++333 Viburnum lantana ++ +333 Tilia platyphyllos + (+) 2 22 Sorbus torminalis + 1.1 2 22 Primula veris +111 Astragalus glycyphyllos (+) 1 11 Cephalanthera longifolia +111 Trifolium medium +111 Peucedanum cervaria +111 Sorbus aria 1.2 111 Tilia cordata +111 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 53
Association Table 3.5 (continued) 123456789 Cytisus sessilifolius + 111 Lembotropis nigricans + 111 Laburnum anagyroides + 111 Cotinus coggygria + 111 Euonymus latifolius + 111 Paeonia officinalis + 111
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Hedera helix + + 1.1 1.1 2.3 3.3 1.2 8 89 Festuca heteropylla 1.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 5 56 Viola reichenbachiana +++++556 Crataegus monogyna 1.2 + + + 4 44 Glechoma hederacea 1.2 + + + 4 44 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria +++333 Hepatica nobilis (+) 1.1 + 3 33 Clematis vitalba 1.1 (+) + 3 33 Rosa canina +++333 Melica nutans + 1.2 2 22 Carex digitata 1.2 + 2 22 Campanula trachelium ++222 Lonicera xylosteum ++ 222 Geranium robertianum + 2.2 2 22 Geum urbanum ++222 Rhamnus cathartica ++ 222 Ulmus minor ++ 222 Euonymus europaeus + 1.1 2 22 Neottia nidus-avis ++ 222 Ajuga reptans ++ 222 Salvia glutinosa ++222 Polygonatum odoratum ++ 222 Populus tremula ++222 Acer campestre (A layer) 1.2 1 11 Cornus sanguinea 1.1 1 11 Hieracium umbellatum 1.1 1 11
Companion species Brachypodium sylvaticum +.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 +.2 6 67 Fragaria vesca + + + + 1.1 5 56 Castanea sativa + 1.2 1.2 + 4 44 Clinopodium vulgare +++333 Rhamnus saxatilis + 1.2 1.2 3 33 Amelanchier ovalis +++333 Ruscus aculeatus + 1.2 2 22 Erica carnea 1.2 + 2 22 Juniperus communis 1.1 1 11 Carex alba 1.2 1 11
Sporadic species 4686586710 54 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.6 GALIO-CARPINETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 98–100) Media 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (1–9) Altitude (m) 300 300 350 370 550 550 500 500 750 350 463 Exposition S N – S S S SW S N E Slope (deg) 10 2 – 20 25 25 15 10 15 5 14 Cover A (%) 100 95 100 85 95 80 95 80 97 75 92 Cover B (%) 30 60 30 70 95 100 100 50 40 25 64 Cover C (%) 60 70 80 30 35 40 40 90 60 70 56 Surface (m2) 250 500 350 400 250 100 250 150 500 250 306 Number of species 25 38 39 30 45 39 64 32 34 40 38.4 Diversity (Shannon) 1.317 1.509 1.49 1.376 1.507 1.498 1.648 1.344 1.404 1.45
Kennarten % (Ril. 1–10) Quercus robur (A layer) 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.2 6 60 Quercus robur (B layer) (+) + Carpinus betulus (A layer) 4.5 3.5 4.2 1.1 1.1 7 70 Carpinus betulus (B layer) 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2
Character species of Association and Alliance (Carpinion) Crataegus laevigata + 2.2 1.1 + (+) + + 7 70 Vinca minor 2.3 2.2 1.3 + 1.2 5 50 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum ++ + +440 Galium laevigatum + + 1.1 3 30 Viburnum opalus +++330 Carex pilosa 1.2 2.1 2 20 Geranium nodosum 1.1 1 10
Differential variant of QUERCUS PETRAEA Quercus petraea (A layer) 2.1 3.1 2 20 Quercus petraea (B layer) 1.1 + 2 20 Luzula albida + 2.3 2 20 Festuca heterophylla 2.4 1.1 2 20 Lamium orvala 1.2 + 2 20
Differential variant with Castanea sativa Castanea sativa 1.1 1.1 4.1 4.1 4 40 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.3 2.2 2 20 Maianthemum bifolium + 1.2 2 20 Hieracium laevigatum +110
Character species of Fagion Melica nutans 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 + + 1.1 8 80 Lonicera xylosteum + + + (+) 1.1 + + 7 70 Sanicula europaea + + + 1.2 4 40 Mercurialis perennis 1.3 + + 3 30 Mycelis muralis +++ 330 Anemone trifolia (+) + + 3 30 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 55
Association Table 3.6 (continued)
Media 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (1–9) Phyteuma spicatum ++ +330 Daphne mezereum + (+) 2 20 Fagus sylvatica (A–B layer) ++220 Polystichum braunii ++ 220 Cyclamen purpurascens +110 Cardamine bulbifera +110
Character species of Tilio-Acerion Salvia glutinosa + ++++++++990 Pulmonaria officinalis + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 6 60 Fraxinus excelsior (A layer) 1.1 2.1 1.1 2.2 4 40 Tilia platyphyllos (B layer) + + 1.1 3 30 Acer platanoides 1.1 (+) 2 20 Acer pseudoplatanus (B layer) ++220 Fraxinus excelsior (B layer) 1.1 + 2 20 Ulmus glabra + (+) 2 20 Populus tremula (A–B layer) +110 Tilia platyphyllos (A layer) 1.1 1 10 Lunaria rediviva +110
Character species of Quercetalia pubescentis Fraxinus ornus (A–B layer) + (+) + + + + 6 60 Cornus mas 1.1 (+) 1.1 2.2 4 40 Viburnum lantana + + + (+) 4 40 Melampyrum nemorosum ++ + 330 Mespilus germanica ++220 Asparagus tenuifolius +110 Tamus communis +110 Ruscus aculeatus 1.2 1 10
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Corylus avellana + 1.1 + 2.2 4.5 3.4 4.5 1.1 2.2 1.2 10 100 Brachypodium sylvaticum + 1.1 +.2 1.1 +.2 1.2 +.2 7 70 Polygonatum multiflorum 1.1 + + + + 1.1 6 60 Acer campestre (A–B layer) 1.1 + + 2.2 + 1.1 6 60 Euphorbia dulcis + + + 1.1 + + 6 60 Viola reichenbachiana ++++++660 Berberis vulgaris ++++ + 550 Cruciata glabra + +.2 1.2 + 1.2 5 50 Campanula trachelium ++++440 Carex digitata + + + +.2 4 40 Cornus sanguinea + 2.2 3.3 1.1 4 40 Euonymus europaeus + +++ 440 Prunus avium + + (+) 1.1 4 40 Rosa arvensis ++ + +440 Dryopteris filix-mas +++ +440 (continued) 56 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.6 (continued)
Media 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (1–9) Clematis vitalba 2.2 1.1 (+) 3 30 Hedera helix 1.2 + + 3 30 Hepatica nobilis 1.3 + + 3 30 Hieracium racemosum +++ 330 Ligustrum vulgare 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 30 Rhamnus cathartica + (+) + 3 30 Symphytum tuberosum +.2 + + 3 30 Geranium robertianum ++ + 330 Athyrium filix-foemina +++330 Asarum europaeum 1.2 1.3 + 3 30 Crataegus monogyna + 1.1 + 3 30 Carex sylvatica + 1.2 2 20 Chaerophyllum aureum 1.1 + 2 20 Polygonatum odoratum ++220 Ulmus minor (A–B layer) + 1.1 2 20 Luzula pilosa ++220 Ajuga reptans +110 Euphorbia amygdaloides +110 Viola mirabilis +110 Viola riviniana +110 Geum urbanum +110 Frangula alnus +110 Platanthera bifolia +10
Accompanying species Fragaria vesca +++++++770 Pteridium aquilinum + + + + + +.2 + 7 70 Aegopodium podagraria ++ + + 440 Picea abies 1.1 2.1 1.2 3 30 Solidago virgaurea + 1.1 + 3 30 Hieracium sylvaticum +++ 330 Pinus sylvestris 2.1 1.1 2 20 Sorbus aucuparia (A–B layer) ++220 Oxalis acetosella ++220
Sporadic species 23549416869 Association Table 3.7 ALNETUM INCANAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 101–103) soito alst h aia Frsso ralae re nteVle Floor Valley the in Trees Broadleaved of “Forests Habitat the to Tables Association Alnetum glutinosae Matteuccia community 12 345678910111213Tot. Med. 14 15 16 17 Altitude (m) 650 1000 750 720 800 800 600 700 650 750 1200 1400 1250 867 1350 1300 1250 1350 Exposition N – N S ––––N–N– N – NE– N Slope (deg) 10 – 1 2 ––––15–20–10 4 – 30– 5 Cover A (%) 90 100 80 95 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 95 97 90 – – 80 Cover B (%) 20 10 40 30 10 90 3 15 30 5 20 5 20 23 90 – – 20 Cover C (%) 100 100 50 95 95 50 100 100 100 100 60 90 80 86 90 98 100 90 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 200 150 100 150 100 250 250 100 100 50 135 100 150 200 100 Number of species 48 25 25 44 27 31 31 32 54 48 22 23 33 34.8 32 40 52 31 Diversity (Shannon) 1.48 1.24 1.28 1.37 1.22 1.34 1.22 1.25 1.5 1.42 1.03 0.93 1.29 1.27
Kennarten Alnus incana (A layer) 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 3.1 5.5 5.2 4.5 13 100 8 31 Alnus incana (B layer) 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 9 69 Rubus caesius + + + 1.1 3.3 4.5 2.2 + 4.2 1.1 10 77 1.2 1.2 1 Stellaria nemorum + 1.2 + + + 1.2 + + 7 54 1.2 1.1 2 22 85 Alnus glutinosa 2.1 2.1 1 1 4 Betula pendula + 3.1 3.1 1 Matteuccia struthiopteris 1.1 3.1 2.3 1.1 3 26 100
Sp. caratt. d. Alno-Ulmion Stachys sylvatica 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 8 62 + 2.3 1 10 38 Chaerophyllum hirsutum subsp. villarsii 2.3 + 1.1 + 2.1 1.2 6 46 1.1 +.2 + 1.1 3 21 81 Frangula alnus + + 1.1 3 23 Clematis vitalba + + 1.1 3 23 Impatiens noli-tangere + 1.1 2.4 3 23 2.2 + 2 19 73 Prunus padus 1.1 1.1 + 3 23 Cirsium heterophyllum +.2 2.3 2 15 Ribes nigrum + 18
Character species of Fagetalia, Querco-Fagetea ... Lonicera xylosteum + 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.1 + + + 7 62 Dryopteris filix-mas (+) + + + + + + 6 54 1.1 + 2 10 38 Mycelis muralis + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 7 54 Salvia glutinosa 1.1 (+) 1.1 + (+) + 6 46 4 15 Brachypodium sylvaticum +.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 6 46 Geum urbanum + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 46 Fraxinus excelsior (B layer) 1,1 + 1.1 + 1.1 5 38 Lamiastrum galeobdolon + + 1.1 1.1 2.2 5 38 12 46 Athyrium filix-foemina (+) + + + + 5 38 1.1 (+) 1.2 2 19 73 Corylus avellana (+) 1.1 + + + 5 38 + 1 3 12 Berberis vulgaris + + 1.1 + + + 5 38 Fraxinus excelsior (A layer) 1.1 1.1 3.1 1.1 4 31 4 15 Campanula trachelium +++323 Carex sylvatica (+) + +.3 3 23 9 35 +++323 Viola reichenbachiana 57 Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) 1.1 2.1 1.1 3 23 Daphne mezereum (+) 1.1 2 15 Paris quadrifolia + + 2 15 + + 2 10 38 (continued) Association Table 3.7 (continued)
Alnetum glutinosae Floor Valley the in Trees Broadleaved of “Forests Habitat the to Tables Association Matteuccia community 58 12 345678910111213Tot. Med. 14 15 16 17 Acer pseudoplatanus (B layer) + + 2 15 + 1623 Veronica urticifolia 1.1 + 2 15 Asarum europaeum 1.2 1 8
Character species of Aegopodion Aegopodium podagraria + + 1.1 + + 1.2 1.3 1.2 8 62 1.1 1 17 65 Petasites hybridus 3.5 3.5 (+) + 1.1 1.1 + 7 54 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 3 22 85 Carduus personata ++ +++1.1 646 + 2623 Eupatorium cannabinum + 1.1 + 3 23
Accompanying species Sambucus nigra 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + + 10 77 Urtica dioica 1.1 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 + + + 9 69 1.1 +.2 + 1.1 3 20 77 Geranium robertianum + + + + 1.1 + + + 8 62 + 4 15 Fragaria vesca + + + + + + 1.2 + 8 62 1.1 + 1.1 2 Impatiens parviflora 2.3 2.2 + 2.2 + + 6 46 Cirsium erisithales + + + + 1.1 + 6 46 1.1 Angelica sylvestris + + 1.1 + + + 6 46 7 27 Salix purpurea 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.1 6 46 Picea abies 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 5 38 + 1.1 1 9 35 Solanum dulcamara 1.1 ++ ++ 538 Dactylis glomerata + + 1.1 + 1.2 5 38 + Tussilago farfara 1.1 +.2 1.3 2.3 + 5 38 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.2 + + 2.2 1.2 5 38 Epilobium montanum + + + + 4 31 + + 2623 Glechoma hederacea + 1.1 + 1.2 4 31 + 1 5 19 Galeopsis speciosa ++++ 431 Mnium undulatum +.3 2.5 2.3 1.3 4 31 8 31 Humulus lupulus + (+) + 3 23 Salix appendiculata + + + 3 23 + + + + 3 10 38 Heracleum sphondylium + 1.1 + 3 23 2.1 Rubus idaeus 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 23 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 3 20 77 Salix caprea 1.1 + + + 4 31 1.1 1 Solidago virgaurea + + + 3 23 + + 1 Salix nigricans ++215 Adenostyles alliariae 2.1 1.1 2 15 Oxalis acetosella + 1.1 + 3.3 1.2 + 3 11 Calamagrostis cfr. lanceolata + Serratula tinctoria + Adoxa moschatellina 1 1.1 1 19 73 Chrysosplenium alternifolium 1.1 1 15 58
Sporadic species 13 4 4 18 8 8 12 13 21 22 9 14 10 9 10 19 7
Species occurring only in rel. 14-17 ... Aconitum paniculatum + 1623 Alchemilla xanthochlora x + 1312 Alnus viridis 312 Arum maculatum 312 soito alst h aia Frsso ralae re nteVle Floor Valley the in Trees Broadleaved of “Forests Habitat the to Tables Association Aruncus dioicus x x + + 2415 Athyrium distentifolium 1.1 1.1 1 Calamagrostis arundinacea 831 Cardamine pentaphyllos 727
Circaea alpina 1.2 + 2 6 23 Dactylorhiza fuchsii + + 2623 Doronicum austriacum +.3 2.3 2 2 8 Dryopteris protensa 1.1 1 Epilobium angustifolium 2.3 1.1 2 3 12
Equisetum arvense 623 Euphorbia carniolica 312 Galeopsis tetrahit 727 Geranium phaeum 1.2 1 4 15 Geranium sylvaticum x + + + 3415 Geum rivale + 1.2 2 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 415 Hypericum maculatum 312 Larix decidua x++214 Lonicera nigra 415 Milium effusum 831 Myosotis sylvatica + 1 11 42
Peucedanum ostruthium 2.1 1 Phegopteris polypodioides x x + 1 10 38 Phyteuma ovatum + 1415 Poa nemoralis ++2 Polygonatum verticillatum 519 Polystichum braunii 312 Pteridium aquilinum x 415
Pulmonaria officinalis 415 ... Ranunculus lanuginosus + + 2727 Rubus gr. fruticosus 312 Rumex acetosa x 1.1 1 Rumex arifolius +1
Sambucus racemosa +.3 + 2 Saxifraga rotundifolia 10 38 Senecio cordatus 312 Senecio fuchsii + 1831 Senecio nemorensis 11 42
Stachys alpina 415 Stellaria nemorum Streptopus amplexifolius 831 Veratrum album ++ + 3 59 Vicia sepium 312 Viola biflora x 519 60 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.8 CIRSIO ERISITHALI-ULMETUM (¼ACERI-FRAXINETUM s.l.) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 104–106) 12345678910 Altitude (m) 600 500 700 700 650 800 850 650 900 1000 735 Exposition N N NW NE E SW SW N W S Slope (deg) 40 35 30 30 20 20 25 20 50 25 30 Cover A (%) 70 70 30 90 70 30 70 30 85 100 65 Cover B (%) 25 30 95 5 10 100 90 95 60 30 54 Cover C (%) 60 55 30 100 100 40 70 40 30 90 62 Surface (m2) 500 200 50 150 100 150 100 100 250 100 170 Number of species 51 33 21 35 42 32 25 33 40 48 36.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.443 1.292 1.203 1.305 1.321 1.33 1.205 1.371 1.483 1.478 1.34
Character species of Acerion Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) 1.1 1.1 3.1 2.1 1.1 9 90 Acer pseudoplatanus (B layer) 1.2 + + + + Populus tremula (A+B layer) + 1.1 1.1 + 3.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 8 80 Fraxinus excelsior (A layer) 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.2 7 70 Fraxinus excelsior (B layer) 1.1 + + (+) 1.1 Tilia platyphyllos (A layer) 1.1 (+) 6 60 Tilia platyphyllos (B layer) 2.2 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 Aruncus dioicus + + 1.1 + 1.1 5 50 Laburnum alpinum (A–B layer) 1.1 1.1 2 20 Sorbus aria (A–B layer) + 1.1 2 20 Cirsium erisithales ++ +220 Taxus baccata (A+B layer) 1.1 1 10
Character species of Fagetalia, Querco-Fagetea Corylus avellana + 1.2 + 1.1 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.2 + 9 90 Aegopodium podagraria 1.2 + 1.1 (+) (+) 2.3 6 60 Viola reichenbachiana ++++++660 Melica nutans 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 5 50 Salvia glutinosa + + 1.1 + + 5 50 Campanula trachelium 1.1 + (+) + 1.1 5 50 Fraxinus ornus (A–B layer) + + 1.1 2.2 + 5 50 Festuca heterophylla (+) 1.2 1.2 + + 5 50 Lonicera xylosteum + 1.1 (+) + 4 40 Brachypodium sylvaticum + + 1.2 1.2 4 40 Mycelis muralis + + 1.1 + 4 40 Daphne mezereum + 1.1 + + 4 40 Glechoma hederacea (+) + + 2.3 4 40 Clematis vitalba (+) + + 3 30 Prunus avium + 1.1 1.1 3 30 Hepatica nobilis (+) + 1.2 3 30 Primula veris ++ +330 Poa nemoralis + 2.3 + 3 30 Viburnum lantana (+) 1.1 2 20 Galium aristatum ++ 220 Cornus sanguinea + 1.1 2 20 Mercurialis perennis +.2 1.1 2 20 Fagus sylvatica (A+B layer) 1.1 + 2 20 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 61
Association Table 3.8 (continued) 12345678910 Cyclamen purpurascens ++ 220 Polygonatum odoratum ++220 Paris quadrifolia ++220 Veronica urticifolia + 1.1 2 20 Prenanthes purpurea ++ 220 Lathyrus niger ++ 220 Alnus incana 1.1 3.3 2 20 Ajuga reptans ++ 220 Convallaria majalis ++220 Euphorbia dulcis + 110 Acer campestre (A+B layer) 2.2 1 10 Carex digitata +110 Melampyrum nemorosum +110 Castanea sativa 1.1 1 10 Anemone trifolia + 110 Viola mirabilis +110 Cardamine enneaphyllos + 110 Lathyrus venetus +110 Tilia cordata 1.1 1 10 Lathyrus vernus +110 Astragalus glycyphyllos +110 Betula pendula (A layer) 2.1 1 10 Ligustrum vulgare 1.1 1 10 Rhamnus cathartica +110 Quercus petraea +110 Prunus spinosa +110 Anemone nemorosa +110
Companion species Fragaria vesca + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 8 80 Picea abies + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 7 70 Solidago virgaurea + + ++++ 660 Geranium robertianum +1.1+ +++ 660 Oxalis acetosella + +.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.2 6 60 Dryopteris filix mas 1.2 1.1 + + + 5 50 Sorbus aucuparia A–B + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 5 50 Luzula albida + + + 1.2 2.2 5 50 Cruciata glabra + + +.2 + 4 40 Pteridium aquilinum ++ + 330 Athyrium filix-foemina + 3.3 + 3 30 Hieracium sylvaticum +330 Phyteuma spicatum 1.1 + + 3 30 Frangula alnus ++ 220 Geum urbanum 1.1 1 10
Sporadic species 23 13 4 13 19 9 7 8 8 15 62 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.9 CARICI ALBAE-FAGETUM (Ril. 1–7) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 107–109) 1234567 Altitude (m) 1100 500 900 970 850 1100 680 871 Exposition S W NNE E SSE S SW Slope (deg) 10 35 30 30 15 15 10 21 Surface (m2) 200 500 400 500 100 200 400 330 Cover A (%) 95 90 100 90 100 85 95 94 Cover B (%) 5 15 10 10 20 10 5 11 Cover C (%) 70 60 15 70 90 65 30 57 Substrate cal aren. cal cal cal. aren. Number of species 31 38 39 42 24 28 27 32.7 Diversity (Shannon) 1.30 1.32 1.47 1.45 1.17 1.33 1.33 1.34
Kennarten Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 5.2 5 5 4 5.2 4.1 5.1 100 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 1.1 1 + 1.1 1.1 + Carex alba 3.4 1 + 2 +.2 2.3 1.2 100 Cephalanthera damasonium ++ r + + 71 Cephalanthera longifolia ++ 29 Melittis melissophyllum ++ 29
Character species of Fagion sylvaticae Anemone trifolia +++1 ++86 Prenanthes purpurea + 1 + 1.1 (+) 71 Luzula nivea + + + 1.2 + 71 Veronica urticifolia ++ + + 57 Neottia nidus-avis ++ + 43 Acer pseudoplatanus (B–C layer) ++ + 43 Abies alba (B layer) r1 29 Mercurialis perennis +1 29 Cardamine ennaeaphyllos ++29 Sanicula europaea + (+) 29 Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) 114 Paris quadrifolia (+) 14 Dactylorhiza maculata +14 Aremonia agrimonoides +14 Cardamine pentaphylla +14 Corallorhiza trifida +14 Galium laevigatum 114 Petasites albus +14 Milium effusum 2.3 14
Character species of Fagetalia sylvaticae Daphne mezereum + + + + + + + 100 Hepatica nobilis + + + 1.2 + 71 Melica nutans 1.2 1 2.3 + 57 Mycelis muralis + + 1.1 + 57 Cyclamen purpurascens 1.2 + + 1 57 Viola reichenbachiana +++43 Sorbus aucuparia +r + 43 Lathyrus vernus 11 + 43 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 63
Association Table 3.9 (continued) 1234567 Salvia glutinosa ++ + 43 Epipactis helleborine +++43 Corylus avellana r+ + 43 Lonicera xylosteum r++43 Festuca heterophylla + 1.3 29 Aruncus dioicus ++ 29 Carex digitata +1 29 Campanula trachelium ++29 Poa nemoralis 2.3 14 Cephalanthera rubra +14 Convallaria majalis +14 Lonicera nigra +14
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Laburnum alpinum +1 29 Fraxinus ornus +1 29 Dryopteris filix-mas +14 Sorbus aria +14 Lathyrus niger +14 Viburnum lantana +14 Melampyrum nemorosum +14
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceion, Vacc. -etalia. -etea Hieracium sylvaticum 1.1 + + + + + 86 Picea abies (A+B layer) 1.1 1 1 1 1.1 1.1 86 Larix decidua (A+B layer) + + 1.1 43 Vaccinium myrtillus + 2.2 29 Orthilia secunda ++29 Dryopteris carthusiana + 14 Maianthemum bifolium + 14
Character species of Pino-Ericion Erica carnea ++ 29 Rubus saxatilis +14
Companion species Oxalis acetosella 1+ +43 Solidago virgaurea ++++ 57 Fragaria vesca 1.1 + + + 57 Cruciata glabra +++43 Listera ovata 1+ 29 Cirsium erisithales ++ 29 Adenostyles glabra +14
Sporadic species 9 13 6 15 6 3 2 64 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.10 CARD. PENTAPHYLLAEA-FAGETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 109–111) 123456789101112 Altitude (m) 1450 1000 1500 1200 1300 1000 1290 1350 1300 1000 1000 700 1217 Exposition S S S E N E SE S NW SE SE SE Slope (deg) 20 15 30 10 5 30 35 30 15 20 15 10 20.5 Surface (m2) 150 200 200 250 300 500 250 100 100 177 Cover A (%) 60 90 95 70 80 95 100 95 100 90 95 80 Cover B (%) 70 30 30 25 30 10 20 10 15 5 22 Cover C (%) 90 60 90 50 20 80 15 70 50 40 48 Substrate cal cal cal cal cal werf cal cal cal cal. Number of species 58 48 34 51 56 45 47 51 41 28 23 28 43.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.57 1.42 1.54 1.51 1.5 1.48 1.49 1.41 1.41 1.36 – 1.47
Kennarten Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 1.1 5.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 4.2 5.1 12 100 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 3.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Luzula nivea 1.2 + + + + 1.2 3.2 + (+) 9 75 Mercurialis perennis + 2.1 + (+) 1.2 (+) 3.3 2.2 8 67 Cardamine ennaeaphyllos + + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 8 67 Sanicula europaea 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 4 33 Carex alba +18 Cephalanthera damasonium +1 8
Character species of Fagion sylvaticae Neottia nidus-avis (+) + (+) + + + + 74 617 Anemone trifolia 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + 12 100 Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) + + + + + 1.1 + + + 9 75 Prenanthes purpurea + 1.2 + 2.1 + + 1.1 + 8 67 Veronica urticifolia + + + + 1.1 + + 2.2 + + + 8 67 Paris quadrifolia ++++++ + 7 58 Dactylorhiza maculata ++ ++++ 6 50 Pulmonaria officinalis + + (+) + 4 33 Phyteuma spicatum +++ +433 Abies alba (B layer) (+) + + 3 25 Aremonia agrimonoides +++325 Abies alba (A layer) (+) 4.1 + 3 25 Acer pseudoplatanus (B–C layer) ++217 Cardamine pentaphylla 1.1 1.1 217 Corallorhiza trifida +18 Galium laevigatum +18 Cardamine bulbifera +1 8 Ribes petraeum +1 8 Arum maculatum 1.2 1 8 Scilla bifolia +1 8 Geranium nodosum +1 8
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 65
Association Table 3.10 (continued) 123456789101112 Character species of Fagetalia sylvaticae Melica nutans 2.2 + 1.2 2.2 + + + + 8 67 Viola reichenbachiana + 1.1 + + + (+) + (+) 8 67 Sorbus aucuparia + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 8 67 Hepatica nobilis 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 6 50 Mycelis muralis + 1.1 + + + + 6 50 Festuca heterophylla + 1.2 + + + 5 42 Daphne mezereum ++++433 Lathyrus vernus 2.1 + + + 4 33 Salvia glutinosa + (+) 1.1 1.1 4 33 Epipactis helleborine ++++ 4 33 Aruncus dioicus ++ +433 Poa nemoralis (+) + + + 4 33 Galium odoratum 2.3 1.2 +.2 + 4 33 Corylus avellana + 1.2 1.1 3 25 Carex digitata +++ 325 Polystichum lonchitis (+) + + 3 25 Anemone nemorosa ++ +325 Brachypodium sylvaticum +++325 Actaea spicata +++325 Cyclamen purpurascens ++217 Lonicera xylosteum 1.1 + 2 17 Campanula trachelium ++ 217 Cephalanthera rubra +18 Convallaria majalis +18 Carex sylvatica +18 Vinca minor +.2 1 8 Euphorbia amygdaloides 1.2 1 8
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Athyrium filix-foemina + + + + + (+) + 7 58 Dryopteris filix-mas 1.1 + + + + + 6 50 Sorbus aria + (+) 2 17
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceion, -etalia Hieracium sylvaticum + + 1.1 + + + + + + + 10 83 Picea abies (A+B layer) 2.1 1.1 1.1 + r 3.1 + + 1.1 1.1 10 83 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 6 50 Rosa pendulina + + + 1.1 r + 6 50 Larix decidua (A+B layer) 2.2 + r + + 5 42 Gymnocarpium robertianum +++ ++ 5 42 Clematis alpina + (+) + + 4 33 Orthilia secunda +.2 + +.2 3 25 Dryopteris carthusiana ++ + 325 Homogyne alpina + + 1.1 3 25 (continued) 66 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.10 (continued) 123456789101112 Melampyrum sylvaticum +.2 1 8 Cardamine trifolia +18 Luzula sieberi +18
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Maianthemum bifolium + 1.1 + + + + + + 8 67 Vaccinium vitis-idaea + +.2 + + 4 33 Hupertia selago + +.2 + 3 25 Phegopteris polypodioides ++ 2 17 Lycopodium annotinum +.2 + 2 17
Character species of Pino-Ericion Rubus saxatilis +.2 + 1.1 + 4 33 Erica carnea +++325
Companion species Polygonatum verticillatum + 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 1.2 + 10 83 Oxalis acetosella +.2 1.2 (+) 1.2 + + (+) 1.2 (+) 9 75 Solidago virgaurea +++ +++ ++ 8 67 Fragaria vesca ++ + r (+)++ 7 58 Cruciata glabra ++ ++ 4 33 Lonicera alpigena + 1.2 + 1.1 4 33 Listera ovata +++325 Cirsium erisithales ++ + 3 25 Adenostyles glabra ++ 217
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.3 +.3 1.3 1.2 4 33 Plagiochila asplenioides +.3 +.3 +.3 3 25 Hylocomium splendens +.3 + +.3 3 25 Polytrichum juniperinum 1.3 +.3 2 17 Dicranum scoparium 1.3 + 2 17
Sporadic species 12 8 5 14 22 12 17 14 14 2 – 6 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 67
Association Table 3.11 CARDAMINI TRIFOLIAE-FAGETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 112–116) 1234567891011 Altitude (m) 1500 1450 1480 1100 900 900 1150 1050 1050 1000 950 1139 Exposition – NE N NW NW NW SW W SSW SW W Slope (deg) – 10 10 5 5 – 20 25 20 5 5 10 Cover A (%) 90 70 85 60 60 90 100 100 95 95 95 85 Cover B (%) 20 30 20 30 30 50 50 30 20 20 5 28 Cover C (%) 90 90 95 80 80 60 40 70 70 70 80 75 Surface (m2) 200 250 50 400 300 300 500 400 300 Substrate calc. calc. calc. calc. calc calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. Number of species 49 62 51 38 38 46 41 50 22 29 31 42.45 Diversity (Shannon) 1.57 1.63 1.64 1.53 1.56 1.51 1.52 1.32 1.54 1.41 1.40 1.513
Kennarten Abies alba (A layer) 2.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 1.1 4.1 1.1 4.1 1.1 3.1 10 91 Abies alba (B layer) + 1.1 2.2 2.2 + 1.1 + 7 64 Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 3.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 4.1 3.1 4.1 2.2 4.1 9 82 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 1.1 2 2 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 9 82 Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) + + 1.1 + 4 36
Character species of Fagion sylvaticae Cardamine trifolia 1.1 3.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 2.1 2.1 + 1.2 11 100 Anemone trifolia 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + 8 73 Cardamine enneaphyllos 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.2 7 64 Paris quadrifolia ++++++ (+)764 Melica nutans + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 + + 7 64 Daphne mezereum ++ ++ +++ 764 Prenanthes purpurea + 1.1 1.1 + + + 6 55 Veronica urticifolia + 1.1 + + + 5 45 Luzula nivea + 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 5 45 Mycelis muralis 1.1 1.2 + + + 5 45 Petasites albus 1.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 + 5 45 Dactylorhiza maculata ++++ 436 Neottia nidus-avis ++ + 327 Sanicula europaea 1.2 1.2 + 3 27 Adoxa moschatellina +++ 327 Chaerophyllum hirsutum subsp. villarsii 1.2 + 1.1 3 27 Lathyrus vernus + + (+) 3 27 Galium aristatum + +.2 + 3 27 Pulmonaria officinalis 1.2 + 2 18 Galium odoratum 1.2 + 2 18 Lonicera xylosteum 1.1 + 2 18 Cardamine pentaphylla 1.1 + 2 18 Festuca altissima + +.2 2 18 Mercurialis perennis +19 Ribes cfr. petraeum +19 Homogyne sylvestris +19 (continued) 68 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.11 (continued) 1234567891011 Cardamine bulbifera 1.1 1 9 Aremonia agrimonoides +19 Scilla bifolia 1.2 1 9 Aruncus dioicus +19 Lunaria rediviva +19
Character species of Fagetalia sylvaticae Viola reichenbachiana + + + + + (+) 6 55 Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. flavidum 1.1++ ++ 545 Luzula sylvatica ++++ 436 Anemone nemorosa + +.2 3.3 3 27 Carex sylvatica ++ 218 Campanula trachelium ++ 218 Cyclamen purpurascens ++218 Carex digitata +19
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Athyrium filix-foemina 2.2 2.2 1.1 (+) (+) + +.2 2.2 1.1 + + 11 100 Dryopteris filix-mas + (+) +.2 + +.2 1.1 + + 8 73 Corylus avellana 1.1 1.1 2 18 Fraxinus excelsior 1.1 1.1 2 18 Salvia glutinosa ++ 218 Polygonatum multiflorum + +.2 2 18 Symphytum tuberosum +19 Anemone ranunculoides +19 Asarum europaeum 2.1 1 9 Luzula pilosa +19 Helleborus viridis +19 Euphorbia amygdaloides +19 Euphorbia carniolica +19 Poa nemoralis +19
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceion, -etalia Dryopteris dilatata + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + 9 82 Gymnocarpium dryopteris + + 1.1 + + + + 7 64 Lycopodium annotinum +.2 1.2 1.2 + + 5 45 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 3.3 + + 4 36 Rosa pendulina +++ 327 Melampyrum sylvaticum + + (+) 3 27 Hieracium sylvaticum ++ 218 Homogyne alpina ++ 218 Luzula albida + (+) 2 18 Orthilia secunda +19 Pyrola minor +19
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 69
Association Table 3.11 (continued) 1234567891011 Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies (A+B layer) 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 9 82 Maianthemum bifolium ++++++ + + 873 Phegopteris polypodioides + 1.1 + + +.2 +.2 6 55 Moneses uniflora ++ 218
Character species of Pino-Ericion Rubus saxatilis +++ 327 Carex alba 1.1 1.1 2 18
Companion Species Oxalis acetosella 1.2 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 2.2 + 1.1 1.2 2.1 +.2 11 100 Lonicera alpigena 1.1 + 1.1 + + + +.2 + 1.2 9 82 Lonicera nigra 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 8 73 Sorbus aucuparia 1.2 1.1 + + + + + + 8 73 Solidago virgaurea ++ ++++ + 764 Asplenium viride + + + + +.2 +.2 + 7 64 Saxifraga rotundifolia + + + + +.2 + 6 55 Polygonatum verticillatum 1.1++++ 545 Fragaria vesca + 2.2 + +.2 + 5 45 Actaea spicata 1.2 + + + 4 36 Aposeris foetida + + 1.1 3 27 Ranunculus lanuginosus ++ + 327 Viola biflora ++ 218 Gentiana asclepiadea ++ 218 Phyteuma spicatum ++ 218 Adenostyles glabra 2.2 1.2 2 18 Polystichum aculeatum ++ 218
Mosses and lichens Polytrichum juniperinum 1.2 1..2 1.2 1.2 + +.3 +.2 7 64 Dicranum scoparium + +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 6 55 Mnium undulatum + + + 2.3 + + 6 55 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 2.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 3.5 5 45 Plagiochila asplenioides + +.2 +.2 + 4 36 Hylocomium splendens 1.5 + + +.3 2 18
Sporadic species 12 16 6 2 1 7 8 15 0 1 2 70 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.12 LUZULO-FAGETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 114–116) 12345678 Altitude (m) 1500 1100 1280 1200 1120 1150 1300 1150 1225 Exposition NE N N S NE S S S Slope (deg) 20 25 30 35 20 15 35 15 24 Cover A (%) 100 75 100 90 80 85 95 90 89 Cover B (%) 5 20 15 30 20 3 2 1 12 Cover C (%) 80 100 80 10 30 5 30 70 51 Surface (m2) 200 100 150 200 100 100 200 100 144 Substrate sil quar quar sil scisti aren scisti Number of species 36 46 22 30 27 20 20 30 28.88 Diversity (Shannon) 1.386 1.278 1.327 1.457 1.361 1.198 1.414 1.003 1.303
Kennarten Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 4.3 2.1 5.1 3.2 4.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 100 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 Luzula albida + + 1.1 1.2 1.3 +.2 1.2 + 100
Character species of Fagion sylvaticae Prenanthes purpurea + 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 62 Veronica urticifolia ++ + ++62 Anemone trifolia + 1.1 2.1 2.1 50 Acer pseudoplatanus (A layer) 1.1 + 50 Acer pseudoplatanus (B–C layer) 1.1 + + 37 Paris quadrifolia ++ + 37 Dactylorhiza maculata ++ + 37 Phyteuma spicatum + + 1.1 37 Neottia nidus-avis ++25 Streptopus amplexifolius ++25 Pulmonaria officinalis + 12 Aremonia agrimonoides +12 Abies alba (B layer) +12 Corallorhiza trifida +12 Galium aristatum +12 Petasites albus 2.2 12 Milium effusum +12
Character species of Fagietalia sylvaticae Polystichum lonchitis ++ +37 Festuca heterophylla +.2 +.2 +.2 37 Lathyrus vernus ++ +37 Viola reichenbachiana ++ 25 Hepatica nobilis ++ 25 Corylus avellana ++ 25 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 71
Association Table 3.12 (continued) 12345678 Epipactis helleborine ++ 25 Actaea spicata ++25 Melica nutans + 12 Lamiastrum galeobdolon + 12 Carex digitata +12 Daphne mezereum +12 Convallaria majalis +.2 12 Cyclamen purpurascens +12 Lonicera xylosteum +12 Polygonatum odoratum +12 Lonicera nigra +12
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Athyrium filix-foemina +++++62 Dryopteris filix-mas + 1.2 25 Laburnum alpinum ++25 Sorbus aria +12 Fraxinus ornus +12 Ranunculus platanifolius +12 Lathyrus niger +12
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceion, -etalia Hieracium sylvaticum +++++++ 87 Picea abies (A+B layer) 2.1 3.1 1.1 2.1 + + 75 Vaccinium myrtillus + 3.2 +.2 +.2 + + 75 Dryopteris carthusiana ++.2++ +62 Gymnocarpium robertianum + +.2 25 Homogyne alpina ++ 25 Calamagrostis villosa +.2 1.2 25 Clematis alpina +12 Larix decidua (A+B layer) 1.1 12 Orthilia secunda +12 Avenella flexuosa 2.1 12 Melampyrum sylvaticum +12
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Maianthemum bifolium +.2 1.1 + + + 62 Vaccinium vitis-idaea +r 25 Phegopteris polypodioides + +.2 25 Hupertia selago + 12 Gymnocarpium dryopteris +12
(continued) 72 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.12 (continued) 12345678 Character species of Pino-Ericion Erica carnea +.3 12
Companion species Oxalis acetosella 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.3 + 2.3 75 Solidago virgaurea + +++ ++75 Sorbus aucuparia +1.1++ +62 Polygonatum verticillatum + + + + + 1.1 75 Fragaria vesca ++ + 37 Lonicera alpigena ++ + 37 Adenostyles glabra + 1.1 25 Vila biflora ++ 26 Polypodium interjaectum ++26 Listera ovata +12
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 2.2 +.3 1.3 37 Plagiochila asplenioides +.3 12 Polytrichum juniperinum +.3 12 Dicranum scoparium +.3 12 Mnium undulatum 1.2 12
Sporadic species 614172171 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 73
Association Table 3.13 OXALIDI-ABIETETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 117–119)
Ril. 1–10: da varie zone Ril. 11 – 14: Bosco di S. Marco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Altitude (m) 1200 1230 1500 1250 1450 1400 1350 1350 1400 800 1150 1200 1250 1150 1200 1291 Exposition WNW SE NE NNE N NE SSE SE N E – – N – E Slope (deg) 15 – 45 15 5 20 15 5 15 15 – – 5 – 10 11 Cover A (%) 60 85 85 70 90 80 90 80 80 80 60 95 70 85 95 80 Cover B (%) 40 10 40 45 35 25 <160515020404020 31 Cover C (%) 95 80 80 70 50 30 50 50 90 25 70 50 80 70 60 66 Cover D (%) 15 30 – 10 10 10 – 5 10 – 33 10 40 10 10 14 Surface (m2) 200 250 300 300 300 250 150 300 200 500 200 200 200 200 200 232 Substrate cal cal sil cal cal. cal cal cal. Number of species 57 26 51 43 45 35 41 45 45 32 39 31 35 43 34 40.79 Diversity (Shannon) 1,59 1.39 1.60 1.60 1,58 1,47 1.57 1.59 1.58 1.56 1.46 1.51 1.61 1.50 1.54
Kennarten Tot. % Abies alba (A layer) 3.1 4.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 12 80 Abies alba (B layer) + 1.1 1.1 2.2 (+) 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 10 67 Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 1.1 1.2 4.4 2.2 2.2 + 5.1 7 47 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) 2.1 1.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 13 87 Acer pseudoplatanus (A + (+) 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 53 layer) Acer pseudoplatanus (B ++ 213 layer)
Character species of Fagion sylvaticae Anemone trifolia + + + + 2.2 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 14 93 Prenanthes purpurea + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + + + + + 14 93 Melica nutans 2.2 1.1 + + + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13 87 Paris quadrifolia + 1.1 + + + + + + + + + 10 67 Veronica urticifolia + + + 1.1 + + + + 8 53 Cardamine enneaphyllos + + + 1.1 + + (+) 7 47 Phyteuma spicatum + + + 1.1 + + + 7 47 Luzula nivea + 1.1 2.2 + + + 6 40 Daphne mezereum ++++++640 Pulmonaria officinalis 1.1 + + + (+) 5 33 Neottia nidus-avis + + + (+) + 5 33 Galium odoratum (+) + +.2 + 4 27 Dactylorhiza maculata ++ + 320 Galium aristatum ++ +320 Mercurialis perennis ++ 213 Sanicula europaea ++ 213 Adoxa moschatellina ++ 213 Lathyrus vernus ++ + 213 Lonicera xylosteum +17
Character species of Fagetalia sylvaticae Viola reichenbachiana + + (+) + + + + + + 9 60 Sorbus aucuparia + + 1.1 + + + + 7 47 Carex digitata + + + +.2 +.2 + + 7 47 Luzula sylvatica + +++++ 640 Lamiastrum galeobdolon ++++ + 533 subsp. flavidum Hepatica nobilis 1.1 + + + 4 27 Carex sylvatica ++ 213 (continued) 74 Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor...
Association Table 3.13 (continued)
Ril. 1–10: da varie zone Ril. 11 – 14: Bosco di S. Marco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Streptopus amplexifolius ++ 213 Cardamine impatiens +17 Anemone nemorosa +17 Cephalanthera alba +17
Character species of Querco-Fagetea Athyrium filix-foemina + + 2.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 10 67 Dryopteris filix-mas +.2 + + + 1.1 + + + + + 10 67 Sorbus aria ++ + 213 Listera ovata ++ 213 Geranium robertianum +17 Symphytum tuberosum +17 Melittis melissophyllum +17 Cypripedium calceolus (+) 1 7 Convallaria majalis +17
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceion, -etalia Dryopteris dilatata + +.2 + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.1 11 73 Hieracium sylvaticum + +++++++ ++ 1067 Gymnocarpium robertianum 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 9 60 Rosa pendulina + + 1.1 + + + + + + 9 60 Melampyrum sylvaticum 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 + 9 60 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 3.5 1.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.1 7 47 Lycopodium annotinum 1.2 2.3 1.2 + + +.2 + 7 47 Luzula albida + +.2 + + + 6 40 Homogyne alpina + + + + 1.1 5 33 Clematis alpina +++.2 ++ 533 Orthilia secunda r+ 213 Listera cordata + +.2 213 Huperzia selago ++ 213
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies (A+B layer) 1.1 + 3.1 3.1 4.1 2.1 3.1 2.1 + 3.1 5.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 14 93 Maianthemum bifolium + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 13 87 Vaccinium vitis-idaea +.2 + + + 1.2 1.2 6 40 Larix decidua (A+B layer) + 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 27 Phegopteris polypodioides ++ ++427 Lonicera coerulea + + 1.1 3 20 Moneses uniflora +17 Luzula sieberi + 17
Character species of Pino-Ericion Rubus saxatilis 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 11 73 Carex alba 1.2 + + + 1.2 1.1 6 40 Erica carnea 1.2 r + 320 Goodyera repens + 17
Companion species Oxalis acetosella +.3 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 +.2 1.2 + 15 100 Polygonatum verticillatum + ++++++++++ ++ 1387 Fragaria vesca + +++ + + +++++ 1173 Lonicera nigra + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 1.1 10 67 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor... 75
Association Table 3.13 (continued)
Ril. 1–10: da varie zone Ril. 11 – 14: Bosco di S. Marco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Lonicera alpigena + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 10 67 Solidago virgaurea + + + + + 1.1 + + + 9 60 Aposeris foetida ++++ ++ 640 Gentiana asclepiadea ++++ + 533 Petasites albus 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + 5 33 Viola biflora ++ ++ 427 Euphorbia dulcis ++++ 427 Actaea spicata ++++ 427 Adenostyles glabra + + 1.1 + 4 27 Ranunculus lanuginosus ++ + 320 Thalictrum aquilegifolium +++ 320 Aquilegia atrata ++ + 213 Saxifraga rotundifolia +17 Asplenium viride +.2 17
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.3 3.5 1.5 +.3 2.2 1.1 2.4 1.2 2.2 1.3 1.2 11 73 Hylocomium splendens 2.3 3.5 +.3 1.5 1.5 + +.2 7 47 Dicranum scoparium +.3 1.3 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 6 40 Plagiochila asplenioides 1.3 1.3 +.3 +.2 1.1 + 6 40 Polytrichum juniperinum +.3 1.3 +.2 1.3 +.2 5 33 Mnium undulatum + 1.3 + + 4 27 Lophozia sp. + + +.2 3 20 Cladonia sylvatica ++213 Peltigera aphthosa ++ 213
Sporadic species 15–8143235342241 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
(Refers to Chap. 4 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 77 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_5, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 78 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.1 LASERPITIO-FESTUCETUM ALPESTRIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 134–136) 12345678910111213Med. % Altitude (m) 1950 2100 1880 1400 1300 1300 1900 1450 1500 1450 1200 1300 1000 1518 Exposition SSSESEESSSSSSSSW Slope (deg) 60 70 50 20 60 70 75 70 50 45 40 85 30 55.8 Cover (%) 80 70 90 90 85 80 80 60 95 60 70 80 78.3 Surface (m2) 20 50 10 3 8 10 100 30 6 10 10 100 50 31.3 Number of species 14 23 11 15 15 14 30 22 15 37 39 23 28 21.9 Diversity (Shannon) 0.76 0.84 0.76 1.09 1.10 1.04 1.27 1.22 1.06 1.31 1.39 1.27 1.23 1.1
Kennarten Festuca alpestris 4.3 3.2 4.3 2.2 3.3 3.4 5.5 3.3 2.3 4.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 13 100 Laserpitium siler ++ 2 15
Character species of Bromion, Brometalia, Festuco-Brometea Buphthalmum salicifolium + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 8 62 Stachys recta subsp. labiosa 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 5 38 Dianthus sylvestris +.2 1.2 + + 1.2 5 38 Avenula praeusta +.2 +.2 + + + 5 38 Knautia persicina + 1.1 1.1 + 4 31 Thymus pannonicus +.2 + + 3 23 Carex humilis + 1.2 (+) 3 23 Linum catharticum ++ + 3 23 Festuca rupicola +.2 +.2 1.2 3 23 Genista radiata 1.3 + 2 15 Peucedanum austriacum + 1.1 2 15 Chamaecytisus purpureus 1.2 + 2 15 Thesium bavarum ++ 2 15 Asperula cynanchica ++ 2 15 Scabiosa dubia + 1.1 2 15 Centaurea bracteata + 1.1 2 15 Globularia punctata 1.3 +.2 2 15 Leucanthemum heterophyllum ++ 2 15 Thlaspi praecox ++ 2 15 Leontodon incanus +18 Linum viscosum 1.1 1 8 Polygala forojulensis +18 Campanula spicata +18 Seseli gouani +18 Euphorbia verrucosa +.2 1 8 Dianthus sternbergii 1.1 1 8 Carex caryophyllea +.2 1 8
Character species of Seslerion, Seslerietalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 12 92 Carduus defloratus + ++++(+)+1.11.1969 Helianthemum nummularium + 1.2 1.1 1.2 (+) 1.2 1.2 7 54 subsp. grandiflorum Betonica alopecurus +.2 + + + + 5 38 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 79
Association Table 4.1 (continued) 12345678910111213Med. % Laserpitium peucedanoides +++++538 Globularia cordifolia +.2 + + 1.2 4 31 Koeleria eriostachya +++ + 4 31 Pimpinella alpestris ++ + 3 23 Thymus polytrichus + +.2 + 3 23 Carex mucronata + + 1.3 3 23 Pedicularis gyroflexa ++ 3 23 Rhinanthus aristatus ++ 215 Leontopodium alpinum +18 Valeriana saxatilis +.2 1 8 Aster bellidiastrum r18 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.1 1 8 Primula spectabilis 1.2 1 8 Bupleurum ranunculoides 1.2 1 8 Helictotrichon parlatorei 1.2 1 8
Companion species Erica carnea 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 7 54 Lotus corniculatus ++++++646 Asplenium ruta-muraria + + (+) 3 31 subsp. dolomiticum Campanula carnica + +.2 (+) 3 23 Silene saxifraga +.3 2.2 1.2 3 23 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. + + 1.1 3 23 columnae Peucedanum oreoselinum + + 1.1 3 23 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. ++ +3 23 polyphylla Galium anisophyllum +++323
Mosses Tortella tortuosa +.2 + +.2 3 23
Sporadic species 81575331041191439 80 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.2a EUPHRASIO-GLOBULARIETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 136–139) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Med. Altitude (m) 1300 1150 1200 1150 1250 1980 1350 1250 1329 Exposition WSW W S W S ESE S W 0 Slope (deg) 10 15 5 5 5 20 5 10 9 Cover (%) 30 60 70 70 40 60 80 95 63 Surface (m2) 200 50 25 50 50 20 100 200 87 Number of species 26 29 28 30 29 27 48 48 33.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.237 1.391 1.338 1.4 1.409 1.357 1.536 1.179 1.356
Character species of the association % Euphrasia cuspidata + 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 63 Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 63 Polygala forojulensis + 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 63 Coronilla vaginalis ++225 Dianthus sternbergii 1.2 + 2 25 Hieracium porrifolium + + 1.1 2 25 Bupleurum ranunculoides var. canalense +113 de-alpine indicators Sesleria caerulea + 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 + + 2.2 8 100 Globularia cordifolia 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 1.3 +.2 + 7 88
Character species of Centureion dichroanthae Chamaecytisus purpureus ++++ 450 Leucanthemum praecox ++225
Character species of Scorzoneretalia villosae Carex humilis +.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 + 7 88 Lotus corniculatus var. hirsutus 2.3 1.2 2.3 + 4 50 Thymus longicaulis + 1.1 2 25 Centaurea scabiosa fritschii +113 Seseli gouanii +113 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. polyphylla + 113
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Teucrium montanum + 1.2 + + +.2 5 63 Dianthus sylvestris ++225 Euphorbia cyparissias + 1.1 2 25 Molinia arundinacea 1.1 1.1 2.2 2 25 Pulsatilla montana ++225 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. ovatum +113 Potentilla tabaernemontani (P. pusilla) +113 Thesium rostratum +113 Arenaria serpyllifolia +113 Linum tenuifolium +113 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 81
Association Table 4.2a (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Med.
Companion species Dryas octopetala 2.3 + +.2 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 + 8 100 Carex ornithopoda + + + + (+) + +.2 + 8 100 Erica carnea ++ 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + 2.2 8 100 Pinus sylvestris (+) + (+) (+) + (+) 6 75 Salix glabra +++++ + 563 Crepis froelichiana 1.2 + + + + 5 63 Calamagrostis varia +.2 +.2 + 1.1 3.3 5 63 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi + +.2 +.2 + + 5 63 Pinus mugo + 1.1 + + 4 50 Juniperus communis ++++ 450 Epipactis atrorubens ++++ 450 Carex brachystachys + + (+) +.2 4 50 Amelanchier ovalis ++++ 450 Hieracium glaucum + + +.2 + 4 50 Gentiana clusii ++ + 338 Galium margaritaceum +++ 338 Buphthalmum salicifolium ++ +338 Hippocrepis comosa + 1.1 + 3 38 Campanula caespitosa +++ 338 Biscutella laevigata ++ 225 Asperula cynanchica +113
Mosses and lichens Cladonia symphycarpa + + +.2 3 38 Tortella tortuosa +.3 1.3 2 25
Sporadic species 10 5 4 5 5 15 21 32 82 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.2b DE-ALPINE STEPPE WITH SESLERIA (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 138–139)
Mt. Lessini and de-alpine steppe with Sesleria Giudicarie 123456789101112 131415 Altitude (m) 320 250 350 350 350 400 400 350 300 810 400 800 423 750 950 1150 Exposition S NE NE W S SSSSSWN N SWN Slope (deg) 20 15 20 10 10 30 30 20 25 90 80 24 90 60 80 Cover (%) 80 75 70 50 80 50 90 98 90 100 70 100 79 70 60 70 Surface (m2) 20 50 16 200 100 10 100 100 100 50 16 8 64 8 5 10 Number of species 20 27 24 25 27 32 44 46 41 29 10 13 31.3 20 27 19 Diversity (Shannon) 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.22 1.39 1.65 1.58 1.60 1.46 1.173 1.058 1.36 1.195 1.253 1.106 de-alpine indicators Globularia cordifolia 1.3 +.2 1.3 +.2 1.3 +.2 1.3 1.2 (+) 1.2 10 83 1.2 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 +.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 1.2 3.2 3.3 1.2 2.3 5.5 4.5 12 100 3.4 1.2 1.1
Character species of Centureion dichroanthae Chamaecytisus purpureus + + 1.1 + + 5 42 + Centaurea bracteata + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 5 42 Hieracium porrifolium ++ 217 Stachys rectus subsp. +18 labiosus Scabiosa affinis +8 Euphrasia cuspidata +18 Polygala forojulensis +18 Bupleurum ranunculoides +18 var. canalense
Character species of Scorzoneretalia villosae Carex humilis 2.3 2.2 1.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.2 7 58 + Peucedanum oreoselinum + +++++ 1.1758 + Rhamnus saxatilis + + + 1.2 1.2 1.2 6 50 Inula ensifolia 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 + 6 50 Leontodon incanus +++ +r+ 650+ Thymus longicaulis +.3 + +.2 +.3 1.2 5 42 Seseli gouanii ++++ + 542 + Scorzonera austriaca +.2 + + + + 1.1 5 42 Galium lucidum + + + 1.1 1.2 5 42 Inula hirta + +.2 + 2.2 4 33 Campanula sibirica ++++ 433 Bromus condensatus 1.1 + + + 4 33 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. +++ 325 polyphylla Helianthemum canum 1.2 + + 3 25 Lotus corniculatus var. +18 hirsutus
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Fumana procumbens + + + + 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 8 67 Teucrium montanum + + + 1.2 1.1 +.2 1.2 7 58 Helianthemum nummularium + + + + 1.1 5 42 + subsp. ovatum Asperula purpurea + + 1.2 + 1.2 5 42 Thesium divaricatum + 1.2 + + + 5 42 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 83
Association Table 4.2b (continued)
Mt. Lessini and de-alpine steppe with Sesleria Giudicarie 123456789101112 131415 Chrysopogon gryllus 1.2 1.2 2.1 2.2 4 33 Dianthus sylvestris +.2 + +.2 3 25 Potentilla tabaernemontani +++325 (P. pusilla) Brachypodium caespitosum + 1.2 1.2 3 25 + Artemisia alba 1.1 +.3 +.2 3 25 Euphorbia cyparissias 1.1 (+) 1 8 Molinia arundinacea 1.2 1 8
Species with occidental baricenter Carduus defloratus ssp. +18++ glaucus Carex austroalpina 0 1.2 Carex baldensis 0 1.1 + Knautia cfr. persicina 1.1 1 8 + Viola pinnata +
Companion species Asperula cynanchica + 1.2 1.1 + + + + + + 9 75 Amelanchier ovalis + 1.1 1.2 2.2 + + + + 8 67 + + + Teucrium chamaedrys +.2 + +.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 7 58 Fraxinus ornus pl. + 1.1 + + + + (+) 7 58 + Erica carnea 2.3 2.3 3.3 +.2 3.4 1.2 2.4 7 58 + 1.1 Anthericum ramosum + 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.1 1.1 6 50 + + Coronilla emerus ++++++650 Peucedanum cervaria r + 1.1 2.1 4 33 Ostrya carpinifolia pl. 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 4 33 Buphthalmum salicifolium + + + 3 25 + Biscutella laevigata ++ + 325 Juniperus communis + 1.1 2 17 Hippocrepis comosa ++217 Carex ornithopoda +18 Crepis froelichiana +18+ Epipactis atrorubens +18 Calamagrostis varia 1.2 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 2.3 Gentiana clusii ++
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa 1.3 2.2 2.2 1.3 +.2 5 42 Cladonia symphycarpa ++ 217
Sporadic species –756897127413 1 7 6 Sp. of Scorzoneretalia with low frequency: Plantago holosteum (6, 7), Satureja montana subsp. divaricata (1, 8), Dorycnium herbaceum (15), Eryngium amethystinum (8, 9), Ferulago galbanifera (7, 8), Salvia pratensis subsp. bertolonii (2, 10), Sanguisorba minor (16), Scabiosa graminifolia (19). Leontodon crispus (6, 7), Centaurea scabiosa fritschii (2, 10), Rhinanthus freyni (7, 10), Koeleria lobata (¼K. splendens, 7), Pseudolysimachion barrelieri subsp. nitens (15) Sp. of Festuco-Brometea with low frequency: Linum tenuifolium (1), Ruta graveolens (1), Allium lusitanicum (9, 10), Arenaria serpyllifolia (7), Aster amellus (8, 9), Bothriochloa ischaemon (8), Carex liparocarpos (2), Centaurea deusta susbp. splendens (9), Centaurea paniculata (2), Serratula tinctoria (3), Thesium rostratum (2). Daphne alpina (3), Erigeron acris (2), Festuca rupicola (2, 10), Filipendula vulgaris (7), Globularia punctata (7, 9), Linum bienne (8) 84 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.3 BROMO-STIPETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 139–142) 1 2 34567Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 600 600 600 250 300 250 150 512 Exposition SSW SSW S SSE S S S Slope (deg) 5 5 15 15 15 40 35 10 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 60 60 100 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 50 100 20 100 87 Number of species 49 50 59 39 45 34 32 54.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.57 1.51 1.49 1.41 1.56
Character species of the association Chrysopogon gryllus 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.3 2.3 1.1 6 86 Polygala nicaeensis subsp. mediterranea +++++ 571 Rhinanthus freynii 2.1 1.1 2.1 + 4 57 Stipa eriocaulis + 1.1 + 3.3 4 57 Knautia illyrica 2.2 2.1 + 3 43 Bothriochloa ischaemon 1.2 2.2 2 29 Cleistogenes serotina 1.1 1 14
Character species of Scorzoneretalia villosae Thymus longicaulis 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 7 100 Koeleria lobata (K. splendens) 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 5 71 Cirsium pannonicum + 1.1 1.1 + (+) 5 71 Ferula galbaniflua ++++ 457 Leucanthemum praecox +++ + 457 Euphorbia verrucosa +++ 343 Plantago argentea + + 1.1 3 43 Betonica officinalis subsp. serotina + 1.1 + 3 43 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. polyphylla 1.1 1.1 + 3 43 Galium rubrum ++ 229 Hypochoeris maculata 1.1 + 2 29 Serapias vomeracea ++ 229 Satureja montana cfr. subsp. variegata ++229 Centaurea triumfetti an subsp. adscendens ++ 229 Hypochoeris radicata +114 Pseudocytisus decumbens +.2 1 14 Plantago holosteum 1.1 1 14 Scorzonera austriaca +114 Rhamnus saxatilis +114
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 3.3 7 100 Bromus erectus 2.1 3.2 1.2 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 7 100 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. ovatum + + 1.21.1+++7100 Peucedanum oreoselinum + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 7 100 Brachypodium caespitosum 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 7 100 Festuca rupicola + 1.2 + +.2 1.2 + 6 86 Centaurea bracteata 1.1 + 1.1 + + 5 71 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 85
Association Table 4.3 (continued) 1 2 34567Tot. Med. Euphorbia cyparissias + + +++ 571 Salvia pratensis + (+) + + + 5 71 Globularia punctata + + (+) + + 5 71 Leontodon crispus 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1 67 Inula ensifolia 1.1 + +.2 1 43 Scabiosa affinis +++ 343 Dianthus atrorubens +++343 Asperula purpurea + 1.2 + 3 43 Petrorhagia saxifraga + 1.1 + 3 43 Galium lucidum + 1.1 1.3 3 43 Potentilla tabaernemontani (P. pusilla) + 2.2 2 29 Medicago falcata 1.2 + 2 29 Stachys rectus subsp. labiosus 1.2 + 2 29 Fumana procumbens + 1.1 2 29 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii 1.1 + 2 29 Molinia arundinacea + +.2 2 29 Teucrium montanum 1.2 1 14 Achillea setacea +114 Allium lusitanicum +114 Dorycnium herbaceum +114 Sanguisorba minor +114 Phleum hirsutum +114 Acinos arvensis +114 Asperula aristata +114 Eryngium amethystinum +114 Linum bienne 1.1 1 14 Pseudolysimachion barrelieri subsp. nitens +114 Ruta graveolens (+) 1 14 Prunella laciniata +114 Thesium bavarum +114 Silene otites +114 Orlaya grandiflora +114 Thlaspi praecox + 114 Thesium divaricatum +114 Campanula sibirica +114
Companion species Lotus corniculatus ++++++ 686 Carex flacca 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 6 86 Teucrium chamaedrys + + + 1.2 + +.2 6 86 Briza media 1.1 1.1 + + + 5 71 Dactylis glomerata + + + + 1.1 5 71 Hieracium hoppeanum 1.1 + (+) + 5 71 Trifolium montanum + + + + +.2 5 71 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 4 57 (continued) 86 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.3 (continued) 1 2 34567Tot. Med. Filipendula vulgaris 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 57 Galium verum 1.1 + 1.1 + 4 57 Prunella grandiflora + + 2.2 + 4 57 Linum catharticum ++++ 457 Anthoxanthum odoratum +++ 343 Cruciata glabra +++ 343 Holcus lanatus +++ 343 Pimpinella nigra +++ 343 Tanacetum corymbosum ++ 343 Vicia cracca ++ 343 Biscutella laevigata ++ 229 Orobanche minor ++ 229 Silene vulgaris subsp. angustifolia ++ 229 Hippocrepis comosa +114 Agrimonia eupatoria +114 Avenula pubescens +114 Hypericum maculatum +229 Campanula glomerata ++ 229
Sporadic species 1212–1124 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 87
Association Table 4.4a THLASPIDI-TRIFOLIETUM PRATENSIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 142–145) Tot. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1–5 1–5 Altitude (m) 1250 1230 1220 600 600 900 1100 680 980 Exposition SE SW SW SE SE S S N Slope (deg) 10 10 15 10 5 15 10 5 10 Cover (%) 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 99 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 100 100 250 250 100 100 Number of species 39 42 51 52 48 52 48 43 46.4 Diversity (Shannon) 1.555 1.596 1.653 1.59 1.613 1.60
Character species of Thlaspidi-Trifolietum pratensis % (Ril. 1–8) Thlaspi praecox + (+) + +.2 + + 1.1 7 88 Senecio gaudini + + + (+) 4 50 Narcissus radiiflorus + 1.1 2.2 1.1 4 50 Avenula praeusta 1.1 + 1.1 3 38 Asphodelus albus +.2 + + 3 38 Knautia persicina ++ 225 Euphorbia verrucosa ++225 Asperula cynanchica +113 Paradisia liliastrum (loc.) 3.3 1 13 Genista sericea (loc.) +113
Differential “Mesobromion” Brachypodium caespitosum 2.2 1.1 2.2 + 2.2 2.3 6 75
Character species of Scorzonerion, -etalia villosae, Festuco-Brometea Festuca rupicola 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.2 8 100 Euphorbia cyparissias 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 7 88 Bromus erectus 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 + 2.2 + 7 88 Centaurea bracteata 2.2 2.2 1.1 + + + 6 75 Carex humilis 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.3 +.2 6 75 Peucedanum oreoselinum + + 1.1 + 1.1 5 63 Thymus longicaulis s. lat. 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 + 5 63 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. ovatum + 1.1 1.1 + 4 50 Potentilla tabaernemontani + + 1.1 1.1 4 50 Carex caryophyllea 1.2 + + + 4 50 Salvia pratensis ++ + 338 Koeleria macrantha 1.2 1.2 2 25 Scabiosa affinis ++ 225 Globularia punctata ++ 225 Pseudocytisus decumbens 1.2 1.2 2 25 Eryngium amethystinum ++ 225 Sanguisorba minor ++ 225 Ononis natrix ++ 225 Muscari botyoides ++225 Dorycnium herbaceum +113 (continued) 88 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.4a (continued)
Tot. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1–5 1–5 Thesium bavarum ++113 Scorzonera humilis +1 13
Character species of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Lotus corniculatus + + 1.1 2.2 1.2 + + 7 88 Leontodon hispidus + + 1.1 + + + 6 75 Dactylis glomerata 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.2 + 6 75 Achillea millefolium 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 6 75 Anthoxanthum odoratum + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 75 Trifolium pratense + 1.1 1.1 + + 5 63 Gentiana cruciata + + 1.1 + + 5 63 Cerastium arvense + + + 1.1 + 5 63 Briza media 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 4 50 Agrostis tenuis 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 4 50 Poa pratensis +++ + 450 Ranunculus acris, incl. R. frieseanus 1.1 + + 3 38 Cynosurus cristatus +++ 338 Galium verum ++ 225 Campanula glomerata ++ 225 Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis + (+) 2 25 Lolium perenne ++ 225 Trifolium repens ++ 225 Colchicum autumnale ++ 225 Polygonum bistorta ++ 2 25 Crocus albiflorus ++225 Avenochloa pubescens +113
Companion species Galium album +.2 + 1.1 + + + 6 75 Betonica alopecurus + + 1.1 + + 5 63 Potentilla erecta + 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 5 63 Plantago media + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 5 63 Hypericum maculatum 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 5 63 Hieracium pilosella 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.1 1.1 5 63 Prunella vulgaris + + 1.1 1.1 + 5 63 Veronica chamaedrys + + 1.1 (+) + 5 63 Cruciata glabra + 1.1 1.1 + 4 50 Carlina acaulis ++++ 450 Betonica officinalis + 1.1 + + 4 50 Pimpinella nigra + 1.1 + + 4 50 Rumex alpestris + + 1.1 + 4 50 Ranunculus venetus 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 4 50 Carduus defloratus ++ + 338 Knautia arvensis 1.1 + + 3 38 Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + 3 38 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 89
Association Table 4.4a (continued)
Tot. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1–5 1–5 Phyteuma betonicifolium ++ +3 38 Helleborus viridis +++ 338 Primula veris ++ + 338 Orchis mascula ++ +3 38 Veratrum album 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 38 Luzula multiflora 1.1 + + 3 38 Festuca norica + 1.2 + 3 38 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica +.2 + 2 25 Laserpitium latifolium ++ 2 25 Avenella flexuosa + 2.2 2 25 Luzula albida var. rubella + 1.1 2 25 Carex flacca 1.2 1.2 2 25 Teucrium chamaedrys +.2 + 2 25 Orchis morio 1.1 + 2 25 Carex montana 2.3 + 2 25 Filipendula vulgaris ++225 Chamaecytisus purpureus ++ 2 25 Hippocrepis comosa ++ 225 Verbascum chaixii ++ 225 Cladonia rangiferina ++ 225 Nardus stricta ++ 2 25 Buphthalmum salicifolium +113 Lilium bulbiferum +113 Lathyrus pratensis +113 Linum catharticum +113 Agrimonia eupatoria +113 Myrrhis odorata +113 Phyteuma zahlbruckneri +113 Gymnadenia conopea +1 13
Sporadic species 1 1493101111 90 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.4b TRIFOLIO-BRACHYPODIETUM CAESPITOSI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 146–148) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tot. % Altitude (m) 950 1387 1525 1250 1200 1400 1625 1050 1450 1050 1430 1302 Exposition SSE W S SW S S S S SE S S Slope (deg) 10 40 20 25 15 15 25 10 40 10 5 20 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 50 100 100 25 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 85 Number of species 26 28 27 44 45 34 35 37 18 41 51 61 37 Diversity (Shannon)
Kennart “Mesobromion” Brachypodium caespitosum 2.2 2.2 3.4 2.2 5.5 5.5 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.1 11 92
Differential variant with Molinia and Serratula Molinia arundinacea 2.2 3.3 3.3 2.3 1.2 + 5 42 Serratula tinctoria subsp. (+) + + 1.2 4 33 macrocephala Bupleurum ranunculoides ++ 2 17 Helictotrichon parlatorei 3.3 1 8
Character species of Scorzonerion, -etalia villosae, Festuco-Brometea Leontodon hispidus ++ +++ ++++975 Briza media + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 9 75 Centaurea bracteata 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 8 67 Dianthus atrorubens + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 67 Lotus corniculatus + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 67 Agrostis tenuis + + 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 8 67 Trifolium montanum + + + + + + + 1.1 8 67 Salvia pratensis 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 7 58 Allium lusitanicum + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 7 58 Galium verum + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 7 58 Festuca rupicola + + +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 6 50 Euphorbia cyparissias + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 6 50 Bromus erectus 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 6 50 Peucedanum oreoselinum 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 6 50 Thymus longicaulis s. lat. 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 6 50 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. ++++ 1.2+650 ovatum Koeleria macrantha + + +++ +650 Campanula glomerata ++ + + + + 6 50 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum + ++ +++ 650 Rhinanthus freyni + + + 1.1 2.2 5 42 Dactylis glomerata +.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 5 42 Trifolium pratense + + + 1.1 1.1 5 42 Scabiosa affinis ++++433 Leucanthemum praecox ++ + + 4 33 Achillea millefolium ++ + +433 Avenochloa pubescens 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 4 33 Anthoxanthum odoratum + + 1.1 3 25 Festuca pratensis 1.2 1.2 2.2 3 25 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 91
Association Table 4.4b (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tot. % Valeriana collina +++325 Thlaspi praecox +++ 325 Stachys rectus subsp. rectus ++ 217 Galium rubrum ++217 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii ++217 Ranunculus acris, incl. R. frieseanus 1.1 2.2 2 17 Tragopogon pratensis subsp. 1.1 + 2 17 orientalis Senecio gaudini ++217 Pseudocytisus decumbens +18 Scorzonera humilis +18 Artemisia campestris 1.1 1 8 Festuca guestphalica +18 Bothriochloa ischaemon (+) 1 8 Melica ciliata 1.1 1 8 Narcissus radiiflorus +18
Companion species Betonica alopecurus + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 9 75 Potentilla erecta + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 9 75 Cruciata glabra + + + + + +.2 + 7 58 Carduus defloratus + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 7 58 Buphthalmum salicifolium + + + + + 1.1 1.1 7 58 Carlina acaulis ++ + + + + 6 50 Galium album + + + 1.1 1.1 5 42 Betonica officinalis 1.1 + + 1.2 1.1 5 42 Pimpinella nigra 1.1 + + + 1.1 5 42 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 5 42 Knautia drymeia 1.1 +++ +542 Plantago media + + 1.1 1.1 + 4 33 Campanula scheuchzeri ++ + + 4 33 Hypericum maculatum 2.2 + + 3 25 Laserpitium latifolium 1.1 1.2 1.1 3 25 Lilium bulbiferum ++ +325 Lathyrus pratensis + 1.1 + 3 25 Anthericum ramosum 1.1 1.1 2.2 3 25 Erica carnea ++ + 3 25 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria +++325 Genista tinctoria + + +.2 3 25 Colchicum autumnale ++ 217 Rumex alpestris ++ 217 Knautia arvensis ++217 Trollius europaeus + 1.2 2 17 Phyteuma betonicifolium ++ 217 Luzula albida var. rubella + 1.1 2 17 Deschampsia caespitosa 1.2 1.1 2 17 Silene nutans subsp. livida ++217 Carex ferruginea 3.3 1 8 Carex montana 1.1 1 8
Sporadic species 9216123671141628 92 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.5 PETRORHAGIO-KOELERIETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 149–150)
FUMANO- VIOLA PETRORHAGIO-KOELERIETUM CYMBOPOG. PINNATA 123 456789101112Med. 13 14 15 16 Altitude (m) 650 740 950 950 740 450 960 950 450 850 700 940 729 740 340 850 1550 Exposition S S SSW S S NE W W SE SE SE S S S E SE Slope (deg) 15 10 10 25 5 10 20 20 30 10 40 15 19 50 35 80 40 Cover (%) 85 80 100 95 100 100 100 100 90 70 100 70 88 100 85 40 70 Surface (m2) 20 16 50 100 30 20 25 20 15 25 20 25 36 16 20 4 10 Number of species 26 31 17 26 26 29 20 24 30 27 17 21 23.2 30 20 10 23 Diversity (Shannon) 1.36 1.43 1.16 1.37 1.35 1.39 1.24 1.30 1.44 1.37 1.16 1.23 1.31 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 29.4 20.9 28.1 20.7 22.8 38.8 34.4 23.5 29.7 34.0 38.7 32.5 29.46
Character species of the Association Festuca rupicola 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.3 1.2 +.2 2.3 +.2 +.2 2.3 85 Pseudolysimachion spicatum 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 + + + 54 Silene otites 1.1 1.2 + +.2 + 38 + + Achillea tomentosa + + 1.2 1.2 31 Poa alpina subsp. xerophila (+) (+) + 23 Pulsatilla montana 1.1 8 Cymbopogon contortus – 2.2 + Fumana ericoides – 1.2 Viola pinnata –+
Character species of Stipo-Poion xerophilae Petrorhagia saxifraga 1.2 + + + + 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 92 +.2 Thymus carniolicus +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 85 Centaurea maculosa subsp. + + + 1.1 2.1 (+) + + + 69 1.1 1.1 + mureti Potentilla pusilla 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + + 1.2 62 1.2 + Carex liparocarpos 1.1 1.2 +.2 2.2 + 38 Medicago falcata + 1.2 2.2 + 2.3 + 46 1.1 Diplachne serotina 1.2 2.2 + 23 Festuca valesiaca 1.2 2.3 2.3 1.2 31 + + +.2 Astragalus onobrychis (+) 4.4 15 Scabiosa affinis 2.2 + + + 31 + Libanotis montana (+) + 15 Trinia glauca + +++ 31+ + Campanula spicata +8 Cleistogenes serotina – +.2 1.2 Orlaya grandiflora – 1.1
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Koeleria macrantha 3.3 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 + 2.2 1.1 77 + 1.2 1.1 Bromus erectus + 2.2 (+) 1.1 + 1.2 54 + Artemisia campestris 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 54 1.1 1.2 Phleum ambiguum 2.2 + 1.1 2.2 1.2 + + 54 1.1 Helianthemum numm.subsp. + + + + + 1.2 54 (+) + ovatum Hieracium pilosella + 1.1 +.2 + + 1.2 2.3 2.2 62 Carex humilis 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 38 2.2 +.2 3.3 Euphorbia cyparissias + ++++ 38++ Sedum sexangulare 1.1 + + + + 38 + Bothriochloa ischaemon +.2 (+) 1.2 2.2 31 3.3 2.2 1.1 Allium lusitanicum + + + + 2.3 38 Sedum rupestre subsp. 1.2 + + +.2 1.3 38 + +.2 montanum Galium lucidum +.2 +.2 1.2 31 + (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 93
Association Table 4.5 (continued)
FUMANO- VIOLA PETRORHAGIO-KOELERIETUM CYMBOPOG. PINNATA 123 456789101112Med. 13 14 15 16 Fumana procumbens (+) + + 31 + Teucrium montanum (+) (+) 23 + 1.2 Allium sphaerocephalum ++15++ Melica ciliata + 1.1 + 23 1.2 1.2 Lactuca perennis ++ 15 Stipa eriocaulis pennata* +* 2.2 23 +.2 Pimpinella saxifraga subsp. 1.1 + 1.1 23 nigra Stachys recta 1.2 + 23 + + + Asperula cynanchica ++23 Sempervivum arachnoideum +.2 8 Sempervivum tectorum ++15 Medicago minima +8 Alyssum alyssoides +8 Chondrilla juncea +8 Plantago holosteum 8 Thesium linophyllum ++15 Peucedanum oreoselinum – (+) Ononis natrix +8 Ononis pusilla +8 Potentilla tabaernemontani –+ Linaria angustissima –+ Sempervivum tectorum –+ + Coronilla minima – 1.2
Companion species Trifolium arvense + +++ ++1.1+62 Trifolium campestre + + + + + + +.2 54 Teucrium chamaedrys 1.1 (+) +.2 1.2 + 46 + Lotus corniculatus + 1.1 + + + 38 + Carex caryophyllea + +++31 Plantago lanceolata + 1.2 1.2 + 31 Galium verum + 1.1 + (+) 31 + Acinos arvensis +++ 23 Anthyllis vulneraria susbp. –+ carpathica Hypericum perforatum subsp. 1.2 + + 23 veronense Salvia pratensis 1.1 + + 23 Dianthus sylvestris 2.2 + +.2 23 (+) Globularia cordifolia 8 1.2 Plantago argentea + 1.1 15 Achillea cfr. setacea + 1.1 15 Agrostis canina +.2 1.2 15 Hypochoeris radicata + 1.2 15
Sporadic species 232 234342233 4 – 111 Association Table 4.6 SEDETUM MONTANI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 150–152) Grasslands” Steppe and “Arid Habitat the to Tables Association 94 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Med. 15 16 17 Altitude (m) 580 850 1550 650 800 950 2000 1400 450 600 450 1350 450 1100 941 660 740 650 Exposition SE SW S SW S SE SW W S – S S SW E – N SW Slope (deg) 30 60 30 70 60 5 40 30 5–515258 27–105 Cover (%) 70 60 30 60 40 40 40 20 50 70 80 60 90 55 70 80 70 Surface (m2) 442452106103446105585 Number of species 20 13 11 18 21 9 14 14 9 10 19 18 17 31 16 20 20 13 Diversity (Shannon) 1.16 1.02 0.93 1.04 1.06 0.95 0.95 0.77 0.89 0.67 1.07 0.95 0.96 1.20 0.97 1.22 1.25 1.08 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 17.71 16.00 14.00 18.83 14.27 12.21 5.69 13.05 16.11 12.57 10.32 14.62 11.55 8.57 13.3 21.5 25.4 14.3 Soil DI GN DOL POR POR POR GN POR POR POR LAV POR POR GN GN GN
Kennarten Sedum rupestre subsp. montanum 3.3 1.2 +.2 (+) +.2 1.2 1.3 + +.2 2.3 10 71 Sedum maximum + + 2 14 1.2 3.3 2.2 3 100
Character species of Sedo-Scleranthion, -etalia Sempervivum arachnoideum + 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 + 2.2 +.3 9 64 Sedum album 1.3 2.3 2.2 3.5 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 8 57 (+) 1 33 Sedum acre + 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 6 43 +.2 +.2 2 67 Sedum sexangulare (+) +.2 2.3 3.4 + 3.3 6 43 3.4 1.1 2 67 Sedum dasyphyllum + 1.1 +.2 + +.2 (+) 6 43 + 1 33 Acinos arvensis + 1.2 + 1.1 +.2 5 36 Potentilla argentea +.2 + + 3 21 Scleranthus polycarpos ++214 Herniaria glabra 1.1 1 7 Sempervivum tectorum +.2 1 7 Scleranthus annuus +17 Sedum annuum +17
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Thymus pannonicus +.2 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 + 6 43 (+.2) 1 33 Arenaria serpyllifolia + + + + + + 6 43 (+) 1 33 Potentilla tabaernemontani + + + + + 1.2 6 43 Petrorhagia saxifraga +.2 1.2 +.2 + + 5 36 + 1 33 Festuca rupicola + +.2 + 1.2 4 29 +.2 2.3 2 67 Festuca valesiaca + + 95 2.2 2.2 4 29 Grasslands” Steppe and “Arid Habitat the to Tables Association Veronica fruticans + + 1.1 1.2 4 29 Koeleria macrantha ++ +321 Centaurea maculosa subsp. mureti 1.1 + + 3 21 Trisetum argenteum ++ +321 Saxifraga paniculata + 1.2 +.2 3 21 Pseudolysimachion spicatum ++214 Allium lusitanicum 1.2 + 2 14 Artemisia campestris 1.1 +.2 2 14 Erigeron polymorphus ++ 214 Poa alpina subsp. xerophila + +.2 2 14 Plantago holosteum 2.3 1 7 Melica ciliata 1.2 1 7 Draba aizoides 1.2 17 Achillea distans + 1.1 2 67
Companion species Trifolium arvense +++321 Geranium columbinum + + 1.2 3 21 Hypericum perforatum ++ 214 Viola tricolor + + 2 14 +.2 + + 3 100 Plantago lanceolata + 1.1 2 14 Campanula carnica 1.2 (+) 214 Thymus praecox + 1.2 2 14 Cystopteris fragilis 1.2 17 Potentilla reptans 2.3 17 Coronilla varia 1.3 17
Mosses and lichens Rhacomitrium canescens + 3.3 2.2 3 21 +.2 +.2 +.2 3 100 Bryum argenteum +.3 +214
Sporadic species 62279–581558813 10+4 11+3 7 96 Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands”
Association Table 4.7 PEUCEDANETUM CERVARIAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 153–155) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Med. % Altitude (m) 850 1000 900 1050 900 850 800 800 650 400 550 350 950 650 764 Exposition S SW SW S SW SE S E N SE S S S S Slope (deg) 20 15 15 20 30 20 45 30 5 15 25 20 50 20 24 Cover (%) 80 80 100 100 100 95 90 100 100 100 80 100 100 100 95 Surface (m2) 50 20 25 10 20 15 5 20 20 25 20 25 20 100 27 Soil gra por sci cal. cal. por por por cal cal cal cal cal. Number of species 42 35 28 20 35 31 28 37 31 37 25 30 44 40 33.07 Diversity (Shannon) 1.439 1.393 1.296 1.157 1.285 1.4 1.276 1.426 1.156 1.345 1.238 1.187 1.389 1.581 1.326
Kennarten Brachypodium caespitosum 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 +.2 (+) + 2.2 1.2 3.2 1.3 1.2 +.2 2.2 14 100 (loc.) Origanum vulgare 2.3 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 1.2 9 64 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria + + (+) + + + 1.1 7 50
Character species of Geranion sanguinei Geranium sanguineum + 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.2 7 50 Trifolium rubens 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 5 36 Trifolium alpestre (+) 1.1 + + 4 29 Peucedanum cervaria + + (+) 3 21 Hypericum montanum ++ +321
Character species of Trifolio-Geranietea Clinopodium vulgare 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.2 + 10 71 Peucedanum oreoselinum + 1.1 + + 2.2 + + 7 50 Lathyrus sylvestris (+) (+) + 1.1 1.1 5 36 Silene italica + 1.1 1.2 + + 5 36 Cruciata glabra + + + 1.1 + 5 36 Knautia drymeia + + 2.2 + 4 29 Astragalus glycyphyllos 1.2 + + 3 21 Anthericum ramosum + + (+) 3 21 Coronilla varia + 2.2 + 3 21 Campanula rapunculoides 1.1 + 214 Vicia sylvatica ++ 214 Silene nutans +17 Campanula persicaefolia +17 Arabis turrita + 17 Peucedanum austriacum (+) 17 Mercurialis ovata 1.2 1 7 Cnidium silaifolium +17 Peucedanum schottii +17
Companion species Lathyrus pratensis 1.2 + + + + + + + (+) 9 64 Hypericum perforatum (+)+++ +++ + +9 64 Galium mollugo +.2 + 1.1 2.1 + + + 1.2 8 57 Verbascum nigrum 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + 8 57 Salvia glutinosa 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + (+) 2.3 8 57 Vicia cracca +++ + ++ + 7 50 Dactylis glomerata 1.1 + + + + + + 7 50 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.1 2.2 + 7 50 Fragaria vesca 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 + + + 7 50 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” 97
Association Table 4.7 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Med. % Salvia pratensis + ++++++7 50 Chamaecytisus hirsutus + + 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 6 43 Achillea collina 1.2 + + + + + 6 43 Campanula trachelium + 1.1 + + + 5 36 Corylus avellana + + 1.1 1.1 + 5 36 Geranium robertianum + 1.1 + + (+) 5 36 Pimpinella saxifraga + + + + 1.1 5 36 Arrhenatherum elatius ++ + ++536 Rubus gr. tomentosus + + 1.2 + 4 29 Solidago virgaurea + 1.1 1.1 + 4 29 Genista germanica 1.1 + 1.2 (+) 4 29 Clematis vitalba + (+) + + 4 29 Bromus erectus + + 3.3 3 21 Genista tinctoria + + +.2 3 21 Centaurea bracteata + + (+) 3 21 Teucrium chamaedrys 2.3 + + 3 21 Centaurea scabiosa subsp. 1.1 1.1 2.2 3 21 fritschii Peucedanum verticillare 1.1 1.1 2 14 Medicago falcata 1.2 1.2 2 14 Betonica officinalis 1.1 1.1 2 14 Calamagrostis varia + 2.2 2 14 Sedum telephium + 1.1 214 Valeriana officinalis incl. 1.1 + 214 V. collina Galeopsis speciosa 1.1 + 2 14 Vicia sepium + 1.1 2 14 Linaria vulgaris +.2 1.1 214 Eupatorium cannabinum 1.1 + 2 14 Calamagrostis arundinacea 2.3 1 7 Coronilla emerus 2.2 1 7 Agrostis tenuis 1.2 1 7 Allium carinatum 1.2 1 7 Cirsium oleraceum 1.1 1 7 Galium verum 1.2 1 7 Galium sylvaticum 1.1 1 7 Valeriana montana 1.2 1 7 Cirsium erisithales 1.1 1 7
Sporadic species 17 14 8 6 16 8 10 14 18 16 7 14 19 16 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)”
(Refers to Chap. 5 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 99 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_6, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 Association Table 5.1 RHODODENDRO HIRSUTI-PINETUM PROSTRATAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 179–183) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 100
subass. with Rhododendron ferrugineum subass. with Rhodod. hirsutum-Erica carnea Ril. Ril. Med. 1234567891011121314151617181920211–10 11–21 1–21 Altitude (m) 2000 2100 2000 2170 1880 1880 1950 1950 2140 2150 1750 2130 1750 1500 1800 2250 2050 1800 1940 1500 1750 2022 1838 1926 Exposition S SW NW NE NW NW NE W – N W E NW N S SE S N N NE NE Slope (deg) 10 5 15 10 20 20 25 10 – 20 10 10 30 40 5 5 20 5 20 30 30 13 18.64 16 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 95 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 100 99 95.45 97 Surface (m2) 100 300 200 100 100 100 100 50 20 100 200 25 100 100 100 50 200 100 200 200 100 117 125 121 Substrate dol wer dol cal por dol dol dol dol Number of species 26 18 40 41 22 19 26 18 21 32 24 23 38 21 39 15 25 31 41 31 35 26.3 29.36 27.9 Diversity (Shannon) 1.245 1.128 1.367 1.361 1.19 1.076 1.12 1.127 1.236 1.414 1.19 1.221 1.418 1.179 1.323 1.07 1.249 1.408 1.411 1.448 1.438 1.226 1.305 1.27
Kennart Pinus mugo subsp. 4.5 5.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 5.5 4.3 4.4 3.3 4.2 4.5 3.3 5.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 3.3 4.2 3.2 4.4 100 100 100 prostrata
Differential species on acid substrate Rhododendron 3.3 4.5 3.3 2.2 3.4 1.2 3.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 + +.2 + +.3 1.1 100 45 71 ferrugineum
Differential species on basic substrate (Erico-Pinetea) Erica carnea 2.2 +.3 + 2.2 2.3 2.2 3.3 5.5 4.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.2 3.3 40 91 67 Rhododendron hirsutum +.2 +.2 3.3 3.3 2.1 2.3 1.1 2.3 3.2 1.2 2.2 20 82 52 Sorbus chamaemespilus (+) + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 30 82 57 Rubus saxatilis + 1.1 + + + 45 24 Polygala chamaebuxus + 2.3 + + 36 19
Character species of All., Order & Class (Vaccinio-Piceetea) Vaccinium vitis-idaea +.2 + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 +.2 + 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 2.3 + + 2.2 1.2 100 91 95 Vaccinium myrtillus 2.2 + + 1.1 1.2 1.2 4.4 4.4 2.3 3.2 1.2 + 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 100 73 86 Juniperus nana 1.1 (+) 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 2.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.2 + r 1.1 80 82 81 Homogyne alpina +1.1++++ +++ ++ 1.2+++ ++907381 Hieracium sylvaticum + + + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 50 64 57 Calamagrostis villosa 1.2 1.1 1.2 3.2 4.5 + 1.2 + + 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 70 45 57 Luzula sieberi + 1.1 + + + + + + +.2 + 60 36 48 Avenella flexuosa +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 50 27 38 Rosa pendulina + + ++ + + +204533
Lycopodium annotinum +.2 + (+) + 1.3 1.2 + 30 36 33 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Lonicera coerulea 1.1 + + + + + 40 18 29 Picea abies + + + + 1.1 + 20 36 29 Vaccinium + + 1.1 (+) 2.2 40 9 24 gaultherioides Pinus cembra 1.1 + + + (+) 20 27 24 Larix decidua +++ + (+) 30 18 24 Arctostaphylos alpina + + (+) + +.2 20 27 24 Empetrum + +.2 2.2 1.1 30 9 19 hermaphroditum Clematis alpina + + + + 10 27 19 Dryopteris carthusiana + 1.1 +.2 + 40 19 Huperzia selago + (+) + + 20 18 19 Rhodothamnus + 1.2 + 10 18 14 chamaecistus Melampyrum ++ + 2714 sylvaticum Orthilia secunda + +.2 + 27 14 Rhododendron + 1.2 20 10 intermedium Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 2.2 +.2 18 10 Pirola minor r + 18 10 Loiseleuria procumbens +.2 +.3 18 10 Maianthemum bifolium +95 Listera cordata +95 Pirola rotundifolia +95 Melampyrum pratense +95...
Companion species Sesleria caerulea + + + + 1.1 + + 1.2 + + + + + 40 91 67 Valeriana montana + + + + + + 1.1 + 20 55 38 Sorbus aucuparia (+)+ + + + +++304538 Daphne striata + + + +.2 + + + 64 33 Laserpitium + + + + + + 10 45 29 peucedanoides
Calamagrostis varia ++ ++ 1.1+ 302729 Geranium sylvaticum + 1.1 + + + 50 9 29
Dryas octopetala + +.2 +.2 + +.2 +.2 20 36 29 101 (continued) Association Table 5.1 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 102
subass. with Rhododendron ferrugineum subass. with Rhodod. hirsutum-Erica carnea Ril. Ril. Med. 1234567891011121314151617181920211–10 11–21 1–21 Carex ferruginea + + + 1.2 + 45 24 Hieracium bifidum + + + +.2 10 27 19 Horminum pyrenaicum + + + + 20 18 19 Potentilla erecta + + + + 36 19 Aster bellidiastrum + ++ +102719 Galium anisophyllum + + (+) + 30 9 19 Stachys alopecuroides ++ + 2714 Soldanella alpina ++ +20914 Salix waldsteiniana + + (+) 20 9 14 Juniperus communis + 1.1 r 27 14 Senecio abrotanifolius + +.2 18 10 subsp. carniolicus
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.3 1.3 + 4.5 +.2 1.2 + + 2.3 +.3 2.5 2.3 2.2 + 2.2 100 73 86 triquetrus Hylocomium splendens 1.2 1.2 3.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + 2.3 +.3 2.5 1.2 +.2 +.2 3.3 90 64 76 Dicranum scoparium +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + +.2 +.2 1.2 + + +.2 +.3 +.2 +.2 +.2 90 55 71 Cladonia sylvatica + 1.2 + + + 2.2 + + 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.1 60 55 57 Cladonia pyxidata + + +.2 + 1.2 +.3 + +.2 +.2 +.2 40 55 48 Cetraria islandica + 1.2 + 3.3 + + 1.3 + 1.1 40 45 43 Polytrichum commune + +.2 + + 40 19
Sporadic species 621415551022263831516312194 ... Association Table 5.2 ERICO-PINETUM SYLVESTRIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 184–186) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 1 234567891011121314151617181920 Altitude (m) 1150 1150 1100 1150 1100 1600 1450 1150 1200 1200 1500 800 800 450 1400 1300 1430 1600 1400 1400 1217 Exposition WSW SW W NW W S S W S SW SW S S N S SSW NE SE SE S Slope (deg) 35 35 5 20 20 10 45 5 5 5 10 15 10 40 15 20 15 30 30 40 21 Cover A (%) 30 20 50 10 70 40 30 1 1 1 60 30 50 60 80 50 40 25 15 30 35 Cover B (%) 50 20 35 10 20 10 70 70 50 50 20 60 40 50 5 30 30 5 25 20 34 Cover C (%) 60 50 70 50 100 70 30 25 100 80 75 40 100 70 67 50 70 80 70 65 66 Surface (m2) 200 200 200 100 100 250 100 50 25 250 250 200 200 300 250 200 300 200 150 200 186 Number of species 38 36 36 33 29 46 44 30 31 41 41 53 72 40 40 48 39 46 31 36 40.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.487 1.505 1.486 1.353 1.385 1.409 1.432 1.284 1.265 1.44 1.468 1.581 1.623 1.368 1.434 1.411 1.385 1.437 1.323 1.366 1.422 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 42.3 50.89 41 32.57 29.05 26.02 35 31.63 36.5 51.5 30.21 32.64 29.73 56.5 28.49 35.51 27.36 33.84 26.04 31.09 35.39
Kennarten Pinus sylvestris (A layer) 2.1 2.1 2.1 + 3.1 2.1 2.1 + r + 3.1 2.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 2.1 20 100 Pinus sylvestris (B layer) 1.1 + +1.1 +++735
Character species of Erico-Pinetea Erica carnea 3.2 1.2 3.3 2.2 4.5 4.3 3.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 4.5 3.3 4.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.3 20 100 Epipactis atropurpurea + +++ ++ + + ++ 1050 Cytisus purpureus + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.2 + 10 50 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 +.3 + r 9 45 Rubus saxatilis + + + + + + 1.1 1.2 + 9 45 Goodyera repens + 1.1 + + + + + 7 35 Sorbus chamaemespilus ++++420
Polygala chamaebuxus 1.1 1.2 + 3 15 ...
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies (A+B layer) + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 12 60 Pinus mugo +.2 + + + + 2.1 r 1.1 + + 10 50 Hieracium sylvaticum +++ + +++ +++ 1050 Vaccinium vitis-idaea + + +.2 2.2 3.3 2.2 3.3 4.5 2.3 9 45 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1.2 + +.3 +.2 +.2 3.4 2.3 1.2 8 40
Larix decidua (B layer) (+) + + + 1.1 1.1 2.1 7 35 Melampyrum sylvaticum + 1.1 + 3 15 Vaccinium myrtillus + +.2 2.2 3 15 Clematis alpina +++315 103 Calamagrostis villosa 1.2 2.2 2 10 (continued) Association Table 5.2 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 104 1 234567891011121314151617181920 Pinus cembra + 15 Rosa pendulina +15
Companion species Sesleria caerulea 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 + 2.2 + 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 + + 2.2 16 80 Juniperus communis + + 2.1 + 1.1 + + r 2.3 2.1 1.1 1.1 3.1 1.1 2.1 15 75 Amelanchier ovalis 1.2 + + + 1.1 + + r 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 15 75 Carex humilis + + + 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.2 13 65 Calamagrostis varia 1.3 + 1.2 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.2 +.2 + + + + 1.2 1.2 12 60 Carex ornithopoda + +++++ +++ ++ + 1260 Globularia cordifolia +.2 1.2 + + + 2.2 1.2 +.2 +.3 + +.2 +.2 12 60 Lotus corniculatus + + +++ +++ ++++1260 Betonica alopecurus 1.1 + 1.2 +.2 + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 11 55 Buphthalmum salicifolium + +++++ + +++1155 Epipactis helleborine + + ++++ + +++1050 Salix glabra + ++++ +r + 840 Teucrium montanum 1.1 1.2 + + + + +.2 +.2 8 40 Carex alba + 1.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 8 40 Salix hastata 1.2 + 1.1 + + + + 7 35 Euphrasia tricuspidata + +++ +1.1+ 735 Gymnadenia odoratissima +++ + ++ + 735 Dryas octopetala 1.2 + 2.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 7 35 Coronilla vaginalis/ + + 1.2 1.1 + + +* 7 35 minima* Listera ovata + ++ ++++ 735 Peucedanum oreoselinum + + + 1.1 + + + 7 35 Prunella grandiflora ++++ 1.1++735 Crepis froelichiana + + 1.2 + + +* + 7 35 Biscutella laevigata +++ + ++ 630
Carduus defloratus + + + + ++630 Galium verum + + ++++ 630 Laserpitium peucedanoides + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 6 30 Sorbus aria + +++ + 525 Rhamnus saxatilis + + + 1.1 + 5 25 Hieracium bupleuroides + 1.1 + +.2 + 5 25
Aquilegia einseleana + + 1.1 + + 5 25 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Petasites paradoxus +.2 + + +.2 + 5 25 Viola hirta 1.1 + + + + 5 25 Campanula caespitosa + + + +.2 + 5 25 Laserpitium siler + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 5 25 Hierochloe australis + + + 1.1 + 5 25 Berberis vulgaris r r + 1.1 4 20 Ostrya carpinifolia (+) 2.1 1.1 2.1 4 20 Cypripedium calceolus +++ +.2 4 20 Valeriana montana ++ ++420 Stachys recta subsp. labiosa ++ + +* 420 Tofieldia calyculata +++ +420 Brachypodium caespitosum + + 1.2 + 4 20 Platanthera bifolia ++ + + 420 Potentilla erecta + + + 1.1 4 20 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. + + 1.1 + 4 20 alpestris Leucanthemum maximum 1.1 +++420 Cotoneaster integerrima ++ 1.1 3 15 Lonicera xylosteum + 1.1 + 3 15 Fraxinus ornus + 1.1 + 3 15 Corylus avellana 1.1 + + 3 15 Athamanta cretensis ++ + 315 Dianthus sternbergii + 1.2 +.2 315 Trisetum argenteum 1.2 + + 315 Galium lucidum ++ + 315 Anthericum ramosum +++315...
Lotus alpinus +++ 315 Hepatica nobilis +++ 315 Dryopteris robertiana 1.1 + + 3 15 Euphorbia carniolica 1.1 + + 315 Polygala forojulensis 1.1 + 1.1 3 15 Molinia altissima + 1.1 1.1 3 15 Polygonatum officinale + 1.1 + 3 15 Helianthemum +.2 1.2 + 3 15 grandiflorum Koeleria pyramidata 1.1 + + 3 15
Rhinanthus aristatus 1.1 + + 3 15 105 (continued) Association Table 5.2 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 106 1 234567891011121314151617181920 Carlina acaulis +++315 Laserpitium latifolium +++315 Lembotropis nigricans ++ 210 Salix caprea ++210 Sorbus aucuparia ++ 210 Cotoneaster nebrodensis 1.1 1 5 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) +15
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus +.2 1.3 + +.3 1.2 +.3 6 30 Hylocomium splendens +.2 +.2 + +.3 2.3 5 25 Cladonia sylvatica 2.3 2.2 2 10
Sporadic species 5 3 3 8 3 17 14 8 11 9 7 13 26 13 10 16 12 17 8 11 ... Association Table 5.3a VACCINIO-PINETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 187–189) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 1234567891011 Altitude (m) 1150 1150 1100 900 1050 800 850 900 1000 1000 980 989 Exposition SW SW S W S SW W – SW S SE Slope (deg) 15 15 10 20 3 15 30 – 5 5 10 12 Cover A (%) 20 50 40 80 60 70 60 90 60 80 100 65 Cover B (%) 20 10 30 <15 5 5 <1101 8 Cover C (%) 70 90 70 95 90 40 50 80 80 70 <167 Cover D (%) 5 15 20 10 60 20 90 70 50 40 <134 Surface (m2) 50 100 50 100 200 100 30 200 100 100 100 103 Number of species/ril. 10 13 15 15 16 15 13 18 15 14 7 13.7 Diversity (Shannon) 0.92 1.05 1.14 1.1 1.11 1.08 0.95 1.07 1.11 1.02 0.75 1.03
Tree layer Pinus sylvestris 1.2 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 11 100 Picea abies + 1.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 5.5 8 73
Shrub layer Picea abies + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 10 91 Pinus sylvestris 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 436
Herbs and low shrubs Vaccinium myrtillus ++++1.22.2+4.53.43.4+11100 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.2 4.4 2.2 1.2 3.3 + 3.4 + 1.2 + + 11 100 Erica carnea 1.2 + 1.2 4.5 3.3 + + 764... Avenella flexuosa +++++ 1.2+ 764 Calluna vulgaris 2.2 1.2 2.2 + + + + 7 64 Melampyrum pratense + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 55 Juniperus communis 1.1 + + 3 27 Luzula albida 1.2 + 1.2 3 27 Luzula sieberi ++ + 327 Hieracium sylvaticum ++ + 327 Maianthemum bifolium ++ 218 Monotropa hypopitys ++218 Moneses uniflora + 19 (continued) 107 Association Table 5.3a (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 108 1234567891011
Mosses and lichens Pleurozium schreberi 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 3.5 3.5 2.3 2.3 + 11 100 Hylocomium splendens + + 3.3 3.5 2.5 3.3 2.3 + 8 73 Dicranum scoparium 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 + + + 7 64 Rhytidiad. triquetrus + + + 1.5 1.4 + 6 55 Cladonia pyxidata +++ 327 Cetraria islandica + 1.1 + 327 Cladonia sylvatica +19 Leocobryum glaucum +19
Sporadic species ––––1234–2– ... Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats... 109
Synoptic Table VACCINIO-PINETUM (COMMUNITIES WITH PINUS SYLVESTRIS (SYNTHESIS)
Tab. 5.2 Tab. 5.3a Tab. 5.3b Erico-Pinetum Vacc.-Pinetum Car. hum-Pinetum Number of releve´s Tot. % Tot. % Tot. % Rel. (tot.) Pinus sylvestris (A layer) 20 100 8 73 3 100 31 Pinus sylvestris (B layer) 7 35 2668 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 94511100 13321 Carex humilis 13 65 3 100 16
Character species of Erico-Pinetea Erica carnea 20 100 7 64 27 Epipactis atropurpurea 10 50 10 Cytisus purpureus 10 50 10 Rhododendron hirsutum 945 9 Rubus saxatilis 945 9 Goodyera repens 735 7 Sorbus chamaemespilus 420 4 Polygala chamaebuxus 315 3
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies (A + B layer) 12 60 4 36 1 33 17 Hieracium sylvaticum 10 50 3 27 2 66 15 Vaccinium myrtillus 3 15 11 100 1 33 15 Pinus mugo 10 50 10 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 840 8 Larix decidua (B layer) 7 35 1 33 8 Melampyrum sylvaticum 315 3 Clematis alpina 315 3 Calamagrostis villosa 210 2 Moneses uniflora 19 2 Monotropa hypopitys 218 2 Pinus cembra 15 1 Rosa pendulina 15 1
Frequent companion species (>30 %) Juniperus communis 15 75 3 27 2 66 20 Amelanchier ovalis 15 75 1 33 16 Lotus corniculatus 12 60 1 33 13
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 6 30 6 55 12 Hylocomium splendens 5 25 8 73 2 66 12 Pleurozium schreberi 11 100 11
Sesleria albicans 16 80 Calamagrostis varia 12 60 (continued) 110 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats...
Synoptic Table (continued)
Tab. 5.2 Tab. 5.3a Tab. 5.3b Erico-Pinetum Vacc.-Pinetum Car. hum-Pinetum Number of releve´s Tot. % Tot. % Tot. % Rel. (tot.) Carex ornithopoda 12 60 Globularia cordifolia 12 60 Betonica alopecurus 11 55 Buphthalmum salicifolium 11 55 Epipactis helleborine 10 50 Avenella flexuosa 764 Calluna vulgaris 764 Melampyrum pratense 655 Fragaria vesca 3 100 Silene italica 3 100 Saponaria ocymoides 266
Dicranum scoparium 764 Leocobryum glaucum 19 Cladonia sylvatica 21019 Cladonia pyxidata 327 Cetraria islandica 327 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats... 111
Association Table 5.3b CARICI HUMILIS-PINETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 190) 123 Altitude (m) 800 950 1050 Exposition SE S S Slope (deg) 15 30 5 Cover A (%) 70 90 50 Cover B (%) 20 <115 Cover C (%) 30 20 95 Surface (m2) 50 300 100
Tree layer Pinus sylvestris 4.1 3.1 3.1 3 Picea abies 2.1 1 Betula pendula (+) 1
Shrub layer Juniperus communis 1.1 + 2 Corylus avellana ++ 2 Berberis vulgaris + 1.2 2 Pinus sylvestris ++2 Sorbus aucuparia ++ 2 Galium verum ++2 Larix decidua 1.1 1 Amelanchier ovalis +1 Rosa canina +1 Cotoneaster integerrima +1 Fraxinus ornus +1
Low shrubs Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.1 1 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.1 1
Herbs Carex humilis + 1.1 4.5 3 Silene italica +++ 3 Fragaria vesca +++ 3 Saponaria ocymoides 1.2 + 2 Hieracium sylvaticum 1.1 1.1 2 Carex caryophyllea 2.1 1 Festuca valesiaca 1.2 1
Mosses Hylocomium splendens 1.2 1.5 2
Seedlings Berberis vulgaris +1 Rosa sp. +1
(continued) 112 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats...
Association Table 5.3b (continued) 123 Scattered individuals Astragalus glycyphyllos +1 Acinos arvensis +1 Agrostis tenuis +1 Antennaria dioica +1 Astragalus onobrychis +1 Carlina vulgaris +1 Centaurea bracteata +1 Centaurea maculosa +1 Danthonia decumbens +1 Dryopteris filix–mas. +1 Euphorbia cyparissias +1 Galium pumilum +1 Galium mollugo +1 Hieracium pilosella +1 Lotus corniculatus +1 Luzula albida +1 Luzula pilosa +1 Melica nutans +1 Pimpinella major +1 Polygonatum multiflorum +1 Polypodium intejectum +1 Sedum rupestre +1 Silene otites +1 Solidago virgaurea +1 Veronica officinalis +1 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats... 113
Association Table 5.4a LISTERO-PICEETUM-KARER FOREST (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 191–196) (transition to 3.13—Oxalidi-Abietetum) 123456 78910111213 Altitude (m) 1780 1730 1700 1750 1600 1750 1820 1460 1580 1750 1800 1780 1800 1715 Exposition NNE N – N N NNW W SW ENE W W W NW Slope (deg) 5 5 – 10 5 15 10 40 30 5 5 15 25 13 Cover A (%) 90 80 70 80 90 85 80 90 90 45 30 50 60 72 Cover B (%) 40 40 40 10 10 10 10 30 20 10 10 10 20 20 Cover C (%) 90 80 90 60 90 80 90 80 60 100 100 100 100 86 Surface (m2) 500 500 100 50 100 100 100 200 250 146 Number of species 40 46 39 37 49 50 39 42 37 49 43 38 44 42.54 Diversity (Shannon) 1.52 1.53 1.52 1.53 1.51 1.60 1.51 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.49 1.43 1.51 1.50
Tree layer Picea abies (A layer) 3.1 5.1 4.1 5.1 4.1 5.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 13 100 Picea abies (B layer) + 1.1 + + 4 31 Pinus cembra (A layer) 2.1 + 2 15
Character species of the Association (Listero-Piceetum) Luzula luzulina +++1.2+ +++ 862 (Listero-Pic.) Listera cordata + (+) + + (+) 5 38 (Listero-Pic.)
Character species of the Veronico-Piceetum Veronica urticifolia + + 1.1 + + +.2 6 46 (Veron.-Pic.)
Character species of Piceion abietis, -etalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Hieracium sylvaticum + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 13 100 Vaccinium myrtillus 4.3 3.4 1.2 1.3 2.3 3.3 +.2 2.3 +.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 12 92 Calamagrostis villosa 1.1 + 2.1 1.2 + + + + 1.2 1.2 + 2.3 12 92 Homogyne alpina 1.11.1++1.11.1+++++ +1292 Lonicera coerulea 1.1 2.1 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + 12 92 Rosa pendulina 1.1+++++ ++1.1+1.11185 Luzula sieberi 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 + 1.2 2.2 + 1.2 1.2 10 77 Melampyrum pratense + + ++ +++ +++1077 Lonicera nigra + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 10 77 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 2.3 + 1.2 1.2 + 9 69 Dryopteris carthusiana 2.1 + 1.2 + + 1.2 + + + 9 69 Maianthemum bifolium + + + + 1.2 + (+) + + 9 69 Rubus saxatilis + + + + + + 1.2 + 8 62 Moneses uniflora + + +.2 + + + 6 46 Avenella flexuosa + + +.2 1.2 + 5 38 Lycopodium annotinum + 2.3 1.2 3 23 Pyrola rotundifolia +.2 + 2 15 Melampyrum sylvaticum +18 Huperzia selago + 18 Orthilia secunda (+) 18
(continued) 114 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats...
Association Table 5.4a (continued) 123456 78910111213 Character species of Fagion, -etalia, Querco-Fagetea Paris quadrifolia ++++++ ++++ +1185 Sorbus aucuparia (B layer) 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + + 2.1 10 77 Prenanthes purpurea + + + + 1.2 + 1.2 7 54 Polygonatum verticillatum + + +++++ 754 Chaerophyllum hirsutum + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 7 54 subsp. villarsii Pulmonaria officinalis +++ ++ + 646 Melica nutans + 1.2 + + 1.2 5 38 Corallorhiza trifida + + +.2 + 4 31 Ranunculus nemorosus 1.1 + + + 4 31 Carex sylvatica + 3.3 2.2 2.3 4 31 Carex digitata ++ + 323 Streptopus amplexifolius ++ +323 Lathyrus vernus ++ 215 Hepatica nobilis ++ 215 Dactylorhiza maculata ++ 215 Cirsium erisithales 1.1 1 8 Poa nemoralis 1.2 1 8
Companion species Oxalis acetosella 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 11 85 Gymnocarpon dryopteris + + + + + 1.1 + 7 54 Solidago virgaurea + +++++ + 754 Athyrium filix-foemina 2.2 + + 2.3 2.1 5 38 Geranium sylvaticum 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 12 92 Adenostyle glabra 2.1 2.2 3.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.3 3.3 3.4 4.3 11 85 Viola biflora +.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 10 77 Soldanella alpina + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 10 77 Aster belldiastrum + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 8 62 Fragaria vesca ++.2++ ++ ++ 862 Saxifraga rotundifolia + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 7 54 Ranunculus platanifolius ++ ++ +++754 Phyteuma ovatum + 1.1 + + + + 6 46 Cicerbita alpina + + + 1.1 + 1.1 6 46 Lonicera alpigena + +++++ 646 Aconitum lycoctonum + + 1.2 1.1 1.1 5 38 Sorbus chamaemespilus +++ ++ 538 Valeriana montana 1.1 + + + + 5 38 Carex ornithopoda + +.2 1.1 +.2 4 31 Petasites albus + + 1.2 1.2 4 31 Epipactis atropurpurea +++ + 431 Luzula pilosa ++ ++431 Ajuga genevensis ++ ++431 Anthoxanthum odoratum ++ ++431 Carduus personata + + 1.1 1.1 4 31 Geum rivale +++ 323 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats... 115
Association Table 5.4a (continued) 123456 78910111213 Poa alpina +++ 323 Stellaria nemorum +++323 Aquilegia atrata 1.1 + 2 15 Platanthera bifolia ++215 Carex montana ++ 215 Asplenium viride ++ 215 Myosotis sylvatica ++215 Potentilla erecta ++215 Salix appendiculata ++215 Lilium martagon ++ 215 Sesleria caerulea ++215 Ranunculus montanus 1.1 1.1 2 15 Deschampsia caespitosa + 1.2 2 15
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 3.3 3.3 3.3 1.2 3.4 1.2 1.2 2.4 4.5 1.2 3.3 1.3 1.3 13 100 Hylocomium splendens 3.4 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.5 4.5 1.2 1.3 10 77 Plagiochila asplenioides 1.2 + + 2.4 + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 + 10 77 Dicranum scoparium + +.2 1.2 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 + 9 69 Pleurozium schreberi 2.3 + +.2 2.2 1.3 +.2 6 46 Cladonia rangiferina +++++ 538 Cladonia sylvatica + (+) + + 4 31 Mnium punctatum + 18 Scleropodium purum + 18 Peltigera malacea +18 Cetraria islandica 1.2 1 8
Sporadic species 21–––1 –814–45 Association Table 5.4b LISTERO-PICEETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 191–194) (widespread composition) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 116
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Altitude (m) 1750 1590 1500 1750 1550 1550 1550 1450 1180 1500 1390 1750 1630 1780 1380 1750 1700 1800 1750 1650 1700 1450 1350 1400 1550 1500 1500 1600 1650 1630 Exposition NW – E NE S NE NW NW NNE E SE – SW SSW NNW SE NE N N N SW SW NW S NE NE NE N Slope (deg) 10 – 10 20 35 3 5 35 45 30 10 – 10 30 55 3 15 5 5 15 5 40 25 20 15 15 45 10 18 Cover A (%) 60 70 70 80 75 70 70 95 75 85 90 45 60 90 80 60 85 70 70 80 70 80 70 40 60 50 85 90 72 Cover B (%) 3 2 5 2 5 10 5 5 10 40 5 20 30 10 10 2 5 1 1 1 1 5 20 1 1 1 1 7 Cover C (%) 100 80 100 100 95 100 100 90 40 80 95 90 90 95 100 100 100 80 100 95 90 100 80 80 80 30 30 86 Cover D (%) 5 5 30 40 30 50 70 50 50 10 10 30 40 50 50 50 50 50 5 50 50 50 40 30 50 50 50 50 70 41 Surface (m2) 200 200 200 400 500 300 300 300 200 300 150 200 500 200 400 500 250 200 250 150 300 400 500 300 500 400 200 250 200 313 Number of 20 22 26 34 35 30 33 20 30 56 26 51 24 29 27 27 24 30 21 21 24 25 30 33 23 22 17 29 24 28.0 species Diversity 1.232 1.308 1.212 1.404 1.369 1.408 1.407 1.247 1.351 1.493 1.28 1.472 1.288 1.315 1.337 1.396 1.295 1.374 1.25 1.25 1.313 1.322 1.388 1.367 1.258 1.265 1.14 1.221 1.289 1.319 (Shannon) Dominance 20.16 40.66 24.18 33.19 20 28.93 27.75 29.29 18.65 21.29 17.16 28.78 28.64 20.83 14.88 18.67 26.34 19.04 23.46 23.49 23.89 17.04 21.18 22.69 20.78 29 30.64 – – 24.1 (Simpson D/1)
Character species of the Association Luzula luzulina + + + + +.2 + 1.1 + + + + +.2 + +.2 + + (+) + r 19 66 Listera cordata + + ++ +.2++ +++ + + ++ 1448
Arboreal species Picea abies 3.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 3.1 5.1 4.2 5.1 4.2 3.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.1 4.2 3.1 2.1 5.1 3.1 3.1 5.1 5.1 29 100 (A layer) Picea abies + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 r + + + 1 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + + + + 24 83 (B layer) Larix decidua + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 28 (A layer) Larix decidua +13 (B layer) Abies alba 2.1 2.1 + 1.1 + + 6 21 (A layer) Abies alba 1.1 + + + 1.1 5 17 (B layer) Fagus sylvatica 2.2 + 27 (A layer) Fagus sylvatica + +27 (B layer) Sorbus aucuparia + 1.1 + 1.1 + + r + + 9 31 (A layer) Sorbus aucuparia 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + + + + + 15 52 (B layer) ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Pinus sylvestris 1.1 + 2 7 Pinus cembra 1.1 1 3
Character species of Piceion abietis, -etalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium 3.4 3.2 5.5 4.5 4.4 5.5 5.5 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.5 3.4 4.4 5.5 4.5 4.4 5.5 4.3 5.5 4.5 4.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 4.5 2.3 + +.2 29 100 myrtillus Vaccinium vitis- 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 + 1.1 + 2.2 3.4 3.4 2.3 2.3 +.2 +.2 + + 1.1 2.3 + 3.3 1.1 2.2 + + 25 86 idaea Homogyne alpina 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 2.1 1.1 + + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + + + 24 83 Hieracium + + + + 1.1 + 1.2 + + + + + + + + 1.1 + + (+) 1.1 + + + 23 79 sylvaticum Calamagrostis 1.1 1.1 1.2 +.2 1.1 3.3 + 2.1 1.2 +.2 1.1 + + + + 2.2 1.1 2.1 4.5 + 1.2 21 72 villosa Avenella flexuosa 1.1 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 20 69 Luzula sieberi 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + +.2 1.2 + + + 16 55 Maianthemum + + + 2.1 + + + + + + + 1.2 + + + + 16 55 bifolium Melampyrum ++++ + ++ +++ + +1.1+ 1448 pratense Melampyrum +++ ++++ +++ 3.3+++1448 sylvaticum Lycopodium + + + + + 1.3 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 11 38 annotinum Lonicera 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 8 28 coerulea Rosa pendulina + + + 1.2 + + + + 8 28 Luzula pilosa 1.1 + + + + + + + 8 28
Orthilia secunda + 1.1 + + + + 6 21 ... Erica carnea 1.2 r r 2.2 +.2 1.2 6 21 Moneses uniflora ++++ 414 Clematis alpina +++ 310 Rubus saxatilis ++ 27 Lycopodium 1.3 1 3 clavatum
Companion species Oxalis acetosella +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 + + + + + +.2 + + 1.2 2.1 + + + 1.1 1.2 25 86 Dryopteris + + + + + + +.2 1.2 + + + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 20 69 carthusiana Prenanthes + + + 1.1 + + + + + + 10 34 purpurea Luzula albida + + + 2.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 11 38 117 (continued) Association Table 5.4b (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 118
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Gymnocarpium + + 1.1 + 2.1 + + + + + + +.2 12 41 dryopteris Luzula nivea + + + + +.2 + + + 8 28 Potentilla erecta ++ ++ + + 621 Solidago 1.1 + + + + + + 7 24 virgaurea Lonicera nigra 1.1 + + + + + + 7 24 Athyrium filix- 1.1 1.1 + +.2 + + 6 21 foemina Veronica +++++ 517 officinalis Anemone trifolia ++ ++ 414 Thelypteris ++++ ++ 621 phegopteris Viola biflora ++++ 414 Saxifraga ++ 1.2 3 10 rotundifolia
Mosses and lichens Hylocomium +.3 +.2 +.3 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 3.5 2.4 +.3 +.2 + 1.3 3.4 3.3 2.4 3.4 +.2 +.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.2 3.5 2.2 2.2 3.5 3.5 29 100 splendens Rhytidiadelphus +.3 +.2 +.3 2.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 +.2 2.4 1.2 +.2 2.4 2.3 3.3 3.3 2.4 +.3 2.5 +.2 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 1.2 3.5 2.2 4.4 3.5 3.5 29 100 triquetrus Dicranum +.2 +.3 +.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.3 +.2 +.3 + + + + + 1.3 2.5 +.2 +.2 1.3 1.3 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.3 27 93 scoparium Pleurozium +.2 + 1.2 2.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.3 2.4 1.2 + 1.3 1.3 + +.2 + 1.3 +.2 1.3 19 66 schreberi Polytrichum +.2 + +.2 1.2 2.2 + +.2 1.2 + 1.3 1.3 +.2 1.3 1.3 +.2 1.3 16 55 commune Plagiochila (?) + + 1.1 +.2 +.3 +.3 + + + + + + + +.2 14 48 Cladonia +.2 1.2 + + + + 1.2 + + + + + + 13 45 sylvatica Cladonia + + + + + + + + + + + + 12 41 pyxidata Cetraria 1.2 + + + + + + + (+) 9 31 islandica platygyna Mnium punctatum + + +.3 +.2 + 5 17
Sporadic species 1–66101416236181411 241–2359322103 ... Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats... 119
Association Table 5.4c LISTERO-PICEETUM – PANEVEGGIO FOREST (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 195) (old growth composition) 123456789 1–9 Altitude (m) 1720 1700 1760 1650 1570 1570 1600 1630 1550 1639 Exposition N N N E N – NE E – Slope (deg) 5 5 2 5 5 – 5 5 – 4 Cover A (%) 60 80 70 70 70 70 75 60 70 69 Cover B (%) 5 1 1 1 5 2 2 5 1 3 Cover C (%) 100 100 100 80 50 80 50 100 100 84 Surface (m2) 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 200 200 222 Number of species 26 26 36 32 34 21 38 28 37 30.89 Diversity (Shannon) 1.37 1.34 1.43 1.43 1.38 1.24 1.39 1.36 1.34 1.36
Tree layer Picea abies (A layer) 3.1 4.1 3.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 9 100 Picea abies (B layer) 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 8 89 Pinus cembra (A layer) + 111 Larix decidua (A layer) (+) 1 11
Character species of the Assocoation (Listero-Piceetum) Listera cordata (Listero-Pic.) ++++ ++ 667 Luzula luzulina (Listero-Pic.) + ++++556
Character species of Piceion abietis, -etalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium myrtillus 3.3 4.5 4.4 3.3 2.3 3.2 3.3 2.3 +.2 9 100 Vaccinium vitis-idaea +.2 + + 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 + + 9 100 Dryopteris carthusiana 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + + 9 100 Calamagrostis villosa 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 9 100 Avenella flexuosa 1.1 + + + + +.2 + + + 9 100 Homogyne alpina + + 1.1 + 1.2 + + + + 9 100 Lycopodium annotinum +.2 + + + + + 6 67 Hieracium sylvaticum ++++ ++667 Moneses uniflora +++++556 Luzula sieberi +++ +444 Melampyrum pratense +++ +444 Melampyrum sylvaticum 56 Lonicera nigra ++ +++556 Rosa pendulina ++222 Lonicera coerulea 1.1 + 2 22 Huperzia selago + 111 Cystopteris montana (+) 1 11 Maianthemum bifolium +111 Pyrola minor +111 Rubus saxatilis +111
Companion species Sorbus aucuparia (B layer) +++++1.1+++9100 Gymnocarpon dryopteris +.2 + + 1.2 + + + + + 9 100 Oxalis acetosella +.2 + +.2 + + +.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 9 100 Adenostyles alliariae + + + 3.2 3.3 5 56 Solidago virgaurea +++++556 (continued) 120 Association Tables to the Habitat “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats...
Association Table 5.4c (continued) 123456789 1–9 Prenanthes purpurea +++ ++ 556 Athyrium filix-foemina + + +.2 + 4 44 Thelypteris phegopteris +.2 + + 3 33
Mosses and lichens Hylocomium splendens 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 1.2 9 100 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 9 100 Dicranum scoparium +.2 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 + 9 100 Pleurozium schreberi + + 1.2 + + +.2 6 67 Cladonia sylvatica +.2 + +.2 + +.2 + 6 67 Polytrichum formosum +.2 + + + + +.2 2.2 7 78 Sphagnum girgensohnii 2.5 1.2 +.2 +.3 + 5 56 Plagiochila asplenioides + + 2.2 + + 5 56 Mnium roseum + punctatum + + +.2 + + 5 56 Peltigera aphthosa ++ + 333
Sporadic species –1628110212 Association Table 5.5 VERONICO-PICEETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 196–198) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Altitude (m) 1370 1300 1000 1460 1500 1100 1500 1500 1250 1630 1300 1580 1580 1300 1500 900 900 1250 1280 1300 1325 Exposition NE N S SW NW NW E S N N S S ENE SE – NE N E SW N Slope (deg) 10 30 10 40 40 5 20 5 15 15 5 20 30 5 – 20 10 25 35 10 18 Cover A (%) 95 90 80 90 85 60 90 80 80 85 70 60 90 75 85 80 90 85 70 90 82 Cover B (%) 30 20 – 30 5 30 20 – – 5 5 2 20 2 1 20 15 30 5 30 14 Cover C (%) 40 20 20 80 80 80 80 75 100 95 70 80 60 80 60 50 50 50 80 60 66 Cover D (%) 5 – 5 80 25 10 30 15 – – 5 80 75 35 – 60 80 95 30 25 33 Surface (m2) 250 200 200 100 200 200 200 400 250 300 100 200 100 200 150 150 150 400 188 Substrate sci sci cal are gra sil cal sil cal sil cal Number of species 20 22 48 36 36 39 44 35 35 40 29 41 45 29 34 27 39 27 38 35.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.17 1.26 1.26 1.36 1.37 1.25 1.44 1.32 1.35 1.42 1.30 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.37 1.29 1.35 1.39 1.26 1.46 1.33
Kennart Veronica urticifolia 1.1 + + + + + + + + + 10 50
Tree and shrub layer Picea abies (A layer) 5.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 3.1 4.1 4.1 5.1 3.1 5.1 4.1 4.1 5.1 20 100 Picea abies (B layer) 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 14 70 Fagus sylvatica (A layer) 1.1 + + + + + + + + + 10 50 Fagus sylvatica (B layer) + 1.1 + (+) + + + + 8 40 Abies alba (A layer) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 8 40 Abies alba (B layer) 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 5 25
Larix decidua (A layer) + + 2.1 1.1 + 1.1 6 30 ... Larix decidua (B layer) +15 Sorbus aucuparia (A layer) + + 1.1 1.1 + 5 25 Pinus cembra (B layer) + 15
Character species of Piceion abietis, -etalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Hieracium sylvaticum + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 19 95 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 1.1 +.2 1.2 + + +.2 1.2 1.1 2.4 1.2 2.3 +.2 + 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.3 18 90 Homogyne alpina + +.2 + 1.1 + + + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 17 85 Maianthemum bifolium 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 + + + + + + 2.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 15 75 Vaccinium vitis-idaea + +.2 + + 1.1 3.2 1.2 2.2 + + + + 12 60 Rubus saxatilis ++ + ++ +++++ 1050
Melampyrum pratense + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 10 50 121 (continued) Association Table 5.5 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 122 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Calamagrostis villosa + 2.2 2.2 + + + 3.4 + 1.2 2.3 10 50 Dryopteris carthusiana + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 9 45 Luzula sieberi +++.2++++++945 Avenella flexuosa + + 1.2 +.2 + + + 7 35 Lycopodium annotinum + + +.2 1.2 + +.2 6 30 Veronica officinalis ++ + + + 525 Orthilia secunda + (+) + + + 5 25 Melampyrum sylvaticum +++++ 525 Rosa pendulina ++ ++ 420 Goodyera repens +.3 + +.2 + 4 20 Clematis alpina ++++420 Moneses uniflora ++ + 315 Sorbus chamaemespilus ++ + 315 Luzula luzulina +++315 Listera cordata + (+) 2 10 Lonicera coerulea ++210 Juniperus nana + 15 Hoperzia selago +15
Character species of Fagion, -etalia, Querco-Fagetea Prenanthes purpurea + 1.1 + + (+) + + (+) + + + 11 55 Anemone trifolia 1.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 (+) 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 11 55 Hepatica nobilis + ++++ + + ++++1155 Paris quadrifolia ++ ++++ + + + +1050 Lonicera nigra + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 9 45 Carex alba + 1.2 + + + + 1.1 1.2 8 40 Melica nutans 1.2 1.2 + + + + + 7 35 Dactylorhiza maculata ++++ + ++ 735 Luzula nivea +.3 + + + + + 6 30 Viola reichenbachiana +++ +++630 Ranunculus lanuginosus 1.1 15 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Companion species Oxalis acetosella 2.3 +.3 + 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 +.2 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 1.1 3.3 20 100 Solidago virgaurea ++ ++ ++ ++ ++++++1470 Gymnocarpium dryopteris +++++.2 ++ + 1.1 ++ +1260 Fragaria vesca + ++ + ++ +++945 Luzula albida 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + 9 45 Dryopteris filix-mas + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 7 35 Aposeris foetida + 1.1 + 2.2 + + + 7 35 Athyrium filix-foemina + 1.1 (+) + + 5 25 Cardamine impatiens ++ + 315
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.3 +.3 1.2 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.1 + + +.2 2.3 3.5 2.3 + + 2.4 3.5 1.3 +.3 19 95 Hylocomium splendens +.3 3.5 1.3 + + + 4.4 4.5 1.3 + 1.3 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.3 15 75 Dicranum scoparium 1.3 +.3 + + 1.3 1.3 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 +.3 + 1.3 1.3 14 70 Pleurozium schreberi +.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 + +.2 +.2 2.3 8 40 Plagiochila asplenioides 1.2 + + 1.1 2.3 1.3 1.3 8 40 Mnium cfr. punctatum +.3 +.2 1.2 1.3 4 20 Cladonia sylvatica ++++420 Peltigera aphthosa 1.2 +.2 1.1 + 4 20 Leucobryum 1.2 110
Sporadic species 3424881912981441513463111085 ... 123 Association Table 5.6 CALAMAGROSTIDI-LARICETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 199–201) 2 soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 124 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617 Altitude (m) 1400 1720 1450 1400 1400 1560 1560 1400 1300 1600 1300 1450 1500 1800 1700 1800 1050 1494 Exposition S SW S S S SE ESE SW S W E N S S W SE SW Slope (deg) 15 10 15 25 25 15 15 15 20 20 35 5 10 5 25 15 40 18 Tree layer (m) 18 12 25 30 25 25 20 24 20 20 30 15 22 18 25 Diameter of stem (cm) 50 20 60 60 60 40 30 80 180 40 130 180 80 80 Cover A (%) 80 60 60 60 60 40 40 90 70 60 30 80 80 90 70 90 90 68 Cover B (%) 5 10 40 20 5 20 30 <1 10 50 10 10 5 50 20 25 30 20 Cover C (%) 95 95 100 100 100 10 100 80 100 100 100 90 95 30 10 70 100 81 Cover D (%) 5 25 – – – 30 50 5 <1 – 40 30 15 – – – – 12 Surface (m2) 200 200 200 200 150 200 200 250 150 200 150 200 200 150 200 150 150 185 Number of species 24 50 40 32 42 37 37 37 25 57 31 25 31 35 39 28 42 40.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.279 1.355 1.53 1.429 1.505 1.57 1.488 1.397 1.277 1.456 1.251 1.321 1.337 1.387 1.308 1.258 1.023 1.36 Substrate ghia. calc. dol dol dol dol cal-sc. cal-sc. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil.
Tree layer Larix decidua (A layer) 5.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 3.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 4.1 4.1 3.1 17 100 Larix decidua (B layer) + + + 1.1 3.2 + + + + 9 53 Picea abies (A layer) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 2.1 + 1.1 13 76 Picea abies (B layer) + + + + 1.2 2.2 2.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 11 65 Pinus sylvestris (A layer) 1.1 + 1.1 318 Pinus cembra (A layer) 1.1 1 6 Pinus cembra (C layer) + 16 Populus tremula (A layer) + 2.1 2 12
Shrub layer Sorbus aucuparia + + + + + + + + + + 1.1 11 65 Juniperus communis 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.2 10 59 Amelanchier ovalis 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 35
Lonicera coerulea ++++ + 529 Sorbus chamaemespilus ++ + ++ 529 Rhododendron ferrugineum + 1.2 + 2.2 3.3 5 29 Cotoneaster integerrima 1.1 + + + 424 Pinus mugo 1.2 +.2 (+) 3 18 Rhododendron intermedium 2.2 + 1.2 3 18
Juniperus sabina 2.2 +.2 1.2 3 18 ... Alnus viridis ++ 212
Sorbus aria ++ 212 Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association Ribes petraeum ++212 Calluna vulgaris ++ 212 Differential species Sesleria caerulea + 1.1 + 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 9 53 Rubus saxatilis 1.1 + + 2.2 1.1 + 6 35 Erica carnea 3,4 3.3 4.5 1.2 +.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 847 Polygala chamaebuxus 1.1 +.2 + + + + + 7 41 Carex alba 1.1 + + + 424 Epipactis atropurpurea ++ + 318 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus + 2.2 2 12 Avenella flexuosa 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 7 41 Luzula albida var. rubella 1.1 + + + 1.1 + + 7 41 Calamagrostis varia 1.1 +.2 + 3.3 3.3 5 29 Character species of Piceion abietis, -etalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.3 + 1.2 1.2 + 2.2 3.2 1.2 +.2 1.3 2.3 + + 2.2 14 82 Calamagrostis villosa 1.2 + + 2.3 1.1 + 1.1 3.3 + 2.2 + + 1.2 13 76 Hieracium sylvaticum + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13 76 Melampyrum sylvaticum + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 (+) + 1.2 11 65 Vaccinium myrtillus + +.2 +.2 + + 1.3 + + + 1.2 1.2 11 65 Homogyne alpina + + + + + + + + + + + 11 65 Clematis alpina + + 1.2 + + +.2 + + 8 47 Calamagrostis arundinacea 1.2 2.2 + 318 Orthilia secunda (+) + 1.2 3 18 Carex ornithopoda (+) + + 3 18 ...
Luzula sieberi + + 2.2 3 18 Dryopteris dilatata +++318 Luzula luzulina +++ 318 Goodyera repens ++ + 318 Moneses uniflora ++ 212 Majanthemum bifolium ++ 212 Rosa pendulina ++ 212 Lycopodium annotinum ++ 212 Luzula pilosa + 16 Aquilegia atrata +16 Hupertia selago +16 125 Pyrola minor + 16 (continued) Association Table 5.6 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 126 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617 Companion species Potentilla erecta +++++++ +++++ + 1376 Fragaria vesca + + + + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 13 76 Solidago virgaurea + (+) + + + + + + + 1.1 10 59 Brachypodium caespitosum 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 + (+) + 10 59 Melica nutans + + 2.2 1.1 + + 635 Carduus defloratus ++++ + + 635 Betonica alopecuros + + 1.1 + + + 635 Molinia coerulea + 1.2 1.1 + + 5 29 Valeriana tripteris ++ ++ + 529 Viola biflora + 1.1 + + 4 24 Oxalis acetosella +.2 + + 1.1 4 24 Leucanthemum adustum +++ + 424 Ranunculus venetus ++++424 Dactylorhiza maculata ++ + 318 Polygonatum odoratum ++ + 318 Platanthera bifolia ++ + 318 Anemone trifolia + 1.1 1.1 318 Hepatica nobilis ++ + 318 Lonicera nigra + + (+) 3 18 Lathyrus pratensis ++ +318 Adenostyles alliariae 1.1 + + 3 18 Chaerophyllum villarsii 1.1 + 1.1 3 18 Daphne mezereum ++ 212 Cotoneaster nebrodensis ++ 212 Carex digitata ++ 212 Fagus sylvatica pl 16
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus + 2.3 +.3 2.3 3.3 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 + + + 13 76 Hylocomium splendens + + + +.2 + 3.3 1.3 2.3 1.2 + +.3 11 65 Dicranum scoparium + + + +.2 +.3 +.2 + 7 41 Cladonia pyxidata ++ 212 Polytrichum juniperinum + 16 Sporadic species 7 2743 8 – 3 116 28134 8 10179 29 ... Association Table 5.7a LARICI-PINETUM CEMBRAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 201–204) (dense woodland) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 1234567891011121314151617 Rel. 1–17 (32 rel.) Altitude (m) 1884 1950 1700 2050 2000 2000 2080 2150 2050 2150 1950 1900 2030 2000 1950 2100 1950 1994 5.7a+b Exposition SW S S N E SW N NE ENE NE N S SW NW NE E S Slope (deg) 15 10 30 10 15 10 35 25 30 15 5 15 5 5 15 20 40 18 14 Cover A (%) 70 60 20 30 50 60 40 60 25 10 30 50 25 35 50 30 60 41 40 Cover B (%) 1 5 80 80 70 60 80 80 80 75 50 90 95 80 70 95 70 68 70 Cover C (%) 80 60 20 10 15 70 10 10 50 10 70 10 20 35 90 30 50 38 47 Cover D (%) 30 20 80 70 10 20 20 50 20 30 20 30 1 50 30 1 20 30 35 Surface (m2) 100 100 200 300 100 100 150 100 500 200 175 300 100 100 200 200 200 174 186 Substrate porf porf dol dol dol sil dol dol sil dol dol dol dol sil gne Number of species 18 14 42 34 34 27 37 27 25 38 27 58 41 42 27 32 19 32 36.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.05 0.98 1.39 1.26 1.52 1.54 1.38 1.43 1.46 1.39 1.41 1.27 1.43 1.29 1.42 1.20 1.27 1.33 1.37
Kennarten Pinus cembra 4.1 3.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 17 100 32 100 Larix decidua 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 2.1 + 1.1 15 88 29 91
Character species of Rhododendro-Vaccinion (Layer B) Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.3 +.2 1.1 1.1 3.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 3.3 17 100 32 100 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 4.5 3.4 3.2 + + 2.2 + + 1.1 +.2 1.1 2.1 + 1.2 3.3 1.1 + 17 100 32 100 Juniperus nana + 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 3.2 1.2 16 94 29 91 Rhododendron ferrugineum 3.2 2.2 1.2 3.3 4.5 4.5 3.4 3.3 + 2.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 14 82 29 91 Lonicera coerulea + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + +.2 11 65 23 72
Hieracium sylvaticum +++ ++ + ++1.1+ 10592578 ... Vaccinium gaultherioides 1.3 1.1 + +.2 2.2 3.3 + 2.2 + +.2 2.2 10 59 22 69 Homogyne alpina + + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 9 53 25 78 Sorbus chamaemespilus + (+) 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.1 + 8 47 19 59 Pinus mugo 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 + 7 41 10 31 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 1 6 4 13
Character species of Rhododendro-Vaccinion (Layer C) Avenella flexuosa 1.1 +.2 + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 1.1 15 88 25 78 Luzula sieberi 1.11.2++1.1++.2+++++1.2+13762991 Calamagrostis villosa + + + + + 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 1.2 + + 3.3 13 76 19 59 (continued) 127 Association Table 5.7a (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 128 1234567891011121314151617 Rel. 1–17 (32 rel.) Melampyrum sylvaticum ++++4241341 Rubus saxatilis ++2121031
Character species of Piceetalia Abietis, Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies + 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 + 1.1 + + 10 59 20 63 Rosa pendulina ++ + + 424928 Arctostaphylos alpina +.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 4 24 7 22 Dryopteris carthusiana + + + 4 24 5 16 Clematis alpina + + +.2 3 18 12 38 Orthilia secunda + + + 3 18 11 34 Polygala chamaebuxus + + + 3 18 7 22 Melampyrum pratense 1.1 + 212 516 Lycopodium annotinum ++ 21239 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (+) + 212 26 Pyrola cfr. media (+) + 2 12 2 6 Maianthemum bifolium ++21226 Rhododendron intermedium + 1.1 2 12 2 6 Luzula luzulina +16722 Luzula pilosa +16413 Carex alba 1.1 1 6 3 9 Pyrola rotundifolia +1639 Huperzia selago +1626 Empetrum hermaphroditum 1.2 1 6 1 3
Companion species Erica carnea +.2 3.3 4.3 2.3 +.2 2.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 + 10 59 18 56 Solidago virgaurea incl. subsp. + + ++ +++++ 9532166 alpestris Valeriana montana ++ + ++ +++1.2 9531959 Sesleria caerulea + + +.2 + + + + + 8 47 20 63 Oxalis acetosella 1.2 + + + + + + + 8 47 15 47 Carex ferruginea ++ +++1.2635928 Geranium sylvaticum + + + + + 5 29 15 47 Luzula albida var. rubella +.2 +.2 + + + 5 29 14 44 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Salix waldsteiniana 1.1 + + 1.2 + 5 29 9 28 Carex ornithopoda ++++ + 529825 Peucedanum ostruthium ++ + + 424619 Calamagrostis varia + 16 26
Mosses and lichens Hylocomium splendens +.3 2.5 1.2 + +.2 2.5 1.2 + +.3 + 1.2 + + +.2 14 82 29 91 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus + 2.2 1.2 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.2 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.2 + + 13 76 26 81 Dicranum scoparium 2.4 + + +.2 +.2 +.2 + 1.3 1.3 2.3 +.2 + 1.2 13 76 25 78 Cetraria islandica 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 + + + 1.2 + + 11 65 25 78 Cladonia pyxidata + + 1.2 + +.2 + + + + 9 53 16 50 Cladonia sylvatica + 2.2 1.2 +.2 + + + + 8 47 15 47 Pleurozium schreberi + +.3 + 1.2 4 24 12 38 Peltigera cfr. malacea + 1.2 1.2 + 4 24 9 28 Polytrichum juniperinum +.3 1.2 +.2 + +.2 4 24 5 16 Cladonia rangiferina 1.2 1.3 + 3 18 12 38
Sporadic species 532148–166410922137–91 ... 129 Association Table 5.7b LARICI-PINETUM CEMBRAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 201–204) (open tree layer) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 130 123456789101112131415 Rel. 1–15 (32 rel.) Altitude (m) 1950 2200 1950 1990 2130 1950 1900 1800 2150 2150 1800 1950 1950 1950 2030 1756 5.7a+b Exposition NE E NE NW N W S SE NW N N NE N N – Slope (deg) 15 5 15 15 55520105515530– 9 14 Cover A (%) 35 15 80 80 10 25 40 40 10 30 60 60 50 35 20 35 40 Cover B (%) 40 90 60 60 95 75 75 90 85 90 30 80 70 40 90 63 70 Cover C (%) 90 60 90 90 20 25 10 20 15 50 90 90 90 90 20 50 47 Cover D (%) 100 25 30 30 50 40 1 40 40 30 70 30 30 100 5 37 35 Surface (m2) 200 100 200 100 250 300 300 100 200 200 300 100 500 150 176 186 Substrate dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol dol Number of species 28 70 29 41 43 32 57 31 48 49 43 43 38 31 26 36 36.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.38 1.30 1.19 1.46 1.40 1.38 1.42 1.42 1.47 1.54 1.47 1.39 1.43 1.40 1.49 1.24 1.37
Kennarten Pinus cembra 2.1 1.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 15 100 32 100 Larix decidua + + 2.1 2.1 + 1.1 2.1 1.1 (+) + 1.1 2.1 + 1.1 14 93 29 91
Character species of Rhododendro-Vaccinion (Layer B) Vaccinium myrtillus 4.5 1.2 3.3 3.3 2.2 +.2 1.2 3.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 3.4 3.3 4.5 2.2 15 100 32 100 Rhododendron ferrugineum 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.5 3.5 +.2 1.2 3.4 2.3 1.2 3.3 3.4 2.3 2.3 15 100 29 91 Hieracium sylvaticum ++1.11.1++.2+(+)+++++++151002578 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 15 100 25 78 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 2.1 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1 1.2 1.1 2.3 2.1 3.3 2.1 1.1 14 93 32 100 Juniperus nana + 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 (+) 1.2 2.3 1.1 1.1 + 2.3 13 87 29 91 Vaccinium gaultherioides 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 12 80 22 69 Lonicera coerulea +.2 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.1 12 80 23 72 Sorbus chamaemespilus +.2 + + 1.1 +.2 + (+) +.2 1.1 +.2 + 11 73 19 59 Pinus mugo + 1.2 + 3 20 10 31 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 r +.2 3 20 4 13 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Character species of Rhododendro-Vaccinion (Layer C) Luzula sieberi ++++1.2+++1.21.11.11.1+++151002991 Avenella flexuosa + 2.1 2.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 10 67 25 78 Calamagrostis villosa + 1.2 +.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 9 60 19 59 Melampyrum sylvaticum + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 +.2 9 60 13 41 Rubus saxatilis + + + + + + (+) + 8 53 10 31
Character species of Piceetalia Abietis, Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 2.1 1.1 + r 9 60 20 63 Clematis alpina ++ +++++(+)+.2 9601238 Orthilia secunda +.2 +.2 +.2 + + + + +.2 8 53 11 34 Luzula luzulina + + + + (+) + 6 40 7 22 Rosa pendulina + + + + (+) 5 33 9 28 Polygala chamaebuxus + + +.2 + 5 33 7 22 Moneses uniflora +.2 +.2 (+) + + 5 33 5 16 Arctostaphylos alpina 1.2 +.2 1.2 4 27 7 22 Melampyrum pratense + 1.1 + 3 20 5 16 Dryopteris carthusiana + + + 3 20 5 16 Luzula pilosa + + + 3 20 4 13 Carex alba 1.2 + 2 13 3 9 Pyrola rotundifolia +.2 + 2 13 3 9 Lycopodium annotinum 1.2 1 7 3 9 Huperzia selago +.2 1 7 2 6 ... Companion species Sesleria caerulea + + 1.2 1.2 + + + 1.2 1.2 + + + 12 80 20 63 Solidago virgaurea incl. + ++ ++ ++ ++++11732166 subsp. alpestris Valeriana montana + ++ + ++++1.2++11731959 Geranium sylvaticum 1.1+ +++++++ +10671547 Erica carnea + + 3.3 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 8 53 18 56 Luzula albida var. rubella + + 1.2 1.1 + + + + 1.2 8 53 14 44 Oxalis acetosella + 1.2 1.2 + + + 2.1 7 47 15 47 Carex ferruginea +.2 + + + 4 27 9 28 (continued) 131 Association Table 5.7b (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 132 123456789101112131415 Rel. 1–15 (32 rel.) Salix waldsteiniana 3.1 1.2 + + 4 27 9 28 Carex ornithopoda ++ + 320 825 Peucedanum ostruthium 1.1 + 2 13 6 19 Calamagrostis varia 2.1 17 26 Luzula alpino-pilosa ++ 1726
Mosses and lichens Hylocomium splendens 3.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 +.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.3 1.2 2.3 (+) 15 100 29 91 Cetraria islandica 1.21.1+.2+.21.31.1+ +++++1.2+14932578 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 2.3 1.2 1.2 + 1.3 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 +.2 2.3 +.2 +.2 13 87 26 81 Dicranum scoparium 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.3 2.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 1.2 12 80 25 78 Cladonia rangiferina 1.2 + + + + + + 1.2 + 9 60 12 38 Pleurozium schreberi 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + +.2 2.3 8 53 12 38 Cladonia pyxidata 1.2 + + 2.2 + + + 7 47 16 50 Cladonia sylvatica + + + + + 1.2 + 7 47 15 47 Peltigera cfr. malacea + + + + + 5 33 9 28
Sporadic species –37–91732731612111583– ... Association Table 5.8 VACCINIO-RHODODENDRETUM FERRUGINEI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 204–207) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association Number of rel. 12345678 910111213141516Med. 17 18 19 20 21 Altitude (m) 2000 1900 2080 2280 1800 1750 1880 2000 2250 2100 2030 2050 2250 2150 2050 2200 2048 1750 2150 2000 1500 1500 Exposition N N NW N SE N NW N S E NW N N S S W NE S N NW W Slope (deg) 10 10 25 40 10 5 20 35 30 15 25 30 20 3 5 30 20 10 10 30 15 15 Cover A (%) – – 20 – – 15 15 5 – –––––––3 ––5510 Cover B+C (%) 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 80 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 150 150 200 100 100 100 75 100 200 100 100 50 20 50 150 109 16 10 100 25 50 Substrate tuf sci dol dol cal sil sil por por gra val val gne gra dol cal cal Number of species 27 25 26 35 34 26 25 24 22 32 25 23 23 21 21 52 27.6 27 19 21 32 30 Diversity (Shannon) 1.25 1.18 1.29 1.16 1.38 1.33 1.25 1.22 0.96 1.12 0.98 1.2 1.1 1.21 1.1 1.39 1.19 1.26 1.12 1.18 1.26 1.32 Subass. laricetosum Subass. extrasylvaticum Other variants Kennarten Rhododendron 3.4 4.5 4.4 3.4 2.2 2.2 3.4 4.5 4.3 4.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.2 3.3 1.2 100 + 1.1 3.3 ferrugineum Rhododendron 1.2 6 intermedium
Character species of Rhododendro-Vaccinion, Piceetalia, Vaccinio-Piceetea Homogyne alpina 1.2+++++++ 1.11.1++1.1+++100+++ Vaccinium myrtillus 2.3 3.5 3.3 2.3 2.2 3.4 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 1.2 2.2 3.3 2.2 94 2.3 2.2 + + + Vaccinium gaultherioides 1.2 1.2 2.3 + +.2 + + 2.2 + 3.3 + 2.2 +.3 2.2 88 3.3 2.2 3.2 + Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.2 2.2 + 81 + + +.2 + 3.3 Luzula sieberi +++++.2(+)+ +.2++.2+.2+ +81 ++ Avenella flexuosa + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 2.3 2.2 + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 81 + 1.1 ... Larix decidua + 2.1 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 69 + 1.1 + + Juniperus sibirica 1.2 + 1.2 2.2 1.2 (+) + + 1.1 2.2 1.2 69 + + (+) Calamagrostis villosa 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 +.2 63 1.2 Lonicera caerulea + + 1.1 (+) 1.1 + 1.1 (+) 50 + + Picea abies + 1.1 + + + + + 44 + + 1.1 Sorbus chamaemespilus 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 (+) 31 Hieracium murorum + + + + 25 + (+) Melampyrum sylvaticum + + + (+) 19 + + +
Dryopteris dilatata + + (+) 19 Pinus cembra pl + 13
Arctostaphylos alpina +.2 + 13 2.3 133 (continued) Association Table 5.8 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 134 Number of rel. 12345678 910111213141516Med. 17 18 19 20 21 Rosa pendulina + 1.1 13 Lycopodium annotinum + + 13 + Majanthemum bifolium ++ 13 Kalmia (Loiseleuria) 1.2 + 13 procumbens Arctostaphylos uva-ursi +6 Clematis alpina + 6 Huperzia selago + 6+ + Carex brunnescens (+) Pyrola media + Pyrola chlorantha +
Differential species of the subass. Sphagnum magellanicum 2.2 4.5 4.5 Empetrum hermaphoditum + 1.2 1.2 19 2.3 2.2 2.2 Sphagnum cfr. rubellum + +.2 1.3 Sphagnum acutifolium + Sphagnum cymbifolium + Vaccinium uliginosum s.s. 2.2 2.3 Betula pubescens +
Character species of the Erico-Pinetea Erica carnea 1.2 + +.2 19 Rhododendron hirsutum + + 13 2.2 Rubus saxatilis ++ 13 + + Pinus mugo 1.2 1.1 13 4.4 4.5
Companion species Oxalis acetosella +1.1 +++ + 37 + Solidago virgaurea subsp. + + + + + + 37 + alpestris Campanula scheuchzeri ++ + + +31 + + Luzula luzuloides incl. var. +++ + 25 rubella Soldanella alpina + + 1.1 + 25 Bistorta vivipara +++19+... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Potentilla erecta ++ +19 Sorbus aucuparia (+) + 13 + + Sesleria caerulea 1.2 6 1.1
Mosses and lichens Hylocomium splendens 1.2 1.2 + + + 3.5 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.3 + 2.3 75 1.2 + 3.4 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 1.2 1.2 + + + 2.5 1.2 +.2 + 2.3 + 69 + + 1.3 Cetraria islandica + + 1.1 + 1.3 1.2 1.2 + 2.2 1.1 2.1 69 1.1 + + 1.1 (+) Cladonia sylvatica + + + 1.3 2.2 1.1 + + + 56 1.2 +.2 1.2 Dicranum scoparium + + + +.2 + +.2 + + 50 1.2 + + Cladonia pyxidata + + (+) +.2 + 1.2 + + 50 + + (arbuscula) Polytrichum commune + + + (+) 2.3 +.2 + + 50 + + juniperinum Cladonia rangiferina + 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 + +.2 44 + + 4.5 2.2 Pleurozium schreberi + 1.2 + 1.2 25 +.2 1.3
Sporadic species 652187444121614482429368245 ... 135 Association Table 5.9 JUNIPERO-ARCTOSTAPHYLETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 208–210) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 136 Empetro-Vacc. 1234567891011121314 1516 Altitude (m) 2240 2300 2200 2000 2070 2000 2050 2060 2200 2200 2200 2200 2250 1850 2130 2043 2100 Exposition SE S SSSSSSSWSSESEWS NWNW Slope (deg) 35 35 40 45 40 10 10 10 50 15 15 2 70 10 28 10 7 Cover (%) 80 70 80 90 60 95 100 100 90 95 80 95 70 85 85 95 Surface (m2) 10 16 100 15 15 100 50 20 15 10 10 10 4 20 28 5 8 Number of species 59 15 42 27 19 20 22 14 25 25 24 15 20 21 24.9 18 19 Diversity (Shannon) 1.346 0.95 1.072 1.345 1.262 1.214 1.115 1.026 1.306 1.297 1.325 1.126 1.083 0.713 1.156
Kennarten Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3.2 3.3 2.2 3.4 2.3 3.3 4.5 (+) 750 Vaccinium gaultherioides 1.2 +.2 2.2 +.2 1.3 3.2 + 2.2 1.2 + +.2 2.2 12 86 3.3 2.2 Empetrum hermaphroditum 4.4 2.2
Character species of Juniperion nanae, Piceetalia abietis, Vaccinio-Piceetea Juniperus nana 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 4.3 2.2 +.2 4.5 1.2 1.2 5.2 12 86 1.2 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 + 2.3 + + +.3 1.3 + 1.2 9 64 + 1.2 Avenella flexuosa + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.2 9 64 + Vaccinium myrtillus + + 1.3 2.2 2.2 + + +.2 8 57 Calluna vulgaris + 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 2.3 4.3 4.3 8 57 Rhododendron ferrugineum + 1.2 1.2 3.3 +.3 1.3 6 43 Loiseleuria procumbens + 1.2 +.2 +.2 4 29 +.2 1.2 Luzula sieberi 1.1 1.1 + + 4 29 + Homogyne alpina 1.1 1.1 + + 4 29 Picea abies + +++ 429 Larix decidua ++ 214 Hieracium sylvaticum + 17 Pinus cembra + 17 Clematis alpina +17 ... soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association
Differential species on rocky habitat Alectoria ochroleuca 2.2 1 7 Primula minima + 2.2 2 14 Oreochloa disticha 1.2 1 7 + Saxifraga bryoides 1.2 1 7 Luzula spicata 1.2 1 7 Cetraria aculeata + +.2 2 14 1.2
Differential species on dolomitic substrate Erica carnea 3.3 1 7 Rosa pendulina 1.2 1 7 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.2 1 7 Valeriana montana 1.2 1 7
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Juncus trifidus +.2 + 1.2 + + + + +.2 1.2 9 64 Phyteuma hemisphaericum 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + 8 57 + Carex sempervirens + + + + + + 1.2 +.2 8 57 Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) + + + ++++ 750 Antennaria dioica +.2 +.2 + + + +.2 6 43 Festuca halleri + ++ +++ 643 Avenula versicolor + + + + + 5 36 + Agrostis rupestris + + + + + 5 36 +.2 Festuca varia +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 4 29 ... Leontodon helveticus ++ ++429 Veronica bellidioides ++++ 429 Saxifraga paniculata + +.2 + + 4 29 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia ++ + + 429 Geum montanum +r ++ 429+ Senecio incanus subsp. carniolicus ++ ++ 429 Silene rupestris ++ + + 429 Pulsatilla vernalis +++ + 429 (continued) 137 Association Table 5.9 (continued) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 138
Empetro-Vacc. 1234567891011121314 1516 Hieracium piliferum + + + 3 21 + Euphrasia minima 1.1 + + 3 21 + Festuca norica 2.2 + 214 Juncus jacquini +.2 + 2 14 Erigeron polymorphus 1.1 + 214 Nardus stricta 1.2 1 7
Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica + 2.2 + + 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + + 11 79 1.2 Cladonia rangiferina 1.1 + + + + + 1.2 + 8 57 +.2 Toninia sp. + +.3 + +.3 + 5 36 Polytrichum alpinum +.2 + + + 4 29 + 1.2
Sporadic species 3811321391223310715 2 12 ... Association Table 5.10 CETRARIO-LOISELEURIETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 211–213) Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617 Altitude (m) 2150 2000 2270 2250 2400 1950 1950 2370 2150 2330 2420 2350 2250 2280 2350 2500 2000 2234 Exposition N – N N NE N NE NE S SE S S N NE NE N NW Slope (deg) 5 – 20 5 5 10 5 20 2 2 10 2 3 1 20 5 10 7 Cover (%) 90 100 90 100 70 60 100 80 80 90 70 60 100 80 100 80 100 85 Surface (m2) 2 2 100 8 15 20 20 10 15 100 4 8 6 16 100 2 100 31 Number of species 12 17 20 19 15 20 16 22 22 21 18 23 20 18 27 23 23 19.4 Substrato calc. cal cri val sci sil sil tuf sci sil lav lav val val tuf rai sil Diversity (Shannon) 1.02 1.11 1.2 1.14 1.09 1.16 0.98 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.29 1.31 1.05 1.24 1.32 0.99 0.99 1.16
Kennart Loiseleuria (¼ Kalmia) procumbens 3.5 5.5 4.5 3.4 4.5 3.3 4.4 3.3 3.3 2.2 3.4 2.3 4.5 3.3 2.2 4.5 1.2 17 100
Character species of Loiseleurio-Vaccinion, Vaccinietalia, Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea Hieracium piliferum ++ ++ ++ +++++1.1+1376 Thamnolia vermicularis + + + (+) 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + +.2 10 59 Cetraria aculeata 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 8 47 Cetraria nivalis + 1.1 ++ ++ 635 Oreochloa disticha 1.2 + + + 1.2 5 29 Alectoria ochroleuca + + + 1.2 1.1 529
Character species of Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium gaultherioides 2.3 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 3.3 15 88
Homogyne alpina + +.2 + + + + + 7 41 ... Vaccinium vitis-idaea + + + + 1.1 2.1 6 35 Luzula lutea + + + + 1.1 5 29 Rhododendron ferrugineum ++212 Huperzia selago (+) +212 Vaccinium myrtillus + 16 Pinus mugo pl. + 16
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Primula minima + +.2 +.2 + 1.1 +.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.3 10 59 Phyteuma hemisphaericum +++++++++ 953 Agrostis rupestris +.2 + 1.2 + + + + + + 9 53
Carex curvula + +.2 1.2 2.1 + +.2 + 2.2 8 47 139 (continued) Association Table 5.10 (continued) 4 soito alst h aia TeApn ag Cnfru oet n Heats and Forests (Coniferous Taiga Alpine “The Habitat the to Tables Association 140 1234567891011121314151617 Juncus trifidus 1.2 + +.2 1.1 + +.2 7 41 Senecio incanus subsp. carniolicus ++++ ++ 635 Leontodon helveticus + + + + + 1.1 6 35 Ligusticum mutellinoides + + ++++ 635 Pulsatilla vernalis +++++529 Carex sempervirens + 1.2 + + 4 24 Avenula versicolor + 1.1 + 3 18 Gentiana kochiana +++318 Gentiana punctata ++212 Festuca varia + +.2 2 12 Saponaria pumilio +.2 + 2 12
Character species of Carici-Kobresietea Antennaria carpatica + + + 1.1 4 24 Carex ericetorum + +.2 1.2 3 18 Elyna myosuroides +.2 +.2 2 12
Companion species Polygonum viviparum + + + +++ + 635 Bartsia alpina ++++++529 Salix retusa 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 + 5 29 Salix herbacea + (+) 1.2 3 18 Salix serpyllifolia 1.2 1.3 2 12 Minuartia recurva (+) 1.2 2 12
Further mosses and lichens Cladonia rangiferina 2.5 + + + + + 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 + + 1.2 16 94 Cetraria islandica 3.5 1.1 2.2 3.2 + 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 +.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.3 2.2 15 88 Polytrichum alpinum 2.5 +.2 + +.2 +.2 1.1 + + + 9 53 Cladonia pyxidata arbuscula + + (+) +.3 +.2 + +.2 + 8 47 Toninia coeruleo-nigricans + +.3 1.3 3 18 Cladonia sylvatica + 1.2 2 12 Hylocomium splendens +.2 1.2 2 12 Dicranum scoparium +.2 + 2 12 Pleurozium schreberi 3.3 1 6 ... Sporadic species 2224–45141–416366 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
(Refers to Chap. 6 in Vol. 1)
Association Table 6.1 ADENOSTYLI-CICERBITETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 225–227) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Med. 14 15 Altitude (m) 1700 1450 1650 1700 1700 1700 1800 1450 700 1450 1390 1200 1400 1484 1800 1700 Exposition W N E SE NW W E NE N N E N S S S Slope (deg) 15 25 5 – 20 10 15 5 25 55 15 20 3 16.4 40 25 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 30 90 Surface (m2) 50 150 100 200 100 100 50 100 300 10 30 100 75 105 30 15 Number of species 37 27 34 49 31 38 38 43 37 36 51 53 47 40.1 33 18 Diversity (Shannon) 1.353 1.306 1.319 1.479 1.319 1.346 1.461 1.475 1.338 1.447 1.467 1.581 1.518 1.416
Character species of the association Adenostyles alliariae 3.5 + 2.2 3.4 4.5 2.2 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 3.4 12 92 Mulgedium alpinum + 2.2 1.1 + 2.2 3.3 2.2 3.3 1.3 1.2 10 77 Rhaponticum scariosum 3.3 (+) Myrris odorata 4.5
Character species of Adenostyletea Chaerophyllum hirsutum ssp. 2.2 1.1 + + 1.1 3.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 12 92 villarsii Saxifraga rotundifolia + + + 2.2 3.2 2.3 1.1 + + + + 1.1 12 92 Stellaria nemorum ssp. + + 2.2 +.2 2.2 1.1 + 1.2 + 3.3 10 77 nemorum Ranunculus platanifolius + + (+) 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 9 69 + Geranium sylvaticum + + + + 2.2 1.1 + + + 9 69 + 1.2 Geum rivale + + + 3.3 1.1 +.2 +.2 + 8 62 Veratrum album + + + + (+) + + + 8 62 + + Aconitum lycoctonum + 1.1 4.5 +.2 (+) 2.1 1.2 1.2 8 62 Alchemilla glabra (incl. + + 1.2 + 3.3 1.2 + + 8 62 A. venosula) Athyrium distentifolium 1.1 2.3 2.2 2.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 8 62 Salix appendiculata 1.1 + 1.2 + + + 6 46 Myosotis sylvatica + + + + + + 6 46 + +.2 Epilobium alpestre +++++538 Cirsium erisithales 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 5 38 + Dryopteris dilatata + 1.2 +.2 + + 5 38 Epilobium angustifolium + 1.1 + + 4 31 + Carduus personata 2.2 4.5 1.2 + 4 31 Streptopus amplexifolius 1.1 + (+) 1.1 4 31 Polygonatum verticillatum ++ ++431 Senecio cordatus +.2 +.2 1.2 3 23 (continued)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 141 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_7, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 142 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.1 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Med. 14 15 Circaea alpina +++ 323 Angelica sylvestris ++215++ Doronicum austriacum 2.2 1.1 2 15 Aconitum paniculatum (+) + 2 15 Geranium phaeum (+) + 1.2 2 15 Alnus viridis 2.2 + 2 15 Rumex alpestris (+) + 2 15 + Circaea intermedia +18 Peucedanum ostruthium +.2 1 8 Achillea macrophylla 1.1 1 8
Companion species Rubus idaeus (+) + + + 1.1 + + +.2 +.2 3.3 + 11 85 Viola biflora 2.2 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 11 85 Sorbus aucuparia +++2.1+ ++++++1185 Senecio fuchsii + + + 1.2 1.1 2.2 + + + 1.1 10 77 Phyteuma spicatum + +++ ++++1.1969 Petasites albus 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 1.2 8 62 Lonicera alpigena + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + + 1.1 + 8 62 Oxalis acetosella + 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 8 62 Trollius europaeus + + + (+) + 1.1 +.2 7 54 Deschampsia cespitosa +.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 + + + 7 54 Rosa pendulina + + + + 1.2 + 6 46 1.1 Calamagrostis varia 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 6 46 + Aposeris foetida + + + + 1.1 + 6 46 Fragaria vesca +.2 1.2 + + + + 6 46 Pulmonaria officinalis +++ ++538 Luzula sieberi + + 1.2 + + 5 38 Hieracium sylvaticum + +++ + 538+ Prenanthes purpurea + (+) + + + 5 38 Cardamine enneaphyllos +++++538 Athyrium filix-foemina 1.2 2.2 + + + 5 38 Gentiana asclepiadea + + +.2 + + 5 38 Ranunculus lanuginosus + + 1.1 + + 5 38 Crepis paludosa + + + +.2 4 31 Carex sylvatica + 1.2 + + 4 31 Vaccinium myrtillus ++++431 Euphorbia dulcis + 1.1 1.1 + 4 31 Veronica urticaefolia ++++431 Dryopteris filix-mas + +.2 + 1.1 4 31 Rumex acetosa +++323 Phegopteris polypodioides 1.1 + + 3 23 Veronica chamaedrys + + 1.2 3 23 Thalictrum aquilegifolium + + 1.1 3 23 Orchis maculata +++323
Mosses and lichens Mnium rotundifolium 3.4 1.1 + 2.2 2.5 5 38 Marchantia cfr. polymorpha 1.2 + + 3 23
Sporadic species 115101571361113721010 184 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” 143
Association Table 6.2 PEUCEDANO OSTRUTHII-CIRSIETUM SPINOSISSIMI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 227–229) 12345678910 Altitude (m) 2270 2190 2350 2350 2140 2270 2200 2300 2550 2200 2282 Exposition N N E NE N SE N SE S S Slope (deg) 2 2 3 5 5 2 5 5 10 10 5 Cover (%) 100 100 70 90 100 100 80 95 60 90 88 Surface (m2) 1625501010151630101520 Number of species 17 17 28 18 15 17 22 13 14 18 18.3 Diversity (Shannon) 1.06 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.00 1.13 1.15 0.83 0.87 0.84 1.01
Character species of the association Cirsium spinosissimum 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 2.3 1.1 4.5 2.3 3.3 10 100 Peucedanum osthrutium 3.4 1.1 2 20
Character species of Adenostyletea Aconitum napellus 3.2 2.2 2.3 1.1 + + 6 60 Rumex alpestris + 1.1 + (+) 2.2 5 50 Geranium sylvaticum + + 2.1 3 30 Alchemilla coriacea 2.2 + + 3 30 Myosotis sylvatica ++ ++ 440 Alchemilla xanthochlora 1.1 1.2 1.2 3 30 Stellaria nemorum 1.1 + 2 20 Rumex alpinus +.2 (+) 2 20 Pedicularis recutita + 2.1 2 20 Adenostyles glabra 1.2 1.2 2 20 Chaerophyllum hirsutum +110 Epilobium alpestre +110 Geum rivale +110 Veratrum album (+) 1 10 Adenostyles alliariae +110
Companion species Poa alpina + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 9 90 Viola biflora 2.2 + 1.2 1.1 + + 6 60 Soldanella alpina +++++ + + 770 Deschampsia cespitosa 2.2 + + +.2 2.2 1.2 6 60 Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + (+) + 5 50 Poa supina ++ + + 440 Taraxacum officinale ++++440 Arabis alpina + + + 1.1 4 40 Taraxacum gr. alpinum 1.1 + + + 4 40 Phleum alpinum +++330 Ranunculus acris + 1.1 + 3 30 Alchemilla gr. glabra + + 2.3 3 30 Achillea oxyloba +++330 Ranunculus montanus 1.1 1.2 + 3 30 Homogyne alpina +++ 330
Sporadic species 431674375610 144 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.3 ALNETUM VIRIDIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 230–232) 123456789101112131415 Altitude (m) 1730 1710 1950 1980 1850 1800 2150 1850 1820 1850 1900 1850 1900 1550 1550 1829 Exposition NW NE NW N NE N N E N N NW N NE NW W Slope (deg) 35 20 20 25 5 30 15 25 20 20 20 5 15 15 25 20 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 30 100 100 50 100 100 100 150 100 100 30 50 150 150 25 89 Number of species 35 33 50 27 30 33 33 55 43 40 48 32 17 26 31 35.53 Diversity (Shannon) 1.288 1.268 1.492 1.368 1.311 1.449 1.311 1.442 1.51 1.442 1.384 1.309 1.092 1.12 1.341 1.342
Character species of the association Alnus viridis 1.3 3.2 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 4.4 4.2 5.5 5.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 15 100 Stellaria nemorum 1.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.1 1.1 1.2 + 2.2 + 1.1 + 12 80 Athyrium distentifolium 1.2 2.2 3.2 1.1 1.2 + + 7 47 (loc.) Streptopus +17 amplexifolius Dryopteris dilatata +17 Aconitum paniculatum 1.2 1 7 Cirsium heteropyllum +17
Character species of the order (Adenostyletalia) Peucedanum 2.2 + + + 1.2 2.2 3.3 1.2 + 2.2 10 67 ostruthium Adenostyles alliariae 1.2 1.1 2.2 + + 2.2 + 1.2 1.1 +.2 10 67 Veratrum album + + + + + + 1.1 7 47 Saxifraga rotundifolia + + 1.1 1.2 + 2.3 + 7 47 Epilobium alpestre 1.2 + + + 4 27 Carduus personata ++213 Rumex alpestris 1.1 1 7
Character species of the class (Mulgedio-Aconitetea) Geranium sylvaticum 1.1 1.1 (+) + + + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + 13 87 Ranunculus + ++++ +++2.2+1067 platanifolius Myosotis sylvatica + + + + 2.2 + 1.1 7 47 Chaeropyllum hirsutum ++ +++ 533 Aconitum vulparia + (+) + + + 1.1 + 7 47 Salix appendiculata + + + 2.2 + + 6 40 Aconitum napellus + + + +.2 4 27 Adenostyles glabra +++320 Epilobium 1.2 + 1.1 + 4 27 angustifolium Geum rivale 1.1 + + + + 5 33 Mulgedium alpinum (+) + 2 13 Pedicularis recutita ++ +320 Salix waldsteiniana + 2.2 2 13 Rumex alpinus +17 Circaea alpina 1.1 17 Alchemilla glabra 2.3 + 2 13 Cirsium erisithales ++ 213 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” 145
Association Table 6.3 (continued) 123456789101112131415 Cirsium spinosissimum + 17 Betula pendula +17 Ribes petraeum 1.1 1 7
Companion species Viola biflora + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + + (+) 1.1 14 93 Alchemilla straminea 1.2 + 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 + + 2.2 2.2 + + + + 14 93 (incl. A. xanthochlora) Rhododendron 1.2+.3+.2+++++.31.2+ 1067 ferrugineum Vaccinium myrtillus 1.2 1.2 + + +.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 + 10 67 Solidago virgaurea +++++++ +1.1+1067 Rubus idaeus 1.2+1.1++ ++++1.11067 Senecio fuchsii 1.2 2.2 2.2 + + + + + (+) 1.2 10 67 Luzula albida var. + + + + 1.2 + + 1.1 +.2 + 10 67 rubella Deschampsia cespitosa +.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 + + 9 60 Homogyne alpina 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + 8 53 Poa alpina 1.2 + + + 1.1 + + 7 47 Ranunculus acer ++ ++ ++ + 747 Soldanella alpina ++ +++++ 747 Sorbus aucuparia 1.1 + +.2 1.1 + + 6 40 Larix decidua + + pl. 1.1 1.1 + 6 40 Festuca rubra + + + +.2 + + 6 40 Trollius europaeus ++ ++ + + 640 Poa chaixii + + +.2 + 1.1 + 6 40 Valeriana montana + 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 + 6 40 Rumex acetosa + + ++ ++ 640 Hypericum maculatum + 1.2 1.2 + + +.2 6 40 Salix glabra 3.3 1.2 + + + + 6 40 Epilobium montanum ++++ ++640 Festuca heterophylla 1.2 +.2 2.4 1.2 (+) 5 33 Dryopteris filix-mas ++ + ++ 533 Anthoxanthum 1.1 + + + 4 27 odoratum Aster bellidiastrum ++++ 427 Dryopteris carthusiana +.2 + + 1.1 4 27 Geum montanum + + 1.1 + 4 27 Rumex scutatus 1.2 +.2 1.1 1.2 4 27 Luzula alpino-pilosa 1.2 3.4 2.3 3 20 Hieracium sylvaticum +++320
Sporadic species 14131625211267622931110 146 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.4 SALICETUM WALDSTEINIANAE (¼ SALIC. APPENDICULATAE) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 232–237) 1234567891011121314 Altitude (m) 1700 1950 2280 1650 2030 2030 2030 1800 2000 1050 1350 1450 1350 2150 1894 Exposition S – N – E N N NE – W N W E NE Slope (deg) 30 – 10 – 2 3 25 10 – 30 20 70 30 3 10 Cover A (%) 20 80 30 2 Cover B+C (%) 100 100 70 50 100 100 100 90 90 100 100 100 70 100 90 Surface (m2) 25 25 50 100 100 100 50 100 50 50 100 100 100 25 62 Number of species 42 20 25 30 17 20 26 40 15 17 25 28 27 21 27.7 Diversity (Shannon) 1.17 1.107 1.103 1.214 1.222 1.279 1.524 1.142 1.224 1.098 1.21 1–8 1–14 1–14 Shrub layer (Kennarten) % Pres. % Salix waldsteiniana 5.5 3.3 3.3 2.2 4.5 4.5 3.3 1.1 2.2 1.1 100 10 83 Salix appendiculata (+) 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.2 3.4 4.4 3.4 3.4 75 10 67 Salix foetida 3.3 8 Salix breviserrata 2.1 1 8
Shrub layer (others) Salix glabra 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 2.1 2.2 + 63 7 50 Salix caprea 1.1 + + (+) 13 4 42 Salix aurita x + + 25 2 17 appendiculata Salix daphnoides 1.1 1.1 25 2 17 Salix nigricans + 1.1 13 2 17 Salix caesia + 2.2 13 2 17 Salix mielichhoferi 3.3 13 1 8 Salix pentandra (A layer) 1.1 13 1 8 Salix pentandra (B layer) 1.1 13 1 8 Salix purpurea +18
Herb layer Geranium sylvaticum 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 88 9 67 Alchemilla xanthochlora + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 63 7 58 Aconitum lycoctonum + + + 2.2 + + 50 6 50 Tussilago farfara + + 1.1 + + + 38 6 50 Peucedanum osthruthium 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 63 5 42 Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + + + 50 5 42 Chaerophyllum hirs. + + 1.1 + + 1.1 38 6 42 villarsii Valeriana montana + + 1.1 + 38 4 33 Myosotis sylvatica + + + + 50 4 33 Adenostyles glabra + 3.3 3.3 3.3 (+) 38 5 33 Veratrum album + (+) 1.1 1.1 38 4 33 Stellaria nemorum 2.2 2.2 1.2 38 3 25 Cirsium erisithales + + 2.2 + 25 4 25 Petasites albus 2.2 1.2 2.2 3.4 2.3 13 5 25 Sorbus aucuparia + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 25 5 25 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” 147
Association Table 6.4 (continued) 1234567891011121314 Rumex alpestris + + 25 2 17 Rumex alpinus + + 25 2 17 Cirsium spinosissimum + + 25 2 17 Alchemilla glabra 1.2 + 25 2 17 Crepis conyzaefolia + + 13 2 17 Epilobium angustifolium 1.1 + 13 2 17 Solidago virgaurea ++ + 13217 Alnus viridis 1.1 13 1 8 Rubus idaeus 1.1 2.3 + 13 3 8 Ribes petraeum +1318 Sambucus racemosa +++ 38 Lonicera alpigena ++ 28 Aconitum paniculatum 2.2 13 1 8 Saxifraga rotundifolia 2.2 13 1 8 Geum rivale 1.1 13 1 8 Achillea macrophylla 1.2 13 1 8 Valeriana tripteris +1318 Cystopteris montana +1318 Ranunculus platanifolius ++1328 Pedicularis recutita 1.1 13 1 8 Epilobium alpestre +1318 Peucedanum verticillare + 1.1 13 2 8 Epilobium montanum +++1338 Aconitum napellus +1318
Companion species Ranunculus montanus + + + 1.1 + + + 63 7 58 Viola biflora ++ + + + 38542 Polygonum viviparum ++ ++ +50542 Deschampsia cespitosa 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 38 6 42 Lonicera coerulea (+) + 2.3 + 38 4 33 Fragaria vesca + + + + 25 4 33 Aster bellidiastrum 1.1 + + + 38 4 33 Poa alpina + + 1.1 1.1 25 4 33 Larix decidua (+) + + 25 3 25 Oxalis acetosella ++ ++ 25425 Potentilla erecta +++ 38325 Lathyrus pratensis + + 1.1 25 3 25 Poa nemoralis +++38325 Caltha palustris 1.1 + 2.1 25 3 25 Picea abies + + + 1.1 1.1 25 5 25 Calamagrostis villosa 2.3 1.2 2 25 Juniperus nana 2.2 +.2 25 2 17 Pulmonaria angustifolia + + 25 2 17 Sorbus chamaemespilus 1.1 1.1 25 2 17 Dryopteris filix-mas + 1.1 + 1.1 13 4 17 Campanula scheuchzeri +8 Alnus incana 2.2 13 1 8
Sporadic species 26 6 11 12 6 1 5 4 4 5 16 11 7 6 148 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.5 SALICETUM HELVETICAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 235–238) 1 2 3 4 Tot. Altitude (m) 2150 2150 2000 2000 Exposition N SE S N Slope (deg) 10 10 5 10 Cover A (%) Cover B+C (%) 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 15 50 25 Number of species 57 21 32 31 Diversity (Shannon) 1.388 1.205 1.403 1.19
Shrub layer Salix helvetica 2.2 4.5 4.4 3.3 4 Salix waldsteiniana 1.2 1.1 2 Salix caprea + 2.2 2 Salix glabra +1 Salix mielichhoferi 1.1 1 Salix hastata +1
Herb layer Geranium sylvaticum 1.1 + + 2.2 4 Peucedanum osthruthium +.2 2.1 + 1.1 4 Myosotis sylvatica +++3 Alnus viridis + (+) + 3 Veratrum album ++2 Rumex alpestris 1.1 + 2 Cirsium spinosissimum ++ 2 Epilobium montanum ++2 Alchemilla monticola 1.1 1 Aconitum lycoctonum +.2 1 Tussilago farfara + 1 Trollius europaeus +1 Chaerophyllum hirs. villarsii + 1 Adenostyles glabra +1 Stellaria nemorum +1 Pedicularis recutita + 1 Aconitum napellus +1
Companion species Rhododendron ferrugineum 3.2 1.2 1.3 3 Solidago virg. alpestris +++3 Vaccinium myrtillus 2.2 + +.2 3 Silene vulg. antelopum +++ 3 Ranunculus montanus ++ 2 Viola biflora ++2 Deschampsia cespitosa ++ 2 Lonicera coerulea ++2 Poa alpina ++ 2 Vaccinium uliginosum 2.2 + 2 Homogyne discolor ++2 Calamagrostis villosa + 2.2 2 Avenula versicolor ++2 Juncus trifidus ++2 Anthoxanthum alpinum + (+) 2 Campanula scheuchzeri ++2 Leontodon helveticus ++2 Polygonum viviparum +1 Larix decidua +1 Oxalis acetosella +1 Aster bellidiastrum + 1 Juniperus nana 1.2 1
Mosses and lichens Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus +++3 Peltigera aphthosa ++2
Sporadic species 30 3 4 14 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” 149
Association Table 6.6 SALICI-BETULETUM PENDULAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 238–239) 12345678 Med. (1–6) Altitude (m) 1820 1340 1350 1380 1300 1300 1625 770 1415 Exposition NNE SE NE E N NW N Slope (deg) 30 40 5 15 15 30 10 18 Cover A (%) 90 75 10 10 50 30 10 80 44 Cover B (%) 35 15 50 90 40 17 Cover C (%) 98 50 70 95 30 90 80 57 Surface (m2) 300 200 100 100 100 100 250 200 150 Number of species 43 48 23 38 31 40 29 46 37.17 Diversity (Shannon) 1.036 1.344 1.236 1.384 1.401 1.499 1.317
Character species of the association % (Ril. 1–8) Betula pendula (A layer) 3.2 4.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.1 4.1 8 100
Further tree and shrub species Salix appendiculata (B layer) 3.3 3.4 4.5 5.5 3.4 1.1 6 75 Sorbus aria + + + 1.2 1.1 (+) 6 75 Picea abies + 1.1 + + + 5 63 Corylus avellana 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 2.3 5 63 Rubus idaeus 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 5 63 Juniperus communis 1.1 + (+) + + 5 63 Rosa glauca +++ + 450 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 1.3 1.2 3 38 Larix decidua + (+) + 3 38 Fagus sylvatica +++338 Salix appendiculata (A layer) + + 1.1 3 38 Salix glabra 1.1 + 2 25 Laburnum alpinum + 1.2 2 25 Lonicera alpigena 1.1 1.1 2 25 Sorbus aucuparia ++ 225 Daphne mezereum ++ 225 Populus tremula + 1.1 2 25 Salix waldsteiniana 1.1 1 13 Alnus glutinosa 2.3 1 13 Acer pseudoplatanus 1.1 1 13
Further herbaceous species Brachypodium caespitosum + 3.3 2.3 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 7 88 Calamagrostis varia + + + + 1.2 5 63 Fragaria vesca 1.1 + + + + 5 63 Polygonum viviparum 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 5 63 Gymnocarpium robertianum ++ + + 450 Alchemilla xanthochlora ++ ++450 Urtica dioica ++++450 Potentilla erecta + + 1.2 3 38 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 1.2 + 3 38 (continued) 150 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.6 (continued) 12345678 Med. (1–6) Parnassia palustris +++ 338 Lamiastrum flavidum ++ +338 Geranium robertianum 1.2 + + 3 38 Poa nemoralis 1.1 + 1.1 3 38 Galium album 1.1 1.2 + 3 38 Betonica alopecuros ++ +338 Euphorbia cyparissias + + 1.1 3 38 Homogyne alpina 1.2 1.2 + 3 38 Epilobium montanum 1.1 + +.2 3 38 Ranunculus platanifolius ++ 225 Hypericum tetrapterum 1.2 + 2 25 Senecio fuchsii 2.2 + 2 25 Solidago virgaurea 1.2 1.2 2 25 Dactylis glomerata ++ 225 Dryopteris filix-mas ++ 225 Galeopsis speciosa + 2.3 2 25 Valeriana tripteris ++ 225 Molinia altissima 1.1 + 2 25 Mycelis muralis 1.2 1.1 2 25 Melica nutans ++ 225 Erica carnea 1.2 + 2 25 Rubus saxatilis 2.2 + 2 25 Ranunculus venetus 1.1 + 2 25 Angelica sylvestris + 1.1 2 25 Campanula scheuchzeri ++225 Carduus defloratus 1.1 + 2 25 Hieracium staticifolium 2.2 + 2 25 Lotus corniculatus 1.1 + 2 25 Poa alpina 1.2 2.3 2 25 Dryopteris expansa + 1.2 1 13 Vicia cracca 1.1 1 13 Festuca heterophylla 1.1 1 13 Astrantia major 1.1 1 13 Knautia drymeia 1.1 1 13 Gymnocarpium dryopteris 1.1 1 13 Adenostyles glabra 1.1 1 13 Alchemilla glabra 1.2 1 13 Thelypteris phegopteris 1.1 1 13 Helleborus viridis 1.1 1 13 Athyrium filix-foemina +.2 1 13 Deschampsia caespitosa 1.2 1 13 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 1 13 Chaerophyllum villarsii +113
Sporadic species 30 19 5 11 4 5 5 24 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” 151
Association Table 6.7 SALICETUM ELEAGNO-PURPUREAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 240–242) (subass. of the calley floors) 1–10 11–20 1–20 1–20 12345678910Med. Med. Pres. Med. Altitude (m) 300 350 500 450 400 450 600 600 750 850 525 1335 930 Exposition – – – SW E – SW – – – (520 – 1335) Slope (deg) – – – 32–2–––0.74.5 – Cover (%) 80 95 100 40 100 100 80 100 100 95 89 92 92 Surface (m2) 50 50 100 100 30 50 25 50 100 55.5 68 60 Number of species 29 19 18 25 30 22 27 17 18 23 20.6 20.9 20.8 Substrate cal. cal. cal cal. sil. sil. sil. sil. Diversity (Shannon) 1.195 1.057 1.074 0.933 1.116 1.062 1.058 1.091 0.977 0.944 1.051 0.979 1.015
Kennarten % % Pres. % Salix eleagnos 3.3 3.4 5.5 3.2 2.2 4.4 2.1 1.1 2.2 3.3 100 50 15 75 Salix purpurea (+) 1.2 + + 1.1 1.1 4.4 4.5 3.3 90 100 19 95 Alnus incana 1.1 1.1 1.1 + (+) 1.1 1.1 80 60 13 65 Fraxinus oxycarpa pl. ++ +30315 Salix triandra + + 1.1 30 10 4 20 Salix appendiculata + + 20 30 5 25 Sambucus nigra 1.1 10 1 5 Buddleja davidii 1.1 10 1 5 Hippophae rhamnoides 1.1 10 1 5
Indicators of altitudinal subass. Rubus caesius 1.2 1.2 3.4 + 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 80 8 40 Eupatorium cannabinum + + + 1.1 3.3 1.1 1.1 70 7 35 Petasites hybridus 1.1 +.2 5.5 2.2 40 20 6 30 Tussilago farfara + 1.1 1.2 + 40 100 11 55 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.1 + 20 70 9 45 Agrostis stolonifera 1.2 10 30 4 20
Companion species Galium album + + + + + + +.2 70 40 11 55 Calamagrostis epigeios 1.2 + 1.1 + 2.2 2.1 1.2 70 20 9 45 Artemisia verlotorum +++++5010630 Urtica dioica + + + + 40 30 7 35 Angelica sylvestris 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 40 30 7 35 Molinia caerulea incl. 1.1 1.1 + + 40 20 6 30 M. altissima Saponaria officinalis + + + + 40 4 20 Melilotus albus + 1.1 + + 40 4 20 Petasites paradoxus 1.1 1.1 + 30 30 6 30 Mentha longifolia 1.2 1.2 +.2 30 10 4 20 Frangula alnus 1.1 1.1 (+) 30 10 4 20 Achnatherum 2.2 1.2 1.2 30 10 4 20 calamagrostis Centaurea nigrescens + + 20 60 8 40 Dactylis glomerata + + 20 40 6 30 Chaerophyllum hirsutum 1.2 1.1 20 20 4 20 Dryas octopetala 3.2 10 1 5
Sporadic species 1371415179155715 152 Association Tables to the Habitat “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities”
Association Table 6.8 SALICETUM ELEAGNO-PURPUREAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 240–242) (subass. of the montane habitats) Med. Med. Med. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11–20 Myricaria fragm. 1–20 1–10 Altitude (m) 1200 1400 1300 1400 1400 1250 1250 1500 1250 1400 1335 400 1100 930 525 Exposition –––––NNEN– – – (520–1335) Slope (deg) –––––55305–4.5– – –0.7 Cover (%) 70 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100 80 92 40 70 92 89 Surface (m2) 100 100 50 50 100 50 50 100 30 50 68 50 50 60 55.5 Number of species 20 19 21 21 16 21 19 22 26 24 20.9 26 27 20.8 20.6 Substrate cal cal sil sil sil. sil cal Diversity (Shannon) 0.975 0.924 0.931 1.001 0.774 1.106 1.019 0.949 1.141 0.967 0.979 1.015 1.051
Kennarten % No. % % Salix purpurea 4.5 4.2 5.5 5.5 4.5 3.3 4.5 4.4 1.1 3.2 100 2.2 19 95 90 Salix nigricans ++++ +1.12.21.280 94510 Alnus incana 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 2.2 + 60 + 1.1 13 65 80 Salix eleagnos + + (+) 3.4 2.2 50 + + 15 75 100 Salix appendiculata +++ 30 52550 Betula pendula + ++30 315 Salix caprea + + 20 3 15 40 Salix pentandra 1.1 2.1 20 2 10 Salix triandra 1.1 10 4 20 50 Myricaria germanica 3.1 3.2
Indicators of altitudinal subass. Tussilago farfara 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.3 2.3 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 3.3 100 + 11 55 40 Deschampsia + + 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 70 + 1.1 9 45 20 cespitosa Cirsium helenioides + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.3 50 5 25 Agrostis stolonifera 1.1 1.2 1.1 30 2.2 4 20 10 Petasites hybridus 2.2 1.2 20 6 30 60
Companion species Centaurea nigrescens + + + + 1.1 + 60 8 40 20 Galium album ++++40 115570 Dactylis glomerata + + + + 40 6 30 20 Urtica dioica + 1.1 + 30 7 35 50 Angelica sylvestris + + 1.2 30 7 35 70 Petasites paradoxus 1.2 3.2 1.2 30 + 6 30 30 Heracleum + 1.1 + 30 4 20 40 sphondylium Carex flacca + + 1.1 30 3 15 40 Calamagrostis 2.3 3.3 20 9 45 70 epigeios Molinia caerulea incl. +.2 + 20 6 30 80 M. altissima Chaerophyllum + 2.1 20 4 20 50 hirsutum Cirsium erisithales + 1.1 20 3 15 50 Adenostyles alliariae + 1.1 20 2 10 40 Artemisia verlotorum 1.1 10 6 30 70 Frangula alnus 1.1 10 4 20 30
Sporadic species 109129977101114 2120 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
(Refers to Chap. 7 in Vol. 1)
Association Table 7.1a VEGETATION IN SPRINGS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 261–263) (mainly in montane habitats)
CRATONEURETUM COMMUTATI + CRAT. FALCATI 12345678910111213 Med. % Altitude (m) 1000 900 1150 1800 1500 1400 1500 1650 2000 1360 1370 1500 2300 845 Exposition SW NE SE SE N NE S S S S SW S E 0 Slope (deg) 2 5 70 20 25 30 10 30 20 5 10 25 15 12 Cover (%) 100 60 70 100 50 100 100 70 70 85 100 80 100 47 Surface (m2) 16424815445610104 4 Number of species 27 10 7 18 14 14 19 12 17 23 15 18 10 9.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.09 0.95 0.90 1.18 1.29 0.99 0.94 1.14 1.07 1.05 0.77 1.14 1.04 0.59 Tot. 1–24 Character species of the associations Cratoneuron commutatum 4.4 3.3 4.4 4.4 3.3 4.5 3.3 4.5 2.5 4.3 4.2 +.3 + 13 100 23 96 + var. falcatum Silene quadridentata +.2 2.2 2.3 + 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 8 61.5 8 33 Adenostyles glabra 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 +.2 +.2 7 53.8 7 29 Arabis soyeri (¼jacquini) 1.1 1 7.69 9 38 Philonotis calcarea +.2 +.2 +.2 3 23.1 7 29 Cratoneuron falcatum 1.3 +.3 2 15.4 4 17
Character species of Cardamineto-Montion, Montio-Cardaminetalia, -etea Cardamine amara + + 1.1 + 1.2 2.2 2.1 1.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 11 85 18 75 Epilobium alsinifolium + + +.2 + 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 8 62 16 67 alpinum* Deschampsia cespitosa +.3 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 10 77 12 50 var. alpina Mnium punctatum +.3 +.3 +.2 +.3 4 31 7 29 Caltha palustris +18313
Companion species Viola biflora + 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 7 54 12 50 Agrostis stolonifera + + + +.2 1.2 +.2 6 46 12 50 Cerastium holosteoides +.2 1.2 +.2 + + 5 38 5 21 Tofieldia calyculata + + + 5 38 5 21 Crepis palustris 1.1 +.2 + 5 38 3 13 (continued)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 153 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_8, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 154 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
Association Table 7.1a (continued)
CRATONEURETUM COMMUTATI + CRAT. FALCATI 12345678910111213 Med. % Poa alpina ++++ 431625 Equisetum palustre + 1.1 + 3 23 5 21 Chaerophyllum cicutaria + 1.1 + 3 23 4 17 Petasites paradoxus +.3 +.2 +.2 3 23 4 17 Carex flacca subsp. + +.2 + 3 23 3 13 clavaeformis Pinguicula alpina + + + 3 23 3 13 Alchemilla gr. glabra r+ 215729 Saxifraga rotundifolia +.2 +.2 2 15 5 21 Saxifraga aizoides 1.3 +.2 2 15 5 21 Polygonum viviparum ++ 215417 Tussilago farfara +.3 + 2 15 4 17 Ranunculus gr. montanus ++215313 Potentilla erecta ++21528 Horminum pyrenaicum +r21528 Cerastium carinthiacum +.3 +.2 2 15 2 8 Festuca arundinacea +.3 +.2 2 15 2 8 Cirsium palustre + (+) 2 15 2 8 Equisetum arvense + 18 4 17 Circaea alpina +.2 1 8 3 13 Stellaria nemorum 18 2 8 Aposeris foetida + 18 2 8
Mosses and lichens (see also character sp.) Bryum pseudotriquetrum 1.3 +.3 +.3 1.3 2.5 +.3 1.3 7 54 12 50 Drepanocladus revolvens + +.3 +.2 2.3 4.4 5 38 7 29 Calliergon giganteum +.2 1.2 1.3 3 23 4 17 Conocephalum conicum +.3 1.2 +.2 +.3 4 31 4 17 Calypogea trichomanes +.3 18 3 13 Aulacomnium palustre +.3 1 8 2 8 Solenostoma crenulatum +.2 + 2 15 2 8
Sporadic species 13––75–4155145 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” 155
Association Table 7.1b VEGETATION IN SPRINGS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 261–263) (mainly in subalpine (alpine) habitats) CRATONEURETUM FALCATI BRYETUM 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Altitude (m) 1750 1750 1750 1600 2200 1970 2100 2100 2240 1700 1800 Exposition N NE NNE S E E N S NW – E Slope (deg) 15 2 5 5 20 5 20 5 5 – 30 Cover (%) 95 100 100 70 60 70 100 70 100 80 100 Surface (m2) 1696456835121 Number of species 20 17 24 13 14 15 14 10 4 15 11 Diversity (Shannon) 0.55 0.99 0.95 0.84 1.09 0.89 1.11 0.98 0.95 0.86 1.21
Character species of the associations Cratoneuron commutatum + var. falcatum 5.5 5.5 4.4 2.5 +.3 3.4 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 10 91 Arabis soyeri (¼jacquini) + +.2 + 1.1 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 8 73 Saxifraga stellaris 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 2.3 3.4 5 45 Philonotis calcarea +.3 3.2 2.4 2.2 4 36 Cratoneuron falcatum +.3 1.3 2 18 Bryum schleicheri 1.3 1 9
Character species of Cardamineto-Montion, Montio-Cardaminetalia, -etea Epilobium alsinifolium + alpinum* 1.3 1.2 +.2 + +* +* + 1.1 1.1 9 82 Cardamine amara 1.3 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 1.2 3.1 7 64 Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpina + +.2 + + + + +.2 7 64 Mnium punctatum +.3 +.3 1.3 3 27 Caltha palustris +.2 + 1.1 2 18 Silene alpestris 2.3 1 9
Companion species Alchemilla glabra +.2 + 1.2 1.2 + + 6 55 Agrostis stolonifera 1.1 + 2.2 + + +.2 6 55 Viola biflora +.2 +.3 1.2 + 1.3 5 45 Saxifraga aizoides + 1.2 1.3 +.2 4 36 Saxifraga rotundifolia +.3 +.2 + 3 27 Equisetum arvense 1.1 + + 3 27 Adenostyles alliariae 1.3 +.3 +.2 3 27 Geum rivale 2.2 1.1 +.2 3 27 Equisetum palustre 1.1 + + 3 27 Poa alpina ++ 218 Tofieldia calyculata ++ 218 Polygonum viviparum ++ 218 Circaea alpina +.2 +.2 2 18
Mosses and lichens (see also character sp.) Bryum pseudotriquetrum +.2 +.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 5 45 Drepanocladus revolvens 2.4 1.5 1.3 3 27 Calypogea trichomanes +.3 +.3 2 18 Aulacomnium cfr. 3.5 1 9
Sporadic species 62727633242 156 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
Association Table 7.2 CARICETUM ROSTRATAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 256–258) 123456789101112med. % Altitude (m) 1950 1880 2000 1880 2200 1700 1880 2200 1880 1880 1500 1500 1871 Exposition –––––––––––– Slope (deg) –––––––––––– Cover (%) 80 100 80 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95.8 Surface (m2) 25 20 20 30 20 100 200 20 25 5 25 25 42.9 Number of species 72331017912101011138.92 Diversity (Shannon) 0.7 0.23 0.38 0.42 0.9 0.81 0.97 0.78 0.93 0.72 0.84 0.92 0.71
Character species of the Association Carex rostrata 4.3 3.2 4.5 3.2 3.2 5.4 3.4 2.1 3.2 + 1.1 11 92 Carex cfr. gracilis 5.5 5.5 2 17
Character species of Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Carex nigra (¼ C. fusca Auct.) ++ ++++ +758 Eriophorum vaginatum + + + + + 1.2 6 50 Carex curta +.2 + 1.1 + 4 33 Juncus filiformis + (+) 1.1 3 25 Eriophorum angustifolium +++ 325 Carex limosa + 1.1 2 17 Carex echinata 1.2 + 2 17 Parnassia palustris ++217 Valeriana dioica ++217 Trichophorum caespitosum + 3.3 2 17 Equisetum palustre 1.1 2.2 2 17 Carex pauciflora 1.1 1 8 Viola palustris +18 Polytrichum strictum + +.3 1.3 + 1.3 2.2 1 8 Eleocharis uniglumis +1 8 Menyanthes trifoliata +18 Tofiedia calyculata +1 8
Companion species Potentilla erecta +++325 Caltha palustris + 1.1 2 17 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.1 + 2 17
Mosses Sphagnum capillifolium var. rubellum 1.3 2.3 4.5 4.5 4 33 Aulacomium palustre + + 1.3 2.5 4 33 Sphagnum palustre 1.3 5.4 + 3 25 Polytrichum juniperinum 217 Sphagnum warnstorfii + 1.3 2 17 Sphagnum compactum 1.3 1 8 Sphagnum angustifolium 1.3 1 8
Sporadic species 1––––8–61433 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” 157
Association Table 7.3 ERIOPHORETUM SCHEUCHZERI (1–7) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 259–260); Aggr. with TRICHOPHORUM ALPINUM (8–10) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 261) 1234567Med. % 8 9 10 Altitude (m) 2240 2200 2240 2140 2140 2200 2140 2186 1450 1450 1450 Exposition – – – –––– ––– Slope (deg) – – – –––– ––– Cover (%) 75 60 70 100 100 100 100 86 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 10108501 10113 5 4 6 Number of species 3 3 6 5 6 16 2 5.9 9 12 13 Diversity (Shannon) 0.39 0.39 0.6 0.74 0.39 0.96 0.27 0.54
Character species of the association Eriophorum scheuchzeri 3.3 3.2 3.1 5.5 1.1 +.2 1.1 7 100 Trichophorum alpinum 1.3 3.2 +.2 Schoenus ferrugineus 4.5 +
Character species of Caricetea fuscae Carex nigra +.2 +.2 + 3.4 3.2 5 71 Carex curta 1.2 1.2 +.2 3 43 Epilobium alsinifolium ++ 2 29 Viola palustris 1.1 2.2 2 29 Eriophorum latifolium +.3 1 14 Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpina 1.2 1 14 Carex limosa 1.1 1 14 Trichophorum caespitosum +.3 1 14 1.2 5.5 Polytrichum strictum +114 Eriophorum angustifolium +++ Pinguicula vulgaris 1.1 + Menyanthes trifoliata 1.1 Eriophorum vaginatum + Potentilla palustris +
Companion species Cerastium trigynum +.2 +.2 1.1 + 4 57 Poa supina ++ + 3 43 Molinia coerulea 1.1 3.3 1.1 Calluna vulgaris + 1.2 Potentilla erecta 1.1 + Picea abies +* +* Primula farinosa + Cirsium palustre + Carex rostrata 1.1
Mosses and lichens Sphagnum angustifolium 5.4 3.5 2 29 +.3 +.3 1.3 Sphagnum warnstorfii + Cladonia rangiferina +
Sporadic species ––3––5–– 1–– 158 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
Association Table 7.4 CARICETUM FUSCAE (¼NIGRAE) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 261–263) 1234567891011Med. % Altitude (m) 1730 2200 1920 1300 1730 1750 2350 2350 1250 1900 1950 1857 Exposition S – SW N – – E E – NE – Slope (deg) 5 – 5 5––22–5–2 Cover (%) 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 90 97 Surface (m2) 100 4 100 15 25 10 16 16 100 20 10 38 Number of species 45 14 36 12 20 19 11 7 13 19 13 19.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.16 1.14 1.15 0.79 1.12 1.10 0.91 0.81 0.90 1.02 0.90 1.00
Character species of the association Carex nigra (¼ C. fusca Auct.) 3.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.4 2.3 5.5 2.1 1.1 3.3 2.2 11 100 Carex magellanica + 19 Juncus filiformis 3.3 1 9
Character species of Caricion fuscae, -etalia, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea Equisetum palustre + 1.1 + 3.3 1.1 1.1 (+) + + 9 82 Eriophorum angustifolium ++ +2.1++ 6 55 Carex davalliana 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + 5 45 Orchis incarnata +++++ 5 45 Valeriana dioica ++++ 4 36 Carex echinata + + 1.2 3.3 4 36 Sesleria uliginosa + 1.1 1.1 3 27 Carex curta +++327 Eriophorum latifolium 1.2 1.1 1.1 3 27 Viola palustris +++3 27 Juncus alpino-articulatus + 1.2 2 18 Carex flava 2.2 + 2 18 Pedicularis palustris 1.2 1.2 2 18 Trichophorum caespitosum 1.1 1.3 2 18 Juncus triglumis + 2.2 2 18 Menyanthes trifoliata ++218 Carex panicea + 19 Schoenus ferrugineus + 19 Triglochin palustre +19 Juncus arcticus 2.2 1 9 Potentilla palustris 4.3 1 9 Willemetia stipitata 1.1 1 9 Carex limosa +19 Eriophorum vaginatum +19 Pedicularis sylvatica +19 Eriophorum scheuchzeri 1.1 1 9 Tofieldia calyculata +19
Companion species Potentilla erecta 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 7 64 Polygonum viviparum ++ ++++ 6 55 Parnassia palustris +++ +436 Deschampsia cespitosa ++ + +436 Pinguicula alpina +++ 3 27 Carex paniculata ++ 218 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” 159
Association Table 7.4 (continued)
1234567891011Med. % Carex rostrata ++ 2 18 Epilobium alpinum ++ 2 18 Molinia coerulea 2.2 + 2 18 Primula farinosa + 1.1 2 18 Caltha palustris 1.1 + 2 18
Mosses Sphagnum angustifolium +.2 +.3 5.5 2.5 +.2 5 45 Drepanocladus exannulatus 3.3 3.3 1.3 3 27 Sphagnum fallax 1.2 3.3 +.2 3 27 Cratoneuron commutatum 3.3 3.4 2 18 Arthrocladium cuspidatum 2.3 1.3 2 18 Aulacomium palustre + 19 Calliergonella cuspidata + 19
Sporadic species 25–205551–374 160 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
Association Table 7.5 CARICETUM DAVALLIANAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 261–263) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Med. Altitude (m) 1700 1700 2300 1300 1300 1800 1050 1750 1750 1350 1600 Exposition – – E N N – SE – – – Slope (deg) – – 3 5 5 – 3 – – – 2 Cover (%) 100 90 100 100 100 100 90 90 100 70 94 Surface (m2) 25 25 15 25 5 50 5 25 15 5 19.5 Number of species 29 36 22 18 13 19 13 29 23 13 21.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.30 1.35 1.22 1.22 0.96 1.25 1.04 1.43 1.27 1.07 1.21
Character species of the association Carex davalliana 3.3 2.2 3.3 2.3 4.5 2.2 1.1 1.1 8 80 Carex oederi 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 5 50 Sesleria uliginosa + + + 1.1 + 5 50 Swertia perennis +110
Character species of Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Equisetum palustre 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 (+) + + + 8 80 Pinguicula vulgaris 1.2 + + + 1.1 1.2 + 7 70 Orchis incarnata + + 1.1 + + + 6 60 Valeriana dioica 1.1 + + + + + 6 60 Eriophorum angustifolium + + 2.1 + + 5 50 Juncus alpino-articulatus (+) 1.1 + +.2 + + 5 50 Carex nigra 1.2 + + + 1.1 5 50 Willemetia stipitata 2.1 +.2 2.2 +.2 4 40 Trichophorum alpinum + 2.2 + 1.2 4 40 Menyanthes trifoliata + +.2 3.2 + 4 40 Carex lepidocarpa +110 Pedicularis palustris +r+330 Triglochin palustre + + 2.1 3 30 Carex echinata + +.2 + 3 30 Carex flava + 1.1 1.1 3.3 1.1 + 6 60 Trichophorum caespitosum 1.2 2.2 1.2 3 30 Carex limosa + 1.2 2 20 Carex diandra ++220 Juncus triglumis + +.2 2 20 Eriophorum latifolium 1.1 1.2 2 20 Potentilla palustris +.2 1 10 Viola palustris +110 Juncus acutiflorus 1.2 1 10 Eleocharis acicularis 3.2 1 10 Carex vesicaria 1.1 110 Gkyceria plicata + 110
Character species of Molinio-Juncetea Primula farinosa + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 8 80 Tofieldia calyculata ++ +++ +++8 80 Caltha palustris + 1.1 + + + 5 50 Carex panicea + 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.1 5 50 Parnassia palustris + + 1.1 + + + 6 60
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” 161
Association Table 7.5 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Med. Companion species Potentilla erecta 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 10 100 Bartsia alpina + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 6 60 Aster bellidiastrum 1.1 1.1 + + + 5 50 Selaginella selaginoides ++++440 Ranunculus gr. montanus ++ + 3 30 Polygonum viviparum + 1.1 + 3 30 Carex capillaris subsp. minima 1.1 1.2 2 20 Salix rosmarinifolia +.2 +.2 2 20 Trollius europaeus r+ 2 20 Carex rostrata 2.2 1.2 2 20 Galium palustre +110
Mosses Drepanocladus revolvens 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 4.5 + 3.5 7 70 Webera sp. 3.3 1.2 2 20 Cratoneuron commutatum 2.3 1 10 Sphagnum angustifolium +.3 1 10
Sporadic species 4103–2–111– 162 Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats”
Association Table 7.6 SPHAGNETUM MAGELLANICI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 266–269) 12345678910111213Med. % Altitude (m) 1750 1750 1750 1700 1400 1450 1400 1450 1450 1880 1380 1700 1400 1574 Exposition –––NE––––––––– Slope (deg) –––2––––––––– Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 96 Surface (m2) 105101540.541325625 Number of species 13 11 18 23 15 11 19 7 6 9 23 31 11 14.6 Diversity (Shannon) 0.87 0.81 1.11 1.18 1.02 0.98 0.97 0.78 0.83 0.85 1.16 1.23 0.93 0.98
Species of Buelten Sphagnum magellanicum + 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.5 3.5 2.5 +1292 russowii Sphagnum capillifolium +.2 1.2 3.5 3 23 Sphagnum girgensohnii + 1.2 2 15 Sphagnum angustifolium 4.5 18
Species of Schlenken Lepidotis innondata 2.2 18 Drosera intermedia 1.1 18
Character species of Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Drosera rotundifolia +.3 + 1.1 + (+) 5 38 Oxycoccus quadripetalus + 2.2 2.2 1.1 4 31 Carex pauciflora + 2.2 2.2 3 23 Oxycoccus microcarpus + +.2 2 15 Eriophorum vaginatum 1.1 + 2 15 Trichophorum caespitosum +.3 1.2 2 15 Sphagnum compactum 3.5 1 8
Transgressive species of Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Eriophorum angustifolium +++++538 Polytrichum strictum + + +++ 5 38 Sesleria uliginosa + + + 1.1 4 31 Carex davalliana +++ + 4 31 Carex oederi + + + (+) 4 31 Viola palustris + +.2 r 3 23 Carex fusca 2.1 + 1.2 3 23 Carex capillaris ++ 215 Carex limosa ++ 215 Equisetum palustre 2.1 + 2 15 Valeriana dioica ++215 Juncus alpino-articulatus + 1.1 2 15 Pinguicula vulgaris + 1.1 2 15 Potentilla palustris ++ 215 Menyanthes trifoliata +18 Carex panicea +18 Willemetia stipitata +18 Tofieldia calyculata +.2 1 8 Dactylorhiza fuchsii ++ 18 Galium palustre +18 Blysmus compressus +
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Wet Habitats” 163
Association Table 7.6 (continued)
12345678910111213Med. % Companion species Potentilla erecta + 2.2 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 1.1 + 11 85 Molinia coerulea 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 7 54 Calluna vulgaris + 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 ++ 4 31 Vaccinium vitis-idaea ++++1.11.2 6 46 Bartsia alpina +++ + 4 31 Vaccinium uliginosum s.s. + 1.2 1.2 1.2 4 31 Carex echinata + + 1.1 + 4 31 Vaccinium myrtillus +++ + 4 31 Trollius europaeus ++ + 3 23 Selaginella selaginoides +++323 Parnassia palustris + 1.1 + 3 23 Maianthemum bifolium ++ + 3 23 Primula farinosa ++ 2 15 Glyceria alpina + 2.2 2 15 Caltha palustris + 1.1 2 15 Betula pubescens 1.1 2 15 Larix decidua ++215
Sporadic species 43451–6–11612– Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
(Refers to Chap. 8 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 165 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_9, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 166 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.1 DANTHONIO-NARDETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 289–291) 1234567891011121314Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 1250 1200 600 1300 1300 1250 1200 1300 1300 1380 1400 1350 1500 1360 1264 Exposition NE S NW S S E N SW NE S S Slope (deg) 5 3 5 15 3 30 5 5 20 5 2 9 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Surface (m2) 100 50 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 93 Number of species 54 39 53 53 57 46 49 49 45 44 36 66 49 63 50.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.54 1.48 1.45 1.59 1.54 1.56 1.55 1.63 1.6 1.55 1.49 1.69 1.62 1.68 1.57
Character species of the association Danthonia decumbens + + 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 12 86 Polygala vulgare + + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 10 71 Carex montana 2.2 + 3.2 1.2 +.2 + +.2 + 8 57 Plantago atrata 1.1 + + + 1.1 + + 7 50 Gaudinia fragilis +17 Senecio gaudinii +17
Character species of Nardo-Callunetea Potentilla erecta 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 14 100 Nardus stricta 2.2 + + 1.2 + 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 3.3 13 93 Rhinanthus minor 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13 93 Festuca rubra + + 1.2 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 13 93 Carlina acaulis + + + + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 12 86 Arnica montana + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 9 64 Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 9 64 Alchemilla monticola + 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 9 64 Gentianella pilosa + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 8 57 Luzula multiflora + + + + + 1.1 + 7 50 Euphrasia picta ++1.2++++750 Carex pallescens + + + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 7 50 Campanula barbata + + 1.1 + + + 6 43 Avenula praeusta 1.1 + + + + 5 36 Gentiana kochiana + + + 1.1 +.2 5 36 Knautia longifolia 1.1 + + + + 5 36 Silene vulgaris subsp. + + + 1.1 4 29 antelopum Pulsatilla alpina subsp. 1.2 + 1.1 3 21 apiifolia Antennaria dioica +.2 + + 3 21 Koeleria pyramidata ++ 214 Festuca nigrescens + 1.1 2 14 Hieracium auricula ++ 214 Paradisia liliastrum 1.1 + 2 14 Luzula sudetica (incl. ++214 L. alpina ?) Coeloglossum viride +17 Gentiana lutea + 17 Carex sempervirens +17 Carex pilulifera +17 Hieracium hoppeanum +17 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 167
Association Table 8.1 (continued) 1234567891011121314Tot. Med. Traunsteinera globosa +17 Potentilla aurea +17 Nigritella nigra +17 Cirsium acaule +17
Transgressive species of Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Briza media 1.11.1+++2.21.1+++++++ 14100 Lotus corniculatus 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 13 93 Agrostis tenuis + 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.3 12 86 Leontodon hispidus 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 11 79 Dactylis glomerata +++++++ + ++ 1071 Trifolium pratense 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 9 64 Leucanthemum vulgare + ++++++ 1.1857 Carun carvi ++ +++ + 643 Plantago media + + + 1.2 + + 6 43 Achillea millefolium ++++ ++643 Centaurea nigrescens 1.1 1.1 + + + + 6 43 Galium verum +.2 1.1 + + 4 29 Avenula pubescens + 1.1 + + 4 29 Crocus albiflorus + + + 1.1 4 29 Campanula glomerata 1.1 + + + 4 29 Anthoxanthum + + 1.1 3 21 odoratum Trisetum flavescens 1.1 + + 3 21 Colchium autumnale + 1.1 2 14 Cerastium holosteoides +17
Transgressive species of Festuco-Brometea Brachypodium 2.2 3.3 + 2.2 +.2 + 2.2 +.2 8 57 caespitosum Festuca rupicola + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 5 36 Koeleria macrantha + + 1.1 + 4 29 Salvia pratensis + 1.1 + + 4 29 Allium carinatum 1.1 + + 321 Bromus erectus +.2 +.2 3.3 3 21 Euphorbia cyparissias + 1.1 + 3 21
Companion species Trifolium montanum 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 10 71 Campanula scheuchzeri + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 10 71 Calluna vulgaris +.2 1.3 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.2 1.2 1.2 (+) 9 64 Thymus polytrichus + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 + + + + 9 64 Galium anisophyllum + + + + 1.1 + +.2 1.1 + 9 64 Hieracium pilosella + 1.1 + 1.2 + + + 2.2 8 57 Polygonum viviparum ++ +++++ ++ 964 Linum catharticum + 1.1 ++ ++ + + 857 Anthyllis vulneraria + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 7 50 subsp. carpathica Avenella flexuosa + + 1.1 + + + 1.2 7 50 (continued) 168 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.1 (continued) 1234567891011121314Tot. Med. Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 7 50 Phyteuma orbiculare ++++++643 Helianthemum ovatum + + 1.1 + +.2 +.2 6 43 Prunella vulgaris + + + 1.2 + 1.1 6 43 Cirsium erisithales + 1.1 (+) + 1.1 5 36 Ranunculus montanus + + + 1.1 + 5 36 Carex flacca ++ + + + 536 Buphthalmum 1.1 + + + + 5 36 salicifolium Hippocrepis comosa 1.1 + +.2 +.2 + 5 36 Lathyrus pratensis + + + + 1.1 5 36 Hypericum maculatum +++ ++ 536 Thesium alpinum + + 1.1 + + 5 36 Vaccinium myrtillus +.2 + 1.1 +.2 4 29 Laserpitium latifolium 1.1 + + + 4 29 Gymnadenia conopsea + 1.2 + + 4 29 Tofieldia calyculata + +++ 429 Prunella grandiflora + + 1.2 3 21 Cruciata glabra +++321 Soldanella alpina +++ 321 Parnassia palustris +++ 321 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 + 3 21 Erica carnea 2.2 +.2 + 3 21
Sporadic species 18 7 23 13 21 8 12 6 3 7 3 16 5 12 154 Association Table 8.2 GEO MONTANI-NARDETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 291–294) 169 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 123456789101112131415161718192021Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2025 2000 2000 2100 2000 1990 1750 1600 1870 1900 1750 1940 2080 1950 2100 1730 1580 1600 1740 1800 1970 1880 Exposition SE S SW SSE S W S N S – – S W N SW S S N S S S Slope (deg) 3 7 20 2 10 10 532––2051510203555 7 Cover (%) 80 100 98 95 100 100 100 98 100 100 95 100 95 100 100 100 100 98 95 100 98 98 Surface (m2) 25 100 100 50 20 100 100 100 25 100 200 100 50 100 75 100 100 100 100 87 Number of species 28 65 31 25 36 36 47 34 41 37 43 36 45 50 33 50 51 33 33 48 59 42.1 Diversity (Shannon) 1.51 1.63 1.42 1.4 1.5 1.47 1.55 1.51 1.51 1.54 1.48 1.53 1.57 1.56 1.45 1.32 1.45 1.36 1.54 1.44 1.67 1.50
Character species of the association Nardus stricta 3.4 3.3 4.4 5.5 2.2 1.1 4.4 1.2 3.2 4.5 4.4 2.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.4 4.3 2.2 4.5 1.2 21 100 Festuca nigrescens 1.2 + +.2 + 1.1 + + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 18 86 Carex pallescens 1.2 + + 1.1 2.1 +.2 + 7 33
Character species of Nardion Antennaria dioica +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + +.2 + +.2 1.2 +.2 12 57 Luzula sudetica (incl. + + + + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 12 57 L. alpina ?) Hieracium lactucella + 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.2 + + + 12 57 Festuca rubra + + + + 2.2 + + + 1.1 + 1.2 11 52 Trifolium pallescens + + +.2 1.1 1.2 + + 1.1 + + 10 48 Carlina acaulis + +++ +.2 ++ ++ 943 Luzula multiflora + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 9 43 Nigritella nigra +++ +++ +733 Carex montana 2.2 + + +.2 1.2 5 24 Cirsium acaule + + 1.1 4 19 Danthonia decumbens ++ + 314 Alchemilla monticola 1.1 + + 3 14 Carex pilulifera +15
Character species of Caricetalia curvulae Arnica montana + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.2 + +.2 1.1 1.1 + 18 86 Potentilla aurea 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + +.2 + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 + + + 1.2 18 86 Gentiana kochiana 1.1++ ++ +++++++++.2++++ 1886 Geum montanum 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + +.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 + + +.2 + 18 86 Campanula barbata ++++ + 1.1+1.1++ +++++++ 1781 (continued) Association Table 8.2 (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 170 123456789101112131415161718192021Tot. Med. Leontodon helveticus + 1.1 + + 2.2 + 1.1 + + 1.1 2.2 + 2.2 13 62 Coeloglossum viride + + +r +++ + + ++ 1257 Avenula versicolor + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 12 57 Campanula +++ ++ ++++ +1.11152 scheuchzeri Phyteuma + +++1.1 ++ + + + 1048 hemisphaericum Euphrasia minima ++++r+++838 Trifolium alpinum +.2 2.2 + 6 29 Ligusticum mutellina + 1.1 + + + 5 24 Agrostis rupestris +++++524 Hypochoeris uniflora + 1.1 + + 4 19 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. + 1.1 + 3 14 apiifolia Anemone narcissiflora + +314 Veronica bellidioides + +.2 + 3 14 Lotus alpinus 1.1 + 1.1 3 14 Phleum rhaeticum ++ + 314 Festuca halleri 2.2 + 1.2 3 14 Pulsatilla vernalis ++ 210 Androsace obtusifolia ++210 Leucorchis albida ++210 Trifolium pratense ++ 210 subsp. nivale Avenula praeusta + +210 Primula minima + 15 Sempervivum + 15 montanum Gentiana punctata +15 Carex curvula +.2 15 Silene rupestris + 15 Allium victoriale +.2 1 5 Carex atrata +15 Pedicularis tuberosa + 15 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 171 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Anthoxanthum alpinum + + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 2.2 17 81 Juncus trifidus +.2 3.3 2 10 Botrychium lunaria ++210 Carex capillaris +15
Companion species Carex sempervirens + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + +.2 r 1.2 + + 1.1 3.2 2.2 16 76 Homogyne alpina + + 1.1 + + + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 15 71 Soldanella alpina ++++ ++++ ++++ + ++ 1571 Leontodon hispidus + + + +1.1+++++ ++1.1+1.11571 Calluna vulgaris + (+) 1.1 ++ +.2* + +.2 +.2 +.2 + +.2 1.2 1.2 14 67 Potentilla erecta 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 14 67 Selaginella +++ +++++++ ++ 1257 selaginoides Euphrasia picta + ++ +.2+ r ++++++ 1152 E. stricta Poa alpina + + 1.2 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 11 52 Avenella flexuosa + + 2.2 + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 2.2 11 52 Polygonum viviparum + + + + 1.1 + + + + + + 11 52 Vaccinium myrtillus + +.2 + + +.2 (+) + + +.2 +* +.2 11 52 Ranunculus montanus + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + + + 10 48 Galium anisophyllum +++++1048 Trifolium pratense + 1.2 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 10 48 Vaccinium + +.2 +.2 1.1 + +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 10 48 gaultherioides Gymnania conopsea ++++r++++943 Bartsia alpina ++++838 Crocus albiflorus + + + 1.1 + + 7 33 Hieracium pilosella +.2 + + + +.2 +.2 6 29 Juniperus nana + +.3 + + 6 29 Prunella vulgaris + +.2 + + + + 6 29 Trollius europaeus +++ + + 524 Leontodon autumnalis +++++524 Solidago virgaurea + + +++ 524 subsp. alpestris Alchemilla splendens + +.2 1.1 + + 5 24 (continued) Association Table 8.2 (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 172 123456789101112131415161718192021Tot. Med. Achillea millefolium +++++524 Vaccinium vitis-idaea ++ + +.2 1.2 524 Crepis aurea + 1.1 + + + 5 24 Trifolium badium ++ +r 419 Rhododendron + 1.1 + + 4 19 ferrugineum Briza media ++ ++419 Potentilla crantzii ++++419 Thymus polytrichus s.l. ++++419 Lotus corniculatus +++314 Luzula albida ++r314 Ajuga pyramidalis + ++ 314 Rhinanthus glacialis ++ + 314 Myosotis alpestris +++314 Pedicularis elongata ++ +314 Primula farinosa +++314 Carum carvi + 1.1 + 3 14 Cerastium arvense ++r 314 subsp. strictum
Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica + 1.1 + + + 1.2 + 1.2 1.3 + + + + 13 62 Cladonia rangiferina + + + + +.2 + +.2 1.3 + + 10 48 Cladonia pyxidata ++ + + 419 Polytrichum + + + 1.2 +.2 1.1 + 7 33 juniperinum 731 Sporadic species 3201265775352614219166369 878 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 173
Association Table 8.3 HYPOCHOERIDO-FESTUCETUM PANICULATAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 294–296) 12345678910111213Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 2050 2100 1950 1940 1980 1650 1400 1600 1800 1600 2100 2100 1880 Exposition S SW SE E S S SW S S S S S E Slope (deg) 20 25 5 5 10 15 5 10 20 40 25 10 5 15 Cover (%) 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 99 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 100 50 100 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 Number of species 55 69 61 68 77 71 71 36 64 51 67 53 33 53.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.71 1.73 1.7 1.78 1.83 1.81 1.76 1.5 1.65 1.72 1.75 1.67 1.44 1.69
Character species of the association Festuca paniculata 2.1 2.2 3.3 3.2 4.5 4.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.2 1.1 13 100
Character species of the alliance (Caricion curvulae) Arnica montana 1.1 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + 2.1 2.1 13 100 Knautia longifolia + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + (+) 11 85 Avenula praeusta + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 10 77 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ +++ ++++ 1077 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 1.2 10 77 apiifolia Campanula barbata +++r + 1.1+ 1.1+969 Hypochoeris uniflora ++++++ +++ 969 Trifolium pratense subsp. + 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 r + + + 9 69 nivale Hieracium hoppeanum + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 8 62 Gentianella anisodonta + ++++ + ++ 862 (ecotype) Centaurea nervosa + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 8 62 Geum montanum + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 7 54 Festuca violacea subsp. 3.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 + 7 54 puccinellii Gentiana acaulis +++++539 Potentilla aurea + 1.1 + 1.1 4 31 Pulsatilla vernalis + + 1.1 + 4 31 Phleum rhaeticum ++ ++ 431 Myrrhis odorata 1.1 + + + 4 31 Pseudorchis albida +++323 Avenula versicolor +++323 Leontodon helveticus + + 1.1 3 23 Scorzonera rosea 1.1 1.1 + 3 23 Dianthus barbatus + 1.1 + 3 23 Pulmonaria angustifolia 1.1 + + 3 23 Primula longiflora ++ 215 Lathyrus luteus 1.1 + 2 15 Astragalus penduliflorus ++ 215 Scorzonera aristata ++ 215 Carex curvula + 1.2 2 15 Festuca pseudovaria +.2 1.2 2 15 Gentiana punctata ++215 Trifolium alpinum 1.1 + 2 15 Euphrasia minima ++ 215 (continued) 174 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.3 (continued) 12345678910111213Tot. Med. Coeloglossum viride ++215 Festuca halleri ++ 215 Pedicularis tuberosa ++215 Koeleria pyramidata 1.1 + 2 15 Bellardiochloa variegata 1.2 1 8 Phyteuma hemisphaericum +18 Veronica bellidioides +18 Trausteinera globosa + 18 Leucanthemum heterophyllum +18 Plantago atrata +18
Character species of the order (Caricetalia curvulae) Nardus stricta + +.2 + + + 1.2 1.2 + + + 1.2 2.2 12 92 Carlina acaulis 1.1++++++++++ 1185 Festuca rubra + 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 8 62 Luzula sudetica (incl. ++++++646 L. alpina ?) Antennaria dioica +.2 + +.2 + + 5 39 Carex montana r + +.2 3 23 Cirsium acaule +++323 Nigritella nigra ++215 Luzula multiflora ++ 215 Danthonia decumbens ++ 215 Hieracium lactucella +18 Trifolium pallescens +18 Rhinanthus minor 1.1 1 8
Character species of the class (Juncetea trifidi) Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.21.1++++ 1.11.1++1.11185 Botrychium lunaria +++ ++ 539 Juncus trifidus +18 Luzula spicata +18
Companion species Lotus corniculatus (alpinus*) 1.1+++1.11.2+++++++13100 Potentilla erecta 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 11 85 Pedicularis elongata +1.1+++++++++ 1185 Leontodon hispidus + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 10 77 Bistorta vivipara ++1.1+++++++ 1077 Calluna vulgaris + +.2 + +.2 + 1.1 1.2 1.2 + + 10 77 Rhinanthus aristatus + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 9 69 Trifolium montanum 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.2 9 69 Galium anisophyllon ++++++ ++ + 969 Avenella flexuosa 1.2 + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 + + 9 69 Ranunculus montanus ++++++ + ++ 969 Trollius europaeus + + +.2 + + + + 1.1 1.1 9 69 Agrostis tenuis 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.2 8 62 Briza media 1.1 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 8 62 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 175
Association Table 8.3 (continued) 12345678910111213Tot. Med. Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. +++++ + + + 862 alpestris Thesium alpinum ++ +++ +++ 862 Silene vulgaris subsp. + + + 1.1 + + (+) 7 54 antelopum Vaccinium myrtillus ++ ++ + ++ 754 Gymnadenia conopsea + r +++++ 754 Pimpinella major + + + 2.1 + + + 7 54 Carex sempervirens 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 7 54 Alchemilla glaucescens + + 1.1 + + + + 7 54 Vaccinium vitis-idaea + + ++ + + +754 Pedicularis verticillata + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 7 54 Potentilla crantzii +++++1.1 + 754 Achillea millefolium + + + + + (+) 6 46 Prunella grandiflora + + 1.2 + 1.1 + 6 46 Silene nutans + + + +.2 + + 6 46 Scabiosa lucida + + + + 1.1 1.1 6 46 Ranunculus acris incl. +++ +++ 646 R. frieseanus Thymus polytrichus + +.2 + + +.2 5 39 Homogyne alpina ++ ++ + 539 Euphrasia picta + E. stricta +++++539 Phyteuma betonicifolium ++ + ++ 539 Biscutella laevigata +++++ 539 Carduus defloratus ++ +++ 539 Leucanthemum ircutianum + ++++ 539 Trifolium pratense + 2.2 + + + 5 39 Trifolium badium +++.2 ++ 539 Stellaria graminea +++++ 539 Polygala alpestre ++ + + + 539 Veratrum album 1.2 + + + + 5 39 Crepis conyzaefolia + + 1.1 1.2 + 5 39 Laserpitium latifolium 1.2 + + + + 5 39 Luzula luzuloides 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 4 31 Poa alpina + + 1.1 + 4 31 Cerastium holosteoides 1.1 + + + 4 31 Crocus albiflorus ++++431 Primula veris ++++ 431 Bartsia alpina +++ + 431 Phyteuma orbiculare ++++ 431 Plantago media ++++ 431 Sesleria caerulea 2.1 1.1 + + 4 31 Carex ferruginea + +.2 + +.2 4 31 Selaginella selaginoides ++ + 323 Soldanella alpina +++ 323 Parnassia palustris 1.1 + + 3 23 Linum catharticum subsp. + + 1.2 3 23 alpestre Deschampsia cespitosa 1.1 + + 3 23 (continued) 176 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.3 (continued) 12345678910111213Tot. Med. Erigeron polymorphus + +++ 323 E. alpinus Oxytropis jacquinii +.2 + + 3 23 Helianthemum nummularium +++323 subsp. grandiflorum Carum carvi ++ + 323 Lilium martagon ++ + 323 Geranium sylvaticum 1.1 + 1.1 3 23 Rumex alpestris +++ 323 Erica carnea +.2 + + 3 23 Daphne striata +++323 Phyteuma zahlbruckneri +++323 Hypericum maculatum +++323 Vaccinium gaultherioides ++ +323 Alchemilla flabellata + + 1.1 3 23 Hedysarum hedysaroides 1.1 1.2 2 15 Festuca pratensis 2.2 1.1 2 15
Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica 1.1 2.2 2 15 Cladonia rangiferina + 1.1 2 15 Cladonia sylvatica ++ 215
Sporadic species 114946411294853 Association Table 8.4a KNAUTIO-TRIFOLIETUM calciphilous variant (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 289–291) 177 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 123456789101112131415161718192021222324 Altitude (m) 2250 1960 1950 2000 1950 1900 1750 1860 1650 2200 2200 2050 2000 2050 2050 2400 2100 1800 2000 2112 2280 2250 2050 1400 Exposition S S S S S S SSSSSSWWSSSSWSESSWSSE Slope (deg) 15 10 5 5 20 10 5 25 30 15 20 30 20 20 20 30 2 20 20 25 50 15 20 15 Cover (%) 100 100 98 100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 95 Surface (m2) 100 50 150 100 250 200 50 150 100 100 25 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 100 200 Number of species 56 72 67 67 48 58 58 54 50 63 55 58 46 46 43 61 58 72 61 68 74 65 58 83 Diversity (Shannon) 1.71 1.76 1.7 1.77 1.71 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.71 1.59 1.75 1.77 1.74 1.74 1.7 1.7 1.74 1.59 1.67 1.69 1.73 1.65 1.76 1.7 raibl calc werf/ raibl raibl gard tufi tufi tufi tufi vulc werf tufi tufi c
Character species of the association Knautia longifolia + + 1.3 + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 1.1 + 22 Festuca violacea subsp. puccinellii + 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 2.2 3.4 3.4 1.2 2.3 3.4 3.2 2.3 2.2 + +.2 24 Trifolium pratense 2.3 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + 16 subsp. nivale Avenula praeusta + + + + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 12 Leucanthemum heterophyllum 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 9 Myrrhis odorata + + + 1.2 + + + + +.2 + + 11 Centaurea nervosa +.2 1.1 + + + + 6 Traunsteinera globosa +++++++++9 Scorzonera aristata + + 1.1 2.2 2.2 + 1.1 + + 9 Pulmonaria australis ++ ++ + ++ + 8 Paradisia liliastrum ++ 2 Primula longiflora +++3 Hieracium morisianum + ++ 3 Libanotis sibirica +++3 Rhinanthus facchinii +1 Tephroseris tenuifolia (¼Senecio +1 gaudinii) Astragalus penduliflorus + 1 Plantago atrata 1.1 + 2 Crepis alpestris (+) + 2 Scorzonera humilis 2.2 1 Alchemilla flabellata +1 Dianthus barbatus 0
Character species of Caricion curvulae Arnica montana + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 21 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 19 (continued) Association Table 8.4a (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 178 123456789101112131415161718192021222324 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ + ++++++1.1+++ +15 Geum montanum + + + + 2.2 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.2 + + 1.2 + 19 Hypochoeris uniflora + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 17 Campanula barbata + + 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 + + + + + + 16 Gentiana acaulis +++ + + + ++++ 10 Hieracium hoppeanum + +.2 + + + + + + + + +.2 + 12 Lotus alpinus + + 1.1 1.1 + + 2.2 + + 1.1 + + 13 Potentilla aurea ++ 1.1++++++ 1.1++ 12 Festuca pseudovaria 1.2 2.3 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 9 Agrostis agrostiflora 1.1 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 + 9 Pulsatilla vernalis + + + + + 1.1 6 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++ + ++ ++ 7 Avenula versicolor 1.1 1.1 ++ 4 Pedicularis tuberosa + +++ 4 Euphrasia minima + + 1.2 + + +.2 + 7 Trifolium alpinum +.2 + 2 Leontodon helveticus ++ ++4 Festuca halleri + + + 1.2 4 Veronica bellidioides +++++ 5 Coeloglossum viride + +++ 4 Silene rupestris ++ ++4 Senecio carniolicus ++ + 3 Gentiana punctata +++3 Agrostis rupestris + +2 Potentilla grandiflora ++ + 3 Sempervivum wulfenii +1 Androsace obtusifolia 0 Primula minima +1 Allium victoriale +.3 1 Ligusticum mutellina + 1
Character species of Caricetalia curvulae Festuca rubra s.l. + 1.2 1.1 + + 1.2 + 1.1 + + 1.2 + 1.1 + +.2 + 1.1 17 Carlina acaulis + + ++ +1.1+ +++ + ++13 Nigritella nigra + + + + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 12 Nardus stricta 1.2 + + + 1.2 1.2 + 7 Trifolium pallescens 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 + 9 Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 7 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 179 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Luzula multiflora ++ ++ + 5 Gentianella germanica ++ +3 Carex montana +.2 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 5 Antennaria dioica ++ + +.3 +.2 +.2 6 Festuca paniculata +.2 2.2 + 1.2 4 Hieracium lactucella + ++ 3 Festuca nigrescens 1.2 1.2 2 Cirsium acaule + +.2 + ++ 5 Bellardiochloa variegata 2.2 2.2 2 Rhinanthus minor ++ 2 Polygala amarella ++2
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Anthoxanthum alpinum + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 15 Botrychium lunaria +++++1.1 6 Juncus trifidus + 2.2 1.2 + 1.3 5 Luzula spicata 0
Calciphilous species (Elyno-Seslerietea) Biscutella laevigata +++ +++ ++++ ++++++1.1 17 Pedicularis elongata + + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + + + + 16 Gymnadenia conopsea + + + + 1.1 + + + + + 10 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. + 1.2 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 + 11 alpestris Scabiosa lucida + + ++++ ++++ +1.1+ 13 Carduus defloratus ++++ +++++++ + 1.1 ++ 15 Polygala alpestris ++++++ + +++ 10 Thesium alpinum +r ++ + + ++ + + 10 Helianthemum nummularium +++++5 subsp. grandiflorum Hippocrepis comosa ++ +++ ++ + 1.2++ 11 Koeleria eriostachya + + 1.1 + + + 6 Betonica alopecuros + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 7 Horminum pyrenaicum + + 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 + + + +.2 1.1 11 Sesleria caerulea + + + + + 1.2 1.2 + + 2.2 + 11 Crepis aurea +++1.1+ +++ + 9 Hedysarum hedysaroides + + 2.2 + 2.2 2.2 1.1 + +.2 9 Gentiana verna ++++++++8 Linum catharticum subsp. alpestre +++ + 4 Oxytropis campestris 1.1 1.2 1.2 3 (continued) Association Table 8.4a (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 180 123456789101112131415161718192021222324 Oxytropis jacquinii +.2 + + 1.1 + +.2 6
Species of meadows (Arrhenatheretea) Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum + + + + + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + (+) + 1.1 18 Achillea millefolium s.l. + + 1.1++++ ++ +++++ 14 Briza media + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 10 Pimpinella major + 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 9 Crocus albiflorus + 1.1 + + + + 6 Trifolium badium 1.1 + 2.1 + + + + + + 9 Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 1.1 8 Carum carvi + + + + 2.2 + +7 Ranunculus acris (incl. ++ + 1.1 4 R. frieseanus)
Species of Mulgedio-Aconitetea Trollius europaeus + 1.2 + + + 1.2 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 2.2 19 Geranium sylvaticum + + + + 1.2 + + 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + 12 Myosotis sylvatica + + + ++ + ++++++ + 13 Laserpitium latifolium +.2 + + 2.2 2.2 + + 7 Veratrum album + 1.2 1.2 +.2 + ++ +8 Lilium martagon ++ + +4 Crepis conyzaefolia ++ + 1.1 4 Rumex arifolius ++ ++4 Cirsium erisithales ++ ++ 4
Companion species Carex sempervirens + + + 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 24 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris + + + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + + + + + 20 Galium anisophyllon 1.2+1.2+1.1++++ +++++ 1.1+++++20 Lotus corniculatus + + 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 19 Bistorta vivipara + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + + 19 Leontodon hispidus +++2.1+ + +++++1.11.11.1+ ++++ +20 Rhinanthus glacialis + + + r 1.1 2.2 + + 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 + + 17 Potentilla crantzii 1.1 + + + + + + + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 18 Ranunculus montanus +++++ +1.11.1 ++1.1+ +++++ 17 Poa alpina + + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + + + 2.2 + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 + + 20 Thymus polytrichus s.lat. + + 1.2 1.1 + + + + + +.2 1.1 + 12 Bartsia alpina ++++1.1 +++ + +++ ++++ 16 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 181 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Luzula luzuloides + 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + 9 Pedicularis verticillata +++++ ++ + ++++++ 14 Potentilla erecta ++ +++ +1.1 +8 Avenella flexuosa 1.1 + + + 2.2 + +.2 1.2 + 9 Euphrasia picta incl. E. stricta 1.1 + + + + + + 7 Phyteuma orbiculare ++++1.1+++ + +10 Vaccinium myrtillus +.2 1.2 1.2 + + 1.2 6 Soldanella alpina ++++ ++ +++ 9 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum ++++++ + + + 9 Silene nutans ++ + +++ 6 Trifolium montanum + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 7 Vaccinium gaultherioides + +.2 +.2 + + + 1.2 7 Solidago virgaurea incl. subsp. + ++++++++ ++ 11 alpestris Homogyne alpina ++ + +++ +1.1+ 9 Calluna vulgaris +.2 +.2 2 Aster alpinus + + + + 1.1 + 6 Vaccinium vitis-idaea ++2 Deschampsia cespitosa ++++4
Sporadic species 3178107791829436452931158108730 Association Table 8.4b KNAUTIO-TRIFOLIETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 289–291) (the variant with prevalence Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to of Tables Association acidophilous species and synthesis) 182
Rel. Rel. Rel. 1–44 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 1–24 25–44 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 1600 1750 1630 1950 1800 1980 1850 1800 1500 1500 2100 2100 1900 1750 1800 1950 2000 2100 1950 2000 1937 Exposition S W NE E SW S S SSW SW S SE SE S S S S S SE S S Slope (deg) 15 10 15 30 50 15 20 10 20 10 15 15 5 5 5 30 30 10 10 25 18 Cover (%) 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 99 Surface (m2) 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 200 200 50 50 50 60 50 110 Number of species 52 39 57 64 69 53 59 60 70 74 54 64 58 83 74 61 49 64 66 60 60.7 Diversity (Shannon) 1.69 1.74 1.8 1.83 1.8 1.67 1.75 1.74 1.77 1.75 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.68 1.61 1.56 1.48 1.55 1.52 1.31 1.68 calc aren aren vulc tufi
Character species of the association Knautia longifolia 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 22 15 37 84 Festuca violacea subsp. puccinellii 1.2 +.2 2.2 + 2.2 3.3 + + + 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.4 1.2 +.2 24 15 39 89 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 16 12 28 64 Avenula praeusta 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.2 2.2 1.1 + + + 12 13 25 57 Leucanthemum heterophyllum +++++++++ 991841 Myrrhis odorata +.2 + 1.1 + + + 1.2 11 7 18 41 Centaurea nervosa + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + +.2 + + + 6 11 17 39 Traunsteinera globosa + + + + + + 9 6 15 34 Scorzonera aristata + +.2 + 9 3 12 27 Pulmonaria australis + 1.1 1.1 + 8 4 12 27 Paradisia liliastrum +++ 23 511 Primula longiflora ++32511 Hieracium morisianum +3149 Libanotis sibirica +3149 Rhinanthus facchinii 2.1 1.1 12 37 Tephroseris tenuifolia (¼Senecio + (+) 12 37 gaudinii) Astragalus penduliflorus 3.2 + 1 2 3 7 Plantago atrata + 21 37 Crepis alpestris 20 25 Scorzonera humilis +1125 Alchemilla flabellata +1125 Dianthus barbatus + 01 12
Character species of Caricion curvulae Arnica montana 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 21 19 40 91 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia + + 1.1 + + 1.2 + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 19 16 35 79 Campanula scheuchzeri + +++1.1++1.1++1.1++ +++++15183375 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 183 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Geum montanum 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + +.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 19 13 32 73 Hypochoeris uniflora (+) 1.1 + + + + 2.2 1.1 1.1 + + 2.1 1.1 17 13 30 68 Campanula barbata + + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 16 12 28 64 Gentiana acaulis + ++.2(+) +++ ++++++++10152557 Hieracium hoppeanum + + + +.2 + + +.2 + + 1.1 12 10 22 50 Lotus alpinus +++ + + ++1372045 Potentilla aurea + 1.1 1.1 1.1 12 4 16 36 Festuca pseudovaria +.2 1.1 1.2 + +.2 9 5 14 32 Agrostis agrostiflora 1.2 1.1 1.1 + +.2 9 5 14 32 Pulsatilla vernalis + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + 6 7 13 30 Phyteuma hemisphaericum + ++++ 751227 Avenula versicolor + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 4 6 10 23 Pedicularis tuberosa + + + + 1.1 + 4 6 10 23 Euphrasia minima +++ 731023 Trifolium alpinum +.2 + 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 2 7 9 20 Leontodon helveticus + + + 1.1 4 4 8 18 Festuca halleri + 1.2 1.1 1.1 4 4 8 18 Veronica bellidioides ++ 52 716 Coeloglossum viride +++ 43 716 Silene rupestris ++42614 Senecio carniolicus + 1.1 + 3 3 6 14 Gentiana punctata 1.1 3 1 4 9 Agrostis rupestris +2137 Potentilla grandiflora 30 37 Sempervivum wulfenii ++ 12 37 Androsace obtusifolia ++ 0225 Primula minima 10 12 Allium victoriale 10 12 Ligusticum mutellina 10 12
Character species of Caricetalia curvulae Festuca rubra s.l. 1.1 2.2 + 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.2 17 13 30 68 Carlina acaulis + +++++++++++++ ++13162966 Nigritella nigra ++ ++1.1+++++++12122454 Nardus stricta 1.1 + +.2 + + 2.4 1.2 2.2 2.2 + + 1.2 7 12 19 43 Trifolium pallescens + + 1.2 + + + + + + 9 9 18 41 Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + 7 7 14 32 Luzula multiflora + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + 5 9 14 32 Gentianella germanica + + + + + + + 1.1 + + + 3 11 14 32 (continued) Association Table 8.4b (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 184
Rel. Rel. Rel. 1–44 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 1–24 25–44 Tot. Med. Carex montana + + +.2 + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 + 5 9 14 32 Antennaria dioica + 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 6 6 12 27 Festuca paniculata +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.3 4 6 10 23 Hieracium lactucella +++33614 Festuca nigrescens + + 1.1 + 2 4 6 14 Cirsium acaule +51614 Bellardiochloa variegata 1.2 1.2 2.2 2 3 5 11 Rhinanthus minor + ++ 23 511 Polygala amarella ++ 2249
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Anthoxanthum alpinum 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 2.1 + 1.2 + + 1.1 + 1.2 15 17 32 73 Botrychium lunaria ++ ++++ + 671330 Juncus trifidus 1.3 2.3 2.3 1.2 5 4 9 20 Luzula spicata 1.1 0 1 1 2
Calciphilous species (Elyno-Seslerietea) Biscutella laevigata +++ +++1.1+++17102761 Pedicularis elongata + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + 16 9 25 57 Gymnadenia conopsea + + + + + + + 1.1 + + + + + + 10 14 24 54 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris + + + 1.1 + 2.2 + + 1.1 + + + 11 12 23 52 Scabiosa lucida + + ++ ++ ++1382148 Carduus defloratus ++++ + + 1562148 Polygala alpestris + +++ ++++ 1081841 Thesium alpinum + + + + + + 10 6 16 36 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. 1.2 + 1.2 + + + 1.1 1.2 1.2 + + 5 11 16 36 grandiflorum Hippocrepis comosa + + + + 11 4 15 34 Koeleria eriostachya + 1.1 + + + + + +.2 6 8 14 32 Betonica alopecuros 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 7 7 14 32 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.2 + 11 2 13 30 Sesleria caerulea ++ 11 2 13 30 Crepis aurea + +921125 Hedysarum hedysaroides + 9 1 10 23 Gentiana verna + + 8 2 10 23 Linum catharticum subsp. alpestre ++ ++++ 461023 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 185 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Oxytropis campestris 2.2 + 1.2 1.2 3 4 7 16 Oxytropis jacquinii + 61 716
Species of meadows (Arrhenatheretea) Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum 1.1 +.2 + + 1.2 + + + + + +.2 + + + 18 14 32 73 Achillea millefolium s.l. + + +++++ +++ +++14132761 Briza media + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 10 15 25 57 Pimpinella major 1.1 + (+) (+) 1.1 + + + + 9 9 18 41 Crocus albiflorus + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + 6 9 15 34 Trifolium badium ++ + + + 951432 Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense 1.1 + + + + 8 5 13 30 Carum carvi + + + + +.2 + 7 6 13 30 Ranunculus acris (incl. 1.1 1.1 + + + 4 5 9 20 R. frieseanus)
Species of Mulgedio-Aconitetea Trollius europaeus 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 + + + + 19 13 32 73 Geranium sylvaticum + + 1.1 2.3 + + + + 12 8 20 45 Myosotis sylvatica ++++ +1351841 Laserpitium latifolium + + + + + r + 7 7 14 32 Veratrum album + 1.1 + +.2 8 4 12 27 Lilium martagon + + + + + + + + 4 8 12 27 Crepis conyzaefolia + + + 1.1 + + + 4 7 11 25 Rumex arifolius + + + + + + 4 6 10 23 Cirsium erisithales ++ + + 1.2 4 5 9 20
Companion species Carex sempervirens 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 24 16 40 91 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + + + 1.2 + + 1.2 1.1 + + 20 18 38 86 Galium anisophyllon + ++.2+ + +++++++++++20163682 Lotus corniculatus + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 19 16 35 79 Bistorta vivipara + +++ ++ 1.1++++ ++++19153477 Leontodon hispidus 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 2.2 + + + + + 1.1 20 14 34 77 Rhinanthus glacialis + + 1.2 + + + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 2.1 1.1 1.1 17 14 31 70 Potentilla crantzii + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + + + + + 18 13 31 70 Ranunculus montanus + + + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + 17 13 30 68 Poa alpina 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 + 20 9 29 66 Thymus polytrichus s.lat. + + +.2 + 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 + + 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 12 14 26 59 Bartsia alpina + + + +.2 + 16 5 21 48 Luzula luzuloides 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + +.2 + + 9 11 20 45 Pedicularis verticillata + + + 1.1 1.1 + 14 6 20 45 (continued) Association Table 8.4b (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 186
Rel. Rel. Rel. 1–44 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 1–24 25–44 Tot. Med. Potentilla erecta 1.1 + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + + + 8 12 20 45 Avenella flexuosa 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.2 9 10 19 43 Euphrasia picta incl. E. stricta + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.2 7 11 18 41 Phyteuma orbiculare 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + 10 8 18 41 Vaccinium myrtillus + + + + + 1.1 +.2 +.2 2.2 + + 6 11 17 39 Soldanella alpina + + + + + + 9 6 15 34 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum ++ +++961534 Silene nutans + + + +.2 + + + + + 6 9 15 34 Trifolium montanum + 2.2 + 2.1 +.2 + 1.1 7 7 14 32 Vaccinium gaultherioides + +.2 1.2 3.4 1.2 + 7 6 13 30 Solidago virgaurea incl. subsp. + + 11 2 13 30 alpestris Homogyne alpina 1.2 + + 9 3 12 27 Calluna vulgaris ++ ++ +.2 ++ +.2 + + 2 10 12 27 Aster alpinus +.2 + + 1.1 + 6 5 11 25 Vaccinium vitis-idaea + + + + 2.2 1.2 + 2 7 9 20 Deschampsia cespitosa 2.3 1.2 4 2 6 14
Sporadic species 15 7 20 5 8 10 8 12 15 21 5 7 10 13 9 7 7 19 9 8 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 187
Association Table 8.5 ANTHOXANTHO-POETUM VIOLACEAE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 1900 1950 2000 2210 2250 2330 2107 Exposition S S SW S N SW Slope (deg) 25 25 35 10 10 5 18 Cover (%) 70 95 80 100 100 100 91 Surface (m2) 100 200 100 100 100 25 104 Number of species 55 54 57 57 46 28 49.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.67 1.61 1.68 1.66 1.57 1.37 1.59
Bellardiochloa variegata (¼ Poa violacea) 3.3 4.4 4.3 2.2 2.2 4.4 6 100
Sp. caratt. d. Caricion curvulae Geum montanum + + + +.2 + 5 83 Campanula scheuchzeri +++++ 583 Potentilla aurea + + + 1.1 + 5 83 Campanula barbata + + +.2 + 4 67 Arnica montana + +.1 +.2 1.2 4 67 Pulsatilla alpina ++++ 467 Pulsatilla vernalis ++++467 Hieracium hoppeanum + 1.2 + + 4 67 Hypochaeris uniflora ++++467 Botrychium lunaria +++350 Potentilla grandiflora +++350 Avenula praeusta + 1.1 1.1 3 50 Agrostis agrostiflora +++350 Festuca halleri (incl. F. intercedens) + + 1.2 3 50 Euphrasia minima ++ 233 Gentiana punctata ++ 233 Gentiana acaulis ++ 233 Avenula versicolor 1.1 1.1 2 33 Phleum rhaeticum ++233 Veronica fruticans ++ 233 Atocion rupestre ++ 233 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale + 1.1 2 33 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++233 Trifolium alpinum +117 Ligusticum mutellinoides +117 Pseudorchis albida +117 Astragalus penduliflorus 1.3 1 17 Leontodon pyrenaicus +117 Primula minima +117 Carex aterrima +117 Agrostis alpina +117 Agrostis rupestris +117 Veronica bellidioides +117 Senecio carniolicus 1.1 1 17
Sp. caratt. d. Nardion Festuca rubra + + 1.1 + + 5 83 Nigritella nigra ++++ 467 (continued) 188 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.5 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tot. Med. Luzula multiflora 1.1 + + 3 50 Carlina acaulis + 1.1 + 3 50 Nardus stricta 1.2 +.2 1.2 3 50 Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) 1.1 + + 3 50 Gentianella campestris +++ 350 Trifolium pallescens +117 Polygala amara +117
Sp. caratt. d. classe (Juncetea trifidi) Juncus trifidus + + + 3.3 + + 6 100 Carex sempervirens + 1.2 + 1.2 + + 6 100 Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 83
Compagne Lotus corniculatus 1.2 + 1.2 + + 5 83 Pedicularis elongata ++++ 467 Thymus polytrichus 1.1 + + + 4 67 Galium anisophyllon ++++ 467 Avenella flexuosa + + + +.2 4 67 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris ++ ++ 467 Hypericum montanum 1.1 1.1 + + 4 67 Helianthemum tomentosum 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 50 Scabiosa lucida +++350 Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris + 1.1 + 350 Siliene nutans + + +.2 3 50 Phyteuma betonicifolium +++ 350 Aster alpinus +++350 Trifolium pratense subsp. Pratense 1.1 + 1.1 3 50 Biscutella laevigata +++ 350 Achillea millefolium +++ 350 Calluna vulgaris +++ 350 Daphne striata +++ 350 Juniperus sibirica +++ 350 Thesium alpinum +++ 350 Erigeron alpinus +++350 Poa glauca 1.2 + + 3 50 Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia ++ 233 Luzula luzuloides var. rubella ++ 233 Festuca norica + +.2 2 33 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi +.2 +.2 2 33 Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum 1.2 + 2 33 Gentianella nivalis ++233 Dianthus sylvestris ++ 233 Dianthus superbus ++ 233 Myosotis alpestris ++ 233 Lathyrus pratensis + 1.1 2 33 Orobanche gracilis 1.1 1.2 2 33 Phyteuma orbiculare 1.1 + 2 33 Carduus defloratus ++ 233 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 189
Association Table 8.5 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tot. Med. Hedysarum hedysaroides + 1.2 2 33 Trollius europaeus + 1.1 2 33 Bistorta vivipara + 1.1 2 33 Selaginella selaginoides ++233 Soldanella alpina + 1.1 2 33 Antennaria carpathica ++ 233 Homogyne alpina 1.1 + 2 33 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris +117 Carum carvi 1.2 1 17 Peucedanum ostruthium 1.2 117 Euphrasia salisburgensis 1.2 1 17 Crepis aurea 1.1 1 17 Carex humilis 1.2 1 17 Leontodon hispidus 1.1 1 17 Juncus jacquinii 1.1 1 17 Elyna myosuroides 1.1 1 17 Bartsia alpina 1.1 1 17
MUSCHI e LICHENI Cetraria islandica ++233
SPORADICHE 5 9 7 4 6 3 Association Table 8.6 GENTIANELLO-FESTUCETUM VARIAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 303–305) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 190 123456789101112131415161718Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2280 2150 2230 2200 2200 2250 2100 2150 2400 2400 2600 2190 2100 2500 2450 2180 2370 2420 2287 Exposition S S SE S S E S SSSSSESSSSSS Slope (deg) 5 40 20 20 20 5 10 25 15 35 40 40 30 40 45 40 50 40 29 Cover (%) 95 90 90 90 95 90 95 85 85 95 90 95 95 98 98 95 90 90 92 Surface (m2) 50 100 100 150 100 100 20 150 100 100 50 200 200 200 100 100 50 100 109 Number of species 43 39 47 24 25 36 52 52 43 55 25 55 77 53 57 43 44 51 45.6 Diversity (Shannon) 1.55 1.53 1.53 1.23 1.34 1.43 1.46 1.62 1.57 1.58 1.28 1.59 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.55 1.5 1.51 1.51
Character species of the Association Festuca pseudovaria 4.5 4.5 4.4 3.3 5.5 3.2 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.4 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 2.2 3.3 18 100 Gentianella anisodonta + + ++ ++ 528
Character species of Festucion variae, Festucetalia spadiceae, Juncetea trifidi Arnica montana 1.11.1++.2++1.2+2.21.1+1.1+++++1794 Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.1+++++++++ +++1.1+++1794 Geum montanum 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + 1.1 +.2 + + 16 89 Gentiana kochiana ++ +1.1+++++ ++++++1.21689 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++1.2+++++ ++ +++++1583 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia 1.1+++ ++++1.21.1+1.11.1++1583 Hypochoeris uniflora 2.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.2 + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 14 78 Campanula barbata ++++1.1+++ + + +++ +1478 Euphrasia minima + 1.3 1.2 +.2 + + 1.3 + + + +.3 + 12 67 Festuca halleri (incl. F.intercedens ?) + + 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + + + 1.2 12 67 Avenula versicolor + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 11 61 Leontodon helveticus + + 1.2 2.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 11 61 Pedicularis tuberosa + + + 1.1 + + + + + + 10 56 Antennaria dioica +.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 + + + +.2 +.2 10 56 Potentilla aurea ++ +++++ +++ 1056 Pulsatilla vernalis + + + 1.1 1.2 + + + + + 10 56 Nigritella nigra +++ +++++(+)+1056 Juncus trifidus + 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 9 50 Veronica bellidioides ++ +.2++++ + + 950 Hieracium lactucella + + + +.2 + + + + 8 44 Homogyne alpina + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 7 39 Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) + + ++++ + 739 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 191 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Trifoliun nivale + + + + 1.1 + 6 33 Senecio carniolicus 1.2 + + + + + 6 33 Libanotis sibirica 1.1 + 1.1 + + 5 28 Oxytropis campestris + 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 5 28 Nardus stricta + + + + +.2 5 28 Botrychium lunaria +++++528 Agrostis rupestris + +.2 + + 4 22 Hieracium hoppeanum ++++ 422 Carex ericetorum +.2 + +.2 +.2 4 22 Trifolium pallescens ++ ++422 Leucorchis albida +++ + + 528 Coeloglossum viride ++ +317 Trifolium alpinum + + 1.2 3 17 Ligusticum mutellinoides +++317 Luzula lutea ++ + 317 Traunsteinera globosa 1.1 + + 3 17 Silene exscapa + +.2 2 11 Centaurea nervosa 1.1 + 2 11 Knautia longifolia ++ 211 Potentilla grandiflora 1.2 1 6 Festuca paniculata +.2 16 Luzula spicata +16 Agrostis schleicheri +.2 16
Companion species Carex sempervirens 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.2 18 100 Campanula scheuchzeri +++++ ++++++++1.1++ 1689 Polygonum viviparum +++ ++ ++++ ++1161 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris ++ ++++ +1.2++1056 Lotus corniculatus + 1.2 1.2 + + + + + + 9 50 Biscutella laevigata + +++++++ + 950 Carlina acaulis ++ + +++ ++ 844 Pulmonaria australis + + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + 8 44 Poa alpina + + 1.1 + + 1.2 1.1 7 39 Leontodon hispidus + + + + + 1.1 + 7 39 Pedicularis verticillata + + + + + + 1.2 7 39 (continued) Association Table 8.6 (continued) Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 192 123456789101112131415161718Tot. Med. Agrostis alpina + + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 +.2 7 39 Rhinanthus subalpinus 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 6 33 Aster alpinus ++++ + + 633 Silene nutans ++++++633 Daphne cneorum + + + +.2 1.2 + 6 33 Minuartia verna ++++++633 Vaccinium gaultherioides + + +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 6 33 Lotus alpinus + + 1.2 + + 5 28 Festuca rubra 1.1 + 1.1 + + 5 28 Silene rupestris +++++528 Gymnadenia conopsea ++1.1++ 528 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 5 28 grandiflorum Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 ++ + + 528 Calluna vulgaris + +.2 r 1.2 +.2 5 28 Bartsia alpina +++++528 Thesium alpinum +++++528 Helianthemum alpestre + + + 1.2 + 5 28 Elyna myosuroides 1.2 +.2 + +.2 4 22 Cerastium holosteoides ++++ 422 Daphne striata 1.2 + ++ 422 Parnassia palustris + 1.1 + + 4 22 Festuca puccinellii ++ ++422 Dianthus superbus ++++ 422 Juniperus nana ++ +.3 + 4 22 Primula minima ++ + + 422 Thymus polytrichus + + 1.2 +.2 4 22 Ranunculus montanus ++++422 Sesleria caerulea + +.2 + + 4 22 Rhododendron ferrugineum +++ 317 Solidago virga-aurea ++ + 317 Erica carnea 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 17 Trifolium pratense ++ 211 Loiseleuria procumbens ++ 211 soito alst h aia Apn rslnswt cdcieSeis 193 Species” Acidocline with Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Soldanella alpina + 0 +211 Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica + +1.1++++ ++++ 1161 Cladonia rangiferina + + + + 1.2 1.1 6 33 Polytrichum alpinum + +.2 +.3 + + + 6 33 Cladonia pyxidata + + 1.3 + + 5 28
Sporadic species 2184072183144132910163915 194 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.7 SESLERIO-FESTUCETUM VARIAE Numero progressivo 12345 Altitude (m) 2225 2315 2300 2180 2050 2214 Exposition SSSSS Slope (deg) 25 25 15 15 10 18 Cover (%) 95 100 100 100 100 99 Surface (m2) 150 200 200 100 200 170 Number of species 36 40 55 52 48 46.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.48 1.53 1.62 1.53 1.51 1.53
Festuca varia var. handel-mazzettii 4.5 4.5 5.4 3.3 3.3 5 100
Sp. caratt. Nardion e Caricion, Caricetalia curvulae Geum montanum 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 5 100 Luzula multiflora ++++ 480 Leontodon helveticus 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 60 Potentilla aurea 1.2 1.1 + 3 60 Festuca norica ++ +360 Gentiana acaulis +++360 Arnica montana ++ + 360 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++ 240 Botrychium lunaria + 1.1 2 40 Antennaria dioica ++ 240 Luzula spicata ++240
Sp. caratt. del Seslerion, Sesleriatalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Pimpinella alpina + 1.1 + + 1.1 5 100 Sesleria caerulea + + + 1.1 1.1 5 100 Carduus defloratus +++++5100 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicola + + 1.2 1.1 4 80 Senecio abrotanifolius + 2.2 + 3 60 Helianthemum alpestre +.2 +.2 2 40 Daphne striata +.2 + 2 40 Polygala alpestris ++240 Avenula parlatorei 2.2 1 20
Compagne Anthoxanthum alpinum + 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 5 100 Carex sempervirens 1.2 + +.2 1.2 1.2 5 100 Ranunculus montanus (incl. R. grenerianus) + + + 1.1 + 5 100 Phyteuma orbiculare + + + 1.1 + 5 100 Potentilla crantzii + + + 1.2 + 5 100 Nigritella nigra + + + 1.1 + 5 100 Galium anisophyllon +++++5100 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum +++++5100 Avenula praeusta r 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 5 100 Poa alpina + + + 1.1 4 80 Luzula sieberi +.2 1.2 + + 4 80 Campanula scheuchzeri + 1.1 + + 4 80 Homogyne alpina ++++ 480 Lotus corniculatus + + 1.1 3 60 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 195
Association Table 8.7 (continued) Numero progressivo 12345 Bistorta vivipara 1.1 + + 3 60 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris + + 1.2 3 60 Leontodon hispidus 1.1 + + 3 60 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale ++ + 360 Carlina acaulis +++ 360 Avenella flexuosa ++ +360 Thymus polytrichus + 1.1 1.1 3 60 Gentiana verna +++360 Myosotis alpestris +++360 Trifolium pallescens +++360 Festuca cfr. picturata +.2 +.2 2 40 Cirsium spinosissimum ++240 Vaccinium myrtillus +.2 + 2 40 Trollius europaeus ++ 240 Scorzonera aristata ++ 240 Phleum alpinum +.2 1.2 2 40 Aster alpinus 1.2 + 2 40 Festuca violacea subsp. puccinellii + 1.2 2 40 Hedysarum hedysaroides ++240 Crocus albiflorus ++240 Biscutella laevigata ++ 240 Juniperus sibirica ++240 Erica carnea 2.2 1 20
Sporadiche 3 4 10 16 13 196 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.8 SENECIONI-FESTUCETUM HALLERI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 308–311) 12 34567Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2350 2240 2300 2250 2280 2200 2200 2240 Exposition NE WSW SW SE S SW S Slope (deg) 5 20 20 15 20 10 15 15 Cover (%) 90 95 90 100 50 80 100 86 Surface (m2) 50 100 100 97 100 80 50 82 Number of species 37 40 40 59 39 23 55 41.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.55 1.58 1.53 1.27 1.51 1.67 1.65 1.54
Character species of the association Festuca halleri 2.1 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 3.2 1.1 7 100
Character species of Caricion curvulae Arnica montana 2.1 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 7 100 Potentilla aurea 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 7 100 Avenula versicolor 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + 7 100 Agrostis rupestris + +.3 +.2 +.2 (+) + 1.1 7 100 Gentiana kochiana + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 7 100 Leontodon helveticus 2.1 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + 6 86 Geum montanum 1.1 +.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 6 86 Euphrasia minima ++ ++ +1.1686 Campanula scheuchzeri + 1.1++++686 Campanula barbata + + 1.1 1.1 + 5 72 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia + + 1.1 + 1.1 5 72 Senecio carniolicus + + 1.1 (+) 1.1 5 72 Phyteuma hemisphaericum +++++572 Veronica bellidioides + + +.2 + 4 57 Hypochoeris uniflora + 2.1 1.1 3 43 Pulsatilla vernalis + 1.1 + 3 43 Androsace obtusifolia +++ 343 Leucorchis albida ++ + 343 Primula minima +.3 1.3 + 3 43 Trifolium nivale + +.2 + 3 43 Carex curvula 1.3 + 2 29 Festuca varia +.2 +.2 2 29 Ligusticum mutellinoides ++ 229 Gentiana punctata ++ 229 Hieracium piliferum (+) + 2 29 Primula glutinosa ++229 Hieracium hoppeanum ++229 Lotus alpinus 1.1 + 2 29 Trifolium alpinum +.2 1 14 Silene rupestris +114 Pedicularis kerneri +114 Allium victoriale 1.2 1 14 Oreochloa disticha (+) 1 14
Character species of Caricetalia curvulae Nardus stricta + + 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.2 7 100 Antennaria dioica +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 5 72 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 197
Association Table 8.8 (continued) 12 34567Tot. Med. Luzula sudetica (incl. L. alpina ?) ++ +343 Hieracium lactucella + +.2 1.1 3 43 Nigritella nigra ++ +343 Carlina acaulis ++ +343 Luzula multiflora ++ 229 Trifolium pallescens 1.1 1 14 Festuca nigrescens 1.1 1 14 Festuca rubra +.2 1 14 Hieracium morisianum +114 Cirsium acaule +114
Character species of Juncetea trifidi Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 7 100 Juncus trifidus (+) + +.2 1.2 +.2 + 6 86 Luzula spicata ++ +343 Hieracium alpinum ++ 229 Erigeron alpinus ++229 Botrychium lunaria ++229 Carex ericetorum +114
Companion species Carex sempervirens + 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 + 2.2 7 100 Homogyne alpina 1.21.1+++++7100 Poa alpina 1.1 + + + 1.1 5 72 Avenella flexuosa + 2.2 + + 4 57 Ranunculus montanus + + ++457 Cerastium holosteoides ++ + 343 Selaginella selaginoides (+) + + 3 43 Thymus polytrichus + + +.2 3 43 Polygonum viviparum ++ +343 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum +.2 + 2 29 Euphrasia hirtella ++ 229 Vaccinium myrtillus + +.2 2 29 Calluna vulgaris 1.2 + 2 29 Gentiana nivalis ++229 Soldanella alpina ++229 Galium anisophyllum ++229 Primula elatior ++229 Crocus albiflorus ++229
Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica 1.1 +.3 + 1.2 + 5 72 Polytrichum alpinum 1.1 + + +.2 4 57 Cladonia rangiferina + +.3 +.2 3 43 Polytrichum piliferum 1.1 + 2 29 Cladonia pyxidata ++ 229
Sporadic species –6 –12537 198 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species”
Association Table 8.9 CARICETUM CURVULAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 312–314) 1 2345678 910111213Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 2350 2600 2480 2400 2480 2480 2360 2450 2320 2340 2300 2320 2391 Exposition W E NE S S – E SW – N W SE N Slope (deg) 10 5 5 23–2 1 –10355 4 Cover (%) 80 100 95 100 98 90 100 80 95 95 100 70 80 91 Surface (m2) 35 10 6 20 15 4 50 200 16 50 30 100 150 53 Number of species 29 29 34 23 28 18 25 19 25 28 21 16 24 24.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.31 1.24 1.28 1.12 1.24 1.24 1.33 1.28 1.38 1.14 1.16 1.36 1.4 1.27
Character species of association Carex curvula 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.4 1.2 2.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 1.2 4.4 13 100
Differential species of variants Polygonum viviparum + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 9 69 Campanula barbata ++ + 323 Salix herbacea 1.3 + 1.2 +.2 + 5 39 Salix retusa 1.2 + 1.2 3 23 Oreochloa disticha 3.2 1.2 + + 3.2 +.2 6 46 Agrostis rupestris + + + + 2.2 +.2 6 46 Loiseleuria procumbens 1.3 2.2 1.2 + 4 31
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Leontodon helveticus 1.1 + + 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 10 77 Potentilla aurea + + + 2.1 + 2.1 + + + +.2 10 77 Avenula versicolor + + 1.2 + + + + 1.1 8 62 Phyteuma +++++++754 hemisphaericum Euphrasia minima + + + +++ 646 Luzula alpino-pilosa 1.1 +.2 + + +.2 5 39 Gentiana punctata + + + +.2 4 31 Carex sempervirens 3.3 + 1.2 1.2 4 31 Geum montanum + + + +.3 4 31 Juncus trifidus ++ + + 431 Carex atrata + 2.2 + 3 23 Senecio incanus subsp. ++ +323 carniolicus Primula glutinosa + 1.2 1.2 3 23 Festuca varia 1.2 2.2 +.2 3 23 Androsace obtusifolia ++ + 323 Veronica bellidioides + + +.2 3 23 Festuca halleri 1.1 +.2 + 3 23 Gentiana kochiana (+) + 2 15 Hieracium alpinum ++215 Arnica montana 1.2 1.2 215 Pulsatilla vernalis + 1.2 2 15 Nardus stricta 1.2 + 215 Pedicularis tuberosa ++ 215 Luzula spicata ++ 215 Saponaria pumilio +18 Ligusticum mutellina 1.1 18 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” 199
Association Table 8.9 (continued) 1 2345678 910111213Tot. Med. Anthoxanthum alpinum 1.1 18 Pedicularis kerneri + 18 Luzula sudetica +18 (L. alpina ?) Hieracium piliferum +18 Carex capillaris subsp. 1.2 18 minima
Companion species Poa alpina + + + + + + 1.2 +.2 + 9 69 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.2 8 62 Primula minima +.3 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 + +.2 7 54 Crepis aurea + + 1.1 1.2 + 5 39 Potentilla crantzii ++++ 431 Gnaphalium supinum +++ +431 Sibbbaldia procumbens + + +.2 3 23 Soldanella minima + 1.1 + 3 23 Soldanella alpina + 1.1 1.1 + 4 31 Ranunculus montanus ++ + 323 Agrostis alpina + 1.2 + 3 23 Antennaria carpathica 1.2 2.2 2.4 3 23 Vaccinium +.2 +.2 + 3 23 gaultherioides Ligusticum +++323 mutellinoides Selaginella selaginoides ++ + 323 Avenella flexuosa +++323 Silene acaulis 1.3 +.3 2 15 Salix reticulata 1.2 1.2 2 15
Mosses and lichens Cladonia pyxidata + + + 1.3 1.1 + + + + + + +.2 12 92 Cetraria islandica + +2.3++ 1.1++++1077 Polytrichum alpinum + + + + 1.2 + 1.2 + + 9 69 Cladonia rangiferina + 1.3 1.1 + + 5 39 Polytrichum +.2 +.2 1.3 3 23 juniperinum
Sporadic species 2 51455443 63–15 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
(Refers to Chap. 9 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 201 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_10, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 202 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.1a DRABETUM HOPPEANAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 341–342) (at higher altitudes and synthesis) 12345678910Rel. 1–10 Rel. 11–24 Rel. 1–24 Altitude (m) 2550 2700 2930 2700 2950 2900 2900 2900 2950 2950 2843 2749 2781 Exposition S NW S NW NE SW S S S S – – Slope (deg) 80 70 2 20 1 5 10 3 2 2 19.5 12.1 15 Cover (%) 30 5 20 20 20 10 30 30 20 20 20.5 36.8 30 Surface (m2) 2 5 20 2 8 16 4 6 15 20 9.8 11.4 11 Number of species 8 7 7 6 4 8 10 10 8 12 8 12.1 10.5 Diversity (Shannon) 0.89 0.84 0.77 0.77 0.59 0.87 0.93 0.97 0.88 1.05 0.86 1.04 0.96
Character species of the asssociation Hutchinsia brevicaulis + + + + + 1.1 + + 8 80 10 71 18 75 Draba hoppeana + + 1.2 + + 1.2 6 60 10 71 16 67 Saxifraga facchinii + + +.2 1.2 1.2 5 50 8 57 13 54 Androsace hausmannii +1100014
Character species of Drabion hoppeanae, -etalia, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Cerastium uniflorum +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 9 90 11 79 20 83 Saxifraga sedoides +.2 +.2 + 1.2 4 40 11 79 15 63 Papaver rhaeticum r + (+) 3 30 5 36 8 33 Saxifraga moschata 2.2 + 2 20 4 29 6 25 Thlaspi rotundifolium (+) + (+) 3 30 3 21 6 25 Arenaria ciliata 00536521 Arabis pumila + 1 10 3 21 4 17
Companion species Poa alpina + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 5 50 10 71 15 63 Minuartia sedoides 11012861146 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 +.2 1.2 2.3 + 5 50 6 43 11 46 Silene acaulis 0 0 10 71 10 42 Minuartia biflora +.3 +.3 2 20 5 36 7 29 Sesleria sphaerocephala + 1 10 5 36 6 25 Minuartia cherlerioides 1.2 +.2 2 20 3 21 5 21 Draba dubia + + + 3 30 2 14 5 21 Minuartia verna 00643625 Saxifraga androsacea + 1 10 4 29 5 21 Achillea oxyloba 00536521 Draba tomentosa + +.2 2 20 6 43 3 13
Mosses and lichens Grimmia sp. +.2 1.2 + + +.2 5 50 3 21 8 33 Tortella tortuosa 1.2 + +.2 3 30 0 0 3 13 Mnium sp. 00321313 Bryum sp. 1.2 2.2 2 20 1 7 3 13 Anthelia + 2.3 2 20 0 0 2 8
Sporadic species 1–1–––21–110100 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 203
Association Table 9.1b DRABETUM HOPPEANAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 341–342) (from 2550 to 2900 m) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Med. Altitude (m) 2630 2830 2900 2900 2550 2550 2830 2700 2800 2620 2680 2830 2830 2830 2749 2749 Exposition S S S S S S S SW S N SE NE NE SE – – Slope (deg) 50 15 2 2 5 5 30 3 5 7 15 15 10 5 12.1 12.1 Cover (%) 10 25 30 30 25 25 20 40 30 80 25 70 60 45 36.8 36.8 Surface (m2) 10 8 20 30 16 16 2 8 4 16 20 4 3 3 11.4 11.4 Number of species 15 11 13 10 10 12 11 17 10 10 16 11 12 12 12.1 12.1 Diversity (Shannon) 1.14 1.04 1.09 0.99 0.99 1.07 0.95 1.16 0.97 0.95 1.16 0.94 1.01 1.06 1.04 1.04
Character species of the asssociation Tot. % Hutchinsia brevicaulis +++++ ++++ + 1071 Draba hoppeana ++++ ++ 1.2+++ 1071 Saxifraga facchinii +++.2 + + +++ 8 57 Androsace hausmannii 00
Character species of Drabion hoppeanae, -etalia, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Cerastium uniflorum +.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + 2.2 1.2 11 79 Saxifraga sedoides 1.2 1.2 + + + +.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 11 79 Papaver rhaeticum +.2 + + +.2 1.1 5 36 Saxifraga moschata 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 4 29 Thlaspi rotundifolium ++ + 321 Arenaria ciliata +.2 + +.2 +.3 + 5 36 Arabis pumila +++321
Companion species Poa alpina 2.2 1.1 + + + + 2.2 + + + 10 71 Minuartia sedoides +.2 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 + +.2 + +.2 1.3 1.3 12 86 Saxifraga oppositifolia + + + 2.2 2.3 1.2 6 43 Silene acaulis +.2 + + + +.2 2.3 2.3 3.3 2.3 2.3 10 71 Minuartia biflora + + + +.2 + 5 36 Sesleria sphaerocephala 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 5 36 Minuartia cherlerioides 1.2 + r 3 21 Draba dubia ++ 214 Minuartia verna + + + + +.2 +.2 6 43 Saxifraga androsacea + 1.2 + + 4 29 Achillea oxyloba +.2 + 1.2 + + 5 36 Draba tomentosa + 643
Mosses and lichens Grimmia sp. +.2 + + 3 21 Tortella tortuosa 00 Mnium sp. 1.3 + 1.1 3 21 Bryum sp. 3.3 1 7 Anthelia 00
Sporadic species 4–311123–12222 204 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.2 SAXIFRAGETUM SEDOIDIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 343–344) 123456789101112131415med. Altitude (m) 2480 2600 2320 2600 2400 2500 2350 2700 2550 2710 2300 2100 2400 2300 2650 2464 Exposition E NE N NE NNNS NWNWENSWNN Slope (deg) 15 35 10 25 30 40 30 30 30 70 40 70 5 70 60 37 Cover (%) 35 25 30 20 25 5 30 10 5 1 20 5 75 5 2 20 Surface (m2) 20810010621642502415416 Number of species 8697894571067911118 Diversity (Shannon) 0.78 0.74 0.89 0.66 0.88 0.87 0.56 0.66 0.67 0.78 0.69 0.78 0.5 0.78 1.06 0.75
Character species of association % Saxifraga sedoides 3.3 2.3 1.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 + +.2 3.5 4.5 3.4 1.2 100
Character species of Drabion hoppeanae, -etalia, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Poa minor +++++++ + ++67 Hutchinsia alpina +++ ++++ + + +60 Arabis alpina +++++ +(+)++60 Thlaspi rotundifolium ++++++ + +.2 53 Cerastium uniflorum +.2 + +.2 + 1.2 1.2 47 Moehringia ciliata r + 1.3 + + 2.2 (+) 47 Papaver rhaeticum 1.1 + + + + 27 Cerastium 1.2 1.2 +.2 20 carinthiacum Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 2.2 20 Hutchinsia brevicaulis +13 Achillea oxyloba ++ 13 Campanula ++7 cochleariifolia Draba hoppeana 1.1 7
Companion species Poa alpina + + +.2 + 27 Minuartia sedoides +.2 +.2 +.2 20 Arabis pumila +++20 Polygonum viviparum ++13 Soldanella minima ++13 Saxifraga stellaris + 1.1 13
Sporadic species 1–31–1––241–541 Association Table 9.3a LEONTODONTETUM MONTANI (rel. 1–22) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 345–347) 205 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 1–23 12345678910111213141516171819202122Tot. % Altitude (m) 2300 2300 2500 2450 1420 2210 2380 2500 2400 2350 2300 2300 2320 2450 2270 2350 2200 2450 2200 2360 2510 2580 2323 Exposition SW S S NW SSW SSSSSSWWWSSWNWEESSNENE0 Slope (deg) 25 45 45 10 30 50 60 60 45 10 20 25 20 30 45 10 5 5 80 30 10 5 30 Cover (%) 30 1 1 10 10 10 30 30 20 100 90 20 35 20 10 20 30 40 70 50 10 30 30 Surface (m2) 4020204501002020502 2 10202020103102 30304 22 Number of 14 4 4 8 8 10 5 6 8 7 8 10 9 12 13 10 17 16 16 11 14 13 10 species Diversity 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.89 0.9 0.67 0.66 0.87 0.69 0.55 0.99 0.95 1.03 1.07 0.84 1.11 1.09 0.89 0.91 1 0.99 0.87 (Shannon)
Character species of the association Leontodon 1.2 + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + 21 95 montanus Minuartia + + 2.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 3.4 +.2 2.3 2.2 3.3 4 18 rupestris Crepis 1.1 2 9 terglouensis
Differential species of the subass Trisetum-Saxifraga aizoides Saxifraga +.2 314 aizoides Achillea clavennae Adenostyles glabra Valeriana montana
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Trisetum (+) +.2 1.2 1.1 + +.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 13 59 distichophyllum Campanula + + +.2 +.2 1.1 + + +.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 14 64 cochleariifolia Ranunculus 1.2 +.2 + +.2 +.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + + 16 73 seguieri Linaria alpina + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 + + + + 10 45 (continued) Association Table 9.3a (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 206
1–23 12345678910111213141516171819202122Tot. % Silene vulgaris +++ 1.2 (+) 7 32 subsp. glareosa Poa minor 1.1 + + + + 7 32 Athamanta + + 1.1 + + + 7 32 cretensis Achillea + + +.2 + + 6 27 oxyloba Thlaspi r + 1.2 4 18 rotundifolium Valeriana +.2 1.3 1.2 4 18 supina Hutchinsia +29 alpina Festuca +314 pulchella Papaver +++418 rhaeticum Saxifraga +.2 + +.2 4 18 oppositifolia Saussurea +.2 +.2 1.2 4 18 discolor Cerastium +.2 +.2 + 7 32 uniflorum Cerastium +.2 + 1.2 4 18 carinthiacum Arabis alpina +.2 2 9 Doronicum +29 glaciale Minuartia 15 austriaca Moehringia + 29 ciliata Vitaliana 1.2 314 primulaeflora Scrophularia juratensis Rumex scutatus soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”207 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Dryopteris villarsii Rhodiola rosea Dianthus sternbergii Doronicum columnae Petasites + 15 paradoxus
Companion species Festuca + + +.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 + + +.2 +.2 13 59 quadriflora Oxytropis ++++ +1.21.2++.21.2+.2+.21.2+.21.2+ 1777 montana Arenaria ciliata +.2 +.2 +.2 4 18 Carduus r 1.2 + + + 6 27 defloratus Silene acaulis +.2 +.2 1.2 + 5 23 Sesleria 15 caerulea Sesleria 1.2 +.2 3 14 sphaerocephala Anemone +.2 2 9 baldensis Gypsophila +.2 +.2 3 14 repens Saxifraga +.2 +.2 + 1.2 8 36 paniculata Ranunculus 29 montanus Biscutella ++314 laevigata Helianthemum +.2 + 3 14 alpestre
Sporadic 1––2–1–1–14–––13218243 species Association Table 9.3b LEONTODONTETUM MONTANI (rel. 23–39) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 345–347) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 208 Rel. 23–31 Rel. 32–39 Tot. rel. 1–39 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Med. 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Med. Med. Altitude (m) 2480 2400 1950 2300 2300 2350 2220 2350 2300 2294 2200 2250 2300 2300 1850 1780 2080 2108 2311 Exposition NW W SW W W SW SE S W 0 W W SW S S S S W Slope (deg) 10 45 45 45 30 25 40 5 30 31 30 40 20 45 20 30 20 25 29 30 Cover (%) 30 25 45 30 30 35 20 70 30 35 30 20 20 35 50 20 60 25 33 32 Surface (m2) 50 100 25 30 100 20 40 20 20 45 20 20 15 16 20 300 30 60 29 Number of species 10 18 13 26 15 19 11 21 13 16 10 6 6 8 23 18 41 21 16.6 11.81 Diversity (Shannon) 1 1.07 0.99 1 1.13 1.15 0.96 0.99 1.09 1.04 0.88 0.69 0.69 0.84 0.82 1.07 1.11 1.26 0.91 0.917
Character species of the association Tot. % Tot. % Leontodon montanus + + 1.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 9 100 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 5 63 30 94 Minuartia rupestris +.3 +.3 9 100 – – 13 41 Crepis terglouensis ––26
Differential species of the subass. Trisetum-Saxifraga aizoides Saxifraga aizoides 1.2 + 2.3 2.2 +.2 5 56 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 5 63 8 25 Achillea clavennae + +++ + 563 Adenostyles glabra + +.2 1.2 4 50 Valeriana montana + + + +.2 4 50
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Trisetum distichophyllum +.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.3 2.2 3.3 1.2 8 89 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 +.2 8 100 21 66 Campanula 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 6 67 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 + +.2 6 75 20 63 cochleariifolia Ranunculus seguieri + + 1.1 + 4 44 – – 20 63 Linaria alpina +.2 +.2 2 22 – – 12 38 Silene vulgaris subsp. +.2 +.2 + +.2 2.3 5 56 +.2 +.2 1.2 + 4 50 12 38 glareosa Poa minor + 1.1 + 1.2 + 4 44 + 1 13 11 34 Athamanta cretensis + + + 3 33 + + 1.1 3 38 10 31.25 Achillea oxyloba ++ 222 – – 8 25 Thlaspi rotundifolium + + + 3 33 +.2 + 2 25 7 22 Valeriana supina +.2 r +.2 3 33 +.3 1 13 7 22 Hutchinsia alpina ++ + +444 – – 6 19 Festuca pulchella +.2 +.2 + 3 33 1.2 1 13 6 19 soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”209 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Papaver rhaeticum r+222 + 113619 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 2.3 2 22 – – 6 19 Saussurea discolor +.3 1.1 2 22 – – 6 19 Cerastium uniflorum + 1 11 +.2 1 13 8 25 Cerastium carinthiacum + 1 11 1.2 +.2 2 25 5 16 Arabis alpina ++222+113413 Doronicum glaciale ++ 222 – – 4 13 Minuartia austriaca + 1 11 +.2 1.2 2 25 2 6 Moehringia ciliata 1.2 1 11 + + 2 25 3 9 Vitaliana primulaeflora 0––39 Scrophularia juratensis 0 +.2 + 2 25 – – Rumex scutatus 0 + 1.2 2 25 – – Dryopteris villarsii 0 2.2 1 13 – – Rhodiola rosea +.2 1 13 – – Dianthus sternbergii +1 13–– Doronicum columnae +113–– Petasites paradoxus – – 1 3125
Companion species Festuca quadriflora +.2 1.2 + 2.2 +.2 + 6 67 +.2 + 1.2 3 38 19 59 Oxytropis montana +.2 + 2 22 – – 19 59 Arenaria ciliata +.2 +.2 + 3 33 – – 7 22 Carduus defloratus + 1 11 +.2 + 2 25 7 22 Silene acaulis +.3 1 11 – – 6 19 Sesleria caerulea + 1.2 r +.2 4 44 + + 2 25 5 16 Sesleria sphaerocephala + +.2 2 22 – – 5 16 Anemone baldensis + + +.2 3 33 – – 5 16 Gypsophila repens 1.3 1.3 2 22 1.2 1 13 5 16 Saxifraga paniculata 0––825 Ranunculus montanus 1.1 + 2 22 + 1 13 4 13 Biscutella laevigata + + 2 22 2.2 2.1 2 25 5 16 Helianthemum alpestre +.2 1 11 – 4 13
Sporadic species –63151319 –121117279 Association Table 9.4a PAPAVERETUM RHAETICI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 349–351) (rel. 1–25) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 210 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425 Altitude (m) 2100 2200 2370 2300 2050 2000 2300 2050 2400 2200 2240 2600 2250 2350 2300 2300 2150 2450 2470 2460 1350 2680 2250 2550 2680 Exposition W E W S S NW E NW NW WSW SE SE N S W W Nw W ESE SSW N E SW N SE Slope (deg) 30 30 25 10 5 3 30 20 35 45 40 40 40 25 25 25 20 35 20 45 5 25 20 5 30 Cover (%) 30 10 25 20 40 30 40 40 15 20 10 10 20 1 15 15 30 10 5 20 20 5 5 1 20 Surface (m2) 200 25 30 40 12 50 8 20 200 20 20 8 100 200 10 10 100 30 10 50 20 10 40 50 100 Number of 19 10 14 19 10 13 12 20 12 9 8 10 14 15 9 9 12 11 9 16 16 15 11 8 14 species Diversity 1.17 1.03 0.95 1.14 0.95 1.06 1.03 0.88 0.85 1.01 0.95 1.11 0.89 1.11 1 1.03 0.99 1.25 1.2 1.04 1.07 0.86 0.9 0.99 1.02 (Shannon) Simpson D/1 26.1 17.6 14.6 23.3 14.6 16.4 17.1 11.8 13 13.1 14.6 23.4 12.2 23.4 17.5 17.6 15.8 29.3 22 15.3 18.9 9.5 13.6 15.3 14.5
Character species of the association Thlaspi + + + + 1.2 1.2 + + +.2 + +.2 + +.2 +.2 + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.2 rotundifolium Papaver + 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.1 (+) + 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 1.1 rhaeticum
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Poa minor + + 1.1++++ 1.1+1.2++++1.1+1.1+ + + Moehringia + +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.3 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.1 + +.2 1.2 +.2 + ciliata Silene vulgaris 1.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 + + + 1.2 +.2 + subsp. glareosa Arabis alpina ++.2+ ++ (+)++++++ +.2++ Hutchinsia +++ ++ (+)+++++++++ ++* alpina + brevicaulis* Achillea + 1.2 1.1 + + 1.2 + + oxyloba Minuartia 1.2+.2+.2++ 2.32.2 +.2+++++ + +.2 austriaca Campanula +.2 cochleariifolia Linaria alpina + (+) + + + Trisetum + +.2 +.2 + distichophyllum soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”211 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Cerastium +.2 + + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 uniflorum Athamanta + 1.1 +.2 + cretensis Festuca + +.2 pulchella Saxifraga 1.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 sedoides Valeriana 1.2 +.2 +.2 supina Rumex scutatus + Salix alpina + 1.2 Cerastium carinthiacum Ranunculus seguieri Minuartia + +.2 rupestris Saxifraga +.2 +.2 moschata Doronicum r grandiflorum Scrophularia ++ juratensis Poa cenisia +.2 1.1
Companion species Arabis pumila + + ++++++(+)+ ++++ Sesleria +.2 + 1.2 + + 1.2 + + sphaerocephala Minuartia r + + 1.1 +.2 verna Silene acaulis +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + + +.2 Myosotis + 1.1 1.1 alpestris Biscutella ++ + laevigata Polygonum + + viviparum (continued) Association Table 9.4a (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 212 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425 Poa alpina + + + 1.1 + 1.2 Achillea + +.2 +.2 clavennae Festuca +.2 + + quadriflora Ranunculus + 1.1 + montanus Anemone + +.2 +.2 baldensis Viola biflora + +.2 Phyteuma + sieberi Carex firma +.2 Dryas + +.2 +.3 +.3 octopetala Saxifraga ++ +.2 aizoides Salix + serpyllifolia Salix r 1.1 waldsteiniana Sedum atratum ++ Festuca alpina + +.2
Mosses and lichens Tortella + tortuosa
Sporadic 41–5–11311 –––1––––2341–11 species Association Table 9.4b PAPAVERETUM RHAETICI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 349–351) (rel. 26–47) 213 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Altitude (m) 2730 2850 2050 2250 2580 2550 2580 2570 2320 2300 2310 2250 2560 2300 1900 2380 2340 1900 1850 2150 2150 2250 2301 Exposition SSE S N W S SE S E W W W W S S SE SW SW SW N S SE S Slope (deg) 20 40 10 40 45 45 25 30 10 30 25 30 25 30 10 25 35 20 25 45 30 30 27 Cover (%) 30 1 30 30 5 5 30 30 20 10 5 20 25 30 20 20 10 20 40 30 25 70 20 Surface (m2) 200 500 20 50 20 10 50 10 50 50 20 12 200 50 200 20 200 12 2 100 100 10 69 Number of species 11 7 11 21 13 15 16 15 18 11 12 8 8 12 17 11 10 14 11 11 11 22 12.9 Diversity (Shannon) 1.21 0.84 1.04 1.11 1.22 1.07 0.75 0.89 0.9 1.2 1.13 1.17 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.14 0.97 0.9 0.99 0.77 0.81 0.9 1.02 Simpson D/1 24.4 11.7 18.4 20.7 29 18.9 7.06 12.2 13.6 27 22.6 27.4 21.4 22.5 25 24.2 13.1 12.8 15.8 9.75 8.5 12.8 17.6
Character species of the association tot. % Thlaspi rotundifolium + + 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.2 + + + + 38 100 Papaver rhaeticum ++1.1++++r + + 34 89
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Poa minor + + + + + +.2 + + + + +.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 + 36 95 Moehringia ciliata 1.2 1.3 + + + +.2 + 1.2 1.1 + 31 82 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 + + +.2 25 66 Arabis alpina + + (+) + + + 1.2 + 23 60 Hutchinsia alpina + brevicaulis* +* 1.1 + + 21 55 Achillea oxyloba ++++++1.1++ 17 45 Minuartia austriaca +.2 + 2.2 18 47 Campanula cochleariifolia + + +.2 1.1 + + + + + + + + 14 37 Linaria alpina +(r)+++++1334 Trisetum distichophyllum + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 +.2 13 34 Cerastium uniflorum + 1.2 + +.2 + + 13 34 Athamanta cretensis + + +.2 + + + + 1.1 13 34 Festuca pulchella +.3 + 2.2 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.2 11 29 Saxifraga sedoides +.2 + + 8 21 Valeriana supina + +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 8 21 Rumex scutatus 1.2 + +.2 + 1.2 7 18 Salix alpina 1.2 + +.2 1.2 6 16 Cerastium carinthiacum +.3 + + + + 6 16 Ranunculus seguieri 2.1 1.1 + + + 5 13 Minuartia rupestris + +411 Saxifraga moschata + 38 Doronicum grandiflorum + 2.2 3 8 Scrophularia juratensis 25 Poa cenisia 25
(continued) Association Table 9.4b (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 214 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Companion species Arabis pumila + + + + 1.1 19 50 Sesleria sphaerocephala r + + + + +.2 + 15 39 Minuartia verna + ++1.2++ + 1334 Silene acaulis 2.2 + + 1.2 +.2 12 32 Myosotis alpestris + + + + + 1.2 + 1.1 11 29 Biscutella laevigata + + + + + + + 11 29 Polygonum viviparum +++ ++ +.2+924 Poa alpina + 1.1 8 21 Achillea clavennae + +.2 1.1 6 16 Festuca quadriflora ++ 513 Ranunculus montanus + +513 Anemone baldensis +.2 4 11 Viola biflora r +411 Phyteuma sieberi ++ +411 Carex firma +.2 + +.2 4 11 Dryas octopetala 411 Saxifraga aizoides 38 Salix serpyllifolia ++ 38 Salix waldsteiniana +38 Sedum atratum + 38 Festuca alpina + 38
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa +.3 +.3 1.2 5 13
Sporadic species 4–14–––1––22–43–284145 Association Table 9.5 ADENOSTYLO-HERACLEETUM POLLINIANI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 352–354) 215 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 1800 2050 1720 2100 1950 1880 1810 2000 2000 1980 1950 1750 1900 2000 1939 Exposition S S S S N NE SW SW NE W E E S SW NE Slope (deg) 40 35 40 15 40 40 40 45 25 25 40 30 25 10 40 33 Cover (%) 25 15 30 80 70 60 70 40 60 100 60 65 70 60 100 60 Surface (m2) 200 100 25 10 20 20 250 100 16 25 50 50 16 20 50 63 Number of species 16 13 14 16 7 20 17 18 15 14 32 31 21 30 38 20.6 Diversity (Shannon) 1.17 0.95 1.09 1.01 0.83 1.22 1.18 1.23 1.12 0.9 1.45 1.46 1.22 1.35 1.25 1.16
Character species of the association Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum 1.1 + 2.3 + 3.2 +.2 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 + + 3.2 + + 15 100
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea (Thlaspion, -etalia, -etea) Rumex scutatus +.2 1.2 1.3 +.2 3.3 1.2 3.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 13 87 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa 1.2 + 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.1 13 87 Athamanta cretensis + + + 1.2 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 11 73 Campanula scheuchzeri var. + + +.2 + 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 10 67 Doronicum grandiflorum +.2 +.2 1.2 + 2.2 + 1.1 +.2 8 53 Trisetum distichophyllum +.2 2.3 2.3 1.2 2.2 1.1 +.2 7 47 Festuca pulchella + + + +.2 + + + + 7 47 Thlaspi minimum + 1.1 + + + 1.1 6 40 Ranunculus venetus 1.1 + + (+) + + 6 40 Ranunculus seguieri 1.2 +.2 1.1 1.1 + 5 33 Delphinium dubium 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 2.2 5 33 Linaria alpina ++ + 320 Scrophularia juratensis + (+) + 3 20 Poa minor ++ + 320 Moehringia ciliata 1.3 + 2 13 Rhodiola rosea + (+) 2 13 Arabis alpina +.2 + 2 13 Minuartia austriaca + 17 Thalictrum saxatile + 17 Papaver rhaeticum +.2 1 7 Cerastium carinthiacum +.2 1 7 (continued) Association Table 9.5 (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 216 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tot. Med. Leontodon montanus 1.1 17 Dianthus sternbergii +.2 1 7
Companion species Aconitum napellus + 1.2 1.2 + + + + + + 1.1 + + 12 80 Adenostyles glabra 2.2 + 3.5 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 9 60 Carduus carlinaefolius +++ +++ +++960 Galium anisophyllum + + + + 1.1 + + + 8 53 Aconitum lamarckii + 2.2 3.4 + + 4.3 6 40 Myosotis sylvatica ++++++640 Valeriana montana 1.2 + + + +.2 5 33 Festuca norica +.2 +.2 +.2 + 4 27 Pimpinella alpestris + + + 1.2 4 27 Carex sempervirens + + + +.2 4 27 Rhinanthus freynii ++++427 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum +.2 + + + 4 27 Biscutella laevigata +++ + 427 Stachys recta subsp.labiosa 1.1 2.2 1.1 3 20 Saxifraga aizoides +.2 + + 3 20 Leucanthemum heterophyllum +++320 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris +++ 320 Acinos alpinus +.2 + +.2 3 20 Poa nemoralis +.2 + 2.2 3 20 Helictotrichon parlatorei +.2 +.2 +.2 3 20 Urtica dioca +++320 Senecio abrotanifolius + +.2 1.2 3 20 Phyteuma orbiculare + (+) +.2 3 20 Senecio doronicum ++ 213 Ligusticum mutellinoides + 1.2 2 13 Hieracium bifidum + +.2 2 13 Minuartia verna ++213 Oxytropis montana ++ 213
Sporadic species 15–5–2––15432616 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 217
Association Table 9.6 CORTUSETUM MATTHIOLII (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 355–356) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2000 1700 1640 2050 2070 1840 1850 1850 2080 2000 1908 Exposition NW E N NE NE W NW NNW E E Slope (deg) 20 30 70 10 15 30 70 90 40 10 39 Cover (%) 80 80 70 90 50 100 80 90 50 90 78 Surface (m2) 10121062 2 1610506 12 Number of species 32 27 20 15 9 21 18 19 22 17 20.3 Diversity (Shannon) 1.18 1.11 1.01 1.02 0.71 1.19 1.12 1.12 1.01 1.06 1.05
Character species of the association Cortusa mattioli 2.2 2.3 2.2 4.4 3.3 4.4 2.3 2.2 +.2 3.3 10 100
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, etea Athamanta cretensis ++ r + 440 Arabis alpina +++r 440 Rumex scutatus 2.3 1.2 1.2 3 30 Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum 1.1 + 2 20 Campanula scheuchzeri var. ++220 Rhodiola rosea +.2 + 2 20 Doronicum grandiflorum 2.2 +.2 2 20 Saxifraga mutata +.2 + 2 20 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa +110 Thlaspi minimum +110 Delphinium dubium 1.1 1 10
Transgressive species from Potentilletalia caulescentis Cystopteris fragilis + 1.2 2.2 + + + 6 60 Paederota bonarota +++ 220 Primula auricula ++ 220 Rhamnus pumilus +110 Cystopteris regia *+ 110 Asplenium viride +110
Companion species Viola biflora + 1.1 2.3 1.2 1.1 2.3 2.3 +.2 8 80 Adenostyles glabra 3.3 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.1 8 80 Aster bellidiastrum + + + 1.1 + 1.1 6 60 Saxifraga aizoides 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 5 50 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 5 50 Aconitum napellus + 1.1 1.1 + 4 40 Juncus monanthos 1.2 +.2 1.2 3.3 4 40 Valeriana montana + 1.2 + + 4 40 Polygonum viviparum + + 1.1 + 4 40 Carex ferruginea + 1.2 1.2 +.2 4 40 Myosotis sylvatica + + 1.1 3 30 Saxifraga rotundifolia 1.1 1.1 1.2 3 30 Salix waldsteiniana 1.2 + 1.2 3 30 Silene quadridentata 1.2 + 1.2 3 30 Silene alpestris 1.2 + + 3 30 Aconitum lamarckii 1.1 + 2 20 (continued) 218 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.6 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tot. Med. Clematis alpina 1.1 1.2 2 20 Lamiastrum galeobdolon ++ 220 Sesleria caerulea ++ + 220 Galium anisophyllum ++ 220 Valeriana saxatilis ++220 Saxifraga paniculata ++ 220 Pimpinella alpestris ++220 Carex sempervirens ++ 220 Festuca quadriflora 1.2 1 10 Festuca alpestris 1.2 1 10 Valeriana tripteris 1.2 1 10 Deaschampsia cespitosa 1.2 1 10 Calamagrostis varia 1.2 1 10 Allium schoenoprasum 1.2 1 10 Ranunculus venetus 1.1 1 10
Sporadic species 159831224 94 Association Table 9.7 THLASPIDI-ALYSSETUM OVIRENSIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 357–358) 219 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 12345678910111213141516171819202122Tot.Med. Altitude (m) 2050 2200 2020 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2100 2050 1950 2100 1900 2000 2150 1900 1900 2050 1950 2250 2100 2030 Exposition SSW S SW E SE E E E NW S NE SE S S NE SSW E S S NE S S 0 Slope (deg) 15 15 35 35 25 40 30 35 35 25 30 30 35 5 35 45 15 5 20 10 40 35 27 Cover (%) 20 25 40 15 40 25 30 50 40 15 40 30 30 40 50 40 30 50 40 50 40 40 35 Surface (m2) 200 25 100 200 200 100 50 200 100 100 100 200 100 50 200 50 16 30 100 200 70 16 109 Number of species 13 10 787911111114121011152913172019171917 13.6 Diversity (Shannon) 1.11 0.93 0.82 0.9 0.81 0.93 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.14 1.07 0.98 1.02 1.16 1.38 1.07 1.22 1.23 1.2 1.13 1.2 1.16 1.07
Character species of the association Thlaspi minimum 1.22.3+++.2+.2+++ 1.1+ +++1.2+++++2091 Alyssum ovirense 2.2 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.3 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 2.1 +.2 18 82
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Athamanta cretensis ++ + +++1.1+1.11.1++++1.2++++1986 Linaria alpina 1.21.2++1.1+.2++1.2++ +++++ + + 1882 Moehringia ciliata 1.2 1.2 +.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 + 1.2 +.2 +.2 + + + 18 82 Minuartia austriaca +.2 1.3 + +.2 1.3 (+) +.2 +.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 +.3 +.2 +.2 1.3 2.3 1.2 17 77 Rumex scutatus +.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 + 1.3 +.2 +.3 15 68 Silene vulgaris subsp. +.2 + 1.2 1.3 2.3 2.3 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 13 59 glareosa Thalictrum minus subsp. + 1.1 1.1 2.2 + + 1.1 + + + 10 45 saxatile Heracleum pyrenaicum + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 9 41 subsp. pollinianum Papaver rhaeticum 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 + + +.2 + 8 36 Ranunculus seguieri +.2 1.2 + + 1.2 1.4 2.1 7 32 Trisetum 1.2 1.1 1.2 +.2 + 2.3 1.2 7 32 distichophyllum Campanula scheuchzeri +.2 1.3 + 1.2 + 1.2 6 27 var. Rhodiola rosea +.2 + +.2 + 4 18 Scrophularia juratensis ++ +314 Poa minor + + 1.2 3 14 Doronicum grandiflorum + 2.2 1.1 3 14 Festuca pulchella 1.3 1.2 2.2 2.2 3 14 Cortusa matthioli +.2 + 2 9 Delphinium dubium ++ 29 (continued) Association Table 9.7 (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 220 12345678910111213141516171819202122Tot.Med. Cerastium carinthiacum +.2 + 2 9 Arabis alpina + 15 Leontodon montanus +15 Dianthus sternbergii +15
Companion species Galium anisophyllum +.2 + +.2 + +.2 + + + + +.2 + 11 50 Carduus carlinaefolius +.2 +.2 ++ ++ ++ 836 Poa alpina + + + + 1.2 5 23 Aconitum napellus + + 1.1 + + 5 23 Festuca norica + + +.2 + 1.2 5 23 Biscutella laevigata ++ ++418 Aconitum lamarckii ++ + + 418 Festuca quadriflora 1.2 1.2 1.2 3 14 Rhinanthus aristatus +++ 314 Myosotis alpestris + 1.2 29 Valeriana montana + +.2 2 9 Daphne mezereum r+ 29 Cystopteris fragilis ++ 29 Saxifraga aizoides +.2 +.2 2 9 Helictotrichon parlatorei + +.2 2 9 Thymus polytrichus 1.2 1.2 2 9 Gypsophila repens ++ 29 Pimpinella alpestris + 1.1 2 9 Sesleria caerulea +.2 +.2 2 9 Saxifraga paniculata ++ 29
Sporadic species –1––––1–––––––41–23322 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 221
Association Table 9.8 FESTUCETUM PULCHELLAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 359–361) 12345678 Altitude (m) 2380 2150 2150 2340 2150 1850 1900 1600 2065 Exposition SW S S SW SE N SW E Slope (deg) 25 45 45 35 30 25 20 5 29 Cover (%) 20 30 30 10 25 40 20 20 24 Surface (m2) 20 100 100 200 100 2 12 10 68 Number of species 10 12 11 8 13 9 14 19 12.5 Diversity (Shannon) 0.98 1.06 1.03 0.9 0.77 0.93 1.04 1.17 0.98
Character species of the association Festuca pulchella 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 + 1.1 100 Carex brachystachys +.2 +.2 25 Dianthus sternbergii +.2 13
Character species of Thlaspion rotundifolii, -etalia, -etea Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + 88 Athamanta cretensis +++1.1+++75 Campanula cochleariifolia ++ ++ +63 Thlaspi rotundifolium ++++ 50 Cerastium carinthiacum ++++ 50 Rumex scutatus 1.2 1.2 + 38 Trisetum distichophyllum + +.2 1.2 38 Linaria alpina +++ 38 Galium margaritaceum 1.2 13 Campanula caespitosa +13 Poa minor 1.1 13 Hieracium staticifolium +13 Papaver rhaeticum 1.1 13 Minuartia austriaca + 13 Ranunculus seguieri + 13 Cerastium uniflorum +.2 13 Valeriana supina +.2 13 Petasites paradoxus 1.1 13 Leontodon montanus +13
Companion species Biscutella laevigata ++ +++63 Dryas octopetala +.2 +.3 1.2 38 Minuartia verna +++ 38 Crepis jacquinii ++25 Saxifraga caesia +.2 + 25 Hieracium bifidum +13 Carduus carlinaefolius 2.2 13 Polygonum viviparum +.2 13
Sporadic species ––––7–49 222 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.9 ADENOSTYLETUM GLABRAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 362–363) 1234567891011121314Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 1900 2200 1980 2350 2000 2300 2350 2200 1880 1860 2020 1950 1450 2046 Exposition NW NW NW N E W W E N S S S S S Slope (deg) 45 15 20 10 5 25 30 20 10 35 10 30 40 30 23 Cover (%) 50 50 80 95 95 80 70 60 30 65 25 60 60 90 65 Surface (m2) 5015252020202520100205 105050 31 Number of species 17 17 16 12 16 34 21 21 26 20 11 29 29 40 22.6 Diversity (Shannon) 1.11 1.20 1.13 1.19 1.11 1.02 1.15 1.27 1.19 0.81 1.17 0.79 1.01 1.28 1.10
Kennarten Adenostyles glabra 1.2 2.2 2.2 5.3 1.2 4.2 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 12 86 Doronicum cordatum 2.2 1.2 + 2.1 1.2 + 2.2 1.1 1.1 9 64
Differential species of the variant with Calamagrostis Calamagrostis varia + 3.3 2 14 Poa glauca 2.3 1 7 Carex brachystachys 1.2 1 7
Character species of Petasition paradoxi Thlaspietalia, -etea Silene vulgaris subsp. + +.2 + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + + + + 11 79 glareosa Rumex scutatus 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 +.2 + + 7 50 Arabis alpina + + +.3 1.2 + + 6 43 Moehringia ciliata + 1.2 + 1.2 + 5 36 Poa minor + + 1.1 1.1 + 5 36 Campanula carnica +.2 + + + 429 Athamanta cretensis +++321 Aquilegia einseleana +++321 Petasites paradoxus + 2.2 2 14 Gypsophila repens + + 214 Trisetum 1.2 1.2 2 14 distichophyllum Dryopteris villarsii ++214 Thlaspi rotundifolium ++214 Campanula + 17 cochleariifolia Scrophularia hoppei +17 Thalictrum saxatile 3.2 1 7 Thlaspi minimum 1.1 1 7 Linaria alpina +17 Festuca laxa 3.2 1 7
Differential species of Adenostylo-Mulgedietea Aconitum lycoctonum +.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 5 36 Cirsium spinosissimum +++ 321 Saxifraga rotundifolia + + 2.3 3 21 Cirsium erisithales + + 1.1 3 21 Aconitum napellus +.2 + 2 14 Salix waldsteiniana ++ 214 Veratrum album + 1.1 2 14 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 223
Association Table 9.9 (continued) 1234567891011121314Tot. Med. Salix appendiculata ++214 Chaerophyllum ++214 hirsutum Myosotis silvatica ++214 Epilobium +17 angustifolium Peucedanum (+) 1 7 ostruthium Lilium martagon 1.1 1 7 Geranium sylvaticum +17
Companion species Viola biflora + 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.1 1.1 + 2.2 + 1.1 11 79 Valeriana montana + +.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + + + 9 64 Ranunculus montanus + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 7 50 Sesleria caerulea + + + +.2 + + + 7 50 Poa alpina + 1.1 + + + + 6 43 Biscutella laevigata ++ ++ + + 643 Cystopteris regia + + + + 1.2 + 6 43 Myosotis alpestris +.2 + +.2 +.3 + 5 36 Betonica alopecuros + 1.2 + + 1.1 5 36 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.2 + + 2.2 4 29 Polystichum lonchitis + +.2 1.2 +.2 4 29 Polygonum viviparum ++ + + 429 Galium anisophyllum +.3 + + 3 21 Silene quadridentata + + 1.1 3 21 Dryas octopetala + + 1.1 3 21 Tussilago farfara 1.1 1 7
Sporadic species 315551878104491219 224 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.10a PETASITETUM PARADOXI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 364–366) 123456789101112Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 1700 1850 2050 1900 2050 2050 1920 2000 2300 1900 1770 1940 Exposition S N SW S SE N NE N E S S N Slope (deg) 35 3 5 2 2551051055 8 Cover (%) 65 75 40 50 40 40 45 50 30 70 45 40 49 Surface (m2) 30 25 50 10 50 100 200 100 20 100 150 100 82 Number of species 10 25 20 28 18 28 38 41 34 33 25 39 27.1 Diversity (Shannon) 0.97 1.07 1.16 1.19 1.24 1.34 1.4 1.35 1.33 1.28 1.02 1.31 1.2
Character species of the association Petasites paradoxus 1.2 3.3 2.2 3.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 + 12 100 Valeriana montana + + + 2.2 (+) + + + + 1.2 10 83
Character species of Petasition paradoxi, Thlaspietalia Silene glareosa 1.2 + + 1.2 +.2 + 1.1 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 12 100 Poa minor 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 +.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 +.2 12 100 Moehringia ciliata + +.2 + +.3 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 11 92 Campanula cochlearifolia + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 11 92 Thlaspi rotundifolium + 1.2 + 1.1 +.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 + 10 83 Arabis alpina + + + + (+) + + +.2 8 67 Achillea oxyloba +++++ 542 Athamanta cretensis (+) + + + + 5 42 Linaria alpina + + +.2 + 4 33 Papaver rhaeticum + + 2.2 + 4 33 Cerastium carinthiacum ++++ 433 Adenostyles glabra + (+) + 3 25 Leontodon montanus +.2 + 1.2 3 25 Festuca pulchella 2.2 + 2 17 Minuartia austriaca ++217 Trisetum distichophyllum + 18 Gypsophila repens 1.2 1 8
Character species of Thlaspietea rotundifolii Hieracium staticifolium + + 2.2 3 25 Rumex scutatus ++ 217 Scrophularia juratensis ++ 217
Companion species Hieracium bifidum ++++ ++++ + 975 Biscutella levigata + + 1.1 + + + + + 1.2 9 75 Salix glabra + + + + +.2 +.2 + + 8 67 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 + +.2 + + + 1.2 7 58 Arabis pumila ++++++ + 758 Galium anisophyllum + + +.2 + + +.2 6 50 Dryas octopetala +.2 1.2 + +.3 + +.3 6 50 Lotus corniculatus (alpinus*) +* + + + +* 5 42 Saxifraga caesia + +.2 + +.2 + 5 42 Crepis jacquini + +++ 433 Silene quadridentata ++ ++ 433 Salix waldsteiniana + 1.2 + 1.2 4 33 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 225
Association Table 9.10a (continued) 123456789101112Tot. Med. Taraxacum alpinum ++ + + 433 Parnassia palustris ++ +325 Carex ferruginea ++ + 325 Bartsia alpina +++ 325 Achillea clavennae 2.2 + +.2 3 25 Thymus praecox + 1.2 + 3 25 Calamagrostis varia +.3 + 2 17 Botrychium lunaria +18
Sporadic species – 12511– 6 121712131418 Association Table 9.10b PIONEER VEGETATION ON ACID SUBSTRATES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 366) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 226 Tussilago farfara community Petasites albus community 123456 789101112131415 Altitude (m) 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1350 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 Exposition W E SW N N S W W S NW W S W S S Slope (deg) 5 60 50 45 5 50 50 20 15 50 10 5 60 5 5 Cover A (%) 80 100 80 Cover B (%) 2 5 20 30 5 5 5 20 Cover C (%) 50 20 5 60 40 50 95 80 100 100 100 100 80 70 90 Surface (m2) 252525202510 252525252525252525 Age (years) 1122–335 3<10 10 10 10–20 20 20 50 100 Number of species 46810169 171416192012131221 Diversity (Shannon) 0.42 0.67 0.9 0.88 0.66 0.84 0.77 1.03 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.93 0.93 0.88 1.01 Dominance (Simpson) 0.38 0.18 0.07 0.1 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.1
Tree layer Tot. Med. Tot. Med. Alnus incana 4.5 4.5 4.5 3 33 Picea abies 1.2 1 11 Sorbus aucuparia 1.1 1 11
Shrub layer Rubus idaeus pl. 1 16 1.1 pl. 1.1 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 8 89 Salix appendiculata pl. + 2 33 pl. 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 56 Picea abies pl. 1 16 + 1.1 2 22 Alnus glutinosa ++222 Clematis alpina +111
Herb layer Tussilago farfara 2.1 + + 2.2 3.2 5 100 + 1.1 1.2 + 4 44 Petasites albus 1.1 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.5 3.3 4.5 2.3 4.5 4.5 9 100
Companion species Deschampsia cespitosa +++ 350+.2++ 1.1++ 667 Stellaria nemorum 1.1 + + 3 50 1.3 3.3 + + 3.3 5 56 Athyrium filix-foemina + 1161.1 + ++++ 656 Ranunculus repens + 1.2 2 33 1.1 + 1.2 + 1.2 5 56 Fragaria vesca + + 233+ ++ ++ 556 soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”227 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Festuca diffusa (cult. ?) + + + 3 50 +.2 2.2 +.2 3 33 Epilobium montanum + + 233+ + + + 444 Chaerophyllum hirsutum + + 2 33 + 1.1 1.1 3 33 Calamagrostis villosa + 1 16 1.1 + 3.3 1.1 4 44 Geranium robertianum ++++444 Urtica dioica 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 4 44 Cirsium erisithales pl. 1.1 2 33 + 1.1 2 22 Agrostis tenuis (cult.) 3.1 1.2 2.1 3 50 Agrostis tenuis (spont.) + 1.1 1.1 3 33 Dryopteris filix-mas 2.1 1.1 1.1 3 33 Luzula albida 1.2 +.2 +.2 3 33 Rumex acetosella + 1 16 1.3 + 2 22 Solidago virgaurea ++ + 322 Hieracium sylvaticum 1 pl. + 2 50 + 1 11
Sporadic species 11–2111 1027452318 228 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.11 LEONTODONTI-CHONDRILLETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 367–369) 123456 789 10 Altitude (m) 280 280 280 280 280 1200 500 500 1300 1150 Exposition –––––WSSEWN Slope (deg) 00000103531010 Cover (%) (shrubs) 70 70 5 0 – – – – – – Cover (%) (herbs) 30 30 60 70 75 15 50 50 30 60 Cover (%) (mosses) 60 50 5 5 5 – – – – – Surface (m2) 5050252550 50100505 Number of species 24 20 21 26 29 11 30 29 26 21 Diversity (Shannon) 1.23 1.17 1.29 1.27 1.16 0.90 1.26 1.28 1.13 0.98
Character species of the associations Chondrilla chondrilloides + + 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 + + 8 80 Achnatherum calamagrostis 1.1 1.2 1.2 + + + 1.2 7 70 Hippophae rhamnoides 4.5 4.5 2 20 Leontodon berinii 1.1 1.1 2 20 Buddleja davidii + 110
Character species of Stipion calamagrostidis Epilobium dodonaei + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 60 Hieracium porrifolium + +++ 440 Calamagrostis varia + 2.3 1.2 3 30 Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri 1.1 1 10 Leontodon incanus +110
Character species of Thlaspietalia, -etea rotundifolii Campanula caespitosa +++++550 Petasites paradoxus +.2 1.1 + + 2.2 5 50 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa +++ +440 Rumex scutatus +.2 +.2 2 20 Campanula cochleariifolia ++ 220 Laserpitium latifolium +110 Athamanta cretensis +110 Trisetum distichophyllum +110
Differential species in the riverbed of Piave Molinia altissima ++++ 1.2 + 660 Tortula cfr. ruralis 3.3 3.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 5 50 Helianthemum ovatum + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 5 50 Gypsophila repens 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 5 50 Centaurea bracteata 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 5 50 Scabiosa gramuntia 1.1 1.1 + + + 5 50 Euphorbia cyparissias + + + 1.1 1.1 5 50 Fumana procumbens 1.1 + + + 4 40 Potentilla tabaernemontani ++++ 440 Asperula cynanchica + 1.2 1.2 3 30 Centaurea paniculata +++ 330 Festuca rupicola +.2 1.2 1.2 3 30 Carex liparocarpos ++ + 330 Salix elaeagnos 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 30 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 229
Association Table 9.11 (continued) 123456 789 10 Odontites rubra +++ 330 Salix cfr. triandra ++ 220
Companion species Sesleria caerulea +.2 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + 6 60 Thymus polytrichus / praecox 1.2 +.2 1.1 2.3 4 40 Epipactis atropurpurea +++ 330 Euphrasia tricuspidata ++ + 330 Globularia cordifolia +.2 +.2 1.2 3 30 Erica carnea +.2 +.2 + 3 30 Erigeron acris 1.1 + + 3 30 Buphthalmum salicifolium ++ 220 Biscutella laevigata ++ 220 Anthericum ramosum ++ 220 Leucanthemum heterophyllum ++ 220 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ++ 220 Dryas octopetala + 2.3 2 20 Tolpis staticifola 1.1 1 10 Polygala chamaebuxus +110 Adenostyles glabra +110 Galium margaritaceum +110
Sporadic species 53171421091211 230 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.12 FESTUCETUM SPECTABILIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 369) (incl. “Felsenheide” Vol. 1, p. 371) 1234567891011 Altitude (m) 1000 630 1600 1350 700 1500 750 710 1900 1400 1250 Exposition SE E S SW S SSE E S S S S Slope (deg) 15 35 35 30 25 40 80 35 15 10 45 Cover (%) (shrubs) – – – – – – – – – – – Cover (%) (herbs) 80 75 60 20 30 60 60 40 35 60 80 Cover (%) (mosses) – – – – – – – – – – – Surface (m2) 25 50 100 25 50 6 8 50 Number of species 21 25 17 10 18 42 33 17 22 29 43 Diversity (Shannon) 1.12 1.03 1.07 0.77 0.95 1.31 1.09 0.96 1.07 0.86 1.22
Character species of the associations Festuca spectabilis 2.2 3.3 3.3 1.2 1.2 3.2 + 6 55
Character species of the “Felsenheide” Laserpitium siler + + + 3.3 4 36 Peucedanum austriacum 1.2 2.1 2 18 Seseli athamanthoides 1.1 1 9 Ligusticum seguieri 2.1 1 9 Achnatherum calamagrostis +19
Character species of Stipion calamagrostidis Calamagrostis varia 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 5 45 Stachys recta subsp. labiosa + + 1.1 + + 5 45 Carex austroalpina + +.2 1.2 3 27 Epilobium dodonaei +.2 + 2 18
Character species of Thlaspietalia, -etea rotundifolii Carduus defloratus +++++1.1 ++ 873 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa + 1.2 2.2 + + + + 7 64 Betonica alopecurus + + + + 2.2 + 5 45 Laserpitium latifolium +++++545 Scrophularia juratensis + + + 2.1 + 5 45 Campanula caespitosa 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 4 36 Rumex scutatus + + +.2 +.2 4 36 Athamanta cretensis + 1.1 + 3 27 Heracleum montanum subsp. pollinianum 2.1 + 2 18 Dryopteris villarii ++ 218 Petasites paradoxus 2.2 1 9 Trisetum distichophyllum 1.2 1 9
Companion species Buphthalmum salicifolium +++ ++1.1 +764 Thymus polytrichus/praecox +.2 + +.2 + + 1.2 6 55 Acinos alpinus 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + + 6 55 Festuca alpestris 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 6 55 Carex humilis +.2 + +.2 +.2 + 5 45 Biscutella laevigata 1.1 + + + 4 36 Anthericum ramosum + + 2.1 3 27 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” 231
Association Table 9.12 (continued) 1234567891011 Sesleria caerulea 1.1 + 2 18 Epipactis atropurpurea ++ 218 Leucanthemum heterophyllum 1.1 +.2 2 18 Campanula spicata ++ 218 Phyteuma scheuchzeri ssp. charmelioides ++218 Genista radiata + 1.2 2 18 Helianthemum ovatum ++218 Scabiosa gramuntia +19 Asperula cynanchica +19 Euphrasia tricuspidata +19 Globularia cordifolia +19 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria +19 Polygala chamaebuxus +19 Adenostyles glabra 1.1 1 9
Sporadic species 10 13 4 4 9 20 20 7 10 21 25 Association Table 9.13a VITALIANO-ERITRICHIETUM NANI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 372–374) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 232 1234567891011121314151617181920 Altitude (m) 2400 2400 2400 2430 2430 2350 2450 2500 2400 2550 2360 2430 2150 2480 2560 2560 2430 2420 2560 2560 Exposition SE SW S N N E NW S S N S NNE NE S S S S NNE E E Slope (deg) 80 80 70 30 15 45 25 70 70 15 30 25 4 35 10 40 40 10 25 30 Cover (%) 20 15 20 5 5 30 40 10 60 40 30 30 40 50 60 40 35 40 30 30 Surface (m2) 6 4 10305020502024 16301583 4 16201010 Number of species 11 7 11 16 9 16 12 23 8 14 24 19 16 23 22 18 16 20 18 16 Diversity (Shannon) 1.02 0.84 0.95 1.03 0.84 0.99 1.04 1.23 0.82 1 1.26 1.09 1.02 1.27 1.24 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17
Character species of the association Minuartia recurva + + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 + r 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 Vitaliana primulaeflora + 1.2 0.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Eritrichium nanum + + +.2 + 2.2 + +.2 +.2 + 1.2 1.2 Koeleria hirsuta + 1.2 1.2 Achillea moschata + + 1.2 + +.2 Phyteuma globulariifolium
Character species of Androsacion, -etalia alpinae, Thlaspietea Saxifraga paniculata 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 Poa alpina (ecotipo) +.2 + + 1.2 + 1.2 r + +.2 1.1 1.1 Saxifraga moschata +.2 +.3 + +.2 + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 + + + 1.2 Campanula cochleariifolia +.2 + + + + + +.2 + + r + +.2 + + Linaria alpina 1.2 + + +.2 r +.2 +.2 Saxifraga oppositifolia + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + Poa laxa ++ Saxifraga bryoides Ranunculus seguieri + ++ Astragalus australis + + + 1.2 1.1 Draba carinthiaca +r+ Artemisia genipi 1.1 r r 1.1 Trisetum distichophyllum (+) + 1.2 1.2 1.2 Saxifraga depressa 1.2 Hutchinsia brevicaulis +++ + Artemisia umbelliformis ++ + Oreochloa disticha Veronica fruticans +.2 + +.2 soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”233 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Cerastium uniflorum r + +.2 Carex rupestris 2.1 1.1 Cardamine resedifolia Trisetum subspicatum + Athamanta cretensis ++ Arabis alpina +++ Saussurea discolor ++
Companion species Ligusticum mutellinoides r++++ Silene acaulis +.2 1.2 + + 1.3 Festuca intercedens + + + + +.2 Senecio incanus subsp. carniolicus + 1.1 + + + Draba aizoides ++ +r Minuartia verna ++++ Juncus trifidus + + +.2 + Sempervivum montanum +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 Erigeron polymorphus ++ + + Trifolium pallescens + + Thymus praecox +.2 + +.2 +.2 Salix retusa + +.2 Antennaria carpatica +.2 r + Agrostis alpina 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 Gentiana brachyphylla + +.2 + Ranunculus oreophilus +.2 + ++ Sempervivum arachnoideum 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 Senecio abrotanifolius + 1.1 r Aster alpinus + + +.2 +.2 Luzula alpino-pilosa Elyna myosuroides r Phyteuma hemisphaericum + Arenaria ciliata +.2 +.2 Myosotis alpestris + + Agrostis rupestris ++ Erigeron uniflorus ++ Salix serpyllifolia +.3 1.2
(continued) Association Table 9.13a (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 234 1234567891011121314151617181920 Mosses and lichens Thamnolia vermicularis + +.2 + Rhacomitrium canescens +.2 +.2 Cetraria nivalis + +.2 + Cetraria cucullata ++
Sporadic species ––241615244443331321 Association Table 9.13b VITALIANO-ERITRICHIETUM NANI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 372–374) 235 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2490 2280 2550 2430 2600 2400 2430 2250 2280 2280 2350 2350 2370 2600 2400 2260 2350 2419 Exposition S S S N S S NE NE NE S N NW NW N S – NE Slope (deg) 30 5 80 20 30 15 5 20 60 30 25 35 10 40 10 – 60 33 Cover (%) 50 50 40 50 35 10 30 50 30 40 40 30 50 80 30 35 30 35 Surface (m2) 10 4 1 20 5 8 50 5 10 8 5 16 30 10 8 16 16 15 Number of species 24 20 15 10 22 18 15 22 25 25 26 19 25 21 24 23 30 18.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.34 1.09 0.99 0.91 1.31 0.99 1.19 1.09 1.25 1.33 1.31 1.2 1.31 1.02 1.28 1.19 1.26 1.12
Character species of the association Minuartia recurva + 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 2.3 + 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 + 24 65 Vitaliana primulaeflora 1.2 2.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 2.2 24 65 Eritrichium nanum + 1.1 2.2 + +.2 + +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 21 57 Koeleria hirsuta + + +.2 +.2 7 19 Achillea moschata 1.2 +.2 7 19 Phyteuma globulariifolium ++ +++ 514
Character species of Androsacion, -etalia alpinae, Thlaspietea Saxifraga paniculata 2.2 +.2 +.2 + 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.3 +.2 27 73 Poa alpina (ecotipo) + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + +.2 + 1.1 21 57 Saxifraga moschata 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 1.2 21 57 Campanula cochleariifolia + + + 1.2 +.3 19 51 Linaria alpina + + + + +.2 +.2 + 14 38 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 +.2 1.2 + 1.2 11 30 Poa laxa 1.1 + +.2 + +.2 + 8 22 Saxifraga bryoides 1.2 + + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.3 2.2 8 22 Ranunculus seguieri 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 8 22 Astragalus australis + 1.1 1.1 8 22 Draba carinthiaca + +.2 r + 7 19 Artemisia genipi + 1.1 + 7 19 Trisetum distichophyllum 3.2 1.2 7 19 Saxifraga depressa +.2 + 1.2 1.2 5 14 Hutchinsia brevicaulis +514 Artemisia umbelliformis + 411 Oreochloa disticha + + 1.2 + 4 11 Veronica fruticans +.2 411 (continued) Association Table 9.13b (continued) Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association 236 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Tot. Med. Cerastium uniflorum +.2 4 11 Carex rupestris 1.1 +.2 411 Cardamine resedifolia ++ +38 Trisetum subspicatum 1.1 + 3 8 Athamanta cretensis +38 Arabis alpina 38 Saussurea discolor + 38
Companion species Ligusticum mutellinoides ++ ++++++.2+ ++1643 Silene acaulis +.2 +.3 +.2 +.3 1.2 +.2 + +.2 13 35 Festuca intercedens + 1.2 + +.2 +.2 1.1 1.2 12 32 Senecio incanus subsp. carniolicus + 1.1 + + + + +.2 12 32 Draba aizoides +.2 + + +.2 + + 10 27 Minuartia verna + + +.2 +.2 2.3 + 10 27 Juncus trifidus + + + +.2 1.2 9 24 Sempervivum montanum 2.2 1.2 8 22 Erigeron polymorphus + +.2 + +.2 8 22 Trifolium pallescens 1.1 + + + 1.1 1.2 8 22 Thymus praecox +++719 Salix retusa +.3 +.2 1.2 +.3 +.2 7 19 Antennaria carpatica +.2 + +.2 +.2 7 19 Agrostis alpina +.2 1.2 6 16 Gentiana brachyphylla +.2 + + 6 16 Ranunculus oreophilus 1.1 +616 Sempervivum arachnoideum +.2 1.2 616 Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum + 514 Senecio abrotanifolius ++514 Aster alpinus + 514 Luzula alpino-pilosa ++++ +514 Elyna myosuroides +.2 1.1 1.2 + 5 14 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++++514 Arenaria ciliata + +.2 + 5 14 Myosotis alpestris ++ + 514 Agrostis rupestris 1.1 + + 5 14 soito alst h aia PatLf nDlmtcadClaeu ce”237 Scree” Calcareous and Dolomitic on Life “Plant Habitat the to Tables Association
Erigeron uniflorus (+) + + 5 14 Salix serpyllifolia +.3 +.3 1.3 5 14
Mosses and lichens Thamnolia vermicularis +.3 1.1 + + +.2 +.2 + +.2 11 30 Rhacomitrium canescens +.3 +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 7 19 Cetraria nivalis +.3 +.3 + 1.1 7 19 Cetraria cucullata + + +.2 + 5 14
Sporadic species 1751181973553105711 238 Association Tables to the Habitat “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree”
Association Table 9.14 GEO-ARTEMISIETUM GENIPI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 374–376) 12345678910Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2650 2400 2600 2550 2550 2550 2500 2500 2500 2650 2545 Exposition SW SW S N N NNNNS Slope (deg) 20 70 15 15 25 30 15 15 15 20 24 Cover (%) 20 35 10 15 20 40 40 50 40 50 32 Surface (m2) 16282020664208 11 Number of species 16 12 14 15 13 14 14 15 31 16 16 Diversity(Shannon) 1.09 0.95 1.07 1.07 0.93 1.07 1.04 1.06 1.19 1.16 1.06
Character species of the association Geum reptans 2.2+1.21.2+.21.2+.2+++10100 Artemisia genipi +.2 1.1 + 1.2 + + + + 1.1 9 90 Ranunculus glacialis 1.2 2.2 + + + 5 50
Character species of Androsacion and -etalia alpinae, Thlaspietea rotundifolii Cerastium pedunculatum +.2 + +.2 1.2 +.2 5 50 Arabis alpina +++++ 550 Linaria alpina + +.2 + + + 5 50 Papaver rhaeticum +++ + 550 Thlaspi rotundifolium +++ + 440 Doronicum glaciale + +++ 440 Campanula cochleariifolia +.2 + +.2 3 30 Vitaliana primulaeflora +.2 +.2 + 3 30 Androsace alpina + 1.2 + 3 30 Hutchinsia brevicaulis ++ 220 Saxifraga depressa 2.2 1.2 2 20
Companion species Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 1.2 + + +.2 + 1.2 +.2 +.2 9 90 Saxifraga paniculata +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + +.2 1.2 7 70 Saxifraga moschata r + + 1.2 1.2 +.2 + 7 70 Poa alpina +1.1++++660 Festuca quadriflora + + +.2 + 1.2 5 50 Sesleria sphaerocepala +.2 +.2 + 3 30 Minuartia sedoides 1.2 + 1.2 3 30 Saxifraga bryoides + 1.2 2.2 3 30 Hutchinsia alpina ++ 220 Silene acaulis +.3 +.2 2 20 Salix serpyllifolia +.3 2.3 2 20 Erigeron uniflorus ++220 Festuca alpina +.2 + 2 20 Saxifraga androsacea ++ 220 Taraxacum alpinum ++ 220
Sporadic species 23224113151 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
(Refers to Chap. 10 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 239 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_11, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 240 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.1a SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS with Festuca norica (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 412–413) (variant with Festuca norica) 123456 Altitude (m) 1980 2130 2300 2300 2350 2300 Exposition S W S E SW S Slope (deg) 20 30 25 40 5 15 Cover (%) 100 100 90 100 100 98 Surface (m2) 100 100 200 150 50 50 Number of species 57 64 36 42 45 53 Diversity (Shannon) 1.58 1.59 1.37 1.53 1.57 1.52
Character species of the association Achillea clavennae (loc.) +++3 Hieracium villosum + 1 Nigritella miniata + 1
Ecological differential-species Soldanella alpina ++++++6 Homogyne alpina 1+1+++6 Poa alpina 12++1+6 Selaginella selaginoides +++ ++5 Trifolium pratense nivale +1 ++ 4 Carex ornithopoda ++2 Erica carnea ++2 Cetraria islandica +1 Euphrasia salisburgensis +1 Betonica alopecuros + 1 Festuca melanopsis (F. puccinellii) + 1 Linum julicum + 1
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 1122216 Anthyllis vulneraria alpestris 1+1+126 Myosotis alpestris ++++++6 Festuca norica +223246 Scabiosa lucida ++ 2++5 Festuca quadriflora ++ + 3 Polygala alpestre +++3 Thymus alpigenus ++ + 3 Daphne striata + +2 Hieracium bifidum ++ 2 Gentiana clusii +1 Thesium alpinum +1 Laserpitium peucedanoides + 1 Pulmonaria angustifolia + 1
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 3242216 Galium anisophyllum ++++++6 Carduus carlinaef. incl. C. glaucus ++++4 Biscutella laevigata ++ ++4 Gentiana verna ++++4 Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) +++ +4 Horminum pyrenaicum 11 2 Pedicularis elongata ++ 2 Carex ferruginea ++ 2 Trifolium badium 1+ 2 Trifolium thalii 2+ 2 Helianthemum alpestre +1 Gentianella anisodonta +1 Antennaria carpatica +1 Primula halleri +1 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 241
Association Table 10.1a (continued) 123456 Crepis aurea + 1 Helictotrichon parlatorei +1 Pimpinella alpestris 1 1
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Aster bellidiastrum ++++4 Agrostis alpina 1+ 2 Silene acaulis 1+2 Astragalus australis ++2 Oxytropis campestris 2+ 2 Tortella tortuosa +1 Minuartia verna +1 Elyna myosuroides + 1 Hippocrepis comosa +1 Juncus monanthos 1 1 Gentianella nivalis +1 Erigeron polymorphus +1 Hedysarum hedysaroides 11
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula scheuchzeri ++++++6 Nigritella nigra + +2 Anthoxanthum alpinum +1 2 Potentilla erecta 1+ 2 Botrychium lunaria +1 Pulsatilla alpina apiifolia +1 Potentilla aurea + 1
Other acidophilous species Anthoxanthum odoratum 1+ 2
Companion species Polygonum viviparum 1++++ 5 Bartsia alpina ++ +1+5 Potentilla crantzii ++ +1+5 Pedicularis verticillata ++ +++5 Trollius europaeus +1 ++ 4 Lotus corniculatus 11++4 Carlina acaulis ++++ 4
Leontodon hispidus 11 13 Cerastium arv. strictum +++3 Thymus polytrichus ++2 Parnassia palustris ++2 Lotus alpinus ++ 2 Prunella grandiflora 11 Ranunculus montanus 11 Festuca rubra 1 1 Salix retusa 11 Ligusticum mutellina 11 Luzula sylvatica 11 Pulsatilla alpina 11 Geum montanum 11 Avenula praeusta +1 Juniperus nana + 1 Briza media + 1 Gymnadenia conopsea +1
Sporadic species 15 21 9 4 4 16 Association Table 10.1b SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS subass. with SELAGINELLA-HOMOGYNE (see Plant Life of Dolomites” and Limestones the on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Dolomites Tables Association Vol. 1, p. 492–493) (the 242 widespread aspect) 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233 Altitude (m) 2300 2550 2300 2300 2100 2300 2150 2250 2250 2250 2370 2350 2450 2500 2500 2350 2300 2200 2380 2350 2140 2120 1950 2300 2300 2450 2450 Exposition S E W SW S E E E S E SE E S S S S SW SW S S S N E W S E S Slope (deg) 20 55 20 15 10 5 35 30 25 30 35 20 30 15 20 10 20 40 15 25 5 15 30 20 20 15 35 Cover (%) 95 90 100 85 100 95 80 90 97 95 80 45 90 100 98 100 85 80 90 100 90 95 95 80 80 80 80 Surface (m2) 100 25 50 60 50 100 50 30 100 100 50 100 100 200 200 50 25 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 20 100 20 Number of species 40 52 47 49 49 40 46 54 51 51 51 45 47 47 62 50 52 59 47 44 56 59 62 42 38 35 30 Diversity (Shannon) 1.50 1.64 1.55 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.60 1.69 1.65 1.68 1.65 1.58 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.66 1.53 1.58 1.62 1.65 1.72 1.54 1.49 1.39 1.36
Character species of the association Achillea clavennae 1+ + + +++++++++++12+++1+1 (loc.) Ranunculus hybridus ++1+ +++++ + + +1++11 (loc.) Pedicularis rostrato- ++ + +++++++ + + + + capitata Hieracium villosum ++ + 1+++1+ ++1+ + Oxytropis jacquinii 1 + +1+111+ ++++ (loc.) Senecio doronicum ++ + r Nigritella miniata ++++
Ecological differential-species Soldanella alpina ++++++++++++ ++++++++11+11+ Homogyne alpina + 1++++++ 1+ + ++++1+12+ Poa alpina 1+ +1+ ++++++++ 1++1 + + + Selaginella ++ ++++++++ + ++ + selaginoides Cetraria islandica +1 +11+++1 ++++1 + + Euphrasia + +++++++ ++ ++++ salisburgensis Carex ornithopoda 1+++ +++++ Erica carnea ++ 21++ + + +1 Carex firma +++ + + + Trifolium pratense + ++1+ nivale Aster alpinus 1+ +1+1 Salix serpyllifolia + ++1 Globularia cordifolia + Betonica alopecuros + Carex humilis ++ + soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 243 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Festuca melanopsis +3 (F. puccinellii) Linum julicum +1 Helianthemum + nummul. grandiflorum Crepis froelichiana + Carex mucronata Gymnadenia + odoratissima Dianthus sylvestris
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 212131213221+12331111112212 Anthyllis vulneraria 1+111+11+11++++221+ ++++ alpestris Festuca quadriflora +++1+ +1+11++1+++1+++++112+ Festuca norica 22+111+2111111+1+ 33211 Polygala alpestre ++ ++ ++++++ +1+++ +++ + Daphne striata 11+1+1+21 ++ ++ +++ + Gentiana clusii ++ + ++++++ ++ + Myosotis alpestris +++++ ++++1+++ Thymus alpigenus ++1+ ++++++ ++ Scabiosa lucida +1 ++++ ++1++ Leontopodium 1 ++1++++++ + alpinum Hieracium bifidum ++++ +++++ Thesium alpinum + +++++++++ Draba aizoides ++ + +++ + Laserpitium ++ ++ peucedanoides Senecio ++ ++ abrotanifolius Chamaeorchis alpina ++ Pulmonaria angustifolia Betonica pradica Leontodon incanus
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens 2233332112+3323221+32332133 (ecotipo) Galium anisophyllum 1 ++++++++++++++++1+++++ ++ (continued) Association Table 10.1b (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 244 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233 Helianthemum 1+11 +11111+++1+ +1++ 1 + alpestre Carduus carlinaef. + + + + +++++21+ +++++ incl. C. glaucus Biscutella laevigata ++++++++++ + +++++ +++ + Horminum +++1++1+1+ 1 + 12 pyrenaicum Gentiana verna ++++ ++ +++++ +++ + Gentianella + +++ +++++ + +++ anisodonta Ranunculus venetus ++++++++++ ++ ++1+ ++ +1++ (in preval.) Pedicularis elongata 11 ++1 Antennaria carpatica 11+++ + Primula halleri ++ +1+ Carex ferruginea ++ Crepis aurea ++ ++ Salix alpina +1 + Athamanta cretensis ++++ Carex rosae +1+ Trisetum argenteum + Trifolium badium + Leucanthemum + heterophyllum Helictotrichon + parlatorei Trifolium thalii Saxifraga caesia + Pedicularis rosea ++ Scorzonera aristata + Pimpinella alpestris
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Aster bellidiastrum 11++1+++++++ + +++++ +++ +1 Agrostis alpina 121+12+++1+ 1 +1+2+++++ Tortella tortuosa ++1+ 1 ++++ + +12+ +++++ Minuartia verna ++++ +++++ +++++++ Silene acaulis ++++++++ ++ +++ ++ ++ Elyna myosuroides + ++ +131 +1+ ++ ++ Dryas octopetala ++ ++ + 11+ ++ soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 245 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Hippocrepis comosa +++++ + Juncus monanthos 1+ ++ + 1 Carex ericetorum 1+1+21 + Gentianella nivalis ++ + Astragalus australis ++++ Erigeron ++ ++ polymorphus Hedysarum +1 + hedysaroides Acinos alpinus +++ Oxytropis campestris 1 Erigeron uniflorus ++ + Cobresia caricina +
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula ++ ++ +++++++++ + ++++++ ++ scheuchzeri Nigritella nigra ++++++1+++ ++1+++ + Botrychium lunaria ++++++++ Anthoxanthum ++ +++ 1 alpinum Pulsatilla alpina + ++ +++ apiifolia Potentilla aurea +1 Potentilla erecta Gentiana kochiana ++1+
Other acidophilous species Anthoxanthum 1 odoratum Luzula sieberi +
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++++++++++ ++ +++++1+1++1++ Bartsia alpina ++++++++++1 ++++++++ +++++ Potentilla crantzii ++ + +++1++21+++++++++++ Pedicularis +++ ++++++++ 1+ ++1+++ + verticillata Trollius europaeus +++++++++1 ++++++ Lotus corniculatus + + + + +1++++1 Leontodon hispidus 1++ + ++ + 21 1+ (continued) Association Table 10.1b (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 246 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233 Thymus polytrichus 1+111++++1 Parnassia palustris + + + +++ +++ + Cladonia pyxidata ++ ++ + + ++ ++ Phyteuma orbiculare ++++++++ Lotus alpinus ++11 + Polygala ++++ + chamaebuxus Cerastium arv. + ++ + strictum Anemone baldensis +11+1+ Carlina acaulis ++ Prunella grandiflora + Avenula praeusta ++ 2+ Homogyne discolor +++ Ranunculus montanus 11 + Juniperus nana ++ + Festuca rubra + Gymnadenia conopsea Rhododendron hirsutum Gypsophila repens 1
Sporadic species 76968255354475144611103121085684 Association Table 10.1c SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS subass. with SELAGINELLA-HOMOGYNE (see Plant Life 247 of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 492–493 Dolomites” and ) Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association (variant with Carex ornithopoda) 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Altitude (m) 2400 2300 2300 2340 2180 2350 2275 2440 2200 2200 2300 2400 2280 2295 Exposition SE S SE SW SE SSE SE E SW SSSS Slope (deg) 35 25 5 30 35 25 5 25 35 30 5 35 15 21 Cover (%) 85 80 100 90 100 80 95 90 100 70 100 98 100 92 Surface (m2) 100 20 50 100 100 50 100 50 25 200 50 250 40 135 Number of species 34 34 41 54 58 47 55 49 43 66 48 55 37 54 Diversity (Shannon) 1.47 1.45 1.52 1.66 1.66 1.62 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.65 1.58 1.66 1.53 1.60
Character species of the association tot. % Achillea clavennae (loc.) + 1++1 ++++ 96950 Ranunculus hybridus (loc.) + ++1+++ ++ 96950 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++ 1+++ +1+++1185100 Hieracium villosum 11825 Oxytropis jacquinii (loc.) ++1++ 53875 Senecio doronicum + 18 Nigritella miniata ++ 21550 00 Ecological differential-species 00 Soldanella alpina +++++++++ ++118575 Homogyne alpina ++ 11++++ ++ 107750 Poa alpina + +++++64675 Selaginella selaginoides ++++++++ ++ 107750 Cetraria islandica +++323 Euphrasia salisburgensis + ++++ 538 Carex ornithopoda +++ ++++++1+112 92 100 Erica carnea +1 22 211+ + 96950 Carex firma 1++11 +++1 +107750 Trifolium pratense nivale 00 Aster alpinus 00 Salix serpyllifolia +18 Globularia cordifolia ++ + 323 Betonica alopecuros ++21525 Carex humilis ++ 21550 Festuca melanopsis (F. puccinellii) 00 (continued) Association Table 10.1c (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 248 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Linum julicum +1825 Helianthemum nummul. grandiflorum + 18 Crepis froelichiana + 18 Carex mucronata 1 11+ 43150 Gymnadenia odoratissima +1825 Dianthus sylvestris +1825 00 Character species of Seslerion 00 Sesleria caerulea 121+22111222313100100 Anthyllis vulneraria alpestris +1+2++ 1+111+1292100 Festuca quadriflora + 1 + 1 + 1 + 7 54 100 Festuca norica + + 1+++ 64675 Polygala alpestre + + ++ +1+ 75475 Daphne striata +11++++ + 86250 Gentiana clusii +++++++++1 + 118550 Myosotis alpestris ++ 215 Thymus alpigenus 1 +++++112 96975 Scabiosa lucida + + + 1 + 1 6 46 75 Leontopodium alpinum +++ +++64650 Hieracium bifidum + +++ ++ 64650 Thesium alpinum ++ 215 Draba aizoides r++ 323 Laserpitium peucedanoides ++ +1+++ 754100 Senecio abrotanifolius + ++ 111 64675 Chamaeorchis alpina +18 Pulmonaria angustifolia ++21525 Betonica pradica +18 Leontodon incanus 11825 00 Character species of Seslerietalia 00 Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 212333123344313100100 Galium anisophyllum ++11++++ ++++1292100 Helianthemum alpestre + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + + + 11 85 75 Carduus carlinaef. incl. C. glaucus ++ + ++++1+1+1185100 Biscutella laevigata + ++++ ++++ 969100 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 249 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Horminum pyrenaicum 11+211111 + 107725 Gentiana verna + + + + 1 + 1 7 54 75 Gentianella anisodonta ++ ++ + 53850 Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) ++1 323 Pedicularis elongata + 18 Antennaria carpatica + + + 3 23 50 Primula halleri 00 Carex ferruginea 1 18 Crepis aurea 00 Salix alpina ++ 215 Athamanta cretensis +1825 Carex rosae +18 Trisetum argenteum + + 1 3 23 25 Trifolium badium ++ 21550 Leucanthemum heterophyllum ++ 215 Helictotrichon parlatorei 00 Trifolium thalii 00 Saxifraga caesia + 18 Pedicularis rosea 00 Scorzonera aristata 00 Pimpinella alpestris 00 00 Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. 00 Aster bellidiastrum +++++1+1++++ 129275 Agrostis alpina +++++ 1 + 75425 Tortella tortuosa + ++++++++ 96925 Minuartia verna ++++++++ 1+ +118575 Silene acaulis ++ + + ++ 64650 Elyna myosuroides + + + 3 23 25 Dryas octopetala 2++ + 2+ + 75425 Hippocrepis comosa + + + 1 4 31 25 Juncus monanthos +11 + 43125 Carex ericetorum + +++ 43175 Gentianella nivalis + + + 3 23 25 Astragalus australis 00 Erigeron polymorphus 00 Hedysarum hedysaroides +18 (continued) Association Table 10.1c (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 250 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Acinos alpinus + 18 Oxytropis campestris 00 Erigeron uniflorus 00 Cobresia caricina 00 00 Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi 00 Campanula scheuchzeri +++++ +++++1077100 Nigritella nigra +++ ++ 53850 Botrychium lunaria ++ 21525 Anthoxanthum alpinum + +++ 43175 Pulsatilla alpina apiifolia + 18 Potentilla aurea +18 Potentilla erecta ++ 215 Gentiana kochiana 00 00 Other acidophilous species 00 Anthoxanthum odoratum +18 Luzula sieberi 00 00 Companion species 00 Polygonum viviparum +++++ +1+++++1292100 Bartsia alpina +++++++1 ++++1292100 Potentilla crantzii ++++++++++1+1292100 Pedicularis verticillata +++ ++++1 86275 Trollius europaeus +++1 +++r + 96950 Lotus corniculatus ++ 215 Leontodon hispidus 1+1323 Thymus polytrichus + + + 3 23 25 Parnassia palustris ++ 215 Cladonia pyxidata ++++++64650 Phyteuma orbiculare ++ ++ + 53825 Lotus alpinus 1 +++43150 Polygala chamaebuxus +++ ++ 53850 Cerastium arv. strictum 00 Anemone baldensis + 18 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 251 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Carlina acaulis 00 Prunella grandiflora + 1 + + + 5 38 25 Avenula praeusta + 18 Homogyne discolor +1 215 Ranunculus montanus 11825 Juniperus nana +1825 Festuca rubra 00 Gymnadenia conopsea +1825 Rhododendron hirsutum +18 Gypsophila repens 00
Sporadic species 35759365221862 Association Table 10.1d SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS subass. with EUPHRASIA SALISBURGENSIS (see Plant Dolomites” Life and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the of to Tables Association the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 412–413) 252 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Altitude (m) 2450 2300 2400 2260 2380 2400 2150 2280 2200 2200 2300 2300 2350 2320 2240 2300 2200 2300 2050 2300 Exposition SW WWWSSSSSSSSSWSSSNEESE Slope (deg) 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Cover (%) 90 95 80 90 95 95 90 85 90 95 90 90 90 70 100 95 100 95 95 100 Surface (m2) 50 100 100 100 100 50 25 200 100 100 200 200 100 100 50 16 50 25 100 100 Number of species 45 51 44 60 72 41 50 72 55 68 68 66 64 58 43 43 44 48 52 57 Diversity (Shannon) 1.60 1.57 1.56 1.61 1.73 1.55 1.61 1.66 1.67 1.74 1.75 1.73 1.70 1.69 1.58 1.57 1.59 1.59 1.64 1.66
Character species of the association Achillea clavennae (loc.) +11++ ++ ++++11+++++ Pedicularis rostrato-capitata (diff.) ++++++ +++++1 + ++ Ranunculus hybridus (loc.) + ++11+1++ ++1 Hieracium villosum ++++ ++ +++++ ++ Oxytropis jacquinii (loc.) + +2111+ + 1 Senecio doronicum 1+++ 11+1 +
Ecological differential-species Euphrasia salisburgensis ++ +1++ +++++1++++++ Homogyne alpina +1++ ++++1 ++++++ Poa alpina +1111 ++1+++11 + + Soldanella alpina + + ++ + ++++++ Erica carnea + 2 2+ +1 11 + Aster alpinus + 1 ++1+ +111+ Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum 1+ ++ + ++++ + Cetraria islandica + 1++ ++ ++ Carex humilis ++ + Betonica alopecuros + + Selaginella selaginoides +++ + Globularia cordifolia 1++++ 1 Crepis froelichiana ++ + + Festuca melanopsis (F. puccinellii) 1+2 + + Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 11 Carex ornithopoda ++++ Carex firma Dianthus sylvestris ++ + Linum julicum Salix serpyllifolia + Gymnadenia odoratissima + Linum catharticum soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 253 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 22112221112221222221 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris 11+ 1+11+1++1112111+ Festuca norica 111+1 1211++++2 2 + Daphne striata + ++111 11+++++1 + Scabiosa lucida ++++++ ++11+++++++1 Polygala alpestre + +++ ++++++++ Hieracium bifidum ++1+ + + ++++ + Thesium alpinum ++++++++++ + + Leontopodium alpinum +++ ++ + ++ Senecio abrotanifolius + ++11++11+ + Gentiana clusii + + + ++++++ Festuca quadriflora +++++ ++ 1++ 1+ 11 Laserpitium peucedanoides ++ +++1 + Myosotis alpestris ++++ ++ Thymus alpigenus ++++ ++ Draba aizoides ++++++ Pulmonaria angustifolia +++ + Chamaeorchis alpina +
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 33233333333322222224 Galium anisophyllum + ++++++++++++++++++ Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus ++++++++++++++++++ + Helianthemum alpestre 1++1111+1111+1111+11 Biscutella laevigata ++++++++++++++++++++ Gentiana verna ++++ +++++++++++++++ Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) +++ +11 + + 1 Gentianella anisodonta ++++++ + 11 + Horminum pyrenaicum 111 2 2 ++11 +22 Helictotrichon parlatorei +1++ 221+ 1 Pedicularis elongata + ++++1+++ + Rhinanthus aristatus ++ ++ Scorzonera aristata +1+++ 1 Primula halleri ++ 1 + Trisetum argenteum 1++1+ Carex ferruginea ++ ++ Athamanta cretensis ++ Antennaria carpatica Pimpinella alpestris Leucanthemum heterophyllum + (continued) Association Table 10.1d (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 254 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Trifolium thalii + Crepis jacquini + Trifolium badium +1 Salix alpina + Bupleurum ranunculoides Anemone narcissiflora Koeleria eriostachya +
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Aster bellidiastrum +++++ +++1++ +111++ Minuartia verna + + ++ +++++ +++++++ Agrostis alpina +++1+ ++++1+ + 1 Hippocrepis comosa ++ +11++++ + + Tortella tortuosa + + + + ++++++ Acinos alpinus 1 +1+++++++ Silene acaulis ++ + + +++++ Erigeron polymorphus +++ + ++ Juncus monanthos ++ ++ ++ Dryas octopetala +++1 Elyna myosuroides 1+ Carex ericetorum ++ + Gentianella nivalis + + Astragalus alpinus 1+ Hedysarum hedysaroides ++ Astragalus australis + Oxytropis campestris + Erigeron uniflorus
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula scheuchzeri ++++ + ++++ +++ + + Nigritella nigra 1 + + +++ +++ Anthoxanthum alpinum +1 + Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia +1++ Botrychium lunaria +++ Potentilla aurea 11 Hieracium morisianum Trifolium pallescens Geum montanum soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 255 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Acidophilous species Anthoxanthum odoratum ++ 1 + Luzula sieberi
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++++ ++ +++ ++++++ + Pedicularis verticillata +++ 1+ + ++++ +++ Potentilla crantzii 1+ ++++++1++ +++++ Bartsia alpina +++++++++ +++ Thymus polytrichus + 1+11 + ++++ + Carlina acaulis ++++ ++ Polygala chamaebuxus r ++++++++ + Lotus corniculatus 1+ +1+ Phyteuma orbiculare + + + +++++ + Gypsophila repens +1 ++ + ++ Trollius europaeus + 1+ + ++++r + + Ranunculus montanus s.l. + + +++++++ Lotus alpinus ++++ ++++11 Leontodon hispidus +11++++ 1 Parnassia palustris ++++ + Juniperus nana ++++r+ Avenula praeusta ++ + Festuca rubra + ++2+ Briza media ++ Prunella grandiflora ++ Cladonia pyxidata ++++ Gymnadenia conopsea + Rhododendron hirsutum r Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum + Anemone baldensis Tofieldia calyculata Aposeris foetida Alchemilla gr. vulgaris Lilium martagon
Sporadic species 31271715382451199127344768 (continued) 5 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 256 Association Table 10.1d (continued) 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Altitude (m) 2400 2400 2400 2350 2350 2450 2550 2080 2150 2250 2300 2350 2350 2270 2100 2020 2080 2000 1900 2267 Exposition S SE ENE S SE SE SE S NE SW SE SSW S S SE WSW E NE SW Slope (deg) 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 31 Cover (%) 95 95 80 90 80 80 95 90 85 80 95 90 100 95 100 95 90 98 80 91 Surface (m2) 100 100 50 200 50 40 50 100 30 25 150 200 100 100 100 200 100 200 50 98 Number of species 49 46 56 75 50 50 38 54 52 41 49 61 53 62 43 43 43 45 44 52.3 Diversity (Shannon) 1.64 1.57 1.68 1.79 1.66 1.63 1.54 1.62 1.60 1.55 1.57 1.68 1.69 1.73 1.56 1.59 1.55 1.59 1.48 1.63
Character species of the association Achillea clavennae (loc.) +++1++++++ +++1 82 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata (diff.) +1++1+1+ ++ + + 69 Ranunculus hybridus (loc.) +++1+++1+ ++++ 64 Hieracium villosum ++ ++ +++ ++ 1 162 Oxytropis jacquinii (loc.) ++++ 2 ++11++ +256 Senecio doronicum ++1+1+ +1 ++ +51
Ecological differential-species Euphrasia salisburgensis +++++++++++++++ ++ 90 Homogyne alpina +++ + ++++59 Poa alpina ++ + + 1 1 54 Soldanella alpina + + + + ++++ + 51 Erica carnea + ++21 + + 11 49 Aster alpinus +1+++ + ++ 49 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum +++11+1+46 Cetraria islandica + + +++ 33 Carex humilis 2211++2 2+ + 33 Betonica alopecuros + +++1 1++26 Selaginella selaginoides +++ + + 23 Globularia cordifolia ++ 21 Crepis froelichiana ++ 1+ 21 Festuca melanopsis (F. puccinellii) 2 +18 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale ++ 1 1 +18 Carex ornithopoda +13 Carex firma +++++ 13 Dianthus sylvestris +1 13 Linum julicum + 1 +++13 Salix serpyllifolia ++ 8 Gymnadenia odoratissima + +8 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 257 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Linum catharticum +++ 8
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 1232111131122213 r 11100 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris +1+11+1++ +11311 + 90 Festuca norica 1 11+12211221 11 77 Daphne striata +++++++++ +++1 1 74 Scabiosa lucida + +++ +111+ 69 Polygala alpestre + +++++ + +++ 56 Hieracium bifidum ++++ +++ + + 1 156 Thesium alpinum + +++ + +++++ 56 Leontopodium alpinum +1+++++ + ++ +49 Senecio abrotanifolius + + ++++ ++ 49 Gentiana clusii ++ ++++ ++ + 46 Festuca quadriflora 11+ 1 46 Laserpitium peucedanoides +++++31 Myosotis alpestris ++ + + +28 Thymus alpigenus ++21 Draba aizoides ++21 Pulmonaria angustifolia +13 Chamaeorchis alpina +++ 10
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 3323233122233123 323100 Galium anisophyllum +++++++++++11+++ ++197 Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus ++++++++++++1+++ ++ 95 Helianthemum alpestre 111+1+2++11111++ + 95 Biscutella laevigata +++++1+++ +++ + + +90 Gentiana verna + ++1++++++++++ 85 Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) +++++++ +1+++ 54 Gentianella anisodonta + +++++ ++++ 51 Horminum pyrenaicum 1111+ 11 1 51 Helictotrichon parlatorei ++++33 Pedicularis elongata +++33 Rhinanthus aristatus +1 1 +++26 Scorzonera aristata ++ +23 Primula halleri ++ ++ 21 Trisetum argenteum 11 18 Carex ferruginea + +15 Athamanta cretensis + +++ 15 Antennaria carpatica ++++++ 15 Pimpinella alpestris 1 ++110 (continued) Association Table 10.1d (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 258 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Leucanthemum heterophyllum 1+ + 10 Trifolium thalii 15 Crepis jacquini + 5 Trifolium badium 5 Salix alpina 3 Bupleurum ranunculoides +3 Anemone narcissiflora +3 Koeleria eriostachya 3
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Aster bellidiastrum + + ++ 1+ 1+++ +72 Minuartia verna ++++++ ++ 62 Agrostis alpina 1++11+++ 1 56 Hippocrepis comosa + ++++++ + +51 Tortella tortuosa +++ ++++ + 46 Acinos alpinus 1 +++ +38 Silene acaulis ++++ + + 38 Erigeron polymorphus ++ + ++ ++ 36 Juncus monanthos + +1+ 26 Dryas octopetala +r 121 Elyna myosuroides ++1 ++ 18 Carex ericetorum +1 +15 Gentianella nivalis ++10 Astragalus alpinus 11 10 Hedysarum hedysaroides 12 10 Astragalus australis 1 +8 Oxytropis campestris ++ 8 Erigeron uniflorus + 3
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula scheuchzeri ++++++++++++++++ 1++85 Nigritella nigra ++++ + + 38 Anthoxanthum alpinum + +++++ 1 2 28 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia +++ +1 23 Botrychium lunaria 8 Potentilla aurea 5 Hieracium morisianum 1+ 5 Trifolium pallescens ++ 5 Geum montanum +3 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 259 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Acidophilous species Anthoxanthum odoratum ++15 Luzula sieberi ++5
Companion species Polygonum viviparum +++++ +++++++++1 11 85 Pedicularis verticillata ++++ ++ +++1++++ +++77 Potentilla crantzii ++++ + +1 +++ + +72 Bartsia alpina +++++ +++++++ + ++ 69 Thymus polytrichus 11++121 +++1+++ 64 Carlina acaulis ++++++ + ++++ + 1+ 51 Polygala chamaebuxus +++++++ ++ + 51 Lotus corniculatus + +1+ 1111111+ 11 49 Phyteuma orbiculare ++++++ +++46 Gypsophila repens ++ +++++++ ++46 Trollius europaeus ++ + 1 38 Ranunculus montanus s.l. +++ + ++38 Lotus alpinus +28 Leontodon hispidus +23 Parnassia palustris + + ++23 Juniperus nana +18 Avenula praeusta + 2115 Festuca rubra +15 Briza media ++1 13 Prunella grandiflora +2 1 13 Cladonia pyxidata + 13 Gymnadenia conopsea + ++10 Rhododendron hirsutum 118 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum +5 Anemone baldensis 11 5 Tofieldia calyculata +3 Aposeris foetida +3 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris +3 Lilium martagon +3
Sporadic species 365113511110491026515413288 Association Table 10.1e SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS subass. with ERICA CARNEA (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Vol. Tables Association 1, p. 414–416) 260
123456789101112131415161718 Variant with Carex firma and Carex mucronata 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Altitude (m) 2250 2300 2350 2250 2250 2310 2120 2100 2180 2300 2160 2150 2080 2150 2010 1840 2175 Exposition S S S S SW S S S SW S SW S S SSE S S Slope (deg) 15 25 40 30 30 30 40 40 20 30 30 40 40 40 30 45 33 Cover (%) 80 90 75 80 90 90 90 85 90 100 90 75 100 90 80 80 87 Surface (m2) 25 50 30 150 100 100 200 50 50 100 100 150 100 92 Number of species 34 45 25 36 44 65 40 51 72 58 49 34 56 49 36 37 45.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.44 1.59 1.28 1.47 1.57 1.71 1.50 1.60 1.79 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.62 1.63 1.49 1.49 1.56
Character species of the association freq. % Pedicularis rostrato-capitata (diff.) ++ +11+++++++++194 Achillea clavennae (loc.) 1++++++++1++ + 81 Ranunculus hybridus (loc.) 111++++++++ 69 Hieracium villosum + +++ +++ 44 Oxytropis jacquinii (loc.) ++ ++ 1138 Senecio doronicum ++ + 19 Nigritella miniata +6
Differential ecological species Euphrasia salisburgensis ++2 ++++ +++++++88 Erica carnea 2 1111111+1++1188 Globularia cordifolia 11 ++1+1++1+ +1+88 Betonica alopecuros ++++1++ 1+1 63 Carex firma + 11 +1++1+ 56 Gymnadenia odoratissima ++++1++ + 50 Crepis froelichiana ++ +1+++ 50 Carex humilis + + + 1 1+1150 Dianthus sylvestris ++111+1150 Soldanella alpina + + ++++ 38 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum ++1+++38 Carex mucronata 3+2111 38 Aster alpinus ++ + ++138 Carex ornithopoda +++++31 Linum catharticum ++++ + 31 Homogyne alpina ++++25 Selaginella selaginoides ++ + + 25 Poa alpina 1+++25 Cetraria islandica +++ 19 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale ++ 13 Festuca melanopsis (F.puccinellii) Crocus albiflorus Linum julicum soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 261 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 1213313221323112100 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris 11++1+1111++2+++100 Daphne striata ++ 1+1+1++1++11194 Gentiana clusii + ++1+++++1 + +75 Leontopodium alpinum 1+1 +1++++ + + 175 Senecio abrotanifolius + +++ +++ +++1 69 Thymus alpigenus ++ +++++ + +56 Festuca quadriflora 11 1 ++++1 50 Festuca norica +1 + +1 1+ 44 Thesium alpinum + + + +++ 38 Scabiosa lucida ++ +++ + 38 Myosotis alpestris ++ +++ 31 Hieracium bifidum +++ ++ 31 Polygala alpestre ++ ++ 25 Laserpitium peucedanoides +++ +25 Draba aizoides + 13 Chamaeorchis alpina ++ 13 Pulmonaria angustifolia Leontodon incanus Rhinanthus freynii Pedicularis gyroflexa
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 12+1232133211222100 Helianthemum alpestre +1+++ 111+1++++194 Biscutella laevigata ++++++++++++++ 88 Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus + ++++++++ ++++81 Galium anisophyllum ++ + 1++++ ++++75 Horminum pyrenaicum 1+12211++++ 69 Gentianella anisodonta + +++ ++++ 50 Gentiana verna ++++25 Helictotrichon parlatorei +2+2 25 Athamanta cretensis ++1 +25 Trisetum argenteum +r+ 125 Rhinanthus aristatus 1+1 19 Pedicularis elongata ++13 Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) + +++ + + 38 Salix alpina ++ 13 Saxifraga caesia ++ 13 Pimpinella alpestris +6 Scorzonera aristata +6 Koeleria eriostachya +6 Trifolium thalii +6 (continued) Association Table 10.1e (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 262
123456789101112131415161718 Variant with Carex firma and Carex mucronata 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Bupleurum ranunculoides 16 Carex ferruginea + 6 Antennaria carpatica 1 6 Pedicularis rosea + 6 Leucanthemum heterophyllum Knautia cfr. persicina Crepis aurea Trifolium badium Rhinanthus helenae
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Hippocrepis comosa + +++1+++ +++ 69 Agrostis alpina 1 +++1+11+ 56 Minuartia verna ++++++ + + 50 Aster bellidiastrum 1 ++1 +++ 44 Tortella tortuosa ++ ++ ++ + 44 Silene acaulis ++ + + + 31 Elyna myosuroides +1 +++ 31 Dryas octopetala ++++1 31 Acinos alpinus ++ +1 25 Juncus monanthos 1++19 Gentianella nivalis +++ 19 Carex ericetorum +113 Erigeron polymorphus +6 Astragalus alpinus +6 Astragalus australis Oxytropis campestris Globularia nudicaulis
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula scheuchzeri ++ +++++++ ++ +75 Nigritella nigra ++ +19 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia +++19 Anthoxanthum alpinum +6 Botrychium lunaria +6 Traunsteinera globosa +6 Potentilla erecta Potentilla aurea Gentiana kochiana soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 263 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Acidophilous species Anthoxanthum odoratum Luzula sieberi Hypericum montanum
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++ +++ +++ ++ 63 Polygala chamaebuxus + +++++++ ++ 63 Pedicularis verticillata + + ++ ++ +44 Carlina acaulis + +++++ + 44 Lotus corniculatus r +++ ++1 44 Bartsia alpina ++ ++ ++ 38 Cladonia pyxidata 1++++ + 38 Phyteuma orbiculare + + +++ 31 Potentilla crantzii ++++25 Gypsophila repens 1+ + + 25 Gymnadenia conopsea ++ +19 Thymus polytrichus +++19 Lotus alpinus ++ 13 Juniperus nana +r 13 Rhododendron hirsutum ++ 13 Homogyne discolor ++13 Parnassia palustris + 6 Briza media +6 Trollius europaeus +6 Leontodon hispidus +6 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum +6 Arenaria ciliata +6 Ranunculus montanus s.l. +6 Prunella grandiflora Avenula praeusta Festuca rubra Trifolium pratense Aposeris foetida Brachypodium caespitosum Buphthalmum salicifolium Calamagrostis varia
Sporadic species 345249478286955384 (continued) 6 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 264 Association Table 10.1e (continued)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Variant with Linum catharticum 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Altitude (m) 1820 1930 1500 2250 2250 2100 2235 2250 2050 1900 1900 1700 1950 1950 2000 1850 1950 1950 2000 1850 1969 Exposition S S SE S SW SW S S SE S S SE S S S SSSSES Slope (deg) 40 10 30 25 50 30 35 40 35 25 15 25 25 25 40 35 25 30 45 30 31 Cover (%) 95 95 95 90 75 100 95 97 95 95 95 75 95 85 90 95 98 90 90 92 Surface (m2) 100 200 50 100 50 150 200 100 100 50 100 100 50 50 50 100 150 100 30 100 97 Number of species 56 56 45 56 42 69 50 55 57 41 52 51 45 49 48 82 81 61 50 43 54.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.68 1.68 1.47 1.70 1.50 1.71 1.62 1.67 1.64 1.51 1.65 1.61 1.61 1.63 1.65 1.77 1.79 1.70 1.55 1.41 1.63
Character species of the association Pedicularis rostrato-capitata (diff.) ++ + 15 Achillea clavennae (loc.) +r + 15 Ranunculus hybridus (loc.) +++++ + +++++++ 65 Hieracium villosum + + ++1 + ++ 40 Oxytropis jacquinii (loc.) 2 +1 1+++ +40 Senecio doronicum ++ 10 Nigritella miniata + 5
Differential ecological species Euphrasia salisburgensis + ++++++++++55 Erica carnea 1121+ 1++ 12+221r 1185 Globularia cordifolia 1++++ 1111++ + 60 Betonica alopecuros ++++1+++1+1+11 1111195 Carex firma ++ + 15 Gymnadenia odoratissima ++ + +++ ++40 Crepis froelichiana 1+++++++40 Carex humilis ++ +1 1 + 30 Dianthus sylvestris ++ 10 Soldanella alpina + + ++ + ++++ 45 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. 2+2+ 1 1+1 +1+112+180 grandiflorum Carex mucronata + 5 Aster alpinus 1 +10 Carex ornithopoda + +++ +1+1++1 ++ 65 Linum catharticum +++++ +++++ +++ + 80 Homogyne alpina 1+++1+30 Selaginella selaginoides + ++15 Poa alpina ++1++1++ + 45 Cetraria islandica + 5 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 11 +++1++ +++ +60 Festuca melanopsis (F.puccinellii) ++ + 1++ +11 45 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 265 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Crocus albiflorus + 5 Linum julicum +2 10
Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 1211+331+1321111+11+100 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris +++1++11++11+111122+100 Daphne striata + + + + 111+++ 50 Gentiana clusii + + +r 1 + ++++ + 55 Leontopodium alpinum ++ + +++ 30 Senecio abrotanifolius ++ +++ + +2+1+1+++ 75 Thymus alpigenus + ++++ + + + 40 Festuca quadriflora Festuca norica +1 22 1 1+1+122+65 Thesium alpinum + ++++ + ++ + 45 Scabiosa lucida ++ ++++++ +11+11 +75 Myosotis alpestris ++++ +++ 1 40 Hieracium bifidum ++1 + +25 Polygala alpestre + +++++++++++++++ 80 Laserpitium peucedanoides 1+1++ + +++++++ 65 Draba aizoides Chamaeorchis alpina Pulmonaria angustifolia ++ 10 Leontodon incanus +5 Rhinanthus freynii ++ 10 Pedicularis gyroflexa +5
Character species of Seslerietalia Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 33233323432+23233224100 Helianthemum alpestre 1+ 1 1+++1+1211 ++1 80 Biscutella laevigata + +++1 +++ ++ +++ 65 Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus ++++1 +++++++++++185 Galium anisophyllum +1++++++++++++++++ +95 Horminum pyrenaicum 21+ 1+1+11211+1111+90 Gentianella anisodonta +++++ ++ + 40 Gentiana verna + + + +++++ + ++ 55 Helictotrichon parlatorei 1+++1++30 Athamanta cretensis +++ r + 25 Trisetum argenteum +++10 Rhinanthus aristatus + + + +++++ ++50 Pedicularis elongata 1 ++1+11 +++1 55 Ranunculus venetus (in preval.) 11 ++++ + + 1 +50 Salix alpina Saxifraga caesia Pimpinella alpestris 1++ ++++35 Scorzonera aristata +1 ++20 (continued) Association Table 10.1e (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 266
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Variant with Linum catharticum 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Koeleria eriostachya ++ ++ 20 Trifolium thalii ++ 10 Bupleurum ranunculoides 1 5 Carex ferruginea + 5 Antennaria carpatica Pedicularis rosea Leucanthemum heterophyllum 1+ + 15 Knautia cfr. persicina ++ 10 Crepis aurea + 5 Trifolium badium + 5 Rhinanthus helenae 1 5
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Hippocrepis comosa +++++++11+++++70 Agrostis alpina ++ 10 Minuartia verna ++ + 15 Aster bellidiastrum + + 1+++ +11+++ 55 Tortella tortuosa ++ + + + 25 Silene acaulis +++ 15 Elyna myosuroides + 5 Dryas octopetala +5 Acinos alpinus ++ ++ 1++1+1 +++170 Juncus monanthos +++15 Gentianella nivalis + 5 Carex ericetorum Erigeron polymorphus ++ ++20 Astragalus alpinus Astragalus australis ++ 10 Oxytropis campestris + 5 Globularia nudicaulis 1 5
Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi Campanula scheuchzeri +++++ ++ +++++60 Nigritella nigra +++ +++++++++60 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia + 5 Anthoxanthum alpinum ++ 2+1 + 30 Botrychium lunaria +++15 Traunsteinera globosa + 5 Potentilla erecta +1115 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 267 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Potentilla aurea + +10 Gentiana kochiana ++ 10
Acidophilous species Anthoxanthum odoratum + 11+ + +1 35 Luzula sieberi +5 Hypericum montanum 2 5
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++ + +1++++++++++++ 85 Polygala chamaebuxus ++ ++++ +++ +++ +65 Pedicularis verticillata 1 + ++ ++1+++++ 60 Carlina acaulis ++++++++40 Lotus corniculatus 1+ 11++1 35 Bartsia alpina ++ ++ +25 Cladonia pyxidata +5 Phyteuma orbiculare + +1+++++ 40 Potentilla crantzii ++ 1 + ++1+ +11++1 +75 Gypsophila repens + ++ 1+++++ 45 Gymnadenia conopsea 1+++ + ++ + 40 Thymus polytrichus 1+ ++ + + +35 Lotus alpinus + 1++ +++1++11165 Juniperus nana + +r +++++145 Rhododendron hirsutum + ++ +++ 30 Homogyne discolor + 5 Parnassia palustris + + + + +++++45 Briza media + + ++++ ++ 40 Trollius europaeus +1+++1+35 Leontodon hispidus ++++++30 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum + ++++ 25 Arenaria ciliata 1 5 Ranunculus montanus s.l. 1+ 10 Prunella grandiflora 12 +1 1111+11+2170 Avenula praeusta + 111 ++ 30 Festuca rubra +++++25 Trifolium pratense ++ 10 Aposeris foetida + 5 Brachypodium caespitosum + 5 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1 5 Calamagrostis varia 1 5
Sporadic species 551446136711659242181771215168 Association Table 10.1f SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS Poa alpina variant – SYNTHESIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat Vol. the to Tables Association 1, p. 492–493) 268
Poa alpina variant Rel. 122–126 ecological data (averages) frequences (%) a b c d e1 e2 f a b c d e2 e3 f 122 123 124 125 126 1–6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 1.6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 Altitude (m) 2360 2280 2250 2190 1970 2227 2304 2305 2267 2175 1969 2210 Exposition S S SSE NE SW Slope (deg) 45 35 10 30 35 23.3 22.6 23.5 31 33 31 31 Cover (%) 90 95 100 100 100 97.5 88.8 91.4 91 87 92 97 Surface (m2) 100 200 300 150 100 117 69.6 87.3 98 92 97 170 Number of species 53 62 77 43 46 47.2 49.3 48.8 52.3 45.8 54.2 56.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.55 1.67 1.67 1.46 1.47 1.52 1.59 1.59 1.63 1.56 1.63 1.56 Freq. Tot. (%) 126 Character species of the association Frequency rel. 126 rel. Achillea clavennae + 1 3 23 9 32 13 3 2 85 50 85 69 82 81 15 40 67 (loc.) Ranunculus hybridus 1 16 9 25 11 13 0 75 17 59 69 64 69 65 0 60 (loc.) Pedicularis rostr.- + 1 13 11 27 15 3 1 71 17 48 85 69 94 15 20 56 capitata Hieracium villosum +21312478156 33 48 8 62 44 40 20 44 Oxytropis jacquinii ++ 11125 226 8 3 57 17 44 38 56 38 40 60 45 (loc.) Senecio doronicum +++0412032333 0 15 8 51 19 10 60 26 Nigritella miniata 142011 0 9 17 15 15 0 6 5 0 7 00 Ecological differential-species 00 Soldanella alpina 626112069 0 78 100 96 85 51 38 45 0 62 Homogyne alpina 1 +521102346 2 71 83 78 77 59 25 30 40 56 Poa alpina 1+1+16 20 6 21 4 9 5 71 100 74 46 54 25 45 100 56 Selaginella 4151094 3 0 45 67 56 77 23 25 15 0 36 selaginoides Cetraria islandica 0 17 3 13 3 1 0 37 0632333195 0 29 Euphrasia 11145351411181 17 52 38 90 88 55 20 64 salisburgensis Carex ornithopoda + + 2 9 12 5 5 13 2 48 33 33 92 13 31 65 40 38 Erica carnea +2109181417171 33 37 69 49 88 85 20 56 Carex firma 06105 9 3 0 33 022771356150 26 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 269 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Trifolium pratense +11++540 7 2 125 35 83 15 0 18 13 60 100 28 nivale Aster alpinus ++++ 060 196 2 4 37 0 22 0 49 38 10 80 29 Salix serpyllifolia 041300 0 8 0158800 0 6 Globularia cordifolia 013814120 38 0 4 23 21 88 60 0 30 Betonica alopecuros + 1 1 2 10 10 19 1 44 1741526639520 35 Carex humilis 1 0 3 2 13 8 6 1 33 0111533503020 26 Festuca melanopsis + 120709 1 20 17 7 0 18 0 45 20 16 Linum julicum 121502 0 11 17 7 8 13 10 10 0 9 Helianth. nummul. +++1+011 186 165 47 0 4 8 46 38 80 100 37 grandifl. Crepis froelichiana 011888 0 26 04 8 2150400 21 Carex mucronata 004061 0 11 0 0 31 0 38 5 0 9 Gymnadenia 011388 0 21 048850400 17 odoratissima Dianthus sylvestris 001582 0 16 00 8 1350100 13 Linum catharticum 00035160 24 000831800 19 Crocus albiflorus 000001 0 1 000005 0 1 00 Character species of Seslerion 00 Sesleria caerulea 11++2627133916205 126 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Anthyllis vuln. + + 1 6 23 12 35 16 20 3 115 100 85 92 90 100 100 60 91 alpestris Festuca quadriflora +++ 4257 188 0 3 65 67 93 54 46 50 0 60 52 Festuca norica 132215226307135 88 83 81 46 77 44 65 100 70 Polygala alpestre ++++3197 224 164 75 50 70 54 56 25 80 80 60 Daphne striata +1188291510182 17 67 62 74 94 50 20 65 Gentiana clusii 112111812110 65 17 44 85 46 75 55 0 52 Myosotis alpestris +61321158146 100 48 15 28 31 40 20 37 Thymus alpigenus + + 4119898 2 51 67 41 69 21 56 40 40 40 Scabiosa lucida + + 1 4 12 6 0 6 15 3 46 67 44 46 0 38 75 60 37 Leontopodium + + 0 11 6 19 12 6 2 56 0414649753040 44 alpinum Hieracium bifidum ++ 1+386 225 5 4 53 50 30 46 56 31 25 80 42 Thesium alpinum +11022269151 17 37 15 56 38 45 20 40 Draba aizoides 163820 0 20 17 22 23 21 13 0 0 16 Laserpitium + + 1 4 7 12 4 13 2 43 17 15 54 31 25 65 40 34 peucedanoides Senecio abrotanifolius + 0 4 6 19 11 15 1 56 0154649697520 44 (continued) Association Table 10.1f (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 270
Poa alpina variant Rel. 122–126 ecological data (averages) frequences (%) a b c d e1 e2 f a b c d e2 e3 f 122 123 124 125 126 1–6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 1.6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 Chamaeorchis alpina 021420 0 9 07 8 10130 0 7 Pulmonaria ++ 102502 2 12 17 0 15 13 0 10 40 10 angustifolia Betonica pradica 001000 0 1 008000 0 1 Leontodon incanus 001001 0 2 008005 0 2 00 Character species of Seslerietalia 00 Carex sempervirens 12242627133916205 126 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (ecot.) Galium anisophyllum 1++++625123812195 117 100 93 92 97 75 95 100 93 Helianthemum + + 220113715162 103 33 74 85 95 94 80 40 82 alpestre Carduus +++++417113713175 104 67 63 85 95 81 85 100 83 carlinaefolius Biscutella laevigata +3219351413196 50 78 69 90 88 65 20 76 Horminum 1 1214102011182 77 33 52 77 51 69 90 40 61 pyrenaicum Gentiana verna + + + 3 16 7 33 4 11 3 77 50 59 54 85 25 55 60 61 Gentianella +++ 1135 208 8 3 58 17 48 38 51 50 40 60 46 anisodonta Ranunculus venetus + + + 3 23 3 21 6 10 3 69 50 85 23 54 38 50 60 55 Pedicularis elongata 1 + 2 5 1 13 2 11 2 36 33 19 8 33 13 55 40 29 Antennaria carpatica 163610 0 17 17 22 23 15 6 0 0 13 Primula halleri 060800 0 14 0 22 0 21 0 0 0 11 Carex ferruginea +221611 1 14 33 7 8 15 6 5 20 11 Crepis aurea + 140001 1 7 17 15 0 0 0 5 20 6 Salix alpina 032120 0 8 011153 130 0 6 Athamanta cretensis 041645 0 20 0 15 8 15 25 25 0 16 Carex rosae 031000 0 4 0118000 0 3 Trisetum argenteum + 013742 1 18 0 4 23 18 25 10 20 14 Trifolium badium +1+ +212201 4 12 33 4 15 5 0 5 80 10 Leucanthemum 012403 0 10 0 4 15 10 0 15 0 8 heterophyllum Helictotrichon 4 2 1 1 1 0 13 4 6 3 28 17 4 0 33 25 30 60 22 parlatorei Trifolium thalii + 200212 1 8 33 0 0 5 6 10 20 6 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 271 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Saxifraga caesia 011020 0 4 04801300 3 Pedicularis rosea 020010 0 3 070060 0 2 Scorzonera aristata +1 11010 9 1 4 4 19 0 4 0 23 6 20 80 15 Pimpinella alpestris 100417 0 13 17 0 0 10 6 35 0 10 Rhinanthus aristatus 0 0 0 10 3 10 0 23 00 0 2619500 18 Knautia cfr. persicina 000002 0 2 00000100 2 00 Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. 0 0 Aster bellidiastrum 42312287110 85 67 85 92 72 44 55 0 67 Agrostis alpina +32072292164 50 74 54 56 56 10 20 51 Tortella tortuosa 1 19 9 18 7 5 0 59 17 70 69 46 44 25 0 47 Minuartia verna + 1 16 11 24 8 3 1 64 17 59 85 62 50 15 20 51 Silene acaulis 3 16 6 15 5 3 0 48 50 59 46 38 31 15 0 38 Elyna myosuroides 11 1143751 2 33 17 52 23 18 31 5 40 26 Dryas octopetala 0107751 0 30 0375421315 0 24 Hippocrepis comosa 1 0 7 4 20 11 14 1 57 0263151697020 45 Juncus monanthos 164 1033 0 27 17 22 31 26 19 15 0 21 Carex ericetorum r 074620 1 20 0263115130 20 16 Gentianella nivalis 133431 0 15 17 11 23 10 19 5 0 12 Astragalus australis 150302 0 11 17 19 0 8 0 10 0 9 Erigeron + + + 1 4 0 13 1 4 3 26 17 15 0 36 6 20 60 21 polymorphus Hedysarum + 13144141 28 17 11 8 10 25 70 20 22 hedysaroides Acinos alpinus ++ 031 150 0 2 21 0 11 8 38 0 0 40 17 Oxytropis campestris + 210301 1 8 3340805 20 6 Erigeron uniflorus 030100 0 4 0110300 0 3 Cobresia caricina 010000 0 1 040000 0 1 Astragalus alpinus ++00041027 00 0 106 0 40 6 Globularia nudicaulis 000001 0 1 000005 0 1 00 Character species of Caricion curvulae, -etalia, Juncetea trifidi 0 0 Campanula 1 + 622103312122 97 100 81 77 85 75 60 40 77 scheuchzeri Nigritella nigra 1185153 120 54 17 67 38 38 19 60 0 43 Botrychium lunaria ++ 182331 2 20 17 30 15 8 19 5 40 16 (continued) Association Table 10.1f (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 272
Poa alpina variant Rel. 122–126 ecological data (averages) frequences (%) a b c d e1 e2 f a b c d e2 e3 f 122 123 124 125 126 1–6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 1.6 7–33 34–46 47–85 86–101 102–126 127–132 Anthoxanthum ++ 264 111 6 2 32 33 22 31 28 6 30 40 25 alpinum Pulsatilla alpina 071913 0 21 0268 236 150 17 apiifolia Potentilla aurea ++ 121211 2 10 1778565 40 8 Potentilla erecta 202003 0 7 33 0 15 0 0 15 0 6 Gentiana kochiana + 040002 1 7 0 15 0 0 0 10 20 6 Hieracium 000202 0 4 00050100 3 morisianum Trifolium pallescens 000200 0 2 000500 0 2 Geum montanum 000100 0 1 000300 0 1 00 Other acidophilous species 00 Anthoxanthum 1 211617 1 19 33 4 8 15 6 35 20 15 odoratum Luzula sieberi + +010211 2 7 040565 40 6 Hypericum montanum 000011 0 2 000065 0 2 Antennaria dioica 000000 1 1 000000 20 1 Hieracium 000000 2 2 000000 40 2 hoppeanum 00 Companion species 00 Polygonum viviparum +++++624123310175 107 100 89 92 85 63 85 100 85 Bartsia alpina ++ 524122765 2 81 83 89 92 69 38 25 40 64 Potentilla crantzii ++++42312284 154 90 67 85 92 72 25 75 80 71 Pedicularis + + + 4 21 8 30 7 12 3 85 67 78 62 77 44 60 60 67 verticillata Trollius europaeus 11+141691517 4 56 67 59 69 38 6 35 80 44 Lotus corniculatus + + 1 + 3 12 2 19 7 7 4 54 50 44 15 49 44 35 80 43 Leontodon hispidus 1++3113 9 1 6 3 36 50 41 23 23 6 30 60 29 Thymus polytrichus + + 1 11 3 25 3 7 2 52 17 41 23 64 19 35 40 41 Parnassia palustris 1112919 0 33 17 41 15 23 6 45 0 26 Cladonia pyxidata + 0106561 1 29 0374613385 20 23 Phyteuma orbiculare +++ 175 185 8 3 47 17 26 38 46 31 40 60 37 Lotus alpinus 1 1 3 4 4 11 2 13 2 39 50 15 31 28 13 65 40 31 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 273 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Polygala + 0 5 5 20 10 13 1 54 0193851636520 43 chamaebuxus Cerastium arv. + +430215 2 17 67 11 0 5 6 25 40 13 strictum Anemone baldensis 061200 0 9 0228500 0 7 Carlina acaulis +++420 207 8 3 44 67 7 0 51 44 40 60 35 Prunella grandiflora 1 111550142 28 17 4 38 13 0 70 40 22 Avenula praeusta 051606 0 18 0198 150 300 14 Homogyne discolor 032021 0 8 011150 135 0 6 Ranunculus montanus + 1 3 1 15 1 2 1 24 17 11 8 38 6 10 20 19 Juniperus nana 131729 0 23 17 11 8 18 13 45 0 18 Festuca rubra s.l. 1 +110605 2 15 17 4 0 15 0 25 40 12 Gymnadenia +101438 1 18 17 0 8 10 19 40 20 14 conopsea Briza media 11 100518 2 17 17 0 0 13 6 40 40 13 Rhododendron + 001326 1 13 0088133020 10 hirsutum Gypsophila repens 010 1849 0 32 04 0 4625450 25 Tofieldia calyculata 000100 0 1 000300 0 1 Aposeris foetida 000101 0 2 000305 0 2 Alchemilla 000100 0 1 000300 0 1 gr. vulgaris Lilium martagon 000100 0 1 000300 0 1 Trifolium pratense 000002 0 2 00000100 2 Arenaria ciliata 000011 0 2 000065 0 2 Brachypodium 000001 0 1 000005 0 1 caespitosum Buphthalmum 000001 0 1 000005 0 1 salicifolium Calamagrostis varia 000001 0 1 000005 0 1
Sporadic species 16 14 25 11 15 274 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.2 SESLERIO-CARICETUM BRACHYSTACHYDIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 415–418) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Med. Altitude (m) 800 480 1300 1350 1350 800 1100 450 1100 500 1800 970 Exposition E E N E E N S W N SE E Slope (deg) 75 60 80 85 85 80 70 90 70 45 90 77 Cover (%) 60 100 80 75 75 90 100 90 100 100 60 86 Surface (m2) 302510444088815115 Number of species 34 16 24 17 14 19 18 24 11 39 6 19.7 Diversity (Shannon) 1.32 1.13 1.14 0.99 0.98 1.13 1.05 1.15 1.03 1.37 0.75 1.10
Character species of the association Carex brachystachys 2.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.2 100 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae + + 1.1 + 36
Character species of Seslerion, -etalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea 2.3 4.5 3.4 3.5 4.5 3.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 3.2 91 Aster bellidiastrum + + + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + + + + 91 Betonica alopecuros + 1.1 1.1 (+) + + + + 1.1 82 Carduus defloratus subsp. glaucus + ++27 Carex mucronata 1.2 +.2 1.2 27 Carex firma 2.3 1.2 (+) 27 Bupleurum ranunculoides +++27 Laserpitium latifolium ++18 Laserpitium peucedanoides 1.1 9 Carex ferruginea 2.2 9 Pimpinella alpestris +9 Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) +.2 9
Character species of Thlaspietea Laserpitium siler 1.1 + 18 Trisetum argenteum 1.2 +.2 18 Campanula carnica 2.2 + 18 Campanula caespitosa + 9 Leontodon incanus + 9 Scabiosa graminifolia 1.2 9 Saxifraga aizoides 1.2 9
Character species of Asplenietea Valeriana elongata 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 36 Knautia cfr. persicina +9 Athamanta vestina +9 Potentilla caulescens +9
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Chamaecytisus purpureus 1.1 + + + 36 Brachypodium caespitosum +.2 9 Carex humilis 2.2 9 Seseli gouanii +9
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 275
Association Table 10.2 (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Med. Character species of Trifolio-Geranietea Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ++ ++36 Buphthalmum salicifolium + +++36 Serratula tinctoria +++27 Peucedanum oreoselinum 1.1 1.1 18 Lembotropis nigricans ++18 Anthericum ramosum +9 Teucrium chamaedrys 1.2 9
Character species of Querco-Fagetea s.l. Fraxinus ornus (pl.) ++ ++ 36 Coronilla emerus ++++36 Amelanchier ovalis +++27 Veronica urticifolia ++ + 27
Character species of Erico-Pinetea and Vaccinio-Piceetea Erica carnea 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 45 Rhododendron hirsutum 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 36 Hieracium sylvaticum ++ + 27 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus 1.2 9
Companion species Calamagrostis varia + 1.1 + + + 45 Potentilla erecta ++++36 Tofieldia calyculata +++27 Selaginella helvetica + + +.2 27 Carex flacca 1.2 + + 27 Globularia cordifolia + 1.2 18 Lilium bulbiferum (croceum*) ++ 18 Pinguicula alpina ++ 18 Viola biflora 1.1 2.2 18 Adenostyles glabra +9 Carex montana 1.2 9 Phyteuma orbiculare +9 Thalictrum minus +9
Sporadic species 1219634480150 Association Table 10.3 Community with GENISTA RADIATA (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 419–421) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 276 tesi Nadalini Tab. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tot. Med. % Tot. Tab. 1 Altitude (m) 1800 1800 350 1850 1970 700 700 1100 1000 1570 1100 1400 1850 1850 1560 1750 1250 1388 1523 1114 Exposition S S S S S SW SW SW S SSE SSW SSW SSSSSSE S-SE Slope (deg) 40 60 60 45 25 0 15 0 30 60 5 40 30 30 30 55 40 33 25 Cover (%) 100 100 30 90 100 70 60 90 100 95 100 85 100 100 85 95 90 88 98 Surface (m2) 16 8 15 6 30 20 15 5 30 100 40 10 100 100 50 50 10 36 10 Number of species 15 10 10 44 38 29 22 22 27 27 29 44 51 54 47 38 43 30.94 32 Diversity (Shannon) 1.06 0.98 0.65 1.27 1.35 1.36 1.21 1.29 1.20 1.27 1.19 1.48 1.57 1.63 1.52 1.41 1.48 1.288 30 28 Kennarten Genista radiata 5.5 1.2 2.1 3.3 2.2 3.2 2.2 3.2 3.4 2.2 2.2 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 1.2 17 100 100 30 28 Phyteuma scheuchzeri ++++ + 529 subsp. columnae Centaurea montana + + + +* + 4 24 13 4 C. triumfetti*
Character species of Seslerion, -etalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea + + +.2 + 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 + 2.2 +.2 1.2 + + 2.2 2.2 16 94 90 27 14 Betonica alopecuros divulsa + + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 2.1 + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 15 88 87 26 Helianthemum 2.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 10 59 73 22 11 nummularium subsp. grandiflorum Carduus defloratus + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 8 47 93 28 10 C. carlinaefolius Biscutella laevigata + +++++ + + 847 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. 1.2 + 1.1 +* (+) + +* 7 41 60 18 9 alpestris (carpathica*) Leucanthemum + + 1.1 1.1 + + 6 35 heterophyllum Laserpitium peucedanoides 1.1 + + + + + 6 35 47 14 Pimpinella alpestris + ++++ 529 Linum julicum +.2 ++++ 529 Galium anisophyllum + + + + + 5 29 23 7 Laserpitium latifolium 1.2 1.1 ++ 424 Helianthemum alpestre + 1.1 + +.2 4 24 47 14 16 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 277 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Bupleurum ranunculoides + + +.2 1.2 4 24 Helictotrichon parlatorei + 1.1 1.1 2.2 4 24 Gentiana clusii ++++ 4243 1 Crepis froelichiana + + + (+) 4 24 17 5 Festuca nigricans 1.1 + + 3 18 Senecio abrotanifolius 1.2 1.2 + 3 18 Oxytropis jacquinii 1.1 + + 3 18 Scorzonera aristata ++ + 318 Hedysarum hedysaroides (+) + + 3 18 Ranunculus thora 1.2 + + 3 18 13 4 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.1 1.1 1.1 3 18 60 18 Gymnadenia conopsea 1.1 + + 3 18 Carex austroalpina 2.2 + (+) 3 18 Festuca alpestris ++ 212 Koeleria eriostachya +164012 Knautia ressmannii +16 Betonica pradica +16 Pedicularis gyroflexa +1672 Arabis corymbiflora 31
Character species of Festuco-Brometea Thymus gr. pannonicus + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 + + + + +.2 10 59 87 26 21 Stachys recta subsp. labiosa + + ++++++ 847 Brachypodium caespitosum 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 + +.2 + 8 47 63 19 14 Bromus erectus + 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + 3.3 7 41 53 16 10 Koeleria pyramidata + + + 2.2 2.2 + 6 35 27 8 11 Acinos alpinus + + + + + 1.2 6 35 14 Carex humilis + 2.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 6 35 19 Thesium rostratum +++++ + 6 Asperula purpurea + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 5 29 40 12 9 Centaurea bracteata (incl. 1.1 + 1.1 + + 5 29 C. haynaldii) Asperula aristata ++* +++529601813 (A. cynanchica*) Galium verum + + 1.1 + 4 24 7 2 7 Anthericum ramosum + 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 24 (continued) Association Table 10.3 (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 278
tesi Nadalini Tab. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tot. Med. % Tot. Tab. 1 Polygala forojulense ++ + + 424 Linum viscosum 1.1 1.2 (+) 3 18 Linum catharticum 47 14 Coronilla vaginalis +.2 +.2 + 3 18 27 8 7 Globularia nudicaulis 13 4 Allium carinatum 10 3
Companion species Erica carnea 1.2 1.2 2.2 3.3 1.2 3.4 +.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 14 82 80 24 17 Calamagrostis varia 1.2 2.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 +.2 10 59 43 13 Buphthalmum salicifolium + + + + 1.1 + + 1.1 + 1.1 10 59 30 9 Lotus corniculatus +.2 1.2 + + + + + + + 9 53 87 26 20 Phyteuma orbiculare ++++++++ 8473310 Carex sempervirens +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 + 7 41 Laserpitium siler 1.2 1.1 + + + 3.3 6 35 Prunella grandiflora + + + + 1.1 2.1 6 35 23 7 6 Chamaecytisus purpureus 1.2 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 5 29 Amelanchier ovalis + (+) + + 1.1 5 29 1 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi +.2 + + +.2 +.2 5 29 23 7 10 Globularia cordifolia +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 5 29 50 15 22 Carex flacca ++ +++ 529 Juniperus communis s.l. 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 4 24 23 7 8 Rhinanthus glacialis (+) + + + 4 24 Teucrium chamaedrys + +.2 + +.2 4 24 23 7 16 Polygala chamaebuxus ++ + + 42473229 Euphorbia triflora subsp. ++++ 424 kerneri Saxifraga hostii 1.2 2.2 2.2 318 Avenula praeusta + 1.1 + 3 18 Polygonum viviparum +++318 Anthoxanthum odoratum +++318 Aposeris foetida +++318 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 279 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
Potentilla crantzii ++ + 318 Traunsteinera globosa +++318 Trifolium pallescens +++318 Rubus saxatilis +++ 318 Peucedanum austriacum ++ (+) 3 18 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria +++ 318 Trollius europaeus +++318
Sporadic species 2 – 42414341107131096 19913 Association Table 10.4 PIMPINELLIDI-SESLERIETUM subass. with GLOBULARIA-ASTER (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. Dolomites” and 1, Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine p. Habitat the to Tables 421–424 Association ) 280
1234567891011121314151617181920 Altitude (m) 1650 1620 1550 1810 1570 1570 1400 1400 1400 1450 1500 1740 1740 1670 1670 1450 1930 2100 2000 2080 Exposition S SW SW S SSE ESE SSW SE E SE SE SW SW SE SE E S W NE E Slope (deg) 30 30 10 45 30 30 50 20 10 40 30 15 15 15 15 25 10 20 40 35 Cover (%) 90 100 70 80 80 80 100 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 98 90 Surface (m2) 50 25 25 100 250 150 50 50 50 100 50 100 100 100 100 200 100 200 100 Number of species 41 39 36 34 42 42 45 39 30 41 39 47 45 58 52 62 52 44 47 45 Diversity (Shannon) 1.57 1.57 1.50 1.39 1.52 1.41 1.46 1.55 1.41 1.55 1.52 1.60 1.55 1.69 1.57 1.65 1.59 1.50 1.55 1.51
Character species of association and alliance Caricion austroalpinae Pimpinella alpestris +++++++++++++++++ +++ Koeleria eriostachya 1++ +++111 + + Leucanthemum heterophyllum ++ +1 ++++1 ++ Linum alpinum subsp. julicum 2 +++ Bupleurum ranunculoides 1+ Betonica pradica Pedicularis gyroflexa + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. baldensis 1+ Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala ++ Ranunculus thora ++ Genista radiata 22 Carex austroalpina + Primula spectabilis + Scabiosa dubia 1 Androsace villosa
Differential basicline species Globularia cordifolia + 1+11 11+ ++11++ Gymnadenia conopsea +++ ++ + ++++++ Aster bellidiastrum + +++ + ++++++ 1
Differential acidocline species Festuca puccinellii 1+ 1+1 11 Anthoxanthum alpinum + 2 Geum montanum + Avenula versicolor + 2 Ranunculus grenierianus + R. venetus 1+ Anemone narcissiflora + Luzula multiflora + Potentilla aurea + Luzula albida var. rubella Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia + 1 Gentiana kochiana + soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 281 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
1234567891011121314151617181920 Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 2322333332+332222 111 Polygala alpestre +++ ++ ++++++++++ Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris +++++++ ++++ + 1. + Senecio abrotanifolius 1++1++++ + +++ Gentiana clusii +1+++++ + ++ Daphne striata ++ ++++ 1 +1 Leontopodium alpinum 1+++++ Laserpitium peucedanoides ++ 1+++ Hieracium villosum ++ + +1 Myosotis alpestris ++ ++ Pedicularis rostrato-capitata 1 + Nigritella miniata ++ Hieracium bifidum r Scabiosa lucida + Festuca quadriflora Draba aizoides Gymnadenia odoratissima + Achillea clavennae
Character species of Seslerietalia Galium anisophyllum +++++1++++++++++1 +++ Carex sempervirens (ecotipo calc.) 3222221 +3223333 423 Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus + +++++++ ++++++ +++ Betonica alopecuros +++ 11 1+ 111++++ ++1 Horminum pyrenaicum 11+ ++ + 221112 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum 11112 +++++1 + + Ranunculus venetus (+R.grenierianus) +11 +++++++ Pedicularis elongata ++++++++ ++1 Gentiana verna +++ ++++ ++++ Helianthemum alpestre 31 111 + + +++ ++ Helictotrichon parlatorei +11 ++12 + Biscutella laevigata + + 1111++ + Euphrasia salisburgensis ++ + Carex firma +++ Crepis froelichiana ++ Salix alpina ++ Carex ferruginea ++ Scorzonera aristata 1 Agrostis alpina ++ Thesium alpinum + Gentianella anisodonta + (continued) Association Table 10.4 (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 282
1234567891011121314151617181920 Trifolium thalii + Oxytropis jacquinii 1 + Arabis corymbiflora + Senecio doronicum
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Acinos alpinus +++ ++ +++1 + Hippocrepis comosa (loc.) + ++++++++ + Dryas octopetala 1++ 1 Minuartia verna + ++1 Carex ericetorum ++ Juncus monanthos + 1 Gentianella nivalis + Silene acaulis Erigeron polymorphus
Species of Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis 1++1+++ Linum catharticum ++++11 Festuca rupicola +1+ 1 1 + Brachypodium caespitosum ++ 1 Helianthemum cfr. italicum 1++ Carex caryophyllea ++1
Companion species Polygonum viviparum + ++ +++ + 111 Potentilla crantzii ++1+ + + + ++++ 1 + Campanula scheuchzeri + ++1 Lotus corniculatus +++ +++1 +11++11 11 Juniperus nana + 1111 ++ Thymus polytrichus 111+11+1+++++++++ + Carlina acaulis ++ ++ + ++1 Bartsia alpina + +++ Phyteuma orbiculare +++ + 1+ ++ +++ Nigritella nigra +++ + +++++ Crocus albiflorus +++ + + + Leontodon hispidus + Poa alpina + +++1 Erica carnea 122212++112211 Pedicularis verticillata + + +++ Carex ornithopoda + 1+ +++++1+ + Festuca rubra 22 + + 1 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum ++++ + + + soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 283 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
1234567891011121314151617181920 Soldanella alpina +++ Rhinanthus aristatus ++ +++ Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense ++ +++1 Homogyne alpina 11+++ ++ Hieracium morisianum +1 Cladonia pyxidata Selaginella selaginoides ++++ + Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 1+1 Cetraria islandica + Traunsteinera globosa + + Prunella grandiflora +++ ++ + 22++12 1 Polygala chamaebuxus ++ ++ ++ Parnassia palustris ++ Agrostis tenuis ++ Hieracium pilosella ++ + Centaurea triumfetti ++ + Anthoxanthum odoratum +++++ + Hypericum montanum ++ Buphthalmum salicifolium ++ + Chamaecytisus purpureus +++ + Trollius europaeus 11+++ 1 Rhododendron hirsutum ++ 2+2+1 Potentilla erecta + ++++++1 Tofieldia calyculata + + ++++ Plantago media ++ + 1+ + Dactylorhiza maculata +++++ Carex mucronata +1+++ Carex montana ++++ Briza media +1++ Aposeris foetida ++ + + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica +++ + Achillea millefolium ++ + + Festuca alpestris +++ Valeriana saxatilis ++ Carex flacca ++ Calluna vulgaris +1 Calamagrostis varia 11 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae +
Sporadic species 2–27661422444465159 199 (continued) 8 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 284 Association Table 10.4 (continued) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Ril. 1–17 Ril. 18–37 Altitude (m) 2030 1950 2050 1970 2200 2130 2000 2230 2100 2150 2020 1820 1850 2200 2050 2040 1950 1595 2045 Exposition SE SW SSE ESE S S E S SE SSW WSW SSSSS WSW Slope (deg) 35 35 20 30 20 35 15 25 15 35 25 40 35 25 45 35 40 25 27 Cover (%) 95 95 100 95 90 95 100 95 100 90 95 80 95 95 95 95 95 91 95 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 200 50 100 100 150 100 200 200 100 200 200 200 100 100 88 135 Number of species 63 68 53 55 48 48 48 43 64 57 44 55 53 57 50 57 53 43.8 51.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.65 1.70 1.56 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.64 1.56 1.67 1.69 1.58 1.55 1.62 1.68 1.64 1.54 1.52 1.53 1.59
Character species of association and alliance Caricion austroalpinae Pimpinella alpestris +11++11+1+1 1111 100100 Koeleria eriostachya 11 1+ +1 + 6140 Leucanthemum heterophyllum +1+ + + 11+ + 5650 Linum alpinum subsp. julicum 1+++++ 1 + ++ 1165 Bupleurum ranunculoides +++++1 1+1+ 660 Betonica pradica +++ 15 Pedicularis gyroflexa ++ 6 15 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. baldensis 11 Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala 11 Ranunculus thora 11 Genista radiata 11 Carex austroalpina 6 Primula spectabilis 6 Scabiosa dubia 6 Androsace villosa +5
Differential basicline species Globularia cordifolia 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 78 30 Gymnadenia conopsea ++ 17220 Aster bellidiastrum ++ +6115
Differential acidocline species Festuca puccinellii 121+112 +31 ++++ 1 + 2880 Anthoxanthum alpinum +1+ +++ 11 +2 1 + + 6 65 Geum montanum 1++ +1++1+ +++ + 6 70 Avenula versicolor 32 +1 + +211 + + 1160 Ranunculus grenierianus + R. venetus ++1+++++ ++ +++ 85 Anemone narcissiflora r+ +++ + ++ 6 55 Luzula multiflora +++ ++ + + 6 35 Potentilla aurea +++ + 6 20 Luzula albida var. rubella 1 ++615 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia + +6 10 Gentiana kochiana + 65 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 285 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Ril. 1–17 Ril. 18–37 Character species of Seslerion Sesleria caerulea 1+222112323 1++11 1 100100 Polygala alpestre ++ 1++++8335 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicola +++1++111+1 ++11+ 1 7290 Senecio abrotanifolius ++2+11+12++ +++++ + 61100 Gentiana clusii ++++++++ ++ 5650 Daphne striata +1111 1+ 1+1++ + 5075 Leontopodium alpinum +++3320 Laserpitium peucedanoides ++1+++3325 Hieracium villosum ++1++++2250 Myosotis alpestris ++ ++++ ++ 2245 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++ + ++ +1+ + 1140 Nigritella miniata 11 5 Hieracium bifidum ++1++630 Scabiosa lucida + ++ +++ + + 6 30 Festuca quadriflora ++ 10 Draba aizoides ++10 Gymnadenia odoratissima ++ + 20 Achillea clavennae ++++ ++ 20
Character species of Seslerietalia Galium anisophyllum +++++++++++ ++++1 + 100100 Carex sempervirens (ecotype calc.) 11343332212 33324 3 94100 Carduus carlinaefolius incl. C. glauucus ++++ ++++++ ++++ 8380 Betonica alopecuros ++ ++1++++1 +1 +1 1 8380 Horminum pyrenaicum 11+ 67 15 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum +1 +1 21+11 + 6750 Ranunculus venetus (+R.grenierianus) 67 Pedicularis elongata +1+++6115 Gentiana verna ++ ++ +++ + 6145 Helianthemum alpestre 1+ 1 1+11++ 1 11+ 1 6170 Helictotrichon parlatorei +++1+4425 Biscutella laevigata ++++++ ++++ ++ 4465 Euphrasia salisburgensis +++++1720 Carex firma 17 Crepis froelichiana ++ 1 ++ 1120 Salix alpina 11 Carex ferruginea 65 (continued) Association Table 10.4 (continued) Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association 286
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Ril. 1–17 Ril. 18–37 Scorzonera aristata ++ 610 Agrostis alpina + +615 Thesium alpinum +++ ++620 Gentianella anisodonta + ++++ 625 Trifolium thalii +++1+625 Oxytropis jacquinii ++ ++2+ 635 Arabis corymbiflora 6 Senecio doronicum ++ + 10
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea s.l. Acinos alpinus +++ 1+ +++++ 5645 Hippocrepis comosa (loc.) ++11 +1+++ +++ + 5065 Dryas octopetala 17 5 Minuartia verna ++ + + + + + 1145 Carex ericetorum 11 Juncus monanthos ++ 1615 Gentianella nivalis ++ +615 Silene acaulis ++10 Erigeron polymorphus +++ 15
Species of Festuco-Brometea Carex humilis +21 3915 Linum catharticum 33 Festuca rupicola 33 Brachypodium caespitosum +175 Helianthemum cfr. italicum 17 Carex caryophyllea 17
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++ ++ ++1+1 +1+ + 1 5685 Potentilla crantzii 1+1 +++1+1+ +1++1 2 6780 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ ++1+ + ++++ + 1780 Lotus corniculatus 1++++++ 1++ ++++ 7875 Juniperus nana +1+ +++++ +++++ 3375 Thymus polytrichus ++1+++ 11++ ++++ 10075 Carlina acaulis 1++ + +++ ++ 3970 Bartsia alpina +++ +1+ ++ + + + 1165 Phyteuma orbiculare + +1++++ +1++ 5065 Nigritella nigra ++++++++++ 5665 Crocus albiflorus + 1 + + + 1 1 + + + 39 60 Leontodon hispidus 11++++ + + + + 1160 Poa alpina + + + + + + + 1 + + 28 60 Erica carnea +˚ ++++ +1 1+111 1 7855 Pedicularis verticillata + + + + + + + + 17 55 soito alst h aia Apn rslnso ietnsadDlmts 287 Dolomites” and Limestones on Grasslands “Alpine Habitat the to Tables Association
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Ril. 1–17 Ril. 18–37 Carex ornithopoda +++++++++ + + + 6155 Festuca rubra 12 ++++ ++ + + 2250 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum 1+ + +++ +++ 3350 Soldanella alpina +++ + ++ + + 1745 Rhinanthus aristatus ++ ++ 1 + + 2245 Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense 21+ +1+ 39 45 Homogyne alpina + + + + + + 39 40 Hieracium morisianum 1++ + 35 Cladonia pyxidata +++ + + 635 Selaginella selaginoides +++ + 28 35 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale +1 1+ 6 30 Cetraria islandica ++ ++ 1130 Traunsteinera globosa +++++1125 Prunella grandiflora +1 1 + 67 25 Polygala chamaebuxus + + + + 33 20 Parnassia palustris ++ ++615 Agrostis tenuis 1+ +1115 Hieracium pilosella ++ 17 10 Centaurea triumfetti + + 17 10 Anthoxanthum odoratum + 28 10 Hypericum montanum 1 11 5 Buphthalmum salicifolium +175 Chamaecytisus purpureus + 22 5 Trollius europaeus 28 5 Rhododendron hirsutum 33 5 Potentilla erecta 44 Tofieldia calyculata 33 Plantago media 33 Dactylorhiza maculata 28 Carex mucronata 28 Carex montana 22 Briza media 22 Aposeris foetida 22 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica 22 Achillea millefolium 22 Festuca alpestris 17 Valeriana saxatilis 11 Carex flacca 11 Calluna vulgaris 11 Calamagrostis varia 11 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae 6
Sporadic species 12 14 13 8 2 3 2 3 12 4 2 12 5 5 3 12 14 288 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.5 SESLERIO-HELICTROTRICHETUM PARLATOREI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 425–427) 123 456789101112Med. Altitude (m) 2260 2400 2400 2400 2050 1800 2000 2000 2100 1850 1600 1750 2051 Exposition S S WSW S E S S S E S SE S Slope (deg) 25 50 40 45 40 45 25 35 45 40 60 55 42 Cover (%) 90 90 95 80 85 95 95 90 80 95 95 90 Surface (m2) 100 50 50 50 30 100 50 100 25 100 65 Number of species 44 35 36 37 21 27 40 30 42 50 34 39 37.0 Diversity (Shannon) 1.55 1.48 1.5 1.52 1.27 1.25 1.45 1.42 1.45 1.61 1.45 1.53 1.46
Character species of the association Helictotrichon parlatorei 2.2 4.4 4.5 3.3 3.2 2.2 + 4.4 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.2 100 Scorzonera aristata 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 58
Differential species Pimpinella alpina + 1.1 + + + + 50 Leucanthemum heterophyllum + 1.1 + + + 42 Linum alpinum subsp. julicum + 1.2 + + 33 Genista radiata 2.2 2.2 + 25 Festuca alpestris 1.2 +.2 17 Crepis froelichiana ++17 Pedicularis gyroflexa 1.1 8 Tephroseris tenuifolia (¼Senecio gaudini) ++17 Ranunculus thora ++17 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1.2 + 17 Senecio doronicum 1.1 8 Festuca pulchella +8 Bupleurum ranunculoides +8 Carex austroalpina 1.2 8
Character species of Seslerietalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea 1.2 + + 1.2 2.2 + + + 1.1 1.2 2.2 92 Carex sempervirens (ecotipo) 3.2 + 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 + 3.2 1.2 + 83 Galium anisophyllon +++ ++ ++++ +83 Helianthemum numm. subsp. grandiflorum 1.2 + 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 75 Carduus defloratus ++ + ++++++ 75 Festuca norica 2.2 1.2 1.2 + 2.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 67 Betonica alopecuros 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 58 Pedicularis elongata ++ + + ++ 50 Helianthemum alpestre 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 42 Oxytropis montana subsp. carinthiaca 1.2 + 1.2 + 33 Minuartia verna +.2 + + + 33 Scabiosa lucida 1.2 + +.2 + 33 Leontopodium alpinum +++ + 33 Erigeron polymorphus ++ + + 33 Hedysarum hedysaroides +++25 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.1 1.1 + 25 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicola +++25 Euphrasia salisburgensis +.2 + + 25 Agrostis alpina ++ + 25 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 289
Association Table 10.5 (continued) 123 456789101112Med. Laserpitium peucedanoides + 1.1 + 25 Festuca violacea subsp. puccinellii 1.2 + 2.2 25 Kobresia myosuroides 1.2 + +.2 25 Myosotis alpestris ++ + 25 Senecio abrotanifolius + + 1.2 25 Hieracium bifidum +++25 Polygala alpestris ++ 17 Biscutella laevigata ++17 Festuca quadriflora 1.2 + 17 Achillea clavennae ++17 Thesium alpinum ++17 Gentianella anisodonta ++ 17 Astragalus australis ++ 17 Athamanta cretensis ++ 17 Gentiana clusii ++ 17 Carex ericetorum +.3 8 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata + 8 Astragalus alpinus + 8 Oxytropis campestris 1.2 8 Ranunculus hybridus +8 Trifolium thalii 1.1 8 Koeleria eryostachya +8
Companion species Bistorta vivipara + + + + + + 1.1 + + 75 Ranunculus venetus 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + + 75 Campanula scheuchzeri 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + 67 Phyteuma orbiculare + + + 1.1 + + 50 Potentilla crantzii ++ ++ + +50 Thymus polytrichus 1.1 1.1 +.2 1.1 1.1 + 50 Pedicularis verticillata +++ + + 42 Lotus corniculatus 1.2 + + 1.1 + 42 Cerastiuum arvense subsp. strictum ++ +++42 Erica carnea + 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 42 Aster alpinus + + + + 1.1 42 Pulsatilla alpina + + 1.1 1.1 + 42 Prunella grandiflora + + + 1.1 33 Achillea millefolium +++ + 33 Acinos alpinus + + +.2 + 33 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 1.1 + +.2 1.1 33 Poa alpina +++ + 33 Trifolium pratense subsp. pratense 1.1 + + + 33 Daphne mezereum + + 1.1 + 33 Carex flacca +++33 Seseli libanotis ++ + 25 Avenula pubescens ++ + 25 Brachypodium caespitosum +.2 1.2 + 25 Laserpitium latifolium + 1.1 + 25 Carlina acaulis +++ 25 (continued) 290 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.5 (continued) 123 456789101112Med. Trollius europaeus + 1.1 + 25 Rhinanthus aristatus + 1.1 1.1 25 Juniperus sibirica +.2 + 1.2 25 Festuca rubra + 2.1 1.1 25 Myosotis sylvatica ++ +25 Silene nutans ++ 17 Veronica fruticans ++ 17 Dianthus sylvestris ++ 17 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum ++ 17 Ranunculus oreophilus ++17 Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. ++ 17 pollinianum Cirsium erisithales ++17 Traunsteinera globosa ++17 Lathyrus laevigatus ++17 Calamagrostis varia + 1.1 17 Carex humilis + +.2 17 Laserpitium siler + 1.1 17 Gentiana verna ++ 17 Epipactis atropurpurea ++17 Lilium martagon ++17 Avenula praeusta 1.1 + 17 Hippocrepis comosa ++17
Sporadic species 632 13810212846 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 291
Association Table 10.6 LASERPITIO-CALAMAGROSTIDETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 427–429) 1234567891011Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 480 1300 600 500 1250 1850 1600 1650 1000 1100 1650 1180 Exposition NE W SW S SE S S W S SE SSW Slope (deg) 35 10 35 35 15 40 25 40 15 10 40 27 Cover (%) 100 95 100 50 100 100 70 80 100 100 80 89 Surface (m2) 50 2550 502520 50 36 Number of species 36 49 34 28 26 35 31 33 36 40 39 35.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.18 1.37 0.84 1.19 1.09 1.33 1.3 1.28 1.21 1.23 1.33 1.21
Kennarten Calamagrostis varia 2.2 3.5 3.2 2.2 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.2 1.1 3.2 1.2 11 100 Laserpitium latifolium 1.1 + + 2.2 3.2 1.1 6 55 Campanula caespitosa + + 1.2 3 27
Gorge and Gully species Buphthalmum salicifolium + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 9 82 Leucanthemum heterophyllum + + + 1.1 4 36 Laserpitium siler 3.4 1 9 Hierochloe australis +19 Knautia ressmannii +19 Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae +19 Euphrasia tricuspidata +19 Ligusticum seguieri +19 Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri +19 Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus +19 Hieracium porrifolium +.2 1 9 Dianthus sternbergii +19 Linum viscosum +19
Character species of All., Order, Class (Elyno-Seslerietea) Betonica alopecuros + 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 8 73 Sesleria caerulea 3.2 2.2 + +.2 +.2 + 6 55 Biscutella laevigata ++ + + + 546 Carduus defloratus +++ +436 Pedicularis elongata + + +.2 + 4 36 Carex ferruginea 2.2 + 1.2 3 27 Koeleria eryostachya + + 1.1 3 27 Laserpitium peucedanoides ++ 218 Hieracium bifidum ++ 218 Gymnadenia conopsea ++218 Helictotrichon parlatorei 2.2 1 9 Gentiana clusii +19 Crepis froelichiana +19 Horminum pyrenaicum +19 Scabiosa portae +19 Polygala alpestre +19 Oxytropis jacquinii +19 Daphne striata +19 Senecio abrotanifolius +19 Ranunculus hybridus +19 (continued) 292 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.6 (continued) 1234567891011Tot. Med. Hieracium villosum +19 Scabiosa lucida +19
Companion species Vicia cracca + + + 1.2 + 1.1 1.2 7 64 Erica carnea 2.2 2.2 + +.2 3.2 1.2 +.2 7 64 Prunella grandiflora + + + 1.1 + + 6 55 Aquilegia atrata ++ +++ 546 Potentilla erecta 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 5 46 Carex humilis + 2.3 2.2 (+) + 5 46 Cirsium erisithales + + 1.1 + + 5 46 Carex flacca 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 5 46 Lathyrus pratensis ++++436 Anemone trifolia +++ +436 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 1.2 +.2 + 1.1 4 36 Valeriana montana + 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 36 Polygala chamaebuxus + (+) + + 4 36 Galium anisophyllum ++++436 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria + + + (+) 4 36 Lotus corniculatus ++++436 Phyteuma orbiculare + +++ 436 Brachypodium caespitosum + 1.2 + 3 27 Rhinanthus freynii + + 1.1 3 27 Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa +.2 (+) + 3 27 Geranium sylvaticum + + 1.1 3 27 Rhinanthus aristatus ++218 Molinia coerulea 2.2 2.2 2 18 Thesium rostratum ++218 Anthericum ramosum ++ 218 Epipactis atropurpurea ++ 218 Lathyrus laevigatus 1.1 2.2 2 18 Petasites paradoxus ++218 Rhododendron hirsutum 2.2 1 9
Sporadic species 19 23 25 12 12 12 10 13 19 21 18 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 293
Association Table 10.7 CARICETUM FERRUGINEAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 490–492) 123456789101112131415 Altitude (m) 2000 2320 2000 1700 2100 1800 2250 2200 1940 2080 2100 2100 2160 2200 2250 2080 Exposition SE NE S S N E SE N S S SSW W S N S Slope (deg) 15 15 15 2 40 5 25 10 5 20 5 30 5 20 15 15 Cover (%) 100 100 100 98 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 99 Surface (m2) 64 30 25 16 50 100 50 25 10 16 30 8 50 50 100 42 Number of species 31 36 37 22 40 41 41 31 18 28 58 25 40 41 54 36.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.28 1.56 1.19 1.32 1.42 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.22 1.38 1.49 1.56 1.42 1.45 1.36 1.39
Character species of the association Carex ferruginea 4.4 3.4 2.2 3.2 3.4 1.2 5.5 3.3 1.3 4.4 2.2 5.5 +.2 4.3 2.3 15 100
Character species of Caricion ferrugineae, Seslerietalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Carduus defloratus + ++++++.2++++1387 Sesleria caerulea + + + + 1.2 + + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 12 80 Horminum pyrenaicum + 1.1 + 1.2 2.2 2.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.2 + + 12 80 Ranunculus venetus + 1.1 + + + + 1.2 + 8 53 Myosotis alpestris + 1.1 + + + + + + 8 53 Crepis aurea 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 + 7 47 Biscutella laevigata 1.1 + + + + + + 7 47 Scorzonera aristata 1.1 + + + + + 6 40 Anthyllis vulneraria 1.1 + + 1.2 + + 6 40 subsp. alpestris Polygala alpestre +++++ +640 Pedicularis elongata + + 1.1 + + 5 33 Festuca norica +.3 1.2 + + + 5 33 Scabiosa lucida + + + 1.2 + 5 33 Rhinanthus subalpinus + + 1.1 + + 5 33 Festuca puccinellii + +.2 +.2 +.2 + 5 33 (F. melanopsis) Gentiana verna ++ + ++533 Hedysarum hedysaroides + 2.2 1.1 + 4 27 Betonica alopecuros ++++ 427 Trifolium thalii + +.2 + 1.1 4 27 Oxytropis jacquinii 1.1 + + 3 20 Achillea clavennae ++213 Thesium alpinum ++213 Ranunculus oreophilus 1.1 +213 Avenula praeusta +17 Senecio abrotanifolius +17 Gentiana clusii +17 Silene acaulis +17 Juncus monanthos +17 Ranunculus hybridus +17
Companion species Galium anisophyllum ++ +++ +++++++1280 Polygonum viviparum + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + 1.1 1.1 + 12 80 Trollius europaeus 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 11 73 Soldanella alpina + + + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 + 1.1 11 73 Poa alpina 1.1 2.2 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 11 73 Potentilla crantzii + 1.1 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + + + + 11 73 (continued) 294 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.7 (continued) 123456789101112131415 Lotus corniculatus 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 1.1 + 10 67 Bartsia alpina 1.1++ + + ++ ++960 Aster bellidiastrum + + + + 1.1 + + + 1.1 9 60 Pedicularis verticillata + + 1.1 +++ ++960 Anthoxanthum alpinum ++ + + + 1.1++853 Trifolium pratense subsp. 1.1 + + + + + + 2.3 8 53 nivale Leontodon hispidus 1.1 2.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + 8 53 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 1.2 1.1 + + + 7 47 Alchemilla gr. vulgaris +.2 + + 1.3 1.2 + 6 40 Deschampsia cespitosa + 1.2 + 2.2 2.2 + 6 40 Thymus polytrichus ++++ +533 Potentilla erecta 1.1 + + + 1.1 5 33 Carex flacca + + + 1.2 + 5 33 Veratrum album ++++ +533 Trifolium badium + 1.1 + + 1.1 5 33 Carex sempervirens + +.2 1.2 + + 5 33 (ecot. ?) Knautia longifolia + + ++ +533 Selaginella selaginoides +++++533 Briza media +r + + 427 Carum carvi + 1.1 + + 4 27 Prunella grandiflora ++ ++ 427 Geum montanum + + 1.2 + 4 27 Festuca rubra ++ +320 Lotus alpinus 1.1 1.2 1.2 3 20 Campanula scheuchzeri ++ + 320 Avenella flexuosa +.2 1.2 + 3 20 Agrostis tenuis 2.2 + + 3 20 Anemone baldensis + 1.1 + 3 20 Tussilago farfara + 1.2 + 3 20 Colchicum autumnale ++ + 320 Cirsium spinosissimum +++320 Crocus albiflorus ++ + 320 Cirsium acaule ++ + 320 Alchemilla glaberrima + + 1.1 3 20 Acinos alpinus +++320 Luzula multiflora ++ +320 Phyteuma orbiculare ++ + 320 Primula farinosa ++ + 320
Sporadic species 9795797515195151116 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 295
Association Table 10.8 FESTUCO-TRIFOLIETUM THALII (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 492–493) 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 Tot. Med. Altitude (m) 2200 2200 2000 2200 2100 2150 2230 2154 Exposition W N S N E W SE Slope (deg) 25 10 5 10 15 15 25 15 Cover (%) 90 100 100 100 100 70 95 94 Surface (m2) 50 100 100 25 50 40 100 66 Number of species 47 44 42 36 33 45 56 43.3 Diversity (Shannon) 1.64 1.59 1.53 1.55 1.47 1.56 1.51 1.55
Character species of the association Trifolium thalii 2.2 + 2.2 1.2 3.3 2.2 + 7 100 Festuca puccinellii 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 6 86
Character species of Caricion ferrugineae, Seslerietalia Aster bellidiastrum + + + 1.1 + 5 71 Myosotis alpestris + + +++571 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris + + + 2.2 1.2 5 71 Carduus defloratus + + +++571 Crepis aurea 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 4 57 Sesleria caerulea 1.1 + + 1.2 4 57 Euphrasia salisburgensis + +++457 Biscutella laevigata ++ +343 Hedysarum hedysaroides + 1.2 + 3 43 Hieracium villosum + ++343 Avenastrum parlatorei + 1.1 2.2 3 43 Gentiana verna ++ +343 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.1 1.2 2 29 Carex ferruginea 1.2 +.2 2 29 Armeria alpina +.2 + 2 29 Ranunculus oreophilus + 1.1 2 29 Ranunculus venetus ++229 Scabiosa lucida ++229 Helianthemum alpestre + 1.2 2 29 Minuartia verna ++229 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++229 Oxytropis montana ++229 Festuca norica +114 Gentiana clusii +114 Achillea clavennae +114 Gentianella nivalis +114 Elyna myosuroides +.2 1 14 Acinos alpinus +.2 1 14 Ranunculus alpestris r114 Athamanta cretensis +114 Dryas octopetala r114 Leontopodium alpinum r114 Senecio abrotanifolius +114 Silene acaulis +114 Pimpinella alpestris 1.1 1 14 Koeleria eriostachya +114 (continued) 296 Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites”
Association Table 10.8 (continued) 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 Tot. Med. Nigritella rubra +114 Festuca quadriflora +114
Differential species of the acidopholous variant Geum montanum 1.1 +.2 2.2 + 4 57 Euphrasia minima +++ 343 Campanula barbata +++ 343 Nardus stricta +++ 343 Festuca intercedens 1.1 + 2 29 Gentiana kochiana ++ + 343 Arnica montana +.2 1.1 2 29 Potentilla aurea + 1.1 2 29 Primula minima ++ 229 Phyteuma hemisphaericum ++ 229 Gentiana punctata +114
Transgressive species from Juncetea trifidi Carex sempervirens (ecot. ?) 1.2 + 2.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 7 100 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ + +++7100 Anthoxanthum alpinum + 1.1 + + + + 7 100 Festuca rubra 1.1 + + + 4 57 Phleum rhaeticum 1.1 + 1.1 3 43 Nigritella nigra ++ +343 Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale 1.2 1.1 + 3 43 Hieracium pilosella ++ 229 Luzula spicata ++229 Juncus trifidus +.2 +.2 2 29 Antennaria carpathica +.2 + 2 29 Hieracium lactucella 1.1 + 2 29 Hieracium alpicola ++229 Avenula praeusta +114 Luzula sudetica (L. alpina ?) 1.1 1 14 Saxifraga aizoides 1.2 1 14 Ligusticum simplex 1.1 1 14 Euphrasia minima +114 Agrostis rupestris +114 Carex aterrima +114
Companion species Poa alpina 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 6 86 Potentilla crantzii + 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 + 6 86 Leontodon hispidus 2.2 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 + 6 86 Polygonum viviparum + 1.1 + 1.1 + + 6 86 Galium anisophyllum +.2 + 1.2 1.2 + + 6 86 Thymus polytrichus + + + +++686 Soldanella alpina + 1.1 + 1.1 + 5 71 Lotus corniculatus + 1.2 2.2 + + 5 71 Trollius europaeus 1.1 + + + 4 57 Selaginella selaginoides +++ + 457 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” 297
Association Table 10.8 (continued) 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 Tot. Med. Cirsium spinosissimum +++343 Deschampsia cespitosa 1.2 1.2 1.1 3 43 Anemone baldensis + 2.2 1.2 3 43 Salix retusa + +.2 r 3 43 Agrostis alpina + 1.2 2 29 Phyteuma orbiculare ++229 Alchemilla undulata + +.1 2 29 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 2 29 Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum ++229 Peucedanum ostruthium +.2 1.2 2 29 Agrostis tenella ++ 229 Homogyne discolor + 1.1 2 29 Carum carvi 2.2 + 2 29 Erigeron polymorphus ++229 Parnassia palustris ++229
Lichens Cetraria islandica 1.2 r 2 29
Sporadic species 336 – 1721 Association Tables to the Habitat “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges and Peak Habitats” (Refers to Chap. 11 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 299 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_12, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 Association Table 11.1 SESLERIO-GERANIETUM ARGENTEI (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 447–449) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 300
Med. Med. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1–12 13–19 1–19 Altitude (m) 2100 2100 2100 2050 2050 2100 2150 2100 2247 2080 2132 2100 1940 1930 2150 2050 2060 2080 2100 2109 2044 2085 Exposition SW S W S SE N N NNW SE S W S S SE W SW NW SSE S Slope (deg) 10 80 5 15 20 5 15 10 15 40 20 20 80 2 2 90 20 60 2 21 37 27 Cover (%) 80 40 40 70 50 15 30 70 80 80 90 80 30 40 50 60 65 40 50 60 48 56 Surface (m2) 3 10 4 10 10 4 16 75 8 25 1 16 10 4 10 10 6 6 16 15 9 13 Number of species 17 12 13 24 23 13 13 15 33 48 19 33 26 17 19 31 18 19 18 21.7 22.9 22.1 Diversity (Shannon) 1.18 1.04 1.09 1.31 1.3 1.07 1.11 1 1.35 1.37 1.03 1.3 1.22 1.14 1.22 1.31 1.24 1.28 1.21 1.23 1.18 1.20
Kennarten Geranium argenteum 2.1 + + 1.1 + + 2.2 2.2 2.3 75 Eritrichium nanum + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + 66 Festuca alpina ++++ + 42 Minuartia lanceolata ++ + 25 Oxytropis jacquini 2.2 1.2 17 Dianthus sternbergii ++ 17 Bupleurum ranunculoides +8 Arabis vochinensis +8 Linum tommasinii +8 Bupleurum petraeum +8 Trisetum argenteum 2.3 8
Differential species of subass. with Primula auricula Erigeron uniflorus r +++ ++8 72 Paederota bonarota + + + + + 1.1 25 57 Saxifraga burserana 1.1 + 1.1 + 57 Primula auricula + ++++857 ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Differential species of southern Firmeta Saxifraga crustata + 1.1 1.2 1.1 + + 1.2 1.2 + + + 1.1 + 66 72 Gentiana clusii + ++ + +++++ +2586 Leontopodium alpinum 1.1 + + + + + 1.1 + + 25 72 Androsace villosa ++ +++ 2529 Petrocallis pyrenaica ++814
Character species of Caricetum firmae Carex firma 1.1 1.1 2.1 3.3 2.1 + + 3.3 2.1 1.1 + + 2.1 2.1 + 1 75 100 Sesleria sphaerocephala + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 58 86 Valeriana saxatilis + + + 1.1 25 14 Gentiana terglouensis ++ 17 Chamaeorchis alpina ++ + 25 Crepis kerneri + 17 Pedicularis rosea + 17
Character species of Caricion firmae, Seslerietalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Helianthemum alpestre 1.1 + 1.1 + + + 2.1 2.2 + 3.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + 83 86 Silene acaulis + + ++1.1+++ + ++ +8343 Dryas octopetala + + 2.1 + 1.1 1.1 + +.2 1.1 r 66 29 Euphrasia salisburgensis + + ++ ++++ +3372 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata 1.1 + + + + + + + + 42 57 Aster bellidiastrum + + + + + + + 25 57
Anthyllis alpestris 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 + + + + + 58 43 ... Globularia cordifolia 1.1 + 1.2 + + + + 25 57 Sesleria caerulea + + 2.1 + + + + 42 29 Minuartia verna +++++ ++4229 (continued) 301 Association Table 11.1 (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 302
Med. Med. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1–12 13–19 1–19 Dianthus sylvestris ++ + + +1743 Trifolium thalii 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 25 14 Ranunculus alpestris ++ + 1.1 17 29 Draba aizoides ++ +++2529 Carex mucronata + + + 17 43 Athamanta cretensis + + 1.1 + 25 14 Juncus monanthos + + 1.2 + 25 14 Pimpinella alpestris ++ 17 Festuca quadriflora + +814 Gentiana verna + + + + 25 14 Elyna myosuroides + 3.3 17 Achillea clavenae ++ 17 Festuca alpestris 1.1 8 Hieracium villosum +14 Daphne striata +14 Saxifraga paniculata 1.1 14 Horminum pyrenaicum ++814 Gentiana nivalis ++814 Companion species Polygonum viviparum 1.1+++ + +++ +1.1+ +++7572 Minuartia sedoides + +++ ++ ++ + ++5072 Saxifraga squarrosa ++++ + ++ ++ 5043 Primula tyrolensis ++ + + + 2529 Phyteuma sieberi + + + + 25 14 Potentilla nitida 1.1 + + 25 Campanula carnica 1.1 + + 8 29 Silene saxifraga +14
Sporadic species 11–22 1–5 9247 119329 ... Association Table 11.2aa CARICETUM FIRMAE SUBASS. WITHOUT DIFFERENTIALS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 449–452) [11.2a. subass. without Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association differentials—Helianthemum alpestre variant (rel. 1–35)] 12345678910111213141516171819 Altitude (m) 2350 2260 2360 2250 2240 2400 2450 2400 2330 2280 2250 2300 2380 2470 2300 2560 2500 2350 2000 Exposition E N S ESE SW S – S S S E SE S S W S SSE S S Slope (deg) 20 5 15 30 20 10 – 10 20 40 1\5 15 25 15 10 20 30 15 30 Cover (%) 80 85 80 40 60 40 60 90 95 70 40 50 70 90 70 60 80 70 40 Surface (m2) 50121610102516252516 161516802510040100 Number of species 24 28 30 19 39 17 26 23 26 21 32 23 22 28 33 28 30 20 16 Diversity (Shannon) 1.28 1.36 1.39 1.24 1.51 1.16 1.31 1.28 1.33 1.26 1.44 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.45 1.38 1.45 1.29 1.18 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 23.6 30.5 33.5 25.8 52.6 20.8 26.8 22.7 26.7 22.4 45.8 26.1 25.0 28.1 40.3 35.2 40.4 26.1 20.5
Kennart Carex firma 4332222444234+32332
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Sesleria sphaerocephala 1 1 1 111 1111+1+ Saxifraga caesia 1++ + 1++1+ 1+++ Gentiana terglouensis + ++++++++++ Salix serpyllifolia 1 1 2 + 1 2+++ Anthyllis alpestris +++++++11 ++1+++++ Festuca quadriflora +1 1 + +1+1 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++++++++++ +++++ ... Pedicularis rosea +++++ Gentiana clusii +++++++++++++1 Achillea oxyloba + Crepis kerneri + ++ 1++ Achillea clavennae ++ + 1 + Leontopodium alpinum ++++++ Salix alpina ++ +++++ Draba aizoides ++1+++ Ranunculus hybridus 1+ + ++ Valeriana saxatilis +1 + ++ Carex mucronata ++ ++ + Thymus alpigenus ++ Chamaeorchis alpina ++ Daphne striata ++ Hieracium bifidum +
Character species of Seslerietalia 303 Helianthemum alpestre 1 +111 111 1+21111+ Sesleria caerulea 2111 +++ +++1 + (continued) Association Table 11.2aa (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 304 12345678910111213141516171819 Armeria alpina + ++ + Agrostis alpina 1 +++ Juncus monanthos +
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis +++ 11 1+1+ +++++ Minuartia verna + + ++ ++ + ++++ Dryas octopetala 1+ + 1 1 ++ 1 Elyna myosuroides + + 1 ++2 +++ Aster bellidiastrum + ++ + ++ ++++1 Carex rupestris +2+1+ Biscutella laevigata +++ + ++ + + + Euphrasia salisburgensis 1+ + +++ Carex ornithopodioides + Carex ericetorum 2+ Hedysarum hedysaroides Draba dubia
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++1 ++++ +++ ++++ Bartsia alpina +++ ++++ + +1+++ Phyteuma sieberi ++++++++++ Minuartia sedoides ++ ++ Soldanella minima ++++++ Salix retusa ++r Potentilla nitida +1+ 2 Selaginella selaginoides + + ++++ + + Arenaria ciliata ++ + Arabis pumila ++ + Minuartia octandra +1 Soldanella alpina ++ + + Homogyne alpina ++ + + Gentiana verna ++ Galium anisophyllum ++1 Pinguicula alpina ++ +++ Erica carnea + 1 +˚ +˚ +˚ Salix reticulata r Poa alpina ++ ... Saxifraga paniculata ++1 soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Athamanta cretensis + ++1 Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa 1 ++++ + + +++++1 Thamnolia vermicularis ++++++++++ Toninia coeruleo-nigricans +1++ Cetraria islandica +++ Cladonia endiviaefolia + + Cladonia pyxidata 1+ Tortella inclinata + Solorina saccata +
Sporadic species 23330263414317430––
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Altitude (m) 2320 2650 2350 2370 2400 2580 2450 2640 2540 2300 2320 2700 2220 2320 2650 2500 2393 Exposition S S SE W S SE W SSSSSENSSW Slope (deg) 10 25 2 7 20 30 60 45 20 30 15 15 50 20 25 30 22 Cover (%) 60 70 70 50 80 50 10 70 30 70 70 60 40 85 60 50 63 Surface (m2) 4 20 16 50 30 10 20 100 100 20 25 25 8 16 8 4 31 Number of species 17 20 19 21 21 26 19 28 21 33 27 14 22 22 15 16 24 Diversity (Shannon) 1.25 1.22 1.28 1.25 1.25 1.38 1.19 1.33 1.26 1.38 1.35 1.03 1.26 1.19 1.17 1.09 1.29 Dominance (Simpson) 23.1 21.5 29.6 25.2 23.0 38.5 19.5 29.6 27.5 32.0 31.0 12.9 28.7 19.4 18.6 17.7 ...
Kennart Tot. % Carex firma 332232322323233135100
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Sesleria +++ ++11112 + 112674 sphaerocephala Saxifraga caesia 1++ 1+ ++11 +1 2674 Gentiana terglouensis +++++++++ + 2160 Salix serpyllifolia ++++ 2111+ 1 1954 Anthyllis alpestris 1 ++++++++++ 3189 Festuca quadriflora ++ + +1++1 + 1749 Pedicularis rostrato- ++++ 19 54 capitata Pedicularis rosea +r ++ 926 Gentiana clusii 14 40 Achillea oxyloba ++++ +617
Crepis kerneri +1+ 926 305 (continued) Association Table 11.2aa (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 306 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Achillea clavennae + 1 + + + + 14 40 Leontopodium + + + + 10 29 alpinum Salix alpina + 823 Draba aizoides +720 Ranunculus hybridus + 1720 Valeriana saxatilis +617 Carex mucronata 514 Thymus alpigenus + ++ 514 Chamaeorchis alpina 2 5.7 Daphne striata 2 5.7 Hieracium bifidum 1 2.9
Character species of Seslerietalia Helianthemum 1+ 1+1+++22++1++3189 alpestre Sesleria caerulea + + + 1 16 46 Armeria alpina 1+ 617 Agrostis alpina +1+ 720 Juncus monanthos 1 2.9
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis +++++1+2++++ +++2983 Minuartia verna +++++ +++++ +++2469 Dryas octopetala 1+1+ 1 1440 Elyna myosuroides 1+1 1+ 1 ++1749 Aster bellidiastrum + + 15 43 Carex rupestris 1 1 2 1 1 2 11 31 Biscutella laevigata ++ + 1234 Euphrasia ++ + 926 salisburgensis Carex ++ +411 ornithopodioides Carex ericetorum 2 5.7 Hedysarum hedysaroides ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Draba dubia Companion species Polygonum viviparum +++++ +++++++ 2777 Bartsia alpina + + + + + 1 19 54 Phyteuma sieberi +++++1 1646 Minuartia sedoides + + ++ +11029 Soldanella minima ++ + 1029 Salix retusa +++1 720 Potentilla nitida 1+ ++1 + +1234 Selaginella + + 12 34 selaginoides Arenaria ciliata +++1 + 1 926 Arabis pumila ++ 514 Minuartia octandra ++ + +617 Soldanella alpina +514 Homogyne alpina + 514 Gentiana verna ++++617 Galium anisophyllum ++ 514 Pinguicula alpina 514 Erica carnea 2617 Salix reticulata 1 2.9 Poa alpina + +411
Saxifraga paniculata + +514... Athamanta cretensis ++ 926
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa + + + + + 1 20 57 Thamnolia ++ 12 34 vermicularis Toninia coeruleo- ++++++1029 nigricans Cetraria islandica ++ 514 Cladonia ++ + + 617 endiviaefolia Cladonia pyxidata ++514 Tortella inclinata + + 3 8.6 Solorina saccata ++ 3 8.6
Sporadic species 1202223527416315 307 Association Table 11.2ab CARICETUM FIRMAE SUBASS. WITHOUT DIFFERENTIALS (Armeria alpina-Minuartia sedoides Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association variant (- rel. 36–54) and general comparison 308 of rel. 1–54) Rel. Rel. Rel. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 36–54 1–35 1–54 Altitude (m) 2300 2550 2660 2630 2280 2150 2640 2200 2660 2700 2620 2500 2450 2380 2260 2550 2500 2280 2400 2458 2393 2416 Exposition SW N SE SE NW N SE N S E S N N SW NW E E N E Slope (deg) 15 5 25 25 40 15 5 15 3 10 30 5555225411.6 22.2 18 Cover (%) 40 20 50 80 60 30 90 40 50 50 70 30 70 70 100 60 70 40 50 56.3 62.7 60 Surface (m2) 20 10 100 12 10 10 10 30 16 8 25 8 10 25 200 200 10 8 39.6 31 33 Number of species 13 21 21 15 35 12 17 20 16 16 16 20 16 19 33 17 16 18 14 18.7 24.5 22.5 Diversity (Shannon) 1.06 1.25 1.27 1.13 1.42 1.06 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.07 1.16 1.27 1.16 1.21 1.45 1.14 1.12 1.09 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.25 Dominance 16.2 30.9 24.5 19.2 41.6 16.7 16.6 22.2 17.0 15.7 17.6 31.9 17.3 22.0 38.0 17.1 15.3 17.9 16.1 21.8 26.6 (Simpson D/1)
Kennart Tot. % Tot. % Tot. % Carex firma 2132221+333132334++191003510054100
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Sesleria + + + 1 + + 1 1 + + + + 1 1 + + + + 1 19 100 26 74.3 45 83 sphaerocephala Saxifraga caesia + + + + 1 + + + + + 1 + + + 14 74 26 74.3 38 70 Gentiana +++ ++++++++ +++ 147421603565 terglouensis Salix serpyllifolia + + + + + 1 1 2 2 2 + 1 12 63 19 54.3 31 57 Anthyllis alpestris 31 88.6 28 52 Festuca quadriflora + + + + 1 5 26 17 48.6 22 41 Pedicularis rostrato- 19 54.3 19 35 capitata Pedicularis rosea + + + + + 5 26 9 25.7 14 26 Gentiana clusii 14 40 14 26 Achillea oxyloba + + + + + + + 7 37 6 17.1 13 24 Crepis kerneri + + + 3 16 9 25.7 12 22 Achillea clavennae +1514401222 Leontopodium + 1 5 10 28.6 11 20 alpinum Salix alpina + 1 3 16 8 22.9 10 19 Draba aizoides + + 2 11 7 20 9 17 Ranunculus hybridus + 15720815 Valeriana saxatilis + 1 5 6 17.1 7 13
Carex mucronata ++ 2 11 5 14.3 7 13 ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Thymus alpigenus + 1 5 5 14.3 6 11 Chamaeorchis 2 5.71 2 4 alpina Daphne striata 2 5.71 2 4 Hieracium bifidum 1 2.86 1 2
Character species of Seslerietalia Helianthemum 1 2 + + + 5 26 31 88.6 36 67 alpestre Sesleria caerulea + 1 2 3 16 16 45.7 19 35 Armeria alpina ++++++ +++ 947617.1 15 28 Agrostis alpina 720713 Juncus monanthos 1 2.86 1 2
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis +++++ + ++1++1++++ 16842982.9 45 83 Minuartia verna + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 12 63 24 68.6 36 67 Dryas octopetala 11111++ 11+1 1+136814402648 Elyna myosuroides + 1 1 + 2 + 1 1 2 9 47 17 48.6 26 48 Aster bellidiastrum + + ++ ++ 228421542.9 21 39 Carex rupestris 1 + + 1 + + + + 8 42 11 31.4 19 35
Biscutella laevigata + + 2 11 12 34.3 14 26 ... Euphrasia + 1 5 9 25.7 10 19 salisburgensis Carex + 1 5 4 11.4 5 9 ornithopodioides Carex ericetorum + 1 5 2 5.71 3 6 Hedysarum 11512 hedysaroides Draba dubia +1512
Companion species Polygonum ++++++ ++++++++++16842777.1 42 78 viviparum Bartsia alpina + + + + + + 7 37 19 54.3 25 46 Phyteuma sieberi + + + + + 5 26 16 45.7 21 39 Minuartia sedoides + + + + + + 1 + + + + 11 58 10 28.6 21 39 Soldanella minima + + + + + 5 26 10 28.6 14 26
Salix retusa + + 1 1 + 1 1 7 37 7 20 14 26 309 (continued) Association Table 11.2ab (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 310 Rel. Rel. Rel. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 36–54 1–35 1–54 Potentilla nitida ++ 2 11 12 34.3 13 24 Selaginella + + 2 11 12 34.3 12 22 selaginoides Arenaria ciliata + + 2 11 9 25.7 11 20 Arabis pumila + + + + + 5 26 5 14.3 10 19 Minuartia octandra + + + + 4 21 6 17.1 10 19 Soldanella alpina ++ 2 11 5 14.3 7 13 Homogyne alpina + 1 2 11 5 14.3 7 13 Gentiana verna + 1 5 6 17.1 7 13 Galium + + 2 11 5 14.3 7 13 anisophyllum Pinguicula alpina + 1 5 5 14.3 6 11 Erica carnea 6 17.1 6 11 Salix reticulata + 1 + 1 1 5 26 1 2.86 6 11 Poa alpina 2 + 2 11 4 11.4 6 11 Saxifraga paniculata + 1 5 5 14.3 6 11 Athamanta cretensis 9 25.7 6 11
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa + + + + + 1 + + + 9 47 20 57.1 28 52 Thamnolia 1 1 + 3 16 12 34.3 15 28 vermicularis Toninia coeruleo- + + 1 3 16 10 28.6 13 24 nigricans Cetraria islandica + + ++++632514.3 11 20 Cladonia 6 17.1 6 11 endiviaefolia Cladonia pyxidata + 1 5 5 14.3 5 9 Tortella inclinata + 1 5 3 8.57 4 7 Solorina saccata 3 8.57 3 6
Sporadic species 33––8–3812–1–362223 ... Association Table 11.2b CARICETUM FIRMAE SUBASS. A DRYAS OCTOPETALA (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 452) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Altitude (m) 2450 2300 2450 2100 2400 2180 2500 2300 2000 2370 2300 2200 2450 2440 2580 2300 2300 2450 2250 2200 Exposition W S S SE NE SW S S S SW N S S S S WNW N NE N WSW Slope (deg) 25 20 5 10 10 40 5 25 30 5 5 5 5 25 2 20 20 5 15 25 Cover (%) 80 60 70 60 80 40 90 70 60 75 70 40 75 30 70 40 80 50 50 30 Surface (m2) 8 100 5 50 50 30 20 50 16 20 50 20 16 150 10 100 20 50 100 100 Number of species 25 20 17 30 17 25 23 22 22 36 20 17 30 22 14 16 13 18 17 16 Diversity (Shannon) 1.32 1.27 1.28 1.33 1.24 1.38 1.31 1.33 1.23 1.46 1.26 1.17 1.32 1.34 0.93 1.12 1.06 1.13 1.18 1.15 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 26.5 22.6 23.2 24.6 21.9 19.4 27.6 8.9 13.1 37.1 30.5 24.5 43.8 20.4 34.2 16.1 18.2 25.1 20.7 34.3
Kennarten of the Association Carex firma 1122432322222232 2332
Differential species of the subass. Dryas octopetala 4343322222322232 3222
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Saxifraga caesia ++++1+11+1+++++ +++ Anthyllis alpestris +++++++1++++++ + ++ Sesleria sphaerocephala + +11+ +1+++++ +1++ Festuca quadriflora +++ + +12 + Gentiana terglouensis + + ++++ + ... Crepis kerneri +1++ + Pedicularis rosea 11+++ + + Achillea oxyloba ++ + + Gentiana clusii ++++ ++ Salix alpina +++1 ++ Achillea clavennae ++++ Salix serpyllifolia ++11 + Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++ + Draba aizoides +1 + + + Valeriana saxatilis ++ + Daphne striata ++ + Carex mucronata ++ Ranunculus hybridus ++ Thymus alpigenus ++ Chamaeorchis alpina 1+ Leontopodium alpinum +
Hieracium bifidum 311
(continued) Association Table 11.2b (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 312 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Character species of Seslerietalia Helianthemum alpestre 11+ +121+++ 1++ + Sesleria caerulea ++ +++1 + Armeria alpina +++ ++ Agrostis alpina ++ + Juncus monanthos +++
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis ++ +++ +++++++ 2+++ Aster bellidiastrum + ++ ++++++11 Minuartia verna ++ +++++ ++ Biscutella laevigata ++ ++++ + Carex rupestris ++ Elyna myosuroides +++ + Euphrasia salisburgensis 1 + Carex ornithopodioides ++ Hedysarum hedysaroides Carex ericetorum + Draba dubia
Companion species Polygonum viviparum +++++1+ +++ ++ ++++ Bartsia alpina 1+++ +++++ Phyteuma sieberi ++ ++ + +++ + ++ Soldanella minima ++ ++ Minuartia sedoides ++ +++ + + Selaginella selaginoides ++ + + Pinguicula alpina +1 ++ + Salix reticulata +1 +r Salix retusa + ++ Arctostaphylos alpina + + Soldanella alpina ++++ + Erica carnea ++ +˚
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa +1++ + ++++++ + Thamnolia vermicularis Cetraria islandica ++ 1 + + ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Cladonia pyxidata + + Solorina saccata + Cladonia endiviaefolia ++ Tortella inclinata + Toninia coeruleo-nigricans
Sporadic species 5316–35256–19–11 –1–1
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Altitude (m) 2350 2300 2280 2250 2400 2570 2500 2530 2360 2300 2330 2150 2250 2630 2100 2100 2090 2080 2318 Exposition N E W NE S SSE N – ESE N N NE N W N W NE NNE Slope (deg) 5 20 15 30 3 10 5–455305353025101014 Cover (%) 50 60 70 55 50 70 45 70 80 90 80 70 70 70 80 60 50 63 Surface (m2) 16 25 15 100 30 25 25 50 30 8 8 100 100 100 25 100 20 100 48 Number of species 11 19 20 24 31 20 21 31 32 35 23 39 28 41 25 33 27 25 24 Diversity (Shannon) 0.96 1.12 1.24 1.38 1.46 1.21 1.33 1.33 1.39 1.44 1.28 1.38 1.27 1.42 1.36 1.45 1.26 1.34 1.27 Dominance (Simpson) 29.5 28.0 19.1 31.5 17.5 11.7 27.5 36.2 17.5 42.7 30.4 23.8 32.0 32.0 43.4 27.5 41.7 31.8 26.7
Kennarten of the Association freq % Carex firma 222223122213212211100
Differential species of the subass. Dryas octopetala 223222222232233222100 ...
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Saxifraga caesia 11++++++ + +++++84 Anthyllis alpestris + 1+1+111 +68 Sesleria sphaer. +1+1+1+ 63 Festuca quadriflora +1++ +11+1 + 47 Gentiana terglouensis + ++++++ + 42 Crepis kerneri 1+++ +++ ++++42 Pedicularis rosea +++++ + ++ 39 Achillea oxyloba ++++ + ++++ 34 Gentiana clusii ++ ++ 26 Salix alpina 1 ++ 26 Achillea clavennae +++++24 Salix serpyllifolia 1+1 21 (continued) 313 1 soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 314 Association Table 11.2b (continued) 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Pedicularis rostrato- + +++r21 capitata Draba aizoides 1+ 18 Valeriana saxatilis ++ 13 Daphne striata + 11 Carex mucronata +8 Ranunculus hybridus + 8 Thymus alpigenus +8 Chamaeorchis alpina 5 Leontopodium alpinum 3 Hieracium bifidum
Character species of Seslerietalia Helianthemum alpestre + 1 ++++ +11 61 Sesleria caerulea 11+++11++++47 Armeria alpina +++++26 Agrostis alpina +11 Juncus monanthos +11
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis 1+11++++++++1+1+++89 Aster bellidiastrum ++ + +++ + +++++61 Minuartia verna ++++ ++ + +45 Biscutella laevigata + r + ++++1+145 Carex rupestris + +++2++ 2 29 Elyna myosuroides 1+ 16 Euphrasia +++13 salisburgensis Carex ornithopodioides ++11 Hedysarum 1++ 8 hedysaroides Carex ericetorum 1 5 Draba dubia ++ 5
Companion species Polygonum viviparum +++++++1+++ 1++ +82 Bartsia alpina ++++ +++++++ ++ 61 Phyteuma sieberi + + 1++++47 ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Soldanella minima ++++++ +++++42 Minuartia sedoides + ++++++ + 39 Selaginella + ++++++++ 34 selaginoides Pinguicula alpina ++ ++++29 Salix reticulata ++ ++ +r˚1 29 Salix retusa ++ ++ + ++ 26 Arctostaphylos alpina 1 +211 + +24 Soldanella alpina ++ + 21 Erica carnea 1+˚+ 16
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa + ++++++++++1+ 66 Thamnolia ++ + ++++++ +26 vermicularis Cetraria islandica ++1 +24 Cladonia pyxidata ++ + 16 Solorina saccata ++ +16 Cladonia endiviaefolia ++ 11 Tortella inclinata 118 Toninia coeruleo- +3 nigricans ... Sporadic species –41212–9853–722363 315 Association Table 11.2c, d CARICETUM FIRMAE SUBASS. WITH CAREX MUCRONATA Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 316
c. subass. with Carex mucronata d. Sempervivum dolomiticum comm. 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Altitude (m) 2200 2100 2050 2200 2340 2300 2300 2450 2250 2180 2350 2500 2150 2259 2250 2270 2280 2200 Exposition S S S W SW SW SE S S S S S SW S S SE S Slope (deg) 35 45 35 30 30 25 35 35 5 30 60 10 50 36 50 70 40 80 Cover (%) 80 70 90 60 70 97 75 80 70 60 70 70 30 71 40 30 20 40 Surface (m2) 150 10 40 8 100 100 50 20 15 10 3 4 20 41 2 10 1 4 Number of species 28 24 39 24 27 34 26 22 37 28 13 15 18 25.7 16 21 14 18 Diversity (Shannon) 1.38 1.35 1.38 1.3 1.33 1.38 1.29 1.26 1.42 1.31 0.96 1.11 1.14 1.28
Kennart Carex firma 1.2 + +.2 2.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.2 2.3 1.2 2.3 1.2 12 92
Differential species of the subass. Carex mucronata 3.3 3.2 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 3.3 3.4 2.2 1.2 13 100
Differential species of the Sempervivum comm. Sempervivum dolomiticum 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 4 100 Saxifraga paniculata 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 4 100 Draba aizoides ++ + 375 Sedum atratum ++ + 375
Character species of Seslerion albicantis Anthyllis vulneraria + + 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.1 10 77 subsp. alpicola Sesleria sphaerocephala + + + 1.2 (+) 1.1 1.2 1.2 8 62 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata + + + + 1.1 + + + 8 62 Leontopodium alpinum + 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 + + 8 62 1.2 1 25 Daphne striata +.2 + +.2 +.2 + 1.2 +.2 7 54 Kernera saxatilis 1.2 + + +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 7 54 Gentiana clusii + ++++ + 646 Athamanta cretensis + +++ + +646 Ranunculus hybridus 1.1 + + + + + 6 46 Pedicularis rosea + + 1.1 + + 5 38 Festuca quadriflora + + + + +.2 5 38 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 4 100 Achillea clavennae + + 1.1 + +.2 5 38 Saxifraga caesia + + + 1.2 4 31 Salix alpina +++ +431 Salix serpyllifolia 1.2 1.2 2 15 Thymus alpigenus + +.2 2 15 + Linum alpinum subsp. julicum + 18 ... Gentiana terglouensis + 18 soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Valeriana saxatilis + 18 Scabiosa lucida + 18 Chamaeorchis alpina
Character species of Seslerietalia Helianthemum alpestre + 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 1.2 + +.2 + + 13 100 1.2 + + + 4 100 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 + 1.1 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 8 62 Globularia cordifolia +.2 1.2 + +.2 +.2 +.2 6 46 Biscutella laevigata + + + 1.1 4 31 Senecio abrotanifolius + 1.1 + + 4 31 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 4 31 Bartsia alpina +++ 323 Achillea oxyloba +18 Dianthus sylvestris +.2 1 8 Thesium alpinum + 18 Laserpitium peucedanoides + 18 Oxytropis montana + rr 250 Juncus monanthos + +.2 1 25 Galium anisophyllon ++ ++250
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Silene acaulis +.2 +.2 + +.2 + +.2 +.3 +.2 +.2 +.2 + 11 85 +.2 +.3 2 50 Bellidiastrum michelii + ++++ ++ + 862
Minuartia verna + + + + + + + 7 54 + + +.2 3 75 ... Kobresia myosuroides + + + 1.2 2.3 +.2 6 46 Dryas octopetala +.2 +.3 1.2 +.2 4 31 Carex rupestris 1.2 +.2 2 15 + 1 25 Euphrasia salisburgensis + 18 Carex ericetorum +18 Draba dubia ++ + 125
Companion species Bistorta vivipara + ++ +++ +754 Erica carnea 1.2 1.2 + +.2 1.2 5 38 Poa alpina +.2 +.2 + + + 5 38 + 1.1 + 3 75 Phyteuma sieberi ++++ 431 Pedicularis verticillata ++ ++ 431 Campanula cochleariifolia r++ 323 Thymus praecox ++ + 323 Erigeron uniflorum + + + 3 23 + + 2 50 Minuartia sedoides + + 2 15 + 2.3 2 50 317 (continued) Association Table 11.2c, d (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 318
c. subass. with Carex mucronata d. Sempervivum dolomiticum comm. 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Saxifraga squarrosa + +.2 2 15 Paederota bonarota ++215 Silene vulgaris ssp. +.2 +.3 2 15 Saxifraga crustata +.2 1 8 Erigeron alpinus +18
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa 1.2 + + + +.2 +.2 + 1.2 8 62 + 1.2 2 50 Cladonia pyxidata +.2 + + +.2 + + 6 46 + 1.2 1.2 3 75 Cetraria islandica ++++431 Thamnolia vermicularis + + 1.2 + 4 31 + Solorina saccata ++ 215++ 250
Sporadic species 2–1224842852–4 24 5 7 ... Association Tables to the Habitat “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous... 319
Association Table 11.3 DRYADI-RHODOTHAMNETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 455–457) Lienz Med. Dolom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1–11 12 13 Altitude (m) 2050 1880 1700 1850 1630 1800 1500 1500 1550 1500 1575 1685 1980 2020 Exposition – N N NE NE NE NW NW N NW N W N Slope (deg) – 15 30 20 60 30 5 20 10 30 20 22 25 20 Cover (%) 70 80 80 70 40 75 90 80 85 90 85 77 Surface (m2) 10 10 4 10 12 10 16 15 30 20 15 14 50 25 Number of species 20 19 11 24 22 24 20 26 22 37 26 22.18 33 38 Diversity (Shannon) 1.244 1.199 0.978 1.171 1.105 1.117 1.221 1.314 1.21 1.389 1.338 1.208
Kennart Rhodothamnus chamaecistus 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 3.3 1.2 2.2 1.1 1.2 2.2 2.2 100 2.2 1.2
Character species of Erico-Pinetea and Vaccinio-Piceetea Rhododendron hirsutum 3.3 2.3 1.2 2.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 2.2 100 3.3 4.4 Erica carnea + 2.2 + 1.1 1.2 45 1.2 Juniperus nana + +.2 + r 1.1 45 r Rubus saxatilis ++ 1.1+36 Homogyne alpina + 1.1 + + 36 Arctostaphylos alpina +.2 + 1.1 27 + 2.2 Larix decidua (pl.) + r 1.1 27 Clematis alpina ++18 Pinus mugo + 9 (+) Hieracium sylvaticum 1.1 9 Pirola minor +9 Luzula sieberi 1.2 1.2 Orthilia secunda 1.1
Character spesies of Elyno-Seslerietea Dryas octopetala 2.2 2.3 1.2 +.2 5.5 4.4 4.4 1.2 +.2 82 2.2 2.3 Juncus monanthos +.2 + 1.2 + + + + 64 Biscutella levigata ++ +++ 45 Sesleria caerulea + + 2.1 1.2 + 45 + + Bartsia alpina + (+) +.2 + + 45 + + Anthyllis alpestris +++++45 Carex firma 1.2 + +.2 1.2 36 Aster bellidiastrum 1.1 + + + 36 + + Koeleria eriostachya ++++36 Senecio abrotanifolius ssp. ++++ 36 carniolicus Hieracium bifidum +++27+ Euphrasia salisburgensis ++ +27 Leontopodium alpinum +++27 Carex austroalpina 1.1 1.2 18 Leucanthemum adustum ++18 Saxifraga caesia +9+ Carex ferruginea 1.1 2.2 Galium anisophyllum ++ (continued) 320 Association Tables to the Habitat “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous...
Association Table 11.3 (continued) Lienz Med. Dolom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1–11 12 13 Agrostis alpina ++ Thesium alpinum + Silene acaulis +.3 9 Horminum pyrenaicum 2.2 9 Primula spectabilis +9 Crepis froelichiana +9 Carduus defloratus +9 Gymnadenia conopsea +9 Ranunculus hybridus r
Companion species Tofieldia calyculata + + + + + 1.1 + + + 82 Polygonum viviparum + + + + + + + 64 + 1.1 Salix glabra + +.2 1.1 + 2.2 1.1 55 2.2 + Valeriana saxatilis 1.1 + + + + 45 Festuca rupicola +++++45 Calamagrostis varia 1.2 + 1.2 + 36 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ +36++ Potentilla erecta + + + 1.1 36 Selaginella selaginoides + +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 36 + Alchemilla monticola ++ +27 Pinguicula alpina ++ 18 Carex ornithopoda 1.1 + 18 Parnassia palustris ++ 18 Salix waldsteiniana 2.2 1.1 18 Soldanella minima +9+ Achillea oxyloba + 9 1.1 Soldanella alpina +++ Homogyne discolor ++ Poa alpina ++ Valeriana tripteris 2.2 + Ranunculus montanus ++ Crocus albiflorus +9 Rhinanthus aristatus 1.1 9 Salix foetida 1.2 9 Primula tyrolensis +9 Pinguicula leptoceras +9 Primula auricula +.2 9 Silene quadridentata +.2 9 + Lloydia serotina (+) 9
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa + 1.2 + + 36 1.2 Cladonia pyxidata +.2 + 18 + Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus + +.2 18 2.2 2.2 Ctenidium molluscum +.2 9 2.2
Sporadic species –21788134113 59 Association Table 11.4 CARICETUM RUPESTRIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 457–459) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 1234567891011121314151617181920 Altitude (m) 2830 2830 2630 2830 2200 2350 2500 2500 2830 2850 2700 2380 2500 2400 2550 2688 2700 2600 2380 2550 Exposition EEESEW–SW–ESS–WNWNWWN–WS Slope (deg) 45 5 10 70 5 – 5 – 30 15 10 – 5 20 5 20 5 – 2 30 Cover (%) 20 20 70 40 30 30 70 60 30 40 30 20 30 50 50 50 40 70 50 40 Surface (m2) 654514644216248146421 Number of species 14 9 15 14 10 14 5 17 14 9 10 13 19 16 9 11 17 14 22 22 Diversity (Shannon) 0.93 0.93 1.16 1.13 0.97 1.12 0.90 1.21 1.11 0.95 0.97 1.09 1.26 1.09 0.93 1.02 1.13 1.08 1.32 1.33
Kennart Carex rupestris 22212232112222222212
Character species of Seslerion, -etalia albicantis Sesleria sphaerocephala +++1+++++++1+1 ++++1 Salix serpyllifolia 1+++11+1 1++1111+ Gentiana terglouensis 11+ ++ + Carex firma r + +˚ + Saxifraga caesia ++ ++ + Festuca quadriflora 1++ Helianthemum alpestre + +1 ... Leontopodium alpinum ++
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea Minuartia sedoides ++ ++++++++++ +1+++ Silene acaulis +++++++ ++ 1++++ Minuartia verna ++ +++++ +++++ Draba dubia +++ + +++ ++ Elyna myosuroides ++11 1 Dryas octopetala ++ ++1 Carex ericetorum Euphrasia salisburgensis r 1
Character species of Potentilletalia caulescentis Minuartia cherlerioides ++1+ +1+ Potentilla nitida +1 1 ++1
(continued) 321 Association Table 11.4 (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 322 1234567891011121314151617181920 Festuca alpina 1+1+ ++ + Saxifraga squarrosa ++ + +++ Androsace hausmannii + Phyteuma sieberi ++ + + Androsace helvetica 1+
Companion species Polygonum viviparum + ++ + ++++ Arenaria ciliata +++ ++1 Eritrichium nanum 1+1 Saxifraga oppositifolia 1+ + Saxifraga moschata ++ + Saxifraga facchinii +++ Arabis pumila +++ Minuartia biflora ++++ Draba hoppeana +++ Saxifraga sedoides ++ + Draba tomentosa + Draba siliquosa ++ Saxifraga paniculata + Agrostis rupestris Hieracium piliferum Poa alpina Moehringia ciliata ++ Petrocallis pyrenaica ++ Sedum atratum Bartsia alpina
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa 1 ++ + + +++ Cladonia nivalis +11 Thamnolia vermicularis ++ 1 Cladonia pyxidata + Cetraria islandica +++2
Toninia coeruleo-nigricans + ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Grimmia apocarpa +++ Cetraria cucullata + + Cladonia convoluta ++ ++ Squamaria gypsacea ++++ Cetraria aculeata Solorina crocea ++ + Cetraria tilesii ++ Cirriphyllum cirrhosum ++ Bryum cfr. inclinatum ++
Sporadic species 1 3 311
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Altitude (m) 2550 2490 2500 2450 2540 2360 2440 2300 2500 2300 2480 2680 2530 2530 2550 2380 2600 2750 2483 Exposition N E SW – – WNW SE E SW S N E E E W NW NE – Slope (deg) 5 10 20 – – 20 5 25 – 10 30 10 70 60 10 80 2 – 17 Cover (%) 40 30 50 35 30 50 80 30 70 50 30 40 5 10 5 10 5 60 39 Surface (m2) 431258 52012881443301No.5 Number of species 21 8 10 16 16 9 12 21 14 14 18 11 9 4 5 5 11 11 13.2
Diversity (Shannon) 1.29 1.24 0.93 1.19 1.09 0.87 1.02 1.09 1.12 1.10 1.23 1.04 0.77 0.60 0.69 0.70 0.98 1.00 1.04 ...
Kennart Pres. % Carex rupestris 322222 122321++ 13592
Character species of Seslerion, -etalia albicantis Sesleria sphaerocephala +1+ +1+ +++ + 2976 Salix serpyllifolia 1 + 11 12155 Gentiana terglouensis + ++ + +++ r 1437 Carex firma 1+ ++ + 924 Saxifraga caesia ++ + 821 Festuca quadriflora 1+ + 616 Helianthemum alpestre ++ +616 Leontopodium alpinum 25
Character species of Elyno-Seslerietea and Carici-Kobresietea
Minuartia sedoides + +1+ 2+++++1 + 2976 323 Silene acaulis 1+ + 1+ + +2155 (continued) Association Table 11.4 (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 324 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Minuartia verna + + + + + + 18 47 Draba dubia 1 +++++++ 1745 Elyna myosuroides ++2+924 Dryas octopetala 12 718 Carex ericetorum 1 325 Euphrasia salisburgensis 25
Character species of Potentilletalia caulescentis Minuartia cherlerioides ++ ++11 + 1437 Potentilla nitida +++++ 11 1334 Festuca alpina 1+ + +r1232 Saxifraga squarrosa +++ + + 11 29 Androsace hausmannii ++++++ 718 Phyteuma sieberi ++ + 718 Androsace helvetica 25
Companion species Polygonum viviparum ++++++ +++ + r 1950 Arenaria ciliata + 718 Eritrichium nanum 11 513 Saxifraga oppositifolia +1 513 Saxifraga moschata ++ 513 Saxifraga facchinii + +513 Arabis pumila ++ 513 Minuartia biflora 411 Draba hoppeana + 411 Saxifraga sedoides +411 Draba tomentosa + 138 Draba siliquosa + 38 Saxifraga paniculata +25 Agrostis rupestris + 125 Hieracium piliferum + +25 Poa alpina ++25 Moehringia ciliata 25
Petrocallis pyrenaica 25 ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Sedum atratum ++25 Bartsia alpina ++ 25
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa ++ + + 1 1334 Cladonia nivalis 1+++1 + +1 1129 Thamnolia vermicularis ++++1 +++ 1129 Cladonia pyxidata +++ + +616 Cetraria islandica +1616 Toninia coeruleo-nigricans +1 1 11 616 Grimmia apocarpa +1 616 Cetraria cucullata +++ 513 Cladonia convoluta 411 Squamaria gypsacea 411 Cetraria aculeata ++ ++ 411 Solorina crocea + 411 Cetraria tilesii 25 Cirriphyllum cirrhosum 25 Bryum cfr. inclinatum 25 Sporadic species 13118 3 1 ... 325 Association Table 11.5 ELYNETUM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 460–463) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 326 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 Altitude (m) 2280 2460 2300 2500 2260 2400 2180 2550 2350 2300 2450 2320 2400 2570 2550 2620 2470 2500 2414 Exposition E S NE W S N S S S S S SE E NE S SE Slope (deg) 2 30 20 – 30 – 30 15 5 5 15 3 35 45 5 30 20 5 18 Cover (%) 90 90 90 80 100 80 60 80 80 90 80 100 90 90 100 87 Surface (m2) 100 100 100 8 50 8 10 1 100 16 50 16 50 50 6 50 50 25 23 Number of species 15 8 8 25 48 33 25 24 37 43 45 43 39 38 35 42 50 49 33.7 Diversity (Shannon) 1.14 0.87 0.86 1.31 1.34 1.44 1.2 1.13 1.37 1.43 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.42 1.35 1.54 1.45 1.57 1.32
Kennart No. % Elyna myosuroides 3.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 4.4 2.2 1.2 + 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 17 94
Character species of Carici-Kobresietea Carex ericetorum +.2 2.2 + 2.2 1.1 1.2 2.1 + + + + 1.2 12 67 Antennaria carpathica +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 (+) +.2 +.2 1.1 + + 1.1 12 67 Oxytropis campestris +.2 2.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.1 + + + 9 50 Erigeron uniflorus ++ +++++844 Gentiana engadinensis + (+) + + (+) + + 7 39 Carex atrata (+) + + + 4 22 Gentiana tenella ++ + 317 Astragalus australis ++211 Kobresia simpliciuscula + (+) 2 11 Gentiana prostrata ++211 Draba carinthiaca +16 Androsace obtusifolia +16 Callianthemum coriandrifolium +16 Lloydia serotina 1.1 1 6 Carex rosae +.2 1 6
Character species of Seslerion, -etalia, Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea + +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 + 1.2 1.1 + 1.2 + + 1.2 + 14 78 Agrostis alpina 1.2 1.1 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 3.3 13 72 Festuca quadriflora + +.2 2.3 2.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 12 67 Silene acaulis +.2 +.2 +.3 +.2 (+) +.3 +.3 + +.3 +.2 + 11 61 Achillea clavennae + +.2 + + + + + + + + 10 56
Leontopodium alpinum + + + + (+) + (+) + + + 11 61 ... soito alst h aia PoerPthsadDiscontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association
Helianthemum alpestre 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 + 10 56 Gentianella nivalis ++++++++844 Draba aizoides (+) +.2 +.2 + + + + + + 9 50 Thymus alpigenus (polytrichus*) 2.3* +.2 + +* 1.2 +.2 +* + 8 44 Anthyllis alpestris + 1.1 + + + + + + 8 44 Salix serpyllifolia + 1.3 + 1.2 + + 1.2 7 39 Myosotis alpestris + + + ++++ 739 Oxytropis montana 2.2 1.2 + 1.1 2.2 + 6 33 Dryas octopetala +.2 + + + 1.2 2.2 6 33 Euphrasia salisburgensis ++++++633 Pedicularis cfr. kerneri + + 1.1 + 4 22 Carex firma ++++422 Erigeron alpinus + (+) + 3 17 Festuca puccinelli 3.4 1.2 2 11 Carex mucronata 2.2 3.3 211 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata ++ 211 Hedysarum hedysaroides ++ 211 Chamaeorchis alpina ++ 211 Draba cfr. fladnizensis +16 Draba stylaris +16
Carex rupestris +.2 1 6 ...
Companion species Polygonum viviparum + + + 1.1 + + + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 + + + 17 94 Potentilla crantzii + + +2.3++++++ +1161 Minuartia verna + + + + +.2 +.2 +.2 + + 1.2 + 12 67 Ligusticum mutellinoides 1.1 + + 1.1 + + + + (+) 1.1 1.1 11 61 Poa alpina + 2.2 + + + + + + + 1.2 10 56 Galium anisophyllum + + + + + 1.2 + + 8 44 Aster alpinus + + + 1.2 1.1 1.1 + + 8 44 Carex sempervirens 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 + + 1.2 9 50 Gentiana verna + ++++++++950 Hieracium piliferum (H. glanduliferum*) + + +.2 1.1* + + 1.2 8 44 Pedicularis verticillata ++ ++ ++ 633 Minuartia sedoides +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + 6 33
Campanula scheuchzeri + +++++ 739327 Dianthus sylvestris +.2 (+) + +.2 1.2 5 28 (continued) Association Table 11.5 (continued) Discontinuous and Patches “Pioneer Habitat the to Tables Association 328 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 Arenaria ciliata + 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 5 28 Carex capillaris subsp. minima 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.2 5 28 Bartsia alpina ++ +++ ++ 739 Phyteuma hemisphaericum + + 1.1 + +633 Selaginella selaginoides ++++422
Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica 2.2 1.2 + +.2 + + + + + + 10 56 Thamnolia vermicularis + + + + + + 1.1 + + 9 50 Cetraria nivalis 1.3 1.2 + + 1.3 1.1 + + 8 44 Tortella tortuosa ++++++++844 Cladonia endiviaefolia ++ + 422 Cetraria cucullata +.2 + 1.1 3 17 Cladonia sylvatica 1.2 + +317
Sporadic species – – – 3 24 4 8 10 12 14 13 11 7 10 12 6 20 9 ... Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds”
(Refers to Chap. 12 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 329 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_13, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 Association Table 12.1 ARABIDETUM COERULEAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1,p. Beds” “Snow Habitat the 474–477 to Tables Association ) 330 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Med. Altitude (m) 2620 2480 2480 2550 2620 2500 2320 2400 2400 2300 2350 2350 1950 2370 2050 2450 2430 2389 Exposition SE N N – SE N SW N NW – N – N SW N – S Slope (deg) 7 5 5 – 15 5 3 3 10 – 2 – 2 10 2 – 5 5 Cover (%) 40 40 50 40 50 30 25 30 5 20 60 40 100 40 60 40 90 45 Surface (m2) 8 16 20 15 2 10 25 4 8 15 4 10 2 20 1 2 5 10 Number of species 14 22 29 16 6 14 10 15 9 19 17 19 9 14 15 16 24 16 Diversity (Shannon) 1.08 1.32 1.36 1.09 0.77 1.02 0.98 1.17 0.95 1.22 1.2 1.18 0.87 1.1 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.11
Character species of association % Arabis coerulea + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + + 1.2 + + + + + 17 100 Gnaphalium + + 1.1 + + 5 29 hoppeanum Hutchinsia brevicaulis +.2 ++318
Character species of Arabidion coeruleae, Salicetalia herbaceae, -etea Taraxacum alpinum + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + + + 2.1 1.1 1.1 15 88 kalbfussii Saxifraga androsacea + + 1.1 2.1 + + + 1.2 + + 1.1 11 65 Veronica alpina 1.2++ + +++ +++1059 Salix retusa +.2 +.2 1.3 +.2 +.2 + + +.2 8 47 Potentilla brauneana +.2 + + + 1.1 (+) 2.2 7 41 Carex parviflora 1.1 1.2 + + + 5 29 Sagina saginoides ++++ 424 Taraxacum +++ 318 hoppeanum Salix herbacea +.3 1.2 2 12 Sibbaldia procumbens +.2 +.2 212 Salix reticulata +.2 16 Gnaphalium supinum +.2 16 Ranunculus alpestris +16 Festuca cfr. 1.2 1 6 austrodolomitica Taraxacum kalbfussii + soito alst h aia So es 331 Beds” “Snow Habitat the to Tables Association
Companion species Achillea oxyloba 1.1 + 1.1 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 + 16 94 Hutchinsia alpina 1.2 + + 1.2 + + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + + 14 82 Poa alpina 1.1 1.1 + + + + + + +.2 + +.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 14 82 Saxifraga sedoides 1.2 +.3 +.2 1.2 2.3 2.2 1.3 + r 1.2 2.2 3.2 + + 14 82 Silene acaulis 2.2 +.2 2.3 + +.2 1.3 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 10 59 Polygonum viviparum + + + + + + + 1.1 8 47 Soldanella minima 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 +.2 + 8 47 Thlaspi rotundifolium r + +.2 + + + 6 35 Moehringia ciliata + 1.2 + + + +.2 6 35 Poa minor 1.1 1.1 2.2 + + 5 29 Saxifraga stellaris + + 1.2 1.1 + 5 29 Papaver rhaeticum +.2 +.2 + 1.2 + 5 29 Draba hoppeana + + 1.1 + 424 Arabis pumila ++++424 Cerastium uniflorum +.2 ++ 318 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 1.2 +.2 318 Armeria alpina + + +.2 3 18 Gentiana terglouensis r +.2 212 Arabis alpina 1.2 + 2 12 Cirsium ++212 spinosissimum Crepis aurea +.2 +.2 212 Campanula + +212 scheuchzeri
Mosses and lichens Tortula & other 1.5 4.5 5.5 2.2 2.2 3.4 3.2 7 41 mosses Cladonia pyxidata gr. +.2 ++ 318
Sporadic species 1153–3–––211––1–6 332 Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds”
Association Table 12.2a SALICETUM RETUSAE-RETICULATAE (rel. 1–17) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 478–479) 1234567891011121314151617 Altitude (m) 2550 2300 2300 2300 2500 2330 2470 2550 2300 2300 2620 2480 2500 2210 2500 2350 2300 Exposition – S W W – – NNE – NE N SE N N N – S W Slope (deg) –533––15–152205575–25 Cover (%) 80 95 40 60 95 85 70 95 50 50 40 95 95 60 90 80 95 Surface (m2) 2 16 2 6 25 15 6 10 4 20 6 12 14 25 10 12 Number of species 19 25 13 15 20 13 22 28 24 26 14 14 14 17 13 14 15 Diversity (Shannon) 1.25 1.28 1.09 1.16 1.22 0.95 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.26 1.13 1.06 0.91 0.88 0.98 1.03 1.02
Character species of association Salix retusa 2.3 2.3 2.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 +.2 2.3 2.2 3.3 2.2 4.5 4.5 4.3 Salix reticulata 2.3 1.3 + + +.3 + + 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.3
Character species of Arabidion coeruleae, Salicetalia, -etea herbaceae Carex parviflora + 1.2 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 + + +.2 + 1.1 1.2 1.2 Taraxacum alpinum +.2 + 1.1 + + +.2 + + + 2.1 + + kalbfussii Saxifraga androsacea ++ +1.2+++1.1 ++ + Gnaphalium +++ + +++ hoppeanum Veronica alpina +.2 ++ +++ ++ Arabis coerulea + + + 1.1 + Salix herbacea 1.2 1.1 + 1.3 +.3 + +.2 + Potentilla brauneana ++ +++ Gnaphalium supinum +++ Sagina saginoides + Alchemilla glaberrima + 1.1 Ranunculus alpestris Gentiana bavarica Sibbaldia procumbens Taraxacum + hoppeanum Cerastium + cerastioides Hutchinsia brevicaulis +
Companion species Silene acaulis 2.3 1.2 +.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.3 Polygonum viviparum 2.2 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + Achillea oxyloba 1.1++++ ++1.1++ 1.1 Poa alpina var. +++++ +1.2++ +1.1+ vivipara Soldanella minima +.2 1.1 + + +.2 + + 1.1 Carex +.2 + + 1.1 + + + +.2 ornithopodioides Festuca quadriflora +.2 + + + + Minuartia sedoides + +.2 +.2 + +.2 +.2 + (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds” 333
Association Table 12.2a (continued) 1234567891011121314151617 Ranunculus + + 1.1 + carinthiacus Armeria alpina +.2 +.2 1.2 + + + Hutchinsia alpina +.2 + + Carex firma ++ + + + + Campanula ++ ++ + + scheuchzeri Arabis pumila +++ + +.2 Myosotis alpestris Aster bellidiastrum ++ Dryas octopetala +.2 +.3 + Saxifraga sedoides +.2 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 Elyna myosuroides +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 + Gentiana terglouensis + + +.2 Anemone baldensis + 1.1 + Minuartia verna + +.2 Sesleria +.2 + 1.2 1.2 sphaerocephala Saxifraga ++ oppositifolia Saxifraga moschata +.2 + + Veronica aphylla ++ Bartsia alpina + Agrostis alpina +.2 1.2 Draba hoppeana Carex rupestris 1.2 1.2 Helianthemum ++ alpestre Gentiana pumila Saxifraga aizoides Carex sempervirens Homogyne alpina
Sporadic species –5––233727–259223 334 Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds”
Association Table 12.2b SALICETUM RETUSAE-RETICULATAE (rel. 18–26)
Rel. Rel. Synthesis Rel. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1–17 18–26 1–26 Altitude (m) 2500 2500 2520 2480 2050 2350 2200 2200 2050 2404 2317 2373 Exposition N N S E NW NE NW N W Slope (deg) 55115201530402012.9 16.8 15 Cover (%) 50 40 50 35 90 100 80 90 95 75 70 73 Surface (m2) 10 10 20 20 2 16 30 16 8 11.6 14.7 13 Number of species 15 13 12 17 20 33 38 25 24 18 21.9 19.3 Diversity (Shannon) 1.02 1.01 1 1.06 1,132 1,182 1,312 1,156 1.06 1.12 532 1.12
Character species of association Salix retusa 1.2 2.3 +.2 + 2.2 1.3 2.2 3.4 3.3 16 9 26 100 Salix reticulata +.2 +.2 3.2 4.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 14 7 20 77
Character species of Arabidion coeruleae, Salicetalia, -etea herbaceae Carex parviflora + + + 13 3 17 65 Taraxacum alpinum + kalbfussii + + 1.1 1.1 + + 11 6 17 65 Saxifraga androsacea + + 1.2 + + 11 5 15 58 Gnaphalium hoppeanum (+) 1.1 + 7 3 11 43 Veronica alpina 1.2 + + 8 3 10 39 Arabis coerulea ++ r 53 935 Salix herbacea 80 727 Potentilla brauneana 1.1 + 5 2 7 27 Gnaphalium supinum 30 312 Sagina saginoides 1.2 + 1 2 3 12 Alchemilla glaberrima +21312 Ranunculus alpestris 1.1 1.2 0 2 2 8 Gentiana bavarica +.2 0 1 1 4 Sibbaldia procumbens +0114 Taraxacum hoppeanum 10 1 4 Cerastium cerastioides 10 1 4 Hutchinsia brevicaulis 10 1 4
Companion species Silene acaulis 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 14 8 23 89 Polygonum viviparum + + + + + 1.1 1.1 14 7 21 81 Achillea oxyloba + + + + + + + 11 7 18 69 Poa alpina var. vivipara + 1.1 + 12 3 15 58 Soldanella minima + + + + 8 4 12 46 Carex ornithopodioides + + 8 2 10 39 Festuca quadriflora + + + +.2 5 4 9 35 Minuartia sedoides +71831 Ranunculus carinthiacus +++43727 Armeria alpina +61727 Hutchinsia alpina ++++ 34 727 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds” 335
Association Table 12.2b (continued)
Rel. Rel. Synthesis Rel. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1–17 18–26 1–26 Carex firma + 1.2 6 2 7 27 Campanula scheuchzeri ++62727 Arabis pumila +51623 Myosotis alpestris +++++05 623 Aster bellidiastrum +++ 23 519 Dryas octopetala 2.2 2.2 3 2 5 19 Saxifraga sedoides 2.3 2.3 3.2 3.3 14 519 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 1.1 1 2 4 15 Elyna myosuroides 50 415 Gentiana terglouensis 30 415 Anemone baldensis +31415 Minuartia verna 20 312 Sesleria sphaerocephala 40 312 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 2 1 3 12 Saxifraga moschata 30 312 Veronica aphylla +21312 Bartsia alpina ++ 12 312 Agrostis alpina +21312 Draba hoppeana ++ 02 2 8 Carex rupestris 20 2 8 Helianthemum alpestre 20 2 8 Gentiana pumila ++ 02 2 8 Saxifraga aizoides + 2.3 0 2 2 8 Carex sempervirens 1.2 +.2 0 2 2 8 Homogyne alpina ++ 02 2 8
Sporadic species 42145 1616911 336 Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds”
Association Table 12.3 SALICETUM HERBACEAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 480–481) 12345678910 Med. Altitude (m) 2100 2320 2340 2400 2550 2350 2350 2240 2240 2200 2309 Exposition – – SE N – S –––– Slope (deg) ––25–5–––– 1 Cover (%) 95 90 90 95 90 60 60 70 80 90 82 Surface (m2) 201042042610208 10.4 Number of species 26 22 25 34 16 13 13 15 13 20 19.8 Diversity (Shannon) 1.29 1.14 1.16 0.92 1.03 1.28 1.35 1.01 1.06 1.13 1.14
Character species of the association % Salix herbacea 1.1 3.2 3.3 2.2 4.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 3.4 10 100 Gnaphalium supinum + + 1.2 3 30
Character species of Salicion herbaceae, -etalia, etea Carex parviflora + 1.1 1.1 + + 1.2 + + 8 80 Salix retusa 1.3 2.3 1.2 3.4 + +.2 +.2 7 70 Gentiana bavarica +.3 1.2 + + + 1.1 6 60 Veronica alpina ++++ ++ 660 Saxifraga androsacea +.2 1.1 1.1 + + 5 50 Sagina saginoides +++++ 550 Taraxacum kalbfussii 1.1 2.2 + + 4 40 Alchemilla glaberrima + + 1.1 + 4 40 Salix reticulata + +.2 1.2 +.2 4 40 Potentilla brauneana + 1.1 + + 4 40 Arabis coerulea +++ 330 Taraxacum alpinum 1.1 + + 3 30 Sibbaldia procumbens + 1.2 1.2 3 30 Gnaphalium hoppeanum +.2 (+) 2 20 Cerastium cerastioides ++220 Hutchinsia alpina ssp. ++ 220 brevicaulis Ligusticum mutellina 1.1 110 Soldanella pusilla 1.1 1 10
Companion species Polygonum viviparum 3.11.11.1+++++ 880 Poa alpina 1.1 1.1 + + 1.1 + 6 60 Silene acaulis 1.3 +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 +.3 6 60 Armeria alpina +.2 + + + + 5 50 Soldanella minima +++ + 440 Crepis aurea 1.1 + + + 4 40 Saxifraga stellaris ++ ++ 440 Campanula scheuchzeri +++ 330 Carex curvula 1.1 1.2 1.1 3 30 Achillea oxyloba + 1.1 + 3 30 Trifolium thalii +.2 + 2 20 Poa supina 1.2 + 2 20 (continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Snow Beds” 337
Association Table 12.3 (continued) 12345678910 Med. Primula minima 2.2 1.1 2 20 Luzula alpino-pilosa + +.2 2 20 Loiseleuria procumbens ++220 Saxifraga sedoides + +.2 2 20 Juncus triglumis 1.2 1.2 2 20 Soldanella alpina (+) + 2 20
Mosses and lichens Polytrichum sp. and 2.2 2.2 3.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 6 60 mosses indet. Polytrichum alpinum + 3.2 + 3 30 Cladonia pyxidata gr. ++ +330 Cetraria islandica 2.2 1 10
Sporadic species 51118–414–5 Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats”
(Refers to Chap. 13 in Vol. 1)
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 339 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_14, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 Association Table 13.1 ANDROSACETUM HELVETICAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 499–500 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association ) 340 12345678910111213141516171819202122 Med. Altitude (m) 2350 2350 2460 2220 2320 2300 2450 2300 2300 2450 2450 2200 2350 2360 2300 2300 2220 2350 2400 2450 2450 2450 2354 Exposition SSSSWNSWSESWESSSWSSSSWSW–E Slope (deg) 50 85 80 70 5 20 25 50 10 5 20 80 80 80 90 30 80 10 60 45 – 60 49.3 Cover (%) 20 15 5 10 30 51555173010520101025203010 12.7 Surface (m2) 1144421224132111431104103 Number of species 53618228514759996411121191214129.6 Diversity (Shannon) 0.69 0.47 0.77 0.95 1 0.6 0.6 0.83 0.84 0.29 0.48 1.04 0.89 0.77 0.6 0.95 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.78
Character species of the association Tot. % Androsace helvetica 1.3 1.3 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 21 95 Festuca alpina ++++++1.1++ ++ ++ 1359 Draba tomentosa ++ +++.2++ ++++ ++1359 Artemisia umbelliformis + (+) + + + 5 23
Character species of Potentillion, -etalia, Asplenietea Saxifraga squarrosa + + + 1.3 1.2 1.3 + +.2 1.3 +.2 + + + + 14 64 Saxifraga paniculata + + +.2 + + + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 10 45 Potentilla nitida + + +.2 1.2 1.1 + + + 1.2 +.2 10 45 Sesleria sphaerocephala + 1.2 1.2 + + 1.2 + + 8 36 Minuartia cherlerioides + + +.2 +.2 4 18 Minuartia rupestris +.2 1.3 1.2 3 14 Cystopteris fragilis r+ 29 Asplenium dolomiticum ++29 Androsace hausmannii ++ 29 Draba dolomitica +15 Potentilla caulescens +15 Asplenium trichomanes + 15 Rhamnus pumilus 1.3 1 5 Cystopteris regia (+) 1 5 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 341 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Companion species Silene acaulis + +.3 + + +.2 +.2 6 27 Minuartia sedoides ++ + + 418 Arenaria ciliata + + + +.2 4 18 Senecio incanus ssp. ++++418 carniolicus Saxifraga oppositifolia + ++314 Festuca quadriflora + 1.2 1.1 3 14
Mosses and lichens Xanthoria elegans 1.3 + + + + + 6 27 Cirriphyllum cirrhosum +++ +418 Tortella tortuosa ++ +314
Sporadic species –––812426–2111––211–575 Association Table 13.2a CAMPANULETUM MORETTIANAE (rel. 1–19) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Vol. Association 1, p. 501–503) 342 12345678910111213141516171819 Altitude (m) 1850 1800 1800 1990 2000 2440 1730 2450 2100 2340 2200 2200 2200 2330 1900 1900 1800 1800 2200 2054 Exposition S S SE SSE S S E W W NE SW S W N W SW NNE E NW Slope (deg) 5 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 90 90 90 60 70 40 90 90 90 90 80 79 Cover (%) 20 55532530105555205105528 Surface (m2) 24122010510202201684183416109 Number of species 854764667108117881012688 Diversity (Shannon) 1.03 1.14 0.95 0.77 0.95 1.14 1.06 1.2 1.03 1.07 1.13 0.98 1.21 0.69 0.84 0.9 1.11 0.9 0.84 1.00
Character species of the association Campanula morettiana 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 + + +.2 +.2 19 Primula tyrolensis (+) + +.2 1.3 5
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Paederota bonarota + +.2 (+) + + 1.2 + +.2 + + +.2 + + 1.2 15 Saxifraga squarrosa + +.2 + + + 5 Physoplexis comosa + + +.2 (+) (+) + 6 Sesleria sphaerocephala +++++ ++.2 ++.2++ 12 Potentilla caulescens ++ 3 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. alpina + + +.2 + 4 Silene veselskyi ++ +(+)+ 6 Valeriana saxatilis ++++ 5 Asplenium ruta-muraria ++3 Potentilla nitida +.2 + + 4 Asplenium dolomiticum +r ++(+) 6 Primula auricula +r + 4 Valeriana elongata + 1.1 + (+) + 5 Minuartia cherlerioides + 1.2 + 3 Carex brachystachys (+) +.2 3 Aquilegia einseleana 1.2 + 1.1 4 Asplenium viride +2 Rhamnus pumilus +1
Festuca alpina ++ + 4 Asplenium seelosii +2 Silene saxifraga 0 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 343 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Campanula carnica 0 Saxifraga hostii 0 Draba dubia +1 Saxifraga crustata 0
Companion species Carex mucronata + +.2 + + + 5 Carex firma +.2 +.2 1.2 + 5 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus +2 Aster bellidiastrum ++ 3 Trisetum argenteum + 2 Gentiana terglouensis +.2 + + 4 Arabis pumila +1 Saxifraga aizoides +.2 1 Viola biflora ++1 Gypsophila repens Festuca alpestris Pinguicula alpina +1
Mosses and lichens Eucladium verticillatum +.3 +.3 2 Marchantia sp. +.3 1 Nostoc sp. (Cyanobact.) 0 Solorina saccata 0 Homalothecium sericeum 0 Gymnostomium sp. 0 Conocephalum conicum +.2 1 Encalypta vulgaris 0 Cladonia pyxidata +1 Cetraria islandica +1
Sporadic species –––––1––1––2–1––1–– Association Table 13.2b CAMPANULETUM MORETTIANAE (rel. 20–38) Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association 344 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Med. Altitude (m) 1800 1750 1900 1850 2200 2110 2250 1850 1820 1800 1850 1900 1860 1850 1820 1800 1800 1880 1850 2054 1892 1973 Exposition E S E SE S SSSSEESWSWSWSSESNESN Slope (deg) 90 90 90 80 70 60 120 80 90 90 90 90 60 80 90 90 90 90 80 79 85 82 Cover (%) 7 10 20 10 15 5 10 5 20 10 5 80 20 40 5 20 10 20 30 8 18 13 Surface (m2) 820102020105102063032662615891110 Number of species 9 11 11 16 13 15 9 9 18 19 14 10 12 12 12 12 16 19 17 8 13 10.3 Diversity (Shannon) 0.6 0.47 0.77 0.77 0.78 1 0.9 0.77 1.04 0.95 0.99 1.17 0.99 0.81 0.77 0.59 0.9 0.95 1.02 1.00 0.86 0.93
Character species of the association Tot. % Campanula morettiana 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 + +.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 19 18 37 97 Primula tyrolensis +.2 +.2 1.3 +.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.3 +.3 +.2 2.2 5 11 15 39
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Paederota bonarota + +.2 + + + +.2 + + + + 1.2 +.2 + 15 13 27 71 Saxifraga squarrosa +.3 +.2 + + +.2 + 2.2 + + +.2 1.2 + 5 12 17 45 Physoplexis comosa 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 + + + + + 6 10 16 42 Sesleria sphaerocephala +++.2++ 12 5 16 42 Potentilla caulescens +.2 1.2 +.3 1.2 +.3 1.2 1.3 + 1.3 3 9 11 29 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. +++++++471129 alpina Silene veselskyi (+) + +.3 + + 6 5 10 26 Valeriana saxatilis + +++ + +561026 Asplenium ruta-muraria + +++ ++ +37 924 Potentilla nitida 1.2 + + +.2 +.3 4 5 8 21 Asplenium dolomiticum ++ 62 718 Primula auricula r 1.1 r 4 3 6 16 Valeriana elongata 1.2 5 1 6 16 Minuartia cherlerioides + + +.2 33 616 Carex brachystachys +.2 +.2 +.2 3 3 5 13 Aquilegia einseleana ++ 42513 Asplenium viride + + +.2 + 2 4 5 13 Rhamnus pumilus 1.2 +.2 +.3 1 3 4 11
Festuca alpina +.2 41 411 Asplenium seelosii +2125 Silene saxifraga +.2 +.2 0 2 2 5 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 345 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Campanula carnica ++0225 Saxifraga hostii 1.2 0 1 1 3 Draba dubia 10 13 Saxifraga crustata +.2 0 1 1 3
Companion species Carex mucronata + + +.2 +.3 1.2 + +.2 + + +.2 5 10 15 39 Carex firma + + +.2 +.3 + + +.3 + +.3 5 9 13 34 Rhodothamnus +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + +.2 + +.2 2 9 10 26 chamaecistus Aster bellidiastrum + + +++ +36 821 Trisetum argenteum + +.2 +.3 +.2 2 4 5 13 Gentiana terglouensis ++ 42 513 Arabis pumila ++ + 13411 Saxifraga aizoides +.2 +.2 1 2 3 8 Viola biflora +1138 Gypsophila repens +.2 +.2 2 2 5 Festuca alpestris + +.2 2 2 5 Pinguicula alpina +.2 1 1 2 5
Mosses and lichens Eucladium verticillatum 1.2 +.3 + +.3 1.3 1.3 +.3 2 7 9 20 Marchantia sp. + + + 2.3 1.3 1.3 1 6 7 18 Nostoc sp. (Cyanobact.) + +.2 +.2 + + r 0 6 6 16 Solorina saccata +.2 +.2 + +.2 +.3 +.3 0 6 6 16 Homalothecium +.2 1.2 1.2 +.3 +.3 0 5 5 13 sericeum Gymnostomium sp. +.2 + 1.3 +.2 0 4 4 11 Conocephalum conicum + 1.3 +.2 1 3 4 11 Encalypta vulgaris +.3 +.3 0 2 2 5 Cladonia pyxidata 10 25 Cetraria islandica 10 25
Sporadic species –111––1–42–– 21––526 Association Table 13.3a POTENTILLETUM NITIDAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 503–505 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the ) to Tables [the Association normal composition (rel. 13–31)] 346 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Altitude (m) 2180 2500 2350 2300 2440 2560 2350 2050 2050 2450 2380 2150 2350 2300 2300 2550 2610 2250 2350 Exposition SW S S W S S W S S S S SW S NW S E S S S Slope (deg) 80 30 90 70 90 70 80 30 30 90 90 85 80 70 90 90 90 80 90 Cover (%) 30 20 3 15 2 20 30 20 20 30 15 10 5 5 10 5 1 20 40 Surface (m2) 10826152038648842041092020 Number of species 888712891010119768131113189 Diversity (Shannon) 0.9 1.08 0.78 0.95 0.99 0.9 0.95 0.77 0.9 1 1 0.9 0.95 0.88 0.93 0.82 0.93 0.93 0.84 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 10.9 12.8 13.0 10.5 21.4 10.0 11.5 14.6 13.6 13.3 15.8 12.8 9.8 15.0 17.5 19.5 21.0 30.9 11.6
Character species of the association Potentilla nitida 11+1+221++++++1+r +2 Saxifraga squarrosa 1++++11+++++++++ + Minuartia cherlerioides +++++++111 ++++++ Androsace hausmannii ++ + ++
Character species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium ruta-muraria ++ Cystopteris alpina ++++ Asplenium viride +++
Character species of the order Potentilletalia caulescentis Carex mucronata +++1+ ++++1+++1 Phyteuma sieberi + ++++++ Minuartia sedoides + Rhamnus pumilus ++1+ + Physoplexis comosa +1 Androsace helvetica Artemisia genipi
Character species of the alliance Potentillion caulescentis Sesleria sphaerocephala +++1111++111 ++++1 Paederota bonarota ++ ++++++1+11++1+1+ Draba dubia (+ tomentosa?) ++ +++++ Festuca alpina + Carex rupestris + + soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 347 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Primula auricula +++ + Saxifraga paniculata Asplenium dolomiticum + Kernera saxatilis +1+ Valeriana elongata Potentilla caulescens ++
Companion species Carex firma +1+ ++ 1 + Leontopodium alpinum +++ ++ Helianthemum alpestre +++ Silene acaulis + Athamanta cretensis ++ ++ Aster bellidiastrum Minuartia verna Gentiana terglouensis +
Mosses and lichens Xanthoria elegans + ++ Tortella tortuosa +
Sporadic species 1–1––––1211–––3–2–– Association Table 13.3a POTENTILLETUM NITIDAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 503–505 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the ) to Tables [the Association normal composition (rel. 32–50)] 348 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Altitude (m) 2700 2690 2640 2700 2610 2400 2300 2400 2200 2260 2560 2450 2120 2320 2180 2100 2550 2350 2200 Exposition S S S S S W N SW SE E SSW S E W S SE E S E Slope (deg) 70 30 90 30 90 70 80 90 20 20 60 60 70 80 80 90 45 30 5 Cover (%) 15 5 5 40 1 5 15 5 20 5 20 50 40 10 40 30 40 40 20 Surface (m2) 42848458101015142044536 N. of spec. 8 7 10 7 9 4 8 6 12 12 8 7 9 11 9 5 10 6 7 Diversity 1.08 0.75 0.77 0.67 0.95 1.07 0.9 0.9 0.95 0.9 1.25 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.75 0.69 1 0.82 0.67 Dominance 12.8 11.7 12.8 8.6 9.0 6.0 13.6 11.0 21.4 18.5 8.5 8.55 11.6 18.4 11.5 5.69 5.83 6.79 7.16
Character species of the association Potentilla nitida 1112+11+11222122222 Saxifraga squarrosa +++ + +++ +1+1 Minuartia cherlerioides 1++1+++++ + Androsace hausmannii ++++
Character species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium ruta-muraria Cystopteris alpina + Asplenium viride
Character species of the order Potentilletalia caulescentis Carex mucronata +1 1 Phyteuma sieberi ++ ++ + +++ Minuartia sedoides 1 +1 +++ Rhamnus pumilus Physoplexis comosa Androsace helvetica + Artemisia genipi +
Character species of the alliance Potentillion caulescentis Sesleria sphaerocephala ++1++ +++++1+++ +1 Paederota bonarota ++ 1++ + Draba dubia (+ tomentosa?) ++++ + + Festuca alpina 1++ +1 + soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 349 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Carex rupestris ++++1++ Primula auricula + Saxifraga paniculata ++ 1+1 Asplenium dolomiticum Kernera saxatilis Valeriana elongata ++ Potentilla caulescens
Companion species Carex firma ++21 Leontopodium alpinum Helianthemum alpestre ++1+ Silene acaulis +1++ Athamanta cretensis + Aster bellidiastrum +1+ Minuartia verna + + +.3 Gentiana terglouensis +
Mosses and lichens Xanthoria elegans + +++1 Tortella tortuosa ++ ++
Sporadic species ––2–4–––––1–––––5–1 Association Table 13.3b POTENTILLETUM NITIDAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 503–505 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the )( to Tables Association Paederota bonarota-variant and synthesis) 350
Paederota bonarota-variant Synthesis rel. 1234567891011121–12 12–50 1–50 Altitude (m) 2300 2250 2200 2350 2380 2380 2450 2400 2400 2380 2100 2200 2316 2374 2360 Exposition W N NE S S S W SE SE SW S S Slope (deg) 80 5 90 85 80 80 90 90 80 60 60 90 74 66.7 69 Cover (%) 10 5 10 5 10 10 5 15 10 5 20 20 10 18.6 17 Surface (m2) 6 4 10 10 10 10 20 8 20 5 8 20 11 8.16 9 Number of species 47471011146988988.95 9 Diversity (Shannon) 0.60 0.93 0.60 0.70 0.84 0.60 0.90 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.91 0.88 Dominance (Simpson D/1) 6.0 7.9 6.0 11.7 17.5 17.5 14.6 9.1 15.5 13.6 12.8 14.6 12.2 13 12.8
Character species of the association Tot. Tot. Tot. % Potentilla nitida +11+++1++++1123850100 Saxifraga squarrosa ++++++1 + ++10293876 Minuartia cherlerioides + 1 26 27 54 Androsace hausmannii ++ 2101122
Character species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium ruta-muraria +++33 510 Cystopteris alpina 06 48 Asplenium viride 04 36
Character species of the order Potentilletalia caulescentis Carex mucronata ++++++1+8182550 Phyteuma sieberi + 1 16 16 32 Minuartia sedoides +17816 Rhamnus pumilus +27 612 Physoplexis comosa 03 24 Androsace helvetica 02 12 Artemisia genipi 02 12
Character species of the alliance Potentillion caulescentis Sesleria sphaerocephala ++ ++++1+++ 10334386 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 351 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Paederota bonarota 1++111+1111112 24 36 72 Draba dubia (+ tomentosa?) + + + + + 5 14 18 36 Festuca alpina ++++ +58 1224 Carex rupestris 010918 Primula auricula +++36918 Saxifraga paniculata 06 510 Asplenium dolomiticum ++2236 Kernera saxatilis 04 36 Valeriana elongata 03 24 Potentilla caulescens 03 24
Companion species Carex firma + +++++ 6111734 Leontopodium alpinum +++35 816 Helianthemum alpestre 08 714 Silene acaulis +16612 Athamanta cretensis 06 510 Aster bellidiastrum ++ 24510 Minuartia verna 04 36 Gentiana terglouensis 03 24
Mosses and lichens Xanthoria elegans +19918 Tortella tortuosa 06 510
Sporadic species –2–––14––––– Association Table 13.4 POTENTILLETUM CAULESCENTIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 506–508)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920 Altitude (m) 400 490 450 410 410 450 550 650 410 450 450 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the 460 to Tables Association 450 1460 1500 420 1400 1450 1450 400 352 Exposition W SW SW SE E SW S SE SW ENE W ENE SSE SE S E S W SW W Slope (deg) 80 80 80 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 Cover (%) 30 20 20 5 5 5 25 10 10 20 5 30 3 10 25 5 10 20 20 20 Surface (m2) 1086 106 8 205019104 25104 20152010612 Number of species 14 9 10 8 5 5 6 5 8 10 9 13 8 4 10 99876 Diversity (Shannon) 0.69 0.90 0.95 0.78 0.70 0.69 0.77 0.69 0.90 0.95 0.90 0.99 0.90 0.60 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.84 0.77
Character species of the association Potentilla caulescens 111+++11+111+1 1++111
Character species of Potentillion, -etalia, Asplenietea rupestris Spiraea decumbens ssp. tomentosa ++++1111+1 1+ 1 Physoplexis comosa +++++1 +1+++ 1 Asplenium ruta-muraria ++ + + + + + Paederota bonarota 1 + ++++ Valeriana saxatilis ++1 + Rhamnus pumilus + + Silene saxifraga Phyteuma charmelioides ++ + Campanula carnica + Asplenium trichomanes + Aquilegia einseleana + Kernera saxatilis ++ Hieracium porrifolium ++ Asplenium seelosii Asplenium dolomiticum Saxifraga mutata +
Companion species Carex mucronata + +++++++++ +++++ Sesleria caerulea 1+++ + + ++ + +++ Erica carnea ++++ + + + + + Carex firma + ++1+ + Globularia cordifolia ++ ++++ Aster bellidiastrum + +++ Festuca alpestris + +1 Campanula caespitosa ++ + Leontopodium alpinum + Tofieldia calyculata +++ Hieracium sylvaticum +++ Amelanchier ovalis Pinguicula vulgaris 11 Pinus sylvestris pl. Trisetum argenteum Ostrya carpinifolia pl. +
Sporadic species 9112–––––1131– 111––– 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Med. Altitude (m) 400 420 400 450 1460 350 650 1450 1500 450 460 1200 1200 1300 1550 1450 1510 1150 828 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 353 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association Exposition W W W NE S E N SW S W N S SW WNW W W E S Slope (deg) 80 100 80 80 90 90 90 40 80 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 90 90 85.7 Cover (%) 20 20 20 20 1 15 10 10 20 10 30 30 50 6 30 20 5 40 17.2 Surface (m2) 12 6 12 20 10 20 50 2 8 5 5 16 10 10 6 10 10 4 12.9 Number of species 9 4 10 11 8 6 7 10 11 16 14 12 16 13 9 12 9 7 9.13 Diversity (Shannon) 0.77 0.56 1.00 1.04 0.85 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.95 1.11 0.95 1.02 1.06 0.95 0.93 1.04 0.87 0.81 0.87
Character species of the association Tot. % Potentilla caulescens 1211++1+111++1 1++138100
Character species of Potentillion, -etalia, Asplenietea rupestris Spiraea decumbens ssp. tomentosa 1 + + 1 + + 2 2 + 22 58 Physoplexis comosa ++ +++ + ++ 2053 Asplenium ruta-muraria +++ +1+ ++ + ++1847 Paederota bonarota + ++ ++++1334 Valeriana saxatilis + 11+ + 924 Rhamnus pumilus ++ 1+22821 Silene saxifraga +1+++1+718 Phyteuma charmelioides +++ 616 Campanula carnica +++ + +616 Asplenium trichomanes ++ ++ 513 Aquilegia einseleana ++ +411 Kernera saxatilis ++ 411 Hieracium porrifolium 25 Asplenium seelosii + +25 Asplenium dolomiticum + 13 Saxifraga mutata 13
Companion species Carex mucronata ++1+ 1 1 + +1 1 + 1 2 2874 Sesleria caerulea ++ +++ + + + + 2155 Erica carnea +++ + + 1437 Carex firma +1++ ++ 1232 Globularia cordifolia + + + + + 1 12 32 Aster bellidiastrum + 1 ++ + +++1232 Festuca alpestris 1+++718 Campanula caespitosa + 411 Leontopodium alpinum ++ + 411 Tofieldia calyculata +411 Hieracium sylvaticum 38 Amelanchier ovalis +++ 38 Pinguicula vulgaris 138 Pinus sylvestris pl. +++ 38 Trisetum argenteum ++ 2 38 Ostrya carpinifolia pl. + 25
Sporadic species 2––––112235134 ––11 Association Table 13.5 SAXIFRAGETUM MUTATAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 508–510 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the ) to Tables Association 354 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Med. Altitude (m) 1400 1800 1700 450 600 400 600 2000 500 1350 500 1550 1150 450 1032 Exposition E S S SW SW WSW S E WSW SW S SE NE SW Slope (deg) 85 60 30 90 90 45 90 85 90 90 90 70 90 80 78 Cover (%) 20 15 40 5 30 10 30 10 15 30 30 5 30 15 20 Surface (m2) 6 8 10 8 10 20 10 8 12 5 4 5 10 6 9 Number of species 19 17 16 7 24 11 15 14 13 23 8 8 15 8 14.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.07 0.6 0.69 0.6 0.95 1.03 0.95 0.67 1.04 0.77 0.9 1.07 1.03 1.23 0.90
Character species of the association Tot. % Saxifraga mutata + 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 r + 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 14 100
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium ruta-muraria + + + + + + 1.3 + + + 10 71 Potentilla caulescens + + + + 1.2 + + 1.1 1.2 9 64 Campanula carnica + 1.2 + + + 1.2 + 1.2 + 9 64 Hieracium porrifolium 1.2 + + + + 5 36 Paederota bonarota + +.2 1.2 + + 5 36 Asplenium trichomanes (+) + + + 4 29 Asplenium viride +++321 Leontodon incanus ++ + 321 Saxifraga crustata 1.2 1.2 +.2 3 21 Physoplexis comosa +++321 Kernera saxatilis ++ 214 Asplenium dolomiticum ++ 214 Saxifraga squarrosa (+) 1.2 214 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. alpina ++214 Phyteuma scheuchzeri ssp. columnae ++ 214 Primula spectabilis + (+) 2 14 Saxifraga burserana +.2 +.2 2 14 Saxigraga hostii 2.3 17 Saxifraga squarrosa var. grappae +17 Primula auricula +17 soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 355 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Companion species Sesleria caerulea 1.2 + +.2 +.2 1.2 +.2 + + + + 10 71 Carex mucronata +++++536 Erica carnea +++ +429 Gypsophila repens 1.3 1.2 +.2 1.2 4 29 Hieracium bifidum ++ + + 429 Globularia cordifolia +.2 +.2 + 3 21 Carex firma +.2 r + 3 21 Carex ferruginea ++ 214 Salix caprea pl. ++214 Salix glabra pl. ++ 214
Sporadic species 7611267 35– 12326– Association Table 13.6 SAXIFRAGETUM BURSERANAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 511–513 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association ) 356 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Med. Altitude (m) 1900 2050 2000 2100 2050 1950 1950 2050 2050 1950 1700 1850 1700 1700 1300 1800 2100 1700 1730 2100 2050 1950 1920 1898 Exposition S SW S E E WSW WNW NE E NE S S S W E W E S W E E E SE Slope (deg) 90 60 60 20 20 90 90 70 90 70 50 85 35 90 90 30 10 90 90 90 40 50 5 62 Cover (%) 30 40 50 25 30 40 25 30 40 50 30 45 40 35 15 30 30 30 40 30 50 30 50 35 Surface (m2) 101064 8 8 3 204 8 4 4 6 6 1212315255 10308 10 Number of species 18 11 11 9 11 12 10 17 13 17 8 12 15 10 7 13 15 10 13 11 21 20 19 13.2 Diversity (Shannon) 1.14 0.99 0.93 1.03 1.27 1.25 1.17 1.20 1.07 1.03 1.06 0.99 1.04 1.12 0.89 1.06 1.11 0.93 0.97 0.95 1.02 0.99 0.77 1.04
Character species of the association Tot. % Saxifraga burserana + +.2 + +.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 +.3 1.2 + 1.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 20 87 Saxifraga crustata + 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 3.2 1.2 2.2 15 65 Silene saxifraga + +.2 1.2 +.3 +.2 + + 1.2 +.2 +.2 10 44 Bupleurum petraeum 1.2 1.2 2.3 + 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 8 35 Minuartia graminifolia 1.2 1.3 2 9
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Paederota bonarota + + + + + 1.2 + 1.2 1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 2.2 +.2 + + + 18 78 Primula auricula + + + + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + (+) + + + + 1.1 + 1.1 17 74 Campanula carnica 1.2 + + + + + 1.2 + + + + +.2 + + + + 16 70 Sesleria sphaerocephala + + + 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 + + + + 11 48 Cystopteris fragilis ++++++626 Asplenium ruta-muraria ++++ + + 626 Festuca alpina +.2 + + 1.2 + 5 22 Primula tyrolensis + 1.3 + + 417 Rhamnus pumilus 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 4 17 Saxifraga hostii +.2 1.2 + 3 13 Potentilla caulescens 1.2 2.3 1.2 3 13 Asplenium viride + +29 Potentilla nitida 1.3 1.2 29 Paederota lutea 1.1 14 Silene veselskyi r r4 Spiraea decumbens ssp. 2.1 1 4 tomentosa soito alst h aia Rpsra aias 357 Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association
Companion species Leontopodium alpinum + + 1.1 + + + 1.2 + + 1.2 10 44 Festuca alpestris +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 +.2 2.2 1.3 1.2 9 39 Atamantha cretensis + + + + + + 1.1 1.1 8 35 Trifolium thalii + + + + + 1.2 1.2 7 30 Gypsophila repens +.2 + +.2 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 7 30 Aster alpinus + + 1.1 + + + 6 26 Helianthemum alpestre +.2 +.2 + + +.2 5 22 Sesleria caerulea 1.2 + + +.2 1.2 5 22 Carex mucronata + 2.2 +.2 + 1.2 5 22 Carex firma + +.2 2.2 + 417 Saxifraga oppositifolia +.2 +.2 +.2 + 4 17 Dianthus sylvestris ++ + 313 Thymus polytrichus +.2 + +.2 3 13 Erigeron uniflorus +++313 Saxifraga aizoides ++ +313 Trisetum +++313 distichophyllum Valeriana saxatilis + 1.2 1.1 313
Mosses and lichens Tortella tortuosa + 1.2 + 2.2 4 17 Solorina saccata +.2 + + 3 13
Sporadic species 411––3 4 113––2–11122156847 358 Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats”
Association Table 13.7a PHYSOPLEXIDI-ASPLENIETUM SEELOSII (rel. 1–15) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 513–515) (aspect of the montane and subalpine belt) 123456789101112131415 Med. Altitude (m) 1400 1850 1420 1400 1830 1450 1400 1450 1450 1850 1600 1980 1450 1450 1450 1562 Exposition SE E SE E SE S SE SSSSWSNWNWNW Slope (deg) 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 95 95 90 87 Cover (%) 5 5 55555101055105401 8 Surface (m2) 1020103010102016222201044 11 Number of species 8 11 11 11 10 9 10 766181311106 9.9 Diversity (Shannon) 0.9 1.04 0.95 0.99 1 0.89 0.84 0.77 0.69 0.77 0.95 1 0.95 0.81 0.78 0.89
Character species of the association Tot. % Asplenium seelosii ++ + +1.11.11.2 +++1067 Physoplexis comosa (+) + + 1.2 + +.2 + 1.1 + (+) 1.1 + 12 80
Differential species of subass. Spiraea decumbens +.2 +.2 +.2 + 4 27 ssp. tomentosa Arenaria huteri +.3 2.3 +.2 3 20 Paederota lutea +++ 320
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Potentilla caulescens ++1.11.2+1.21.2+.2++++++1493 Paederota bonarota +++++ +.2++.2+ 853 Asplenium ruta- ++++ ++ + 533 muraria ssp. dolomiticum Cystopteris fragilis ssp. ++++ + 533 alpina Valeriana saxatilis + + 1.1 + + + 5 33 Silene quadridentata 1.2 + + +.2 4 27 Aquilegia einseleana ++ + + + 427 Cystopteris fragilis ++ 213 Saxifraga squarrosa + 1.2 2 13 Primula auricula ++ 213 Silene saxifraga + +.2 2 13 Rhamnus pumilus ++ + 320 Carex brachystachys + + (+) 3 20 Campanula carnica ++ 213 Asplenium trichomanes + + +.2 + 3 20 Potentilla nitida + +.2 2 13 Primula wulfeniana +.2 1 7 Silene veselskyi +17 Kernera saxatilis
Companion species Carex mucronata + + +.2 +.2 4 27 Trisetum +++ 320 distichophyllum Festuca quadriflora ++ 213
Sporadic species –12111312–101––– Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats” 359
Association Table 13.7b PHYSOPLEXIDI-ASPLENIETUM SEELOSII (rel. 16–22) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 513–515) (aspect of the valley floor) Synthesis 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rel. 1–15 Rel. 16–22 Rel. 1–22 Altitude (m) 700 700 700 760 760 700 760 1562 725 Exposition E NE NW N WNW N WNW Slope (deg) 80 90 90 90 90 90 45 87 83 Cover (%) 10 1 10 2 2 3 30 8 8 Surface (m2) 2 1 3 4 15 10 3 11 5 Number of species 3 6 4 6 8 12 10 9.9 7.0 Diversity (Shannon) 0.47 0.77 0.6 0.77 0.7 1 0.87 0.89 0.74
Character species of the association Tot. % Asplenium seelosii 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 + + + 10 67 7 100 17 100 Physoplexis comosa 12 80 12 71
Differential species of subass. Spiraea decumbens ssp. tomentosa 427 4 24 Arenaria huteri 320 3 18 Paederota lutea 320 3 18
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Potentilla caulescens + + + + + 2.2 14 93 6 86 20 118 Paederota bonarota + + + + 8 53 4 57 12 71 Asplenium ruta-muraria ssp. dolomiticum + + + + + + 5 33 6 86 11 65 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. alpina 533 5 29 Valeriana saxatilis 533 5 29 Silene quadridentata 427 4 24 Aquilegia einseleana + 4 27 1 14 5 29 Cystopteris fragilis 213 2 12 Saxifraga squarrosa 213 2 12 Primula auricula + 2 13 1 14 3 18 Silene saxifraga + + 2 13 2 29 4 24 Rhamnus pumilus 320 3 18 Campanula carnica 213 2 12 Asplenium trichomanes + + + 3 20 3 43 6 35 Potentilla nitida 213 2 12 Primula wulfeniana 17 1 6 Kernera saxatilis + + + 3 43 3 18 Carex brachystachys ++ 229528 Silene veselskyi 1.2 1 14 2 12
Companion species Carex mucronata + + + +.2 4 27 4 57 8 47 Trisetum distichophyllum 320 3 18 Festuca quadriflora 213 2 12
Sporadic species ––––3 42 Association Table 13.8 VALERIANO-ASPLENIETUM VIRIDIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 516–518) (rel. 21–22: 13.8b. Comm. with Silene veselskyi) 6 soito alst h aia Rpsra Habitats” “Rupestrian Habitat the to Tables Association 360 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Med. 21 22 Altitude (m) 1700 1850 2380 2350 1800 1700 2200 1950 2060 2320 1150 2200 1800 1830 1900 1960 2080 1830 2100 1956 1820 1850 Exposition N S N ENE NW S N N N NW N E N N N N N N N N S E Slope (deg) 88 120 90 85 90 90 90 90 80 60 90 100 60 90 90 85 90’ 80 90 90 83 90 90 Cover (%) 5 30 10 5 5 10 5 5 15 5 15 40 20 10 8 6 10 3 9 10 11 80 30 Surface (m2) 1516248104541541101555201520846 Number of species 11 7 9 11 7 5 7 13 6 12 7 5 8 4 9 13 12 11 9 9 8.75 14 5 Diversity (Shannon) 0.99 0.84 0.73 1.00 0.60 0.77 0.90 0.77 0.69 0.77 0.90 0.77 0.69 0.80
Character species of the association Tot. % Valeriana elongata 1.2 1.2 1.2 + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 +.2 +.2 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 19 95 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. alpina +.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 + + 1.1 + +.2 1.2 + 3.2 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.2 17 85 (+) Silene veselskyi + + + 3 15 2.2 2.2
Character species of Potentillion caul., -etalia, Asplenietea trichomanis Silene quadridentata 1.2 + +.2 + + + + + + + 10 50 Asplenium viride (+) +.2 + + +.2 + + 7 35 Saxifraga squarrosa + + + + +.2 +.2 + + + +.2 10 50 Cystopteris fragilis ssp. fragilis +.2 + + 1.2 + + 6 30 (+) Paederota bonarota (+) + + ++525 Asplenium trichomanes +.2 + 210 Aquilegia einseleana + 15 + Campanula morettiana + +210 Primula tyrolensis 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 4 20 Potentilla nitida 2.2 Paederota lutea r (+) + 1.2 r 5 25 Saxifraga crustata 1.2 1 5 Phyteuma sieberi +15
Companion species Saxifraga sedoides + + +.2 1.2 1.2 + 6 30 Viola biflora + +.2 + 1.1 4 20 1.2 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus ++ 2 10 +.3 Aster bellidiastrum ++ 210 Soldanella minima + +.2 + 3 15 Saxifraga oppositifolia + +.2 210 Arabis alpina ++ 210 Phyteuma sieberi + (+) 210 Trisetum argenteum + 1.2 Carex brachystachys (+) 1 5 2.2 Saxifraga aizoides ++210
Mosses and lichens Gonocephalum cfr. conicum + + +.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +.2 1.2 8 40 +.3 Solorina saccata + +.2 + + 4 20 Homalothecium sericeum + 1.2 + 1.2 4 20 + Mnium sp. + 1.2 +.2 +.2 4 20
Sporadic species 1233111411112–151412 5– Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats” 361
Association Table 13.9 SAXIFRAGETUM BRYOIDIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 519–520) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Med. Altitude (m) 2250 2250 2550 2250 2250 2500 2560 2500 2389 Exposition NW E SE NW NE S SW NNE Slope (deg) 90 90 70 90 70 90 60 15 72 Cover (%) 5 10 25 5 30 30 20 60 23 Surface (m2) 8 28346107 Number of species 7 6 9 11 9 13 16 24 11.1 Diversity (Shannon) 0.69 1.17 0.9 1.34 0.69 1.03 0.9 1.07 0.97
Character species of the association Tot. % Saxifraga bryoides 1.2 +.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.2 8 100 Woodsia alpina +113
Character species of Alliance & Order Androsacion vandellii, -etalia Cystopteris cfr. dickiaeana 1.2 1.2 + +.2 4 50 Phyteuma globulariifolium +.3 +.2 + 3 38 Draba fladnizensis +r 225 Minuartia recurva +.2 + 2 25 Androsace vandellii 1.3 1 13 Trisetum alpestre +113 Artemisia genipi +113 Androsace alpina +.2 1 13 Primula glutinosa +.2 1 13
Character species of Class Asplenietea trichomanis Saxifraga moschata + +.3 +.2 1.2 4 50 Festuca alpina +++338
Character species of Thlaspietea rotundifolii Poa laxa +.2 + + + 1.2 + 5 63 Cerastium pedunculatum 1.2 1.2 + (+) 4 50 Ranunculus glacialis ++225 Cerastium uniflorum 1.2 1 13 Luzula alpino-pilosa 2.3 1 13
Companion species Saxifraga paniculata 1.2 +.3 +.2 +.2 4 50 Silene acaulis 1.3 +.2 1.2 3 38 Minuartia sedoides ++225 Thymus praecox 1.2 113 Primula minima 1.1 1 13 Salix retusa 1.2 1 13 Salix herbacea 1.2 1 13
Mosses and lichens Grimmia sp. +.3 +.3 + 3 38 Rhacomitrium canescens ++ + 225
Sporadic species 11123179 362 Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats”
Association Table 13.10 SAXIFRAGO-ARTEMISIETUM UMBELLIFORMIS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 521–522) 1234567891011 Med. Altitude (m) 2400 2200 2490 2500 2480 2350 2200 2250 2420 2420 2400 2374 Exposition W E SW S S SE S E W W S Slope (deg) 80 70 85 95 90 30 70 90 25 70 60 70 Cover (%) 10 30 10 5 10 10 30 10 30 20 25 17 Surface (m2) 866321510245106 Number of species 14 8 11 13 8 11 19 9 11 13 14 11.9 Diversity (Shannon) 0.99 0.9 1.06 0.95 1.07 1.02 0.95 0.99 0.95 0.85 0.69 0.95
Character species of the association Tot. % Saxifraga paniculata +.2 1.2 +.2 + 1.2 2.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 10 91 Artemisia umbelliformis ++++ 1.21.1+1.2+ 982 Poa laxa +.2 + +.2 +.2 + + + 7 64 Woodsia pulchella 1.2 + + 3 27
Character species of Androsacion, -etalia vandellii Campanula cochlearifolia 1.2 1.2 +.2 + + 1.2 +.2 7 64 Minuartia recurva +.2 + + 3 27 Athamanta cretensis + +.2 2 18 Saxifraga bryoides +.2 1.2 2 18 Cerastium carinthiacum 1.2 1 9 Papaver rhaeticum +.2 1 9 Linaria alpina +.2 1 9 Arabis alpina +19 Cerastium alpinum +19 Saussurea discolor +19
Character species of the class Asplenietea trichomanis Draba dubia + +.2 + + +.2 5 46 Cystopteris fragilis 1.1 1.2 + + +.2 5 46 Cystopteris cfr. dickeana + +.2 2 18 Draba tomentosa ++ 218 Paederota bonarota 1.1 1 9 Veronica friticulosa +.2 1 9 Rhamnus pumilus +.3 1 9 Asplenium septentrionale +.2 1 9 Cystopteris regia + (+) 2 18 Asplenium dolomiticum +.2 1 9 Asplenium ruta-muraria +19 Androsace helvetica 1.3 1 9 Minuartia rupestris 1.3 1 9
(continued) Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats” 363
Association Table 13.10 (continued) 1234567891011 Med. Companion species Thymus praecox + polytrichus + 1.2 + + 4 36 Koeleria hirsuta +.2 + + 3 27 Festuca intercedens + 2.2 +.2 3 27 Senecio incanus subsp. carniolicus +++ 327 Silene acaulis +.2 +.2 + 3 27 Erigeron polymorphus ++218 Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum +.2 + 2 18 Aster alpinus +.2 + 2 18 Pinguicula leptoceras +19 Leontopodium alpinum +19 Gentiana terglouensis +19
Mosses and lichens Grimmia sp. 1.2 + + 3 27 Caloplaca elegans +.2 +.2 2 18 Rhacomitrium canescens +.2 + 2 18 Solorina saccata +.2 1 9 Tortella tortuosa +.2 1 9
Sporadic species 3–25326––12 364 Association Tables to the Habitat “Rupestrian Habitats”
Association Table 13.11 ASPLENIETUM TRICHOMANIS-RUTAEMURARIAE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 523–524) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Med. Altitude (m) 950 740 450 740 850 1150 1500 1600 1150 1014 Exposition NE SSW NE S S E SE SW NE Slope (deg) 80 70 80 80 80 89 85 90 90 83 Cover (%) 40 30 45 40 40 15 5 40 15 30 Surface (m2) 35 2141510630 8 Number of species 6 3 6 7 13 14 21 12 12 10.6 Diversity (Shannon) 1.14 0.83 1 0.81 0.43 0.58 0.67 0.88 1.03 0.82
Character species of the association Tot. % Asplenium septentrionale 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 + 1.2 1.2 + 9 100 Campanula linifolia 1.2 1 11
Character species of Asplenion sept., Androsacetalia vandellii, Asplenietea trichomanis Sempervivum arachnoideum 1.2 +.3 1.2 2.3 + 5 56 Asplenium trichomanes +.2 + + + 4 44 Saxifraga paniculata +.2 + 2.2 + 4 44 Cystopteris fragilis + (+) + + 4 44 Sedum album + 1.2 + 3 33 Polypodium interjectum ++222 Asplenium ruta-muraria ++222 Silene rupestris +111 Woodsia alpina +111 Asplenium germanicum +111
Variant with Poa angustifolia Sedum dasyphyllum + + 1.2 + 4 44 Poa angustifolia 1.1 + + + 4 44 Sedum ochroleucum ++222 Cardamine resedifolia ++ 222 Campanula (Cavalese) 1.2 (+) 2 22 Veronica fruticulosa + 1.2 2 22 Hieracium cfr. prenanthoides 1.2 1 11 Hieracium staticifolium 1.1 1 11 Poa compressa 1.1 1 11
Companion species Festuca valesiaca + + 1.2 3 33 Sempervivum montanum +.2 + 2 22 Sedum telephium ++ 222 Thymus chamaedrys +.2 1.2 2 22
Mosses Rhacomitrium canescens + 1.2 +.3 3 33 Tortella tortuosa 2.3 4.5 2 22
Sporadic species –– 22428 5 1 Geo-Referenced Locations of Releve´s
Here we provide the geo-referenced locations of 2.5 Agrostio-Ranunculetum repentis—Rel. 1. Lago releve´s as far as it was possible to reconstruct, during di Landro/Du¨rrensee, 23.8.1996: GPS 46 370 the redaction of this book, based on a few GPS 98600 N–12 130 88600 E determinations and many original annotations in the 2.5 Agrostio-Ranunculetum repentis—Rel. 5. Lago di cartography IGM 1:25,000. These locations are to be Landro (Du¨rrensee), 27.8.2003: Google Earth 46 considered an approximation; indeed, we think they 37 470 9500 N–12 130 47 4700 E will provide the opportunity for eventual control of the 3.6 Galio-Carpinetum—Rel. 9. Roncoi, 5.8.1993: vegetation at the same locality in the future. For each GPS 46 060 55008N–12 010 35001 E (cfr. Vol. releve´, further information is given on top of the 1, Table 3.1, p. 73) Table (altitude, slope, exposition, often also the geo- 3.8 Cirsio erisithali-Ulmetum—Rel. 5. Agordo, logical substrate), which can eventually help with 30.6.1987: GPS 46 050 88000 N–12 020 11500 E recognizing the studied surface. 3.9 Carici albae-Fagetum—Rel. 1. Caiada, 10.8.1996: As far as we know, this is the first example of a Google Earth 46 140 03 2600 N–12 150 18 3100 E monograph on vegetation offering the possibility of 3.9 Carici albae-Fagetum—Rel. 6. Passo di direct control in the field for the accuracy of the record S. Antonio (Auronzo), 27.8.2003: Google Earth and the stability of vegetation, in time providing the 46 320 55 9000 N–12 280 52 0400 E possibility of a revision of our investigations, even 3.9 Carici albae-Fagetum—Rel. 7. Tristach (Osttirol), many years hence. This can provide the opportunity 14.8.2004: GPS 46 500 07000 N–12 460 63500 E to consider such surfaces as ‘permanent study areas’ (cfr. Vol. 1, Table 3.2, p. 74) for further investigation: some of these releve´s 3.13 Oxalidi –Abietetum—Rel. 7. Caiada, 10.8.1996: represent the condition of the vegetation as it was Google Earth 46 130 36 3300 N–12 150 10 4600 E 30–50 years ago. Consequently, this can also offer 3.13 Oxalidi –Abietetum—Rel. 10. Above Mauthen, the possibility of a further observation in the future 7.5.2002: GPS 46 390 24300 N–12 470 09000 E to repeat our releve´s in the frame of a scientific 3.12 Luzulo-Fagetum—Rel. 6. Frassene`, 4.8.1997: approach to the study of the natural dynamics of vege- GPS 46 140 29500 N–12 580 75900 E tation, eventually pinpointing with particular refer- 4.2 Euphrasio-Globularietum—Rel. 5. Saccomodan, ence to the possibility of global change in the 19.8.2004: GPS 46 280 73600 N–12 110 66700 E mountains. 5.4b Listero-Piceetum—Rel. 10. Passo Cereda, 2.1 Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum elatioris—Rel. 2. Fal- 31.7.1979: GPS 46 110 5700 N–11 540 17400 E cade, 6.7.1970: GPS 46 220 38300 N–11 520 67100 E 5.4b Listero-Piceetum, subass. with Vaccinium 2.1 Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum elatioris—Rel. 3. Fal- uliginosum—Rel. 20. Lago di Landro (Du¨rrensee), cade, 6.7.1970: GPS 46 220 38500 N–11 520 68200 E 14.7.1998: Google Earth 46 370 49 7000 N–12 130 2.2 Deschampsio-Agrostetum—Rel. 1. Altprags, 59 5500 E 12.8.1983: Google Earth 46 430 3100 58 N – 12 5.5 Veronico-Piceetum—Rel. 2. Forcella Aurine, 070 39 8400 24.7.1979: GPS 46 140 17900 N–11 580 50100 E
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 365 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_15, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 366 Geo-Referenced Locations of Releve´s
5.5 Veronico-Piceetum—Rel. 19. Innichen/S. Candido, 7.5 Caricetum davallianae—Rel. 1. Misurina, Drauquelle, 14.8.1996: Google Earth 46 430 12 8400 11.7.1977: GPS 46 350 20400 N–12 150 22700 E N–12 140 18 7600 E 7.5 Caricetum davallianae—Rel. 6. Passo Monte 5.6 Calamgrostidi-Laricetum—Rel. 5. Ghedina, Croce di Comelico, 18.8.1983: Google Earth 46 13.9.1992: Google Earth 46 330 23 3200 N–12 390 13 7700 N–12 250 24 9200 E 060 38 8900 E 8.2 Geo montani-Nardetum—Rel. 8. Passo Duran, 5.7 Larici-Pinetum cembrae—Rel. 5. Passo Falzarego, 2.8.1997: Google Earth 46 190 34 4500 N–12 3.8.1997: Google Earth 46 310 082000 N–12 010 050 47 5100 E 57 1100 E 9.1 Drabetum hoppeanae—Rel. 3. Above Piz Boe´, 5.9 Junipero-Arctostaphiletum—Rel. 6. Lienz, Hoch- 13.8.1970: Google Earth 46 300 50 3400 N–11 steinhu¨tte, 2.9.1999: GPS 46 490 0600 N–12 410 490 31 2800 E 3600 E 9.1 Drabetum hoppeanae—Rel. 5. Piz Gralba, 5.9 Junipero-Arctostaphiletum—Rel. 7. Lienz, Hoch- 14.8.1979: Google Earth 46 310 36 200 N–11 steinhu¨tte, 2.9.1999: GPS 46 490 1400 N–12 440 480 17 9400 E 3600 E 9.3 Leontodontetum montani subass. with Trisetume 5.9 Junipero-Arctostaphiletum—Rel. 8. Lienz, Hoch- distichophyllum and Saxifraga aizoides (cfr. Vol. steinhu¨tte, 2.9.1999: GPS 46 490 0700 N–12 420 1, p. 348)—Rel. 34. Coronelle, 6.9.1997: Goggle 3600 E Earth 46 260 14 1500 N–11 360 46 4400 E 5.9 Empetro-Vaccinietum—Lienz, Hochsteinu¨tte, 10.1b Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis—subass. 18.8.2002: GPS 46 490 04006N–12 410 36003E with Selaginella-Homogyne (the alpine pasture 5.10 Loiseleurio-Cetrarietum—Rel. 1. Above Passo where the measures discussed in “When a Falzarego to Cresta Gallina (calc.), 3.8.1997: Plant puts on a sweater” were carried out, cfr. Google Earth 46 300 51 2900 N–12 000 29 2100 E Vol. 1, p. 401–402), GPS 46 360 65600 N–12 (approximate location) 170 77500 E 6.4 Salicetum waldsteinianae—Rel. 14. Wilfernertal 10.1e Seslerio-Caricetum semprevirentis—subass. Above Assling (Osttirol), 17.8.2002: GPS 46 470 ericetosum (rel. 86–126)—Rel. 98. Fedaia, 4600 2N–12 380 3800 1E 26.7.1971: Google Earth 46 270 50 7900 N–11 6.4 Salicetum waldsteinianae—Rel. 5. Lago Fedaia, 510 41 5500 E 13.8.2003: Google Earth 46 270 54 5400 N–11 510 10.1f Seslerio-Caricetum semprevirentis—Synthesis 49 8500 E Rel. 122. Sasso Piatto/Plattkofel, 28.8.1971: 6.6 Salici-Betuletum pendulae—Rel. 8. Praderadego Google Earth 46 300 5700 N–11 420 1100 E at Col dei Castroni, 28.5.2005: GPS 46 000 53000 11.1 Seslerio-Geranietum argentei—Rel. 2. Monte N–12 050 86200 E Serva, 16.9.1974: Google Earth 46 120 03 3900 6.7 Salicetum purpureae—Rel. 1. Sta. Giustina, N–12 130 57 2200 E 20.8.1995: GPS 46 050 88000 N–12 040 85900 E 11.2 Caricetum firmae—Rel. 34. Plattkofel/ 6.7 Salicetum purpureae—Rel. 12. Innichen Sassopiatto, 11.8.1979: 46 300 20 3800 N–11 (S. Candido), west of the settlement, 14.8.1996: 420 44 0000 E GPS 46 430 68200 N–12 150 69800 E 12.1 Arabidetum caeruleae—Rel. 5. Passo Coronelle, 6.7 Salicetum purpureae—Innichen (S. Candido), 3.VIII.1979: Google Earth 46 260 26 4900 N–11 Drauquelle, near the highway, 14.8.1996: GPS 370 33 0200 E 46 350 23800 N–12 180 34300 E 13.7 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii—Rel. 17. 6.7 Salicetum purpureae—Innichen (S. Candido), Pirkach, Osttirol, 15.6.1978: GPS 46 470 27000 Drauquelle, in the woodland, 14.8.1996: GPS 46 N–12 520 71800 E 350 31700 N–12 150 46000 E Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
The releve´s exposed in the more than 100 original surely was not known at the time it was decided to vegetation tables of the previous pages can be investigate a particular surface; in this sense, the regarded as tests carried out for the description of the releve´s can be considered a form of random sampling. plant cover in the Dolomites. Locations and dates of In the following text, the date, location and spo- the releve´s give the necessary parameters in space and radic species are given for each releve´. Locations are time for each test. In other words, the plant cover of indicated based on the cartography existing at the time the Dolomites was studied with a sampling of about of the field research: at the beginning, the “tavolette 2000 releve´s, where each is a test. The following IGM” at 1:25,000 oriented to Roma M. Mario, and elaboration (partly with automatized methods of data more recently the modern map IGM 1:50,000 oriented treatment) led to the distinction of the different types to Greenwich. The first map gives mainly the Italian of vegetation (plant communities, associations), which toponymes, whereas the second also provides German are described in the vegetation tables. names. Here we try to indicate as far as possible the The sampling at the beginning of the field names used locally. When toponyms include an indi- investigations (in the 1960s) was carried out applying cation of general use, e.g. “Lago di ...” or “See”, this the traditional methods of phytosociology (the Braun- is not translated into English and remains in the origi- Blanquet approach), and in the following years some nal language, e.g. Lago di Carezza/Karersee and not methodological improvements were experimented Carezza-Lake or Karer-Lake. with. Whether this can really be considered a true For detailed itineraries, we used the guides application of random sampling methods must now published by TCI and by Tamari Ed. Bologna, mainly be discussed. The first answer is negative. In fact, the with the Italian nomenclature, and obviously the clas- place of each releve´ was selected after careful exami- sic H. Delago “Dolomiten Wanderbuch” with German nation: altitude, exposition, geological substrate, uni- names. In addition, it must be highlighted that, in formity of the plant cover, lack of discontinuities many cases, the original name is neither German nor provoked by human activity. To have true random Italian but of Ladine origin (now in many cases sampling it would have been necessary to base the ‘Italianized’). A general standard did not exist at the releve´s only on an abstract rule (e.g. every 100 m in time, and we cannot presently propose one. We thank a uniform slope or in a uniform geometrical order); Dr Th. Wilhalm and Dr V. Zingerle from the however, this is possible only on absolutely flat Naturmuseum Bozen for fruitful advice, and we apol- surfaces, surely not in the mountain landscape of the ogize for possible involuntary mistakes. In recent Dolomites. Indeed, the aim of each releve´ was to years, the GPS system also became available for field obtain a quantified list of the species occurring in research, but such use was rarely possible. In other each site, and the composition of the plant community cases, the location of releve´s was registered on the
E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 367 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_16, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 368 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species map, and then we can give the UTM coordinates or 9.7.1980: Carex sempervirens (1.2), Poa violacea latitude and longitude based on Google Earth (but with (1.2), Carex humilis, Poa alpina, Carex ornithopoda, an approximation of at least 50 m). Festuca puccinellii, Scorzonera humilis, Luzula We insist on these details, in the hope that our data multiflora, Carduus defloratus, Silene nutans, may be used in the future as a basis for investigations Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum officinale, Paradisia to monitor possible changes in the plant cover of the liliastrum, Gymnadenia conopea, Orchis ustulata, Dolomites. Orobanche sp., Scabiosa lucida, Crepis alpestris, Thalictrum lucidum, Valeriana officinalis, Polygonum viviparum, Pedicularis elongata, Gentiana cruciata, Releve´s to “Stable Meadows Rumex alpestris, Gentiana germanica, Betonica and Vegetation of Fields and Human jacquini, Hieracium hoppeanum, Horminum Settlements” (Chap. 2 in Vol. 1) pyrenaicum, Biscutella laevigata, Galium rubrum, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, Aquilegia atrata, Association Table 2.1a. PASTINACO–ARRHE- Galium verum, Acinos alpinus, Thalictrum minus, Cen- NATHERETUM ELATIORIS (rel. 1–13) Rel. taurea bracteata, Filipendula vulgaris, Cirsium 1. Falcade, 6.7.1970: Phyteuma halleri, Rumex erisithales, Pulmonaria australis, Senecio doronicum, obtusifolius, Aegopodium podagraria, Alchemilla Sanguisorba officinalis, Prunella grandiflora, Ranun- monticola, Vicia sepium, Rumex alpinus, Silene alba. culus montanus, Potentilla crantzii. – Rel. 12. Lienz – Rel. 2. Falcade, 6.7.1970: GPS 46 220 38300 N–11 (Osttirol), May 1955: Veronica arvensis. – Rel. 13. 520 67100 E Rumex obtusifolius, Plantago montana, Lienz (Osttirol), May 1955. Vicia sepium, Prunella vulgaris. – Rel. 3. Falcade, 6.7.1970: GPS 46 220 38500 N–11 520 68200 Association Table 2.1b. PASTINACO–ARRHE- E. Aquilegia vulgaris, Geranium pratense, Silene NATHERETUM ELATIORIS (rel. 14–23) Rel. alba. – Rel. 4. Predazzo, 11.7.1978: Acinos alpinus, 14. Lienz (Osttirol), May 1955: Ajuga reptans, Centau- Scabiosa cfr. portae, Veratrum album, Alchemilla rea scabiosa. – Rel. 15. Oberlienz (Osttirol, fuori connivens, Thalictrum minus. – Rel. 5. Sagron, zona!), 29.5.1955: Poa annua, Rumex acetosella.– 13.7.1979: Poa supina, Knautia drymeia, Euphrasia Rel. 16. Monte Ruck (Sauris, Carnia), 31.7.1967: rostkoviana, Epilobium alpestre, Holcus lanatus (1.1), Brachypodium rupestre, Euphrasia picta, Hypericum Campanula rapunculus. – Rel. 6. Soraga, 11.7.1978: maculatum, Potentilla erecta, Luzula sudetica, Centau- Koeleria pyramidata, Plantago alpina, Gymnadenia rea scabiosa. – Rel. 17. Sauris, 14.7.1967: Aegopodium conopsea, Polygonum viviparum, Scabiosa portae, podagra ria, Vicia sepium. – Rel. 18. Sauris, 14.7.1967: Gentianella germanica, Orchis ustulata, Hieracium Galeopsis speciosa, Galium anisophyllum. – Rel. 19. piloselloides, Plantago major. – Rel. 7. Moena, Hinter der Orbe (Sauris, Carnia), 15.7.1967: Luzula 13.7.1978: Carex flacca, Koeleria pyramidata, campestris, Phyteuma scorzonerifolium, Trifolium Tussilago farfara, Taraxacum obovatum, Vicia alpestre (2.2), Gymnadenia conopsea, Cuscuta sepium, Centaurea triumfetti, Thymus gr. serpyllum, epithymum, Pedicularis verticillata, Potentilla erecta, Verbascum nigrum, Ranunculus repens, Scorzonera Hypericum maculatum, Cerastium strictum, Gentiana humilis. – Rel. 8. Lozzo, 21.8.1974: Bromus inermis, praecox, Centaurea triumfetti, Plantago montana.– Agropyrum repens (1.2), Allium carinatum, Vicia Rel. 20. Celat, 30.6.1987: Orobanche sp., Thymus sylvatica. – Rel. 9. Lienz (Osttirol) May 1955: Oxalis gr. serpyllum, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Trifolium acetosella, Ranunculus ficaria, Poa annua, Carex pallescens, Potentilla crantzii, Aquilegia atrata, contigua, Ajuga reptans, Veronica arvensis, Ranuncu- Cruciata laevipes, Galium anisophyllum, Valeriana lus repens, Geranium dissectum, Oxalis europaea.– officinalis, Pedicularis verticillata, Geranium phaeum, Rel. 10. Bellamonte, 9.7.1980: Sesleria caerulea, Thalictrum minus.–Rel.21.PlanValGardena, Carex montana (2.2), Koeleria eriostachya, Carex 3.7.1987: Carduus defloratus, Senecio rupestris, pallescens (1.1), Luzula multiflora, Rhinanthus Draba nemorosa, Bromus ramosus, Chenopodium minor, Helianthemum ovatum, Helianthemum bonus henricus, Vicia sepium, Euphorbia cyparissias, alpestre, Campanula rotundifolia, Holcus lanatus Silene nutans. – Rel. 22. Anterivo, 3.7.1984: Ranuncu- (1.1), Filipendula vulgaris. – Rel. 11. Bellamonte, lus bulbosus, Phyteuma betonicaefolium, Centaurea Releve´s to “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements”... 369 triumfetti, Hieracium cymosum.–Rel.23.Piande Myosotis sylvatica, Arnica montana, Trifolium Gralba, 2.7.1987: Alchemilla crinita, Carduus hybridum, Carex pallescens, Carex flava, Alchemilla defloratus, Horminum pyrenaicum, Crepis alpestris, cfr.straminea. – Rel. 10. Du¨rrensee, 23.8.1996: Potentilla crantzii, Luzula campestris, Rumex alpestris, Cerastium strictum, Carex panicea, Alchemilla cfr. Alchemilla monticola, Galium anisophyllum, Thymus glabra, Euphrasia picta, Potentilla anserina, Carex serpyllum, Centaurea triumfetti, Campanula flava. – Rel. 11. Tiers, Scho¨nblick, 8.9.1997: Lolium rotundifolia. perenne (1.1), Ononis spinosa, Carduus nutans, Poa compressa, Juncus tenuis, Galium verum, Cichorium Association Table 2.2. DESCHAMPSIO– intybus. – Rel. 12. Val di Dentro, 1.8.1985: Alchemilla AGROSTETUM Rel. 1. Altprags, 12.8.1983: Juncus cfr. monticola (3.3), Alchemilla acutiloba, Ranunculus acutiflorus (1.1), Equisetum palustre, Alchemilla sp., Sagina saginoides, Veronica serpyllifolia, Agrostis gr. xanthochlora. Lythrum salicaria, Pedicularis stolonifera, Polygala alpestris, Gentiana solstitialis, elongata, Carex vesicaria, Polygala amarella, Vicia Parnassia palustris, Campanula rotundifolia, Trifolium cracca, Lychnis flos–cuculi, Carex davalliana. – Rel. badium. – Rel. 13. Malga Ces, 24.7.1986: Carduus 2. Innichen/S. Candido, 17.8.1983: Plantago media defloratus, Alchemilla gr. colorata (1.1), Rumex (1.1), Aegopodium podagraria, Potentilla anserina, alpinus, Hieracium lactucella, Cirsium acaule, Carex pallescens, Plantago lanceolata, Melampyrum Plantago major, Plantago media, Phleum alpinum, sylvaticum, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Orchis maculata, Luzula sudetica. – Rel. 14. Leibnitztal (Osttirol), Listera ovata, Alchemilla monticola, Galium album.– 6.8.1987: Potentilla aurea (1.2), Thymus polytrichus, Rel. 3. Monte Croce Comelico, 15.8.1983: Luzula Nardus stricta, Rumex acetosella, Veronica officinalis, albida subsp. rubella, Centaurea pseudophrygia (1.1), Hieracium pilosella, Rumex alpestris, Campanula Luzula campestris, Vicia cracca, Carlina acaulis.– rotundifolia, Phleum rhaeticum. – Rel. 15. Gantrast, Rel. 4. Assling bei Lienz (Osttirol) GPS: 46 470 4600 19.8.1987: Rumex alpestris, Stellaria nemorum, 2N–12 380 3800 1 E, 8.8.1987: Carex ferruginea (1.2), Chaeropyllum hirsutum, Aconitum lycoctonum, Betonica jacquinii (1.1), Aconitum lycoctonum (1.1), Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Vicia sepium, Veronica Koeleria hirsuta, Brachypodium caespitosum, serpyllifolia, Alchemilla sp. – Rel. 16. Kreutztal Soldanella alpina, Phyteuma orbiculare, Parnassia (Aferstal ob. Brixen), 18.8.2000: Phleum rhaeticum, palustris, Pteridium aquilinum. Listera ovata, Trifolium Lolium perenne, Avenochloa pratensis, Urtica dioica, montanum, Cirsium eriophorum, Linum catharticum, Rumex alpestris, Alchemilla gracilis, Plantago media.– Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica, Gentiana Rel. 17. Passo Pura, 26.7.1977: Carex leporina (1.2), asclepiadea, Colchicum autumnale, Centaurea Carex echinata (1.2), Juncus articulatus (1.2), Blysmus pseudophrygia, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum.– compressus (1.2), Carex fusca (1.1), Carex pallescens Rel. 5. Dolomitenhu¨tte (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Juncus (1.1), Juncus filiformis, Crepis aurea (2.3), Euphrasia articulatus (1.1), Carex fusca (1.1), Myosotis sylvatica rostkoviana, Luzula sudetica, Mnium sp. (3.3). (1.1), Willemetia stpitata (1.1), Carex leporina, Galium palustre, Stellaria palustris, Lychnis flos–cuculi (1.1), Association Table 2.3. TRISETETUM Carex davalliana, Alchemilla sp. – Rel. 6. Misurina, FLAVESCENTIS Rel. 1. Ciampedie´, 1.8.1960 16.8.1983: Geum montanum (1.1), Avenella flexuosa (falciato): Bartsia alpina, Orchis tridentata, Carlina (1.2), Carex flava, Luzula multiflora, Ranunculus acaulis, Pulsatilla alpina, Crepis aurea, Botrychium montanus, Valeriana dioica, Epilobium montanum, lunaria, Gentiana kochiana, Agrostis rupestris, Luzula Pedicularis palustris, Potentilla crantzii, Potentilla spicata, Polygala amarella. – Rel. 2. Buffaure, aurea, Orchis incarnata. – Rel. 7. Monte Croce 6.8.1979: On tufa, deep volcanical soil probably Comelico, 18.8.1983: Alchemilla cfr.subcrenata(2.3), manured during intensive grazing—Hypochoeris Trifolium badium (1.2), Silene vulgaris subsp. uniflora, Campanula barbata, Dianthus superbus, antelopum, Centaurea nervosa. – Rel. 8. Debant Festuca varia, Lilium martagon, Festuca intercedens. (Osttirol), 16.8.1983: Carex leporina (1.2), Rumex – Rel. 3. Pian de Gralba, 2.7.1987: Brachypodium obtusifolius (1.1), Stellaria graminea. – Rel. 9. Passo caespitosum, Vicia cracca, Luzula campestris. – Rel. Furcia, 19.8.1983: Taraxacum obovatum (1.1), 4. Gardeccia, 1.8.1960: Erigeron sp., Silene nutans, 370 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Vicia cracca, Crepis alpestris, Brachypodium Association Table 2.5. AGROSTIO– caespitosum. – Rel. 5. Gardeccia, 1.8.1960: Scabiosa RANUNCULETUM ANGUSTISECTI Rel. lucida, Minuartia verna, Carex sempervirens, Juncus 1. Lago di Landro/Du¨rrensee, GPS 46 370 98600 monanthos, Tortella tortuosa, Helianthemum alpestre, N–12 130 88600 E, 23.8.1996: on mud and dolomitic Selaginella selaginoides, Carex montana. – Rel. gravel. – Rel. 2. Landro/Du¨rrensee, 23.8.1996: on mud 6. Gardeccia, 1.8.1960: Pimpinella cfr. nigra, Luzula and dolomitic gravel. – Rel. 3. Lago Ghedina, campestris, Alchemilla cfr. xanthochlora, Carex 13.9.1992. – Rel. 4. Landro/Du¨rrensee, 27.8.03: on pallescens, Euphrasia picta. – Rel. 7. Stava, mud above the water level during a drought period. – 16.7.1988: Koeleria pyramidata, Koeleria eriostachya, Rel. 5. Landro/Du¨rrensee, 27.8.03: on mud above the Carex sempervirens, Campanula glomerata, Centaurea water level during a drought period. – Rel. 6. Lago di scabiosa, Gymnadenia conopsea, Polygonum Landro (Du¨rrensee), 23.8.1996: on dolomitic gravel. – viviparum, Salvia pratensis, Cirsium erisithales, Rel. 7. Landro/Du¨rrensee, 23.8.1996: on mud and Scabiosa lucida, Arnica montana. – Rel. 8. Passo dolomitic gravel; Poa minor, Tussilago farfara.– Furcia, Ju´ de Furcia, Furkelpass, 17.8.1998: Minuartia Rel. 8. Landro/Du¨rrensee, 23.8.1996: on mud and verna, Helianthemum alpestre, Carex montana, dolomitic gravel; Poa pratensis. Juncus monanthos, Selaginella selaginoides, Tortella tortuosa. Association Table 2.6. ADONIDI– DELPHINIETUM Rel. 1. Glurns, 3.7.1972. – Rel. Association Table 2.4. MOLINIETUM 2. Carano, 16.7.88: Equisetum arvense, Sonchus COERULEAE Rel. 1. Baita Flora Alpina, arvnsis (1.1), Galinsoga parviflora, Vicia sativa, 29.8.1972: Trichophorum alpinum, Blysmus Thlaspi arvense, Campanula rapunculus, Bromus compressus, Agrostis stolonifera (1.1), Alchemilla inermis. – Rel. 3. Auer, 8.1988: Matricaria inodora, cfr. glabra, Carex lachenalii, Carex lepidocarpa, Poa annua, Trifolium repens, Cerastium holosteoides, Allium schoenoprasum. – Rel. 2. Villa Welsberg, Brassica napus, Chenopodium album, Agropyron 20.7.1979: Arthrocladium cuspidatum, Mnium sp. – intermedium, Achillea millefolium. – Rel. 4. Carano, Rel. 3. Innichen/S. Candido, 17.8.1983: Erica carnea, 16.7.1988: Poa pratensis, Potentilla anserina, Trifo- Ranunculus montanus, Sesleria caerulea. – Rel. lium pratense. – Rel. 5. Vierschach, 14.8.1996: Lolium 4. Forno di Zoldo, 13.7.1988: Taraxacum officinale, perenne, Agropyrum repens, Sonchus oleraceus, Knautia longifolia, Koeleria pyramidata, Silene vulgaris. Brachypodium caespitosum, Cirsium erisithales, Poa alpina, Trollius europaeus, Lathyrus laevigatus. – Rel. Association Table 2.7. ALCHEMILLO–POETUM 5. Somadida, 28.8.1988: Melampyrum pratense, SUPINAE Rel. 1. Val Lausa, 15.8.1979: Sesleria cfr. Buphthalmum salicifolium, Allium carinatum, uliginosa (1.1), Silene acaulis (1.3), Campanula Convallaria majalis, Tussilago farfara, Salvia scheuchzeri, Armeria alpina, muschi indet. – Rel. pratensis, Vicia cfr. cracca, Plantago major, Carlina 2. Passo di Fassa, 3.7.1987. – Rel. 3. Monte Elmo/ acaulis, Euphrasia kerneri, Cirsium heterophyllum Elm, 5.8.1985: Leucanthemopsis alpina, Polytrichum (1.2), Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Juncus articulatus, alpinum, Carex fusca, Grimmia sp. (1.2). – Rel. Odontites rubra, Rhinanthus alectorolophus (1.1), 4. Leibnitztal (Osttirol), 6.8.1987: muschi indet. Festuca pratensis, Colchicum autumnale, Polygonum (2.3). – Rel. 5. Johannis–Hu¨tte (Osttirol), 20.8.1987: bistorta Avenula pubescens, Campanula glomerata, Agrostis rupestris. – Rel. 6. Forcella Giralba–Eissee, Tragopogon pratensis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Cen- 11.8.1987: Saxifraga stellaris. taurea scabiosa (1.1), Linum catharticum. – Rel. 6. Zoldo, 13.7.1988. – Rel. 7. Forcella Aurine, Association Table 2.8. LOLIO– PLANTAGI- 13.9.2003: Ranunculus montanus (1.1), Calluna NETUM Rel. 1. Rif. Dal Piaz (Vette di Feltre), vulgaris (1.2), Euphrasia picta (1.1), Gentianella 7.8.1976: Sagina saginoides. – Rel. 2. Vallunga/ germanica, Hypericum tetrapterum, Nardus stricta, Langental, 1.7.1987: Polygonum viviparum, Poa Phleum pratense, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Salix alpina, Agrostis stolonifera. – Rel. 3: Plan de Corones, repens, Genista germanica, Hieracium hoppenaum, 19.7.1983: Phleum alpinum. – Rel. 4. Bressanone, Lathyrus sylvestris, Sphagnum sp. 19.8.1983. – Rel. 5. Altprags, 12.8.1983: Bellis Releve´s to “Stable Meadows and Vegetation of Fields and Human Settlements”... 371 perennis, Alchemilla cfr. crinita, Avenella flexuosa, Echium vulgare, Euphorbia cyparissias, Phleum Juncus articulatus. – Rel. 6. Monte Croce Comelico, pratense, Ranunculus repens, Geranium phaeum, 15.8.1983. – Rel. 7. Roncegno, 15.7.1988: Achillea Galium aparine, Sonchus arvense, Rubus ulmifolius. millefolium, Plantago lanceolata. – Rel. 8. Leibnig, – Rel. 9. Arta Terme, 14.8.1996: Erigeron cfr. atticus, 5.8.1989: Lotus corniculatus. – Rel. 9. Selva Gardena, Galeopsis dubia, Corylus avellana (pl.), Angelica 3.7.1987. – Rel. 10. Malga Passarella sopra Moena, sylvestris, Solidago virgaurea, Leontodon hispidus. 1.7.1984: Ranunculus acris. – Rel. 11. Stramenitizzo, 23.7.1986. – Rel. 12. Sesto/Sexten, 18.8.1983. – Rel. Association Table 2.11. SENECIONI– 13. Inniche/San Candido, 17.8.1983. – Rel. 14. EPILOBIETUM ANGUSTIFOLII Rel. 1. Monte Stramentizzo, 23.7.1986: Medicago lupulina, Trifolium Croce Comelico, 15.8.1983: Populus tremula, pratense (1.1), Taraxacum obovatum (1.1), Verbena Alchemilla strigosula, Luzula sieberi, Avenella officinalis. – Rel. 15. Sonnenburg, 18.9.2002: Achillea flexuosa, Luzula albida, Leucanthemum ircutianum, millefolium, Malva parviflora. Lotus corniculatus, Calamagrostis villosa, Ranunculus repens.–Rel.2. Monte Croce Comelico, 15.8.1983: Association Table 2.9. HACKELIO DEFLEXAE – Trifolium hybridum.–Rel.3. Passo Rolle, 17.7.1988: CHENOPODIETUM FOLIOSI Rel. 1. Moiazza, Poa alpina, Potentilla aurea, Geum montanum, 16.7.1979: Silene veselskyi, Campanula carnica, Athyrium filix–foemina.–Rel.4. Passo Rolle, Cratoneuron sp., muschio indet. (2.3), Homalothecium 24.7.1986: Festuca rubra (1.2), Silene dioica, Senecio sp. – Rel. 2. Val Lunga/Langental, 1.7.1987: gaudini, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Stachys Medicago lupulina (1.2). – Rel. 3. Above Rifugio jacquini, Trifolium nivale, Chenopodium Lavarella, 10.9.1978: Campanula cochlearifolia, bonus–henricus.–Rel.5. Misurina, 9.7.1987: Aposeris Taraxacum alpinum, Cystopteris fragilis, Poa foetida, Rosa pendulina, Mycelis muralis, Alchemilla nemoralis (1.2), muschi indet.(1.2). – Rel. 4. Moiazza, glabra, Arabis alpina, Clematis alpina, Carex 16.7.1979: Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa. – Rel. ferruginea, Hieracium sylvaticum. – Rel. 6. Lienzer 5. Cinque Torri, 21.7.1977: Agropyrum intermedium, Dolomiten, 8.8.1987: Galium mollugo, Hypericum Poa compressa, Poa supina. – Rel. 6. Cinque Torri, maculatum, Galeopsis speciosa, Prenanthes purpurea, 21.7.1977. – Rel. 7. Moiazza, 16.7.1979. – Rel. Arrhenatherum elatius, Lathyrus pratensis, Aquilegia 8. Passo di Fassa, 4.7.1987: Taraxacum obovatum, atrata, Sorbus aucuparia, Ranunculus lanuginosus.– Viola biflora. Rel. 7. Passo Duran, 13.7.1988: Equisetum arvense, Dactylorhiza maculata, Vicia sepium, Phleum pratense, Association Table 2.10. TANACETO– Galium mollugo, Mentha longifolia, Veronica ARTEMISIETUM Rel. 1. Stramentizzo, 23.7.1986: urticaefolia. – Rel. 8. Above Toblacher See, summer Plantago lanceolata, Chenopodium hybridum. – Rel. 2002 (3 spec.). – Rel. 9. Below Lavaze´, 21.7.1986: 2. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Epilobium montanum, Galeopsis tetrahit, Bromus (1.1), Dryopteris filix–mas (1.1), Plantago major, inermis, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus repens, Senecio Agropyrum caninum, Bromus ramosus, Geranium fuchsii, Silene vulgaris, Vicia sepium, Adenostyles robertianum. – Rel. 3. Predazzo, 15.7.1988: Linaria alliariae, Chenopodium bonus–henricus. – Rel. 10. vulgaris, Picris hieracioides. – Rel. 4. Lienz, Innichen/S. Candido, 12.7.1988: Arrhenatherum elatius 17.8.1987: Potentilla reptans (2.2), Oxalis dillenii, (1.1), Vicia sepium (1.1), Galeopsis tetrahit, Cirsium Leucanthemum ircutianum, Epilobium alpestre, Vicia heterophyllum, Sambucus racemosa, Equisetum cracca, Conyza canadensis. – Rel. 5. Lienz, arvense, Vicia cracca, Poa trivialis, Lathyrus pratensis, 17.8.1987: Pimpinella magna, Sambucus nigra.– Glechoma hederacea, Artemisia vulgaris. Rel. 6. Paluzza, 21.8.1987: Hypericum perforatum.– Rel. 7. Arta Terme, 12.8.1989: Deschampsia Association Table 2.12. RUBETUM IDAEI Rel. 1. caespitosa, Festuca pratensis, Medicago lupulina, Sauris, 14.7.1964: Veronica urticaefolia, Carex Stellaria nemorum. – Rel. 8. Roncegno, 15.7.1988: sylvatica, Pulmonaria officinalis, Trollius europaeus, Verbascum thapsus (1.1), Geranium sibiricum (1.2), Crepis paludosa, Lamiastrum luteum (1.2), Carduus Poa annua, Lolium perenne, Lapsana communis, carduelis, Vicia sp., Lathyrus vernus. – Rel. 372 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
2. Mittewald (Osttirol): Fraxinus excelsior (1.1), millefolium, Phleum pratense, Chenopodium Mentha longifolia (1.2), Athyrium filix–foemina, bonus–henricus. Potentilla reptans (1.1), Geranium dissectum, Torilis arvensis, Glechoma hederacea, Brachypodium Association Table 2.13. RUMICETUM sylvaticum (1.2), Silene dioica, Geranium ALPINI Rel. 1. Casera Erera, 2.8.1975: Cerastium robertianum, Roripa sylvestris, Solanum dulcamara, holosteoides, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus repens.– Hypericum perforatum (1.2), Festuca sylvatica, Impa- Rel. 2. Sauris, July 1967: Rumex acetosa, Lamium tiens noli–tangere, Salix caprea, Angelica sylvestris, hybridum, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus carota, Pleurospermum austriacum, Phyteuma spicatum, Agrostis stolonifera, Carduus carduelis, Laserpitium Epilobium alpestre, Geum urbanum, Circaea latifolium, Ranunculus acris, Medicago lupulina, intermedia (1.1), Arctium minus, Agropyrum caninum, Vicia cracca, Bromus mollis, Galium mollugo, Achillea millefolium. – Rel. 3. Tristach (Osttirol), Avenula pubescens. – Rel. 3. Casera Rimbianco, 8.8.1987: Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Lonicera 16.8.1983: Trifolium repens, Ranunculus acer. – Rel. nigra, Lonicera alpigena, Knautia drymeia, Cicerbita 4. Kaserhuette, 8.8.1985: Poa pratensis (1.1), alpina, Circaea alpina (1.2), Scrophularia nodosa, Agropyrum caninum. – Rel. 5. Creipa Negra, Prenanthes purpurea (1.1), Luzula albida, Impatiens 25.7.1986: Artemisia vulgaris, Silene vulgaris subsp. parviflora, Cirsium palustre, Dryopteris filix–mas, vulgaris, Epilobium angustifolium. – Rel. 6. Croda Geranium robertianum. – Rel. 4. Stronach (Osttirol), Rossa di Sesto/Sexten, 18.8.1985: Carex ferruginea 9.8.1985: Sorbus aucuparia, Petasites paradoxus, (1.2), Anthoxanthum odoratum, Silene vulgaris, Avenella flexuosa, Agrostis tenuis, Trifolium Leontodon hispidus, Ranunculus acris. – Rel. 7. hybridum, Plantago major, Taraxacum officinale, Passo Manghen, 16.7.1988: Senecio rupestris, Poa Anthoxanthum odoratum, Trifolium pratense, hybrida, Lamium album, Silene vulgaris subsp. Cerastium holosteoides, Lotus corniculatus, Rumex vulgaris, Ranunculus acris, Dactylis glomerata.– acetosa, Luzula albida, Senecio nemorensis, Rel. 8. Vette, Rif. Dal Piaz, 4.7.1996: Hypericum Epilobium alpestre, Cirsium arvense, Hieracium maculatum (1.3), Cirsium arvense, Centaurea sylvaticum, Deschampsia caespitosa (1.2), Veronica nervosa, Luzula sieberi, Cirsium sp. – Rel. 9. Malga chamaedrys, Agropyrum caninum, Luzula nivea.– Fosse, 17.7.1988: Cirsium erisithale x spinosissimum Rel. 5. Val Floriana, 7.1986: Arrhenatherum elatius, (1.2), Senecio gaudini, Hypericum maculatum, Ranun- Thalictrum minus, Lathyrus pratensis, Galium culus acris, Polygonum viviparum, Leucanthemum mollugo, Rumex acetosa, Trisetum flavescens, vulgare. – Rel. 10. Passo Manghen, 16.7.1988: Fraxinus excelsior (1.1), Valeriana officinalis, Arte- Seenecio cacaliaster (1.1), Cirsium palustre, misia vulgaris, Aruncus dioicus, Vincetoxicum Cardamine amara, Cerastium holosteoides, Lamium hirundinaria, Trollius europaeus. – Rel. 6. Val album, Glechoma hederacea. – Rel. 11. Vette, Rif. Floriana, 7.1986: Aruncus dioicus (1.1), Phegopteris Boz, 4.7.1996: Rumex acetosa (1.1), Poa nemoralis, polypodioides, Galium mollugo, Galium aparine, Senecio fuchsii, Cirsium eriophorum, Ranunculus Silene alba, Veronica chamaedrys. – Rel. 7. Presenaio, bulbosus. – Rel. 12. Malga Agner, 26.7.1979: 12.7.1988: Lonicera xylosteum (1.1), Corylus avellana Galeopsis tetrahit (1.1), Ranunculus acris, Lotus (2.1), Viburnum lantana (1.1), Brachypodium corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, Poa alpina, Poten- caespitosum (1.2), Hypericum perforatum, Carduus tilla aurea. – Rel. 13. Malga Vallazza, 2.8.1986: carduelis, Centaurea nigrescens, Daphne mezereum, Festuca pratensis, Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense, Anemone trifolia, Leucanthemum vulgare, Lonicera Cerastium holosteoides, Campanula scheuchzeri.– alpigena, Deschampsia caespitosa. – Rel. 8. Baths Rel. 14. Passo Duran, 9.7.1972: Carex hirta (1.2), near Innichen/S. Candido, 17.8.1983: Dryopteris Caltha palustris (1.2), Veronica beccabunga (1.2), filix–mas, Cystopteris montana, Paris quadrifolia Lamium purpureum, Cardamine resedifolia, Glyceria (1.1), Aposeris foetida, Majanthemum bifolium, plicata, Equisetum sp. – Rel. 15. Malga Pramper, Dryopteris linneana, Luzula nivea, Aegopodium 13.7.1988: Dactuylorhiza maculata, Prunella podagraria. – Rel. 9. Lavaze, 21.7.1986: Equisetum vulgaris, Viola biflora, Aposeris foetida, Poa arvense (1.1), Bromus inermis, Ranunculus repens, nemoralis. – Rel. 16. Malga Pramper, 13.7.1988: Galeopsis tetrahit, Cirsium arvense (1.1), Achillea Pteridium aquilinum (2.2), Mentha longifolia (1.2), Releve´s to “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane”... 373
Veronica fruticans, Centaurea nigrescens, Rubus foemina, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Poa nemoralis, idaeus, Carex hirta. Sorbus aucuparia (pl.). – Rel. 11. Olang, 24.8.2004: Sorbus aucuparia (1.1), Betula pendula, Valeriana gr. officinalis, Angelica sylvestris (1.2), Stachys Releve´s to “Forests of Broadleaved Trees sylvatica. – Rel. 12. Nussdorf (Osttirol), 27.8.2004: in the Valley Floor and in the Montane Calamagrostis arundinacea (1.2), Stachys sylvatica, Habitat” (Chap. 3 in Vol. 1) Humulus cfr. japonicus, Silene nutans, Fraxinus excel- sior (seedlings). – Rel. 13. Lienz (Osttirol), 12.8.1989: Silene alba (1.1), Pastinaca sativa (1.1), Geranium Association Table 3.1. PRUNO-LIGUSTRETUM sylvaticum (1.1), Sisymbrium austriacum (1.2), Artemi- Rel. 1. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Plantago media, Campan- sia vulgaris (1.1), Trifolium aureum, Humulus cfr. ula rapunculoides, Lactuca perennis, Sedum telephium, japonicus, Silene vulgaris, Agrimonia eupatoria, Trifolium montanum, Berteroa incana, Inula conyza.– Arrhenatherum elatius, Viola tricolor. Rel. 2. Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Melica ciliata, Agropyrum repens, Hypericum perforatum, Artemisia Association Table 3.2. BERBERIDI-ROSETUM campestris. – Rel. 3. Nogare` (Val Cembra), 15.7.1988: Rel. 1. Fontanazzo, 26.8.1979: Thymus cfr. pannonicus Arrhenatherum elatius, Campanula patula, Potentilla (1.2), Pyrus communis, Silene vulgaris, Silene nutans, reptans, Salvia pratensis, Erigeron annuus, Poa Agropyrum repens. – Rel. 2. Fontanazzo, 26.8.1979: pratensis, Pimpinella saxifraga, Festuca valesiaca, Festuca valesiaca (1.2), Clematis alpina (1.2), Sorbus Arabis glabra, Scabiosa columbaria.–Rel. aucuparia, Hepatica nobilis, Sambucus racemosa, 4. Longarone, 25.6.1988: Carex flacca (1.2), Clematis Juniperus communis, Rosa pendulina, Rumex acetosa, recta Melampyrum nemorosum. – Rel. 5. Bribano, Epilobium montanum, Pimpinella major, Selaginella 11.9.1973: Carduus carlinaefolius, Filipendula helvetica, Viola reichenbachiana, Lilium bulbiferum, vulgaris, Aconitum platanifolium, Calamintha sylvatica, Oxalis acetosella. – Rel. 3. Moena, 18.7.1988: Pyrus Origanum vulgare, Tamus communis.–Rel. pyraster, Pimpinella major, Galium verum, Poa 6. Cesiomaggiore, 28.6.1988: Robinia pseudo-acacia pratensis, Festuca heterophylla, Cuscuta europaea, (1.1), Hypericum perforatum (1.1), Centaurea Valeriana collina, Epilobium montanum, Knautia nigrescens, Melampyrum nemorosum, Salvia pratensis, drymeia, Senecio gaudinii, Lilium bulbiferum, Salvia Potentilla erecta, Laserpitium latifolium, Cytisus pratensis, Cruciata glabra, Primula veris, Daphne purpureus, Trifolium montanum, Trifolium cfr.rubens, mezereum, Campanula persicaefolia.–Rel.4.Thurn, Carpinus betulus (seedlings). – Rel. 7. Zuglio, 8.8.1987: Quercus petraea (1.1), Solidago virgaurea 11.7.1988: Serratula tinctoria, Calystegia sepium, (1.1), Dryopetris filix-mas (1.1), Humulus lupulus Tanacetum corymbosum, Eupatorium cannabinum, (1.1), Scrophularia nodosa (1.1), Clinopodium vulgare Centaurea nigrescens, Juglans regia, Euphorbia (1.2), Galeopsis tetrahit, Geranium pratense, Linaria carniolica, Festuca altissima, Tamus communis.–Rel. vulgaris, Achillea collina, Cuscuta epithymum, 8. Oberdrum (Osttirol), 16.9.1973: Equisetum Crataegus monogyna. – Rel. 5. Dosoledo, 12.7.1988: sylvaticum (2.2), Deschampsia caespitosa (1.1), Carduus personata (1.1), Equisetum arvense (1.2), Stellaria nemorum (1.1), Trollius europaeus, Thalictrum Festuca gr. rubra (1.2), Centaurea pseudophrygia, aquilegifolium, Centaurea nervosa, Tanacetum Lamium album, Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella major, corymbosum, Veronica chamaedrys, Epilobium Cirsium arvense, Valeriana collina, Galium aparine, montanum, Stachys sylvatica, Betula pendula, Tragopogon pratensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Alchemilla gr. xanthochlora, Rumex obtusifolius, Cystopteris fragilis, Dactylis glomerata, Salvia Petasites albus, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Agrostis ten- pratensis, Campanula patula, Silene vulgaris. – Rel. uis, Scrophularia nodosa, Aconitum variegatum, Gera- 6. Oberlienz, 8.8.1987: Sambucus nigra (2.2), nium sylvaticum, Digitalis ambigua, Hypericum Crataegus monogyna, Fraxinus excelsior, Corylus montanum. – Rel. 9. Predazzo, 15.7.1988: Valeriana avellana, Aegopodium podagraria, Chelidonium collina (1.1), Anthriscus sylvestris (1.1), Colchicum majus, Potentilla reptans, Achillea collina, Viola autumnale, Polygonatum multiflorum, Thalictrum hirta. – Rel. 7. Sonnenburg, 13.8.1987: Verbascum minus. – Rel. 10. Near Gaimberg (Osttirol), 7.8.2004: nigrum, Dactylis glomerata, Agropyrum repens, Populus tremula, Galium aparine, Athyrium filix- 374 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Agrostis tenuis, Erucastrum gallicum. – Rel. polytrichus, Trifolium montanum, Saxifraga 8. Sonnenburg, 15.8.1987: Artemisia vulgaris (1.1), paniculata, Vicia cracca, Vicia incana, Vicia sepium. Stachys rectus, Allium sphaerocephalum, Artemisia – Rel. 9. S. Cassiano, 24.7.1991: Medicago falcata campestris, Achillea millefolium, Plantago media, (1.2) Pimpinella nigra, Poa nemoralis, Verbascum Teucrium chamaedrys, Lamium album. – Rel. lychnitis, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Aquilegia atrata, 9. Predazzo, 16.7.1988: Artemisia vulgaris (1.1), Saponaria ocymoides, Trollius europaeus, Viola Galium aparine (2.2), Lamium album, Silene dioica, mirabilis, Lilium martagon. – Rel. 10. Val Badia, Knautia drymeia, Leonurus cardiaca. – Rel. 10. Glurns, Sciamplo`, 30.8.1959: Solanum dulcamara, Avenula 3.8.1972: Nepeta cataria (1.2), Ballota nigra (1.3), versicolor, Achillea setacea, Urtica dioica, Aconitum Coronilla varia (1.2), Lactuca tenerrima, Lactuca lycoctonum, Taraxacum officinale, Moehringia perennis, Picris hieracioides, Galium spurium, muscosa, Arrhenatherum elatius, Melica nutans, Fumaria wirtgenii, Artemisia vulgaris, Pimpinella Cirsium arvense, Hieracium staticifolium, Hieracium saxifraga, Linaria vulgaris, Adonis aestivalis, pilosella, Laserpitium latifolium, Lonicera alpigena, Agropyrum caninum. Heracleum sphondylium, Galium sp., Glechoma hederacea, Convolvulus arvensis, Cystopteris fragilis, Association Table 3.3. ASTRAGALO- Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Mnium undulatum. – Rel. JUNIPERETUM SABINAE Rel. 1. Hinterbichl 11. Val Badia, Sciamplo`, 30.8.1959: Polygala vulgaris, (Osttirol), 1.9.1969: Picea abies (2.3), Juniperus Hieracium staticifolium, Avenula versicolor, Aconitum nana (1.2), Dianthus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Erig- lycoctonum, Calamagrostis varia, Clematis alpina, eron acer subsp. angulosus, Medicago falcata, Poa Convolvulus arvensis, Lotus corniculatus, Verbascum badensis, Agropyrum caninum, Arabis hirsuta, thapsus, Orobanche sp. – Rel. 12. Val Badia, Sciamplo`. Achillea stricta, Carduus defloratus. – Rel. 2. Near 30.8.1959: Lathyrus vernus, Leucanthemum adustum, S. Cassiano, 23.7.1991: Sedum album (1.2), Larix Ranunculus platanifolius, Lotus corniculatus, Poten- decidua, Rumex acetosa, Sanguisorba minor, Sedum tilla tabaernemontani, Calamagrostis villosa. – Rel. maximum (1.2), Sempervivum arachnoideum, Semper- 13. Val Badia, Sciamplo`,30.8.1959:Melica nutans, vivum wulfenii, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Ranunculus platanifolius, Artemisia campestris, Carex Sesleria caerulea. – Rel. 3. Near S. Cassiano, muricata, Epipactis atrorubens, Hieracium pilosella, 23.7.1991: Rubus saxatilis, Sedum maximum (1.2), Koeleria eriostachya, Peltigera canina. Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum (1.1), Sesleria albicans, Solidago virgaurea. – Rel. 4. Matrei Association Table 3.4. BUGLOSSOIDI– (Osttirol), 16.8.1992: Heracleum sphondylium (2.3), OSTRYETUM Rel. 1. Tolmezzo at Casenove, Erica carnea (1.1), Gypsophila repens, Coronilla 23.8.1996: Arabis turrita, Epipactis atropurpurea, vaginalis, Potentilla reptans, Campanula carnica, Moehringia trinervia, Salvia glutinosa, Prunus spinosa, Campanula cochleariifolia. – Rel. 5. S. Cassiano, Melica uniflora, Viola hirta. – Rel. 2. Near Castion, 24.7.1991: Rubus idaeus (1.1), Filipendula vulgaris, Belluno, 19.8.1998: Helleborus odorus, Calamagrostis Buphthalmum salicifolium, Heracleum spondylium, varia, Anemone ranunculoides, Peucedanum Koeleria eriostachya, Laserpitium latifolium, oreoselinum. – Rel. 3. S. Mamante (Belluno), 19.8.1998: Lonicera alpigena, Trisetum argenteum. Clinopodium Peucedanum oreoselinum, Fraxinus excelsior, Castanea vulgare, Veronica fruticans, Campanula sativa, Crataegus oxyacantha, Rubus caesius, Epipactis rapunculoides. – Rel. 6. Near S. Cassiano, helleborine, Ajuga reptans, Poa nemoralis.–Rel. 23.7.1991: Avenula praeusta (1.2), Rosa pendulina 4. Schievenin, 1.8.1988: Calamagrostis varia, Tanacetum (1.2), Salvia pratensis, Rubus saxatilis, Satureja corymbosum, Rubus gr. hirtus, Cirsium erisithales, montana, Gypsophila repens, Rubus idaeus, Rumex Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Gymnocarpium robertianum, acetosa, Salix appendiculata, Sanguisorba minor.– Laserpitium peucedanoides, Galium mollugo, Rubus Rel. 7. Near S. Cassiano, 23.7.1991: Veronica saxatilis, Geranium nodosum, Helleborus odorus, Stachys fruticans, Saxifraga paniculata, Thymus polytrichus, officinalis, Calamintha grandiflora, Euphorbia Trifolium montanum, Sorbus aucuparia, Valeriana amygdaloides, Luzula nivea, Lamium orvala.–Rel. dioica. – Rel. 8. Near S. Cassiano, 23.7.1991: Thymus 5. Romano, 15.7.1988: Lonicera etrusca, Verbascum Releve´s to “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane”... 375 chaixii, Euphorbia angulata, Euphorbia cyparissias, spicatum, Primula vulgaris, Cruciata glabra, Cyclamen Centaurea bracteata, Amelanchier ovalis, Ruscus purpurascens, Malus sylvestris, Hieracium lachenalii. aculeatus, Thalictrum minus, Viola cfr.suavis, Scabiosa gramuntia, Sanguisorba minor, Brachypodium Association Table 3.6. GALIO–CARPI- caespitosum. – Rel. 6. Masiere, 17.7.1979: Hieracium NETUM Rel. 1. Bribano, 14.9.1973: Calamintha bifidum, Teucrium montanum, Polygala chamaebuxus, grandiflora, Asperula taurina. – Rel. 2. Sedico, Globularia cordifolia (1.3), Leontodon incanus, Asperula 28.6.1988: Aposeris foetida, Epipactis helleborine, purpurea, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Asplenium Primula vulgaris. – Rel. 3. Sedico, 28.6.1988: Colchi- ruta–muraria, Carex ornithopoda, Inula hirta, Inula cum autumnale, Aconitum vulparia, Veratrum album, ensifolia, Hieracium piloselloides, Peucedanum Geranium nodosum, Primula vulgaris. – Rel. oreoselinum. Solidago virgaurea, Quercus petraea 4. Landris (courtesy Lasen C.), 28.5.1987: Arum (B Layer). – Rel. 7. Sta Croce, 30.6.1987: Robinia maculatum, Carex montana, Aquilegia atrata, pseudacacia (1.1), Alnus glutinosa (1.1), Abies alba, Pru- Lamiastrum luteum. – Rel. 5. Emmersdorf, nus avium (seedlings), Tilia platyphyllos (seedlings), 16.8.1963: Salix caprea, Veronica chamaedrys, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Veronica chamaedrys, Myosotis sylvatica, Rubus gr. fruticosus (2.2), Calamagrostis varia, Populus tremula, Gymnocarpium Heracleum sphondylium, Lapsana communis, Impa- robertianum, Juglans regia, Symphytum tuberosum, tiens parviflora, Cardamine hirsuta, Actaea spicata. Peucedanum verticillare, Daphne mezereum, Galium – Rel. 6. Emmersdorf, 16.8.1963: Abies alba, laevigatum, Epipactis helleborine, Aruncus dioicus. Fragaria cfr. viridis, Digitalis ambigua, Asplenium viride. – Rel. 7. Emmersdorf, 16.8.1963: Larix Association Table 3.5. ORNO–OSTRYETUM Rel. 1. europaea, Robinia pseudacacia, Rosa cfr. rubiginosa, Garniga (Bondone), 30.8.1995: Cyclamen purpurascens Genista germanica (2.1), Silene nutans (1.2), Veron- (1.1), Fagus sylvatica (B layer: 1.2), Polygala ica officinalis (1.2), Carex humilis, Turritis glabra, chamaebuxus, Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae.– Trifolium rubens, Galeopsis ladanum, Pleurozium Rel. 2. Gries, 4.7.1971: Asperula purpurea, Saponaria schreberi (1.2), Verbascum nigrum, Agrostis vulgaris, ocymoides, Melica ciliata, Pistacia terebinthus, Hieracium sabaudum, Genista tinctoria (1.1), Gera- Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Campanula bononiensis.–Rel. nium nodosum (1.1). – Rel. 8. Emmersdorf, 16.8.1963: 3. Waidbruck, 4.7.1961: Picea abies (1.1), Pinus sylvestris Robinia pseudacacia (1.1), Juglans regia, Rosa sp., (1.1), Pastinaca sp., Peucedanum verticillare, Digitalis Veronica chamaedrys (1.2), Epilobium montanum, micrantha, Orthilia secunda, Viola hirta, Platanthera Galeopsis dubia, Myosotis sylvatica, Platanthera bifolia. – Rel. 4. Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Veronica sp. – Rel. 9. Roncoi, 5.8.1993: GPS 46 060 55008N– teucrium, Agropyrum caninum, Asplenium trichomanes, 12 010 35001E.Betula pendula (1.1), Polygonatum Carex leersii, Viola hirta, Rubus cfr.tomentosus(1.1). – verticillatum, Dryopteris carthusianorum, Thelypteris Rel. 5. Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Veronica chamaedrys phegopteris (1.2), Galeopsis speciosa, Mnium cfr. (1.1), Orobanche hederae (1.1), Stachys officinalis, undulatum (cfr. Vol. 1, Table 3.1, p. 73). Lapsana communis. – Rel. 6. Near Klausen, 12.8.1996: Asplenium trichomanes, Sedum telephium, Asplenium Association Table 3.7. ALNETUM INCANAE Rel. adiantum–nigrum, Polypodium interjectum, 1. Valle del Mis, 10.7.1979: Aruncus dioicus (1.1), Pru- Brachypodium caespitosum, Vicia cracca, Campanula nella vulgaris, Ranunculus repens, Taraxacum sp. – Rel. 7. Castelbell, 12.8.1996: Asplenium trichomanes, officinale, Galium album, Poa annua, Rumex acetosa, Asplenium septentrionale, Sedum telephium, Pinus Plantago major, Mentha longifolia, Phegopteris sylvestris. – Rel. 8. Valda (Cembra), 15.7.1988: Calluna polypodioides, Polygonatum multiflorum, Mercurialis vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Vaccinium myrtillus, Stachys perennis, Oxalis fontana. – Rel. 2. Canale d’Agordo, officinalis, Brachypodium caespitosum (2.2), Pteridium 18.7.1988: Populus tremula (1.1), Geranium phaeum aquilinum (1.1) Platanthera sp. – Rel. 9. Gufidaun, (2.2), Campanula latifolia (1.1), Rumex obtusifolius.– 15.8.1987: Robinia pseudacacia, Dryopteris filix–mas, Rel. 3. Tristach (Osttirol), 13.8.1983: Sorbus aucuparia Epipactis helleborine, Asparagus officinalis, Phyteuma (1.1), Valeriana montana, Hieracium sylvaticum, Vicia 376 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species sp. – Rel. 4. Lienz (Osttirol), 12.8.1989: Salix triandra Rumex obtusifolius. – Rel. 12. Lago di Landro (1.1), Scirpus sylvaticus (1.3), Equisetum sylvaticum, (Du¨rrensee), 14.7.1998: Ranunculus acer, Silene alba, Solidago canadensis, Ranunculus repens, Plantago Pimpinella major, Myosotis sylvatica, Hieracium major, Cirsium palustre, Taraxacum officinale, Erigeron gr. florentinum, Prunella vulgaris, Vicia sepium, Carex annuus, Myosotis caespitosa, Festuca altissima, Lapsana flacca, Centaurea nigrescens, Ranunculus repens (1.1), communis, Cardamine impatiens, Silene dioica, Impa- Galium album (1.1), Cardamine impatiens, Agropyrum tiens glandulifera, Cornus sanguinea, Sorbus aucuparia. caninum, Aposeris foetida.–Rel.13.Lu¨sen near – Rel. 5. Mittewald (Osttirol), 13.8.1983: Calamagrostis Bressanone, 19.8.2000: Salix elaeagnos, Achillea epigeios (1.1), Carex alba (1.2), Artemisia verlotiorum, millefolium, Melilotus officinalis, Galium album, Equise- Pteridium aquilinum, Ribes grossularia, Salix caprea, tum sylvaticum, Centaurea nigrescens, Rhytidiadelphus Prunus avium, Centaurea gr. jacea. – Rel. 6. Tolmezzo, triquetrus, Campanula rotundifolia, Veronica 30.8.1983: Ligustrum vulgare, Mentha longifolia (1.1), chamaedrys, Cirsium arvense. Cornus sanguinea (1.1), Peucedanum ostruthium, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erigeron annuus, Ranunculus ALNETUM GLUTINOSAE Rel. 14. Altrei/ repens, Hedera helix. – Rel. 7. Pirkach (Osttirol), Anterivo, 3.7.1984: Dactylorhiza maculata, 8.8.1987: Salix cfr. triandra (1.1), Clematis vitalba, Epilobium angustifolium, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Scrophularia nodosa, Festuca altissima, Lamium Larix decidua, Poa nemoralis, Rumex acetosa, Salix maculatum, Taraxacum officinale, Deschampsia caprea x appendiculata, Veratrum album, Viola caespitosa, Ribes sp., Cirsium palustre, Poa nemoralis, biflora. Alliaria petiolata, Arctium sp. – Rel. 8. Schlaiten (Osttirol), 5.8.1987: Salix cfr. triandra (1.1), Prunus ASS. A MATTEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS avium, Sorbus aucuparia, Agropyrum caninum, Rel. 15. Forcella Aurine, 24.7.1979: Actaea spicata, Cardamine impatiens (1.1), Calamagrostis epigejos Cardamine impatiens, Gymnocarpium robertianum, (1.2), Festuca altissima, Poa nemoralis (1.1), Galeopsis Rubus caesius, Sorbus aucuparia, Stellaria media, dubia, Artemisia verlotiorum, Galium album, Melica Thalictrum aquilegifolium. – Rel. 16. Gares, 27.7.1972: nutans, Senecio fuchsii. – Rel. 9. Valle del Mis, Agropyrum caninum (1.1), Dactylis aschersoniana (1.1), 10.7.1979: Athyrium distentifolium (1.1), Polystichum Cruciata glabra (1.1), Deschampsia caespitosa (1.1), aculeatum (1.1), Hypericum montanum, Moehringia Heracleum sphondylium (1.2), Achillea millefolium, muscosa, Ribes alpinus, Juglans regia, Phegopteris Centaurea pseudophrygia, Equisetum sylvaticum, polypodioides, Polygonatum multiflorum, Cystopteris Glechoma hederacea, Hypericum montanum, Luzula fragilis, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Phyllitis pilosa, Maianthemum bifolium, Rosa pendulina, Silene scolopendrium, Polystichum lonchitis, Asplenium vulgaris, Thalictrum minus, Trollius europaeus, trichomanes, Dryopteris carthusiana, Saxifraga Valeriana officinalis, Veronica chamaedrys, Vicia rotundifolia, Crepis palustris, Actaea spicata, Anemone sylvatica, Mnium sp., Plagiochila sp. – Rel. 17. Val trifolia, Listera ovata, Aruncus dioicus, Marchantiella Floriana, 23.7.1986: Calamagrostis varia, Dactylis polymorpha (3.4). – Rel. 10. Valle di S. Lucano, glomerata, Salix appendiculata x caprea, Lamiastrum 23.7.1979: Ostrya carpinifolia, Salix appendiculata x galeobdolon, Serratula tinctoria, Valeriana officinalis, caprea, Cardamine impatiens, Knautia drymeia, Viola biflora. Aposeris foetida, Maianthemum bifolium, Convallaria majalis, Cruciata glabra, Lilium bulbiferum, Equisetum Association Table 3.8. CIRSIO ERISITHALI – arvense, Viola sp., Melica nutans, Geranium phaeum, ULMETUM Rel. 1. Val Pegolera, 27.8.1975: Lotus Silene noctiflora, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Moehringia corniculatus, Lilium martagon, Rubus caesius, trinervia, Saponaria officinalis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Tofieldia calyculata, Salix appendiculata, Salix glabra, Oxalis fontana, Climacium sp., Conocephalum conicum, Salix caprea (1.1), Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo, Larix Mnium sp. – Rel. 11. Innichen/S. Candido, 14.8.1996: europaea, Amelanchier ovalis, Rhododendron hirsutum Salix cfr. triandra (1.1), Sorbus aucuparia, Caltha (1.2), Gymnocarpium robertianum (1.2), Rubus cfr. palustris, Pimpinella magna, Alchemilla xanthochlora, rudis, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Asperula cynanchica, Cirsium palustre, Ranunculus repens, Vicia cracca, Campanula carnica, Calamagrostis varia, Carex Releve´s to “Forests of Broadleaved Trees in the Valley Floor and in the Montane”... 377 ferruginea, Rosa pendulina, Vaccinium myrtillus, autumnale, Trollius europaeus, Stachys officinalis, Maianthemum bifolium, Thalictrum aquilegifolium.– Listera ovata, Lilium bulbiferum, Lamiastrum luteum. Rel. 2. Val Pegolera, 27.8.1975: Larix europea, Amelanchier ovalis (2.2), Rhododendron hirsutum, Association Table 3.9. CARICI Salix caprea (1.1), Rubus cfr.rudis, Buphthalmum ALBAE–FAGETUM Rel. 1. Caiada, 10.8.1996: salicifolium, Rosa pendulina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cytisus purpureus, Silene nutans, Senecio fuchsii, Frangula alnus, Galium album, Huperzia selago, Helleborus odorus, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Hieracium sylvaticum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria.– Vaccinium myrtillus, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbia Rel. 3. Stramentizzo, 23.7.1986: Thalictrum dulcis. – Rel. 2. Near Zoccare´ Basso, between Val Neva aquilegifolium, Maianthemum bifolium (1.1), Myosotis and Valle delle Grave, 12.7.1997 (dr. C. Lasen): Ostrya sylvatica, Juglans regia (spontaneous). – Rel. carpinifolia, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Taxus 4. Agordo, 30.6.1987: Urtica dioica, Epilobium baccata (2.1), Calamagrostis varia, Sesleria caerulea, montanum, Geranium sylvaticum, Aquilegia vulgaris, Phyteuma scheuchzeri, Pteridium aquilinum, Stachys Myosotis sylvatica, Chaerophyllum villarsii, Veronica jacquinii, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Melampyrum chamaedrys, Moehringia trinervia, Mnium punctatum, pratense, Lilium martagon, Euphorbia carniolica.– Knautia drymeia, Geranium phaeum (2.2), Ranunculus Rel. 3. Val d’Oten, 6.8.1987 (courtesy dr. C. Lasen): gr. auricomus, Ranunculus nemorosus. – Rel. Fraxinus excelsior, Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia 5. Agordo, 30.6.1987: GPS 46 050 88000 N–12 020 dulcis, Aquilegia atrata, Angelica sylvestris, Gentiana 11500 E. Alnus glutinosa (1.1), Lamiastrum galeobdolon asclepiadea. – Rel. 4. Franza (Lamon) 9.6.1996 (1.1), Rubus caesius (1.1), Dactylorhiza maculata, (dr. C. Lasen): Populus tremula, Carpinus betulus, Pyrus domestica, Polypodium interjectum, Asplenium Ostrya carpinifolia, Prunus avium, Hedera helix, Vinca trichomanes, Cystopteris fragilis, Dryopteris minor (2.2), Viola riviniana, Tanacetum corymbosum, carthusiana, Myosotis sylvatica, Cardamine impatiens, Sesleria caerulea, Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium Moehringia trinervia, Humulus lupulus, Stellaria trichomanes, Tamus communis. – Rel. 5. Cansiglio, nemorum ssp. glochidisperma, Petasites albus, 17.7.1973: Primula vulgaris (1.2), Aposeris foetida Heracleum sphondylium, Knautia drymeia, (1.1), Astragalus glycyphyllus (1.2), Myosotis sylvatica, Polygonatum verticillatum, Agropyrum caninum.– Lamium orvala, Geranium nodosum.–Rel.6.Passodi Rel. 6. Ainet (Osttirol), 1987: Sedum telephium, Cam- S. Antonio (Auronzo), 27.8.2003: Rubus gr. tomentosus, panula persicifolia, Juglans regia (subspont.), Salix Pteridium aquilinum, Clinopodium vulgare.–Rel. caprea (1.1), Vicia sylvatica, Epipactis helleborine, 7. Tristach (Osttirol), 14.8.2004: GPS 46 500 07000 N– Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia (2.2), Hieracium 12 460 63500 E. Pteridium aquilinum, Mnium sp. (cfr. lachenalii, Malus sylvestris. – Rel. 7. Ainet (Osttirol), Vol. 1, Table 3.2, p. 74). 1987: Rubus idaeus, Polypodium cfr. interjectum, Scrophularia nodosa, Asplenium trichomanes, Digitalis Association Table 3.10. CARDAMINI ambigua, Galeopsis tetrahit, Veronica officinalis. – Rel. PENTAPHYLLAE–FAGETUM Rel. 8. S. Andrea, 8. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Pinus sylvestris (1.1), Vicia 14.7.1979: Aposeris foetida, Berberis vulgaris, sepium, Hieracium sylvaticum, Polypodium cfr. Brachypodium caespitosum, Moehringia muscosa, Lilium interjectum, Galeopsis speciosa, Calamagrostis martagon, Ranunculus acris, Hypericum maculatum, arundinacea, Cardamine impatiens, Ranunculus Stachys jacquinii, Angelica sylvestris, Potentilla erecta, lanuginosus. – Rel. 9. Steinegg near Tiers, 7.9.1997: Hypnum cupressiforme, Sphagnum sp. – Rel. 9. Villa Pinus sylvestris (2.1, cult. ?), Salix caprea, Salix Welsperg, 20.7.1979: Carex ornithopoda, Prunella appendiculata, Juniperus communis, Calamagrostis vulgaris, Rubus sp., Chaerophyllum villarsii, Euphorbia arundinacea, Teucrium chamaedrys, Rosa sp. – Rel. dulcis, Mnium undulatum (1.3), Isothecium myurum.– 10. Canale d’Agordo, 18.7.1988: Brachypodium Rel. 10. Angheraz, 28.7.1979: Angelica sylvestris, caespitosum (1.2), Thalictrum minus, Aconitum Epipactis atropurpurea, Valeriana montana, Pteridium platanifolium (1.1), Chaerophyllum hirsutum (1.2), aquilinum, Asplenium viride. – Rel. 11. Angheraz, Silene alba, Maianthemum bifolium, Urtica dioica, 28.7.1979: Polygala chamaebuxus, Valeriana montana, Aquilegia vulgaris, Veronica chamaedrys, Colchicum Salix appendiculata, Knautia drymeia, Rubus idaeus, 378 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Geranium sylvaticum, Poa chaixii, Sambucus racemosa, Rel. 4. Comelico near S. Stefano, 25.8.1995: Ranunculus Polypodium vulgare. – Rel. 12. Pian Fugazze, 14.7.1988: montanus, Mnium punctatum. – Rel. 5. Comelico Above Senecio fuchsii, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Rubus idaeus, S. Stefano, 25.8.1995: Ranunculus montanus.–Rel. Rubus gr. fruticosus, Gentiana asclepiadea, Hypericum 6. Cansiglio 7.7.1963 (with D. Lausi and L. Poldini): montanum, Carex oprnithopoda, Veronica chamaedrys.– seven sporadic. – Rel. 7. Cansiglio, 7.7.1963 (with Rel. 13. Angheraz, 28.7.1979: Soldanella alpina, Sorbus D. Lausi and L. Poldini): Mnium punctatum +7sporadic. chamaemespilus, Rhododendron hirsutum (2.2), – Rel. 8. Cansiglio, 7.7.1963 (with D. Lausi and Valeriana montana, Rubus idaeus, Geranium sylvaticum, L. Poldini): ium punctatum + 14 sporadic. – Rel. Betula pendula (1.1), Pinus mugo (1.2), Salix caprea, 9. Cansiglio, 7.7.1963 (with D. Lausi and L. Poldini): Lonicera coerulea, Viola biflora, Cypripedium calceolus, Myosotis sylvatica. – Rel. 10. Cansiglio near Osteria, Pyrola rotundifolia, Ranunculus platanifolius, Phyteuma 5.5.2002: Rubus idaeus. – Rel. 11. Cansiglio near halleri, Carex brachystachys, Gentiana asclepiadea, Crocetta, 5.5.2002: Myosotis sylvatica, Geranium Calamagrostis varia, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, sylvaticum. Ctenidium molluscum. – Rel. 14. Valle di S. Lucano, 23.7.1979: Rubus sp., Berberis vulgaris, Ribes alpinum, Association Table 3.12. LUZULO–FAGETUM Aposeris foetida, Polypodium vulgare, Lilium martagon, Rel. 1. Soffranco, 14.8.1975: Aposeris foetida (1.1), Brachypodium caespitosum, Ranunculus acris, Polypodium vulgare, Polystichum lonchitis, Saxufraga Hypericum maculatum, Angelica sylvestris, Potentilla rotundifolia, Gentiana asclepiadea, Aconitum lycoctonum, erecta. – Rel. 15. Falcade, 20.7.1982: Fraxinus excelsior, Veratrum album. – Rel. 2. Andrich, 30.6.1987: Rubus Sambucus racemosa, Poa trivialis, Veronica officinalis, saxatilis (1.2), Lathyrus laevigatus (1.1), Carex Geranium sylvaticum, Moehringia trinervia, Lamiastrum ornithopoda, Betonica jacquinii, Epilobium montanum, galeobdolon, Melittis melissophyllum, Chaerophyllum cfr. Gentiana asclepiadea, Polygala chamaebuxus, Pteridium villarsii, Aconitum lycoctonum, Carex montana, Vicia aquilinum, Ranunculus acris. – Rel. 3. Tiser, 12.7.1979: sepium, Silene rubra, Silene italica, Trifolium alpestre.– senza sporadiche. – Rel. 4. Masoch, 30.7.1979: Cruciata Rel. 16. Lateis, 7.1967: Aposeris foetida, Ranunculus glabra, Salix appendiculata, Lonicera coerulea, Populus platanifolius, Vicia onobrychioides, Lilium martagon, tremula, Valeriana officinalis. – Rel. 5. Pendici del Chaerophyllum villarsii, Calamagrostis varia, Bondone, 30.7.1997: Pteridium aquilinum, Tanacetum Laserpitium latifolium, Cirsium sp., Valeriana tripteris, corymbosum. – Rel. 6. Frassene`, 4.8.1997: Veronica Glechoma hederacea, Melittis melissophyllum.–Rel. officinalis. Polypodium interjectum GPS 46 140 29500 N 17. On the road to M. Croce Carnico, 18.8.1995: –12 580 75900 E. – Rel. 7. Falcade Alta, 30.6.1987: sporadical species not indicated. – Rel. 18. On the road Geranium sylvaticum, Ranunculus platanifolius, to M. Croce Carnico, 18.8.1995: Aegopodium podagraria, Moehringia trinervia, Carex montana, Silene dioica.– Minum undulatum. Rel. 8. Frassene`, 4.8.1997: Geranium robertianum.
Association Table 3.11. CARDAMINI Association Table 3.13. OXALIDI–ABIETETUM TRIFOLIAE–FAGETUM Rel. 1. Passo Pura, Rel. 1. Cant del Gal, 20.7.1979: Berberis vulgaris, Poten- 27.7.1983: Geum urbanum, Valeriana tripteris, Luzula tilla erecta, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Sesleria caerulea pilosa + 9 specie sporadiche non registrate. – Rel. (1.1), Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Laserpitium 2. Sauris, 5.7.1967: Pyrola minor, Senecio fuchsii, peucedanoides, Rhododendron hirsutum, Polygala Mulgedium alpinum, Moehringia muscosa, Circaea chamaebuxus, Platanthera bifolia, Avenella flexuosa, alpina, Ranunculus platanifolius, Crepis blattarioides, Cirsium erysisthales, Bazzania sp., Ctenidium molluscum, Valeriana montana, Geum rivale, Aconitum lycoctonum, Metzgeria furcata, Calypogeia trichomanes.–Rel. Aquilegia vulgaris, Carex ornithopoda, Thalictrum 2. Sauris, 7.1967. – Rel. 3. Cereda, 31.7.1979: Valeriana aquilegifolium, Alchemilla gr. xanthochlora, Mnium montana, Ctenidium molluscum, Aruncus sylvestris, punctatum, Peltigera malacea. – Rel. 3. Passo Pura, Petasites hybridus, Betonica jacquinii, Rhododendron 26.7.1977: Valeriana tripteris (1.2), Hypericum hirsutum, Carex ferruginea, Laserpitium peucedanoides. maculatum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Ranunculus – Rel. 4. Borca, 7.1979: Polypodium vulgare.–Rel. platanifolius, Circaea lutetiana, Moehringia muscosa.– 5. Borca, 7.1979: Athyrium distentifolium, Luzula pilosa, Releve´s to “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” (Chap. 4 in Vol. 1) 379
Polypodium vulgare, Thalictrum aquilegifolium.–Rel. Carex sempervirens (1.2), Anthyllis alpestris, Poten- 6. Caiada, 21.7.1975: Lathyrus laevigatus (1.1), tilla crantzii, Gentiana kochiana, Aster alpinus, Dryopteris linnaeana, Polystichum braunii.–Rel. Saxifraga hostii, Thesium alpinum, Helianthemum 7. Caiada, 10.8.1996: Moehringia trinervia, alpestre, Gymnadenia conopea, Cotoneaster Calamagrostis arundinacea. – Rel. 8. V. Visdende, integerrima. – Rel. 8. Tschamin, 9.8.1979: Teucrium 9.7.1975: Cladonia pyxidata, Calamagrostis cfr. montanum (1.2), Amelanchier ovalis, Lilium arundinacea, Melampyrum pratense. – Rel. 9. Tristach, bulbiferum. – Rel. 9. Piccole Dolomiti, 14.7.1988: 8.8.1987: Luzula pilosa, Veronica officinalis, Pinus mugo (1.1). – Rel. 10. Pasubio, 14.7.198: Carlina Calamagrostis varia, Vicia sepium, Mnium punctatum.– acaulis, Sorbus aria, Aquilegia atrata, Galium lucidum, Rel. 10. Above Mauthen, 7.5.2002: Aegopodium Carex flacca, Pedicularis tuberosa x elongata, Silene podagraria, Geranium sylvaticum, Veronica chamaedrys. nutans, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Fragaria vesca, – Rel. 11. Bosco di S. Marco, 13.8.1992: Deschampsia Orobanche sp., Origanum vulgare, Ranunculus caespitosa, Polystichum lonchitis, Calamagrostis villosa, montanus, Hypericum perforatum, Clinopodium Sorbus aria. – Rel. 12. Bosco di S. Marco, 13.8.1992: vulgare, Carex ornithopoda, Galium anisophyllum, Crepis blattarioides, Viola biflora. – Rel. 13. Bosco di Lotus corniculatus, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, S. Marco, 13.8.1992: Crepis blattarioides, Sorbus Lilium bulbiferum. – Rel. 11. Schievenin, 11.8.1988: chamaemespilus. – Rel. 14. Bosco di S. Marco, Campanula scheuchzeri, Cruciata glabra (1.2), Galium 13.8.1992: Cirsium erisithales, Angelica sylvestris, mollugo, Allium carinatum, Dianthus monspessulanus, Epipactis atropurpurea, Ranunculus acris. – Rel. 15. Cerastium arvense, Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. Bosco di S. Marco, 13.8.1992: Cirsium erisithales. dolomiticum, Festuca cfr. rupicola (1.2), Cuscuta epthymum, Gymnadenia conopsea, Lathyrus pratensis, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Polygala chamaebuxus.– Releve´s to “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” Rel. 12. Schievenin, 11.8.1988: Sedum hispanicum, (Chap. 4 in Vol. 1) Anthericum ramosum. – Rel. 13. Schievenin, 11.8.1988: Epilobium dodonaei (1.1), Silene nutans, Association Table 4.1. LASERPITIO– Rhynanthus freynii, Carlina acaulis, Vicia gr. cracca, FESTUCETUM ALPESTRIS Rel. 1. Forcella Salvia pratensis, Galium verum, Rhamnus pumila.– Oltre, 23.7.1974: Rosa canina (1.3), Chenopodium Rel. 14b. Galium album (1.2), Achillea millefolium, bonus–henricus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Chaer- Knautia drymeia, Lathyrus pratensis, Pimpinella ophyllum cicutaria, Potentilla caulescens, Ranunculus saxifraga, Allium sphaerocephalum, Polypodium acer, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens. – Rel. vulgare, Asplenium septentrionale; further develop- 2. Busa delle Vette, 5.7.1996: Carex sempervirens ment of the succession: Berberis vulgaris, Euonymus (2.2), Carex ferruginea, Festuca norica, Festuca europaeus, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur. pulchella, Linum alpinum, Valeriana montana, Acinos alpinus, Gypsophila repens, Oxytropis jacquinii, Association Table 4.2a. EUPHRASIO– Peaderota bonarota, Helianthemum alpestre, GLOBULARIETUM Rel. 1. Saccomodan, Saxifraga crustata, Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum, 18.7.1978: Rumex scutatus, Athamanta cretensis, Aster bellidiastrum, Saxifraga aizoides. – Rel. Trisetum argenteum, Achnatherum calamagrostis, 3. Agner, 18.7.1979: Cratoneuron filicinum, Bryum Hieracium piloselloides, Aster bellidiastrum, sp., Campanula scheuchzeri, Adenostyles glabra, Chondrilla chondrilloides, Saxifraga squarrosa, Calamagrostis varia, Poa pratensis, Daphne Carex firma, Parnassia palustris. – Rel. 2. Acquabona, mezereum. – Rel. 4. Col Faverghera, 20.7.1974: 26.7.2005: Rhamnus pumilus (1.1), Tofieldia Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. dolomiticum, Koeleria calyculata, Aquilegia einseleana, Carex flacca, pyramidata, Laserpitium latifolium, Festuca rubra, Juniperus communis. – Rel. 3. Marcora, 18.7.1978: Festuca gr. ovina. – Rel. 5. Nevegal, 18.7.1998: Parnassia palustris, Thamnolia vermicularis, Coronilla emerus, Gentiana verna, Saxifraga hostii.– Saxifraga squarrosa, Hieracium piloselloides. – Rel. Rel. 6. Nevegal, 18.7.1998: Galium verum, Saxifraga 4. Saccomodan, 18.7.1978: Hieracium bifidum, crustata, Vicia cracca. – Rel. 7. Agner, 9.7.1971: Betonica alopecurus, Valeriana saxatilis, Parnassia 380 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species palustris, Gentiana nivalis. – Rel. 5. Saccomodan, Cyclamen europaeum, Primula auricula, Hieracium 19.8.2004, GPS 46 280 73600 N–12 110 66700 E: porrifolium x glaucum, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Saxifraga squarrosa, Parnassia palustris, Prunella Cladonia gr. pyxidata. – Rel. 4. Marocche di Dro, grandiflora, Tofieldia calyculata, Gymnadenia 31.7.1997: Epilobium dodonaei (1.1), Crepis odoratissima. – Rel. 6. Moschesin, 13.7.1988: froelichiana, Gypsophila repens. – Rel. 5. S. Giustina, Thesium alpinum, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Gentiana 6.8.1993: Pinus nigra (pl.), Quercus pubescens (pl.), anisodonta, Linum catharticum ssp. suecicum, Echium vulgare, Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. Festuca pulchella (1.2), Silene vulgaris subsp. dolomiticum, Hypericum perforatum, Agrostis glareosa, Hieracium bifidum, Athamanta cretensis, stolonifera, Brassica repanda (?? sterile, possibly Trisetum argenteum, Carduus carlinaefolius, Polygo- Diplotaxis ?). – Rel. 6. Masiere di Vedana, 17.7.1979: num viviparum, Poa minor, Minuartia verna, Galium Juniperus communis (1.1), Quercus petraea (pl.), anisophyllum, Gentianella anisodonta. – Rel. 7. Sopra Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Hieracium bifidum, S. Vito, 26.7.2005: Acinos alpinus (1.2), Silene Hieracium piloselloides, Epipactis atropurpurea, quadridentata (1.2), Botrychium lunaria, Galium Carex ornithopoda, Hieracium bifidum, Fissidens anisophyllum, Leontodon hispidus, Aquilegia sp. – Rel. 7. Bigontina, 20.7.1981: Fragaria vesca, einseleana, Picea abies (pl.), Salix purpurea, Trifo- Serratula tinctoria, Centaurium erythraea, Cornus lium montanum, Gentiana utriculosa, Scabiosa lucida, sanguinea, Calluna vulgaris, Campanula spicata, Carex mucronata, Thesium alpinum, Carex Viola sp. – Rel. 8. M. Altare, 22.7.1981: Peucedanum caryophyllea, Carex sempervirens, Silene vulgaris cervaria (1.1), Dictamnus albus, Senecio rupester, subsp. glareosa, Athamanta cretensis, Pimpinella Erigeron annuus, Melampyrum nemorosum, Campan- nigra, Prunella grandiflora, Carduus carlinaefolius, ula rapunculus, Silene italica, Trifolium campestre, Koeleria eriostachya. – Rel. 8. Saccomodan, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Hieracium piloselloides, 18.7.1978: Knautia ressmannii, Silene vulgaris Centaurium erythraea, Trifolium arvense.–Rel. subsp. glareosa, Betonica alopecurus (1.2), Crepis 9. M. Altare, 22.7.1981: Genista germanica, Cuscuta jacquinii, Thesium rostratum, Pedicularis elongata, (su Galium), Carex montana, Campanula spicata, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Potentilla erecta, Dactylorhiza maculata, Pinus sylvestris pl., Quercus Hierochloe australis, Carex alba (1.2), Galium pubescens. – Rel. 10. Fortogna, 3.8.2001: Genista aristatum, Valeriana tripteris, Molinia arundinacea germanica, Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. (2.2), Platanthera sp., Cotoneaster integerrima (1.1), dolomiticum, Dactylis glomerata, Peucedanum Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Vicia cracca, Salix verticillare, Achnatherum calamagrostis. – Rel. 11. appendiculata, Cirsium erisithales, Polygonatum Agner, 7.7.1971: Asplenium ruta–muraria, Aster officinale, Luzula nivea, Rubus saxatilis, Peucedanum bellidiastrum, Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae, oreoselinum, Euphorbia cyparissias, Daphne Lembotropis nigricans, Laserpitium siler, Horminum cneorum, Viola hirta, Solidago virga–aurea, Prunella pyrenaicum, Betonica alopecurus, Vincetoxicum grandiflora, Lilium martagon, Galium verum, Polyg- hirundinaria. – Rel. 12. Passo S. Boldo, 10.8.1972: ala chamaebuxus, Leucanthemum heterophyllum. Thesium cfr. linophyllum, Asperula aristata, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Lembotropis nigricans, Laserpitium Association Table 4.2b. DE–ALPINE STEPPE latifolium, Betonica alopecurus, Vincetoxicum WITH SESLERIA Rel. 1. Bigontina, 20.7.1981: hirundinaria, Aquilegia einseleana. Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. dolomiticum (1.1), Orobanche minor, Allium cfr. vineale, Festuca LESSINI and GIUDICARIE Rel. 13. Valle Ampola, pratensis, Ranunculus acris, Viola reichenbachiana, 30.6.1971: Carex mucronata (1.2), Betonica alopecurus Trifolium repens, Tragopogon pratensis s.l., Euphrasia (1.1), Aster bellidiastrum, Rhododendron hirsutum, sp., Rhacomitrium canescens, Grimmia sp. – Rel. Lilium croceum, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Potentilla 2. M. Altare, 22.7.1981: Pimpinella nigra, Galium caulescens, Phyteuma scheuchzeri subsp. columnae, verum. – Rel. 3. Marocche di Dro, 31.7.1997: Medicago Horminum pyrenaicum, Cytisus sessilifolius. – Rel. 14. falcata, Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. dolomiticum, Valle Ampola, 30.6.1971: Bromus erectus (1.1), Rubus Juniperus communis, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, saxatilis, Thesium bavarum, Biscutella laevigata, Ajuga Releve´s to “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” (Chap. 4 in Vol. 1) 381 genevensis, Carex mucronata, Centaurea nervosa, Thy- elatius, Medicago sativa, Teucrium chamaedrys, mus sp. – Rel. 15. Pian delle Fugazze, 14.7.1988: Aster Petrorhagia saxifrage, Centaurea gr. paniculata, bellidiastrum (1.1), Viola biflora (1.2), Laserpitium Lactuca viminea. – Rel. 2. Dolomiti Bellunesi (Rel. latifolium, Betonica alopecurus, Tofieldia calyculata, Bianco P. et al.): Aconitum paniculatum, Laserpitium Veronica urticifolia, Pinguicula alpina, Astrantia peucedanoides. – Rel. 3. Dolomiti Bellunesi (Rel. major, Adenostyles glabra, Arctostaphylos alpina, Bianco P. et al.): Aconitum napellus ssp. tauricum.– Gymnadenia conopsea, Saxifraga aizoides, Rel. 4. Vette, Col Magazon, 11.7.2003: Crepis Dactylorhiza maculata, Valeriana montana, Solidago conyzaefolia (1.1), Stellaria graminea, Phleum virgaurea. pratense, Avenella flexuosa, Orobanche gracilis, Galeopsis speciosa. – Rel. 5. M. Prada (Grappa), Association Table 4.3. BROMO–STIPETUM Rel. 1. 11.8.1988: Festuca paniculata, Salix appendiculata, Crespano, 3.7.1977: Lathyrus pratensis. – Rel. 2. Trifolium rubens, Chamaecytisus purpureus, Crespano, 3.7.1977: Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Ononis Tanacetum corymbosum, Ranunculus venetus, spinosa. – Rel. 3. Crespano, 3.7.1977: Danthonia Cirsium erisithales, Genista germanica, Gymnadenia decumbens (1.2), Agrostis tenuis, Carex montana, odoratissima, Stellaria graminea, Polygala vulgaris.– Crocus albiflorus, Daucus carota, Genista germanica, Rel. 6. Dolomiti Bellunesi (Rel. Bianco P. et al.): Festuca rubra, Gymnadenia conopea, Polygala Heracleum sphondylium, Dauces carota, Centaurea vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, Prunella laciniata, Pru- cfr. montana. – Rel. 7. Dolomiti Bellunesi (Rel. nella vulgaris. – Rel. 4. Bassano del Grappa, Bianco P. et al.): Prunus spinosa, Daucus carota, 15.7.1988: nessuna. – Rel. 5. Miane, 8.8.2002: Cen- Centaurea cfr. montana, Helleborus viridis. – Rel. taurea nigrescens, Clinopodium vulgare, Inula 8. Vette, Col dei Cavai, 11.7.2003: Cirsium erisithales salicina, Lathyrus pratensis, Lilium bulbiferum, (1.1), Gymnadenia odoratissima, Arnica montana, Plantago media, Poa pratensis, Silene nutans, Thlaspi Athyrium filix–foemina. Orobanche gracilis, Carex arvense, Viola suavis, Vicia sp. – Rel. 6. Revine, humilis, Avenella flexuosa. – Rel. 9. Croce d’ Aune, 9.8.2002: Celtis australis pl., Sedum album. – Rel. 19.7.1974. – Rel. 10. Fontanazzo, 26.8.1979: Trifo- 7. Vittorio Veneto, 4.6.1979: Genista sericea (1.3), lium alpestre (1.1), Onobrychis montana (1.1), Sesleria caerulea (1.2), Globularia cordifolia (1.2), Prunella grandiflora (1.1), Agropyrum repens, Tortella sp. (1.3). Polygonatum officinale, Campanula rapunculoides, Vicia cracca, Taraxacum officinale, Myosotis Association Table 4.4a. THLASPIDI– sylvatica, Medicago lupulina, Veronica teucrium, TRIFOLIETUM PRATENSIS Rel. 1. M. Crep, Poa pratensis, Sanguisorba minor, Erigeron acris.– 8.8.2002: Hieracium lactucella. – Rel. 2. M. Crep, Rel. 11. Croce d’Aune, 19.7.1974: Galium verum 8.8.2002: Polygala alpestris. – Rel. 3. M. Crep, (2.2), Ranunculus acris (1.1), Campanula glomerata 8.8.2002: Agrimonia eupatoria, Urtica dioica, (1.1), Centaurea triumfetti, Polygala nicaeensis, Trisetum flavescens, Medicago lupulina. – Rel. Carduus carduelis, Verbascum nigrum, Hypericum 4. M. Grappa, Camposolagna, 4.5.1960: Ajuga perforatum, Holcus mollis, Plantago lanceolata, genevensis, Sedum acre, Erythronium dens–canis, Rumex acetosa, Gentiana cruciata, Festuca Potentilla alba (1.1), Polygala chamaebuxus, gr. rubra, Carex pallescens, Carex flacca, Filipendula Plantago lanceolata, Orchis mascula, Orchis morio vulgaris. – Rel. 12. Sappade (Falcade), 9.7.1971: var. alba, Origanum vulgare. – Rel. 5. M. Grappa, Festuca cfr. rubra (1.2), Carex pilulifera (1.1), Camposolagna, 4.5.1960: Ajuga genevensis, Sedum Phyteuma orbiculare (1.1), Arnica montana (1.1), acre, Arabis hirsuta. – Rel. 6–8. (M. Cesen-group, Ranunculus montanus (1.1), Vicia sylvatica (1.1), data not available). Paradisia liliastrum, Pedicularis elongata, Galium anisophyllum, Polygonum viviparum, Gymnadenia Association Table 4.4b. TRIFOLIO– conopsea, Listera ovata, Gentianella germanica, Cen- BRACHYPODIETUM CAESPITOSI Rel. taurea pseudophrygia, Alchemilla xanthochlora, 1. Capriana (V. Cembra), 23.7.1986: Prunus mahaleb, Alchemilla cfr. hybrida, Polygala vulgare, Luzula Prunus spinosa, Melilotus albus, Arrhenatherum campestris, Carum carvi, Nardus stricta, Thesium 382 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species alpinum, Trisetum flavescens, Crocus albiflorus, ruta–muraria, Avenula praeusta.–Rel.4.Lona Geranium sylvaticum, Pimpinella major subsp. (V. Cembra), 15.7.1988: Dianthus monspessulanus, rosea, Orchis morio, Hippocrepis comosa, Linum Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia, Asplenium catharticum. trichomanes, Potentilla rupestris, Salvia pratensis, Rhytidium rugosum (2.2), Leucodon sciuroides (1.2). – Association Table 4.5. PETRORHAGIO– Rel. 5. Valda (V. Cembra), 15.7.1988: Asplenium KOELERIETUM Rel. 1. Klausen, 4.7.1961: Vicia trichomanes, Asplenium septentrionale, Trifolium cracca. – Rel. 2. Sonnenburg, 13.8.1987: Carex aureum, Ceterach officinarum, Sonchus oleraceus, contigua, Saponaria ocymoides, Campanula Sanguisorba minor, Conyza canadensis, Artemisia rapunculus. – Rel. 3. Sonnenburg, 15.8.1987: absinthium, Hornungia petraea. – Rel. 6. Sonnenberg, Euphrasia picta, Avenastrum cfr. pratense. – Rel. 15.8.1987. – Rel. 7. Varda, 16.8.1970: Helianthemum 4. Sterzing, 4.7.1961:Verbascum thapsus, Erysimum nummularium subsp. tomentosum (1.2), Cerastium helveticum. – Rel. 5. Pro¨sels–Pulverturm (Vo¨ls), arvense, Rhamnus pumilus, Campanula rotundifolia, 8.9.1997: Asperula purpurea, Herniaria hirsuta.– Euphrasia salisburgensis. – Rel. 8. Leibnig (Lienz), Rel. 6. Sterzing, 4.7.1961: Phleum pratense, Sedum 5.8.1987: Fragaria vesca (1.1), Biscutella laevigata, acre, Sedum telephium, Veronica sp. – Rel. 7. Maulz, Silene nutans, Pimpinella saxifraga, Helianthemum 4.7.1961: Phleum pratense, Dactylis glomerata, nummularium subsp. grandiflorum, Brachypodium Veronica sp. – Rel. 8. Tiers 5.9.1997: Vicia cfr. rupestre subsp. caespitosum, Avenella flexuosa, tenuifolia, Solidago virgaurea, Campanula glomerata. Asplenium septentrionale. – Rel. 9. Castelfeder, – Rel. 9. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Thymus praecox, 16.7.1988: Campylopus subulatus (2.3). – Rel. 10. Carlina vulgaris. – Rel. 10. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Nogare´, 15.7.1988: Asplenium trichomanes, Poa Cuscuta epithymum, Verbascum nigrum. – Rel. 11. pratensis subsp. angustifolia, Trifolium aureum, Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Filago germanica, Dactylis Teucrium chamaedrys, Allium vineale. – Rel. 11. glomerata, Euphrasia stricta. – Rel. 12. Castelfeder, Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Prunella grandiflora, Trifolium 16.7.1988: Jasione montana, Prunella vulgaris, campestre, Agrostis canina, Jasione montana, Tortella Cerastium arvense subsp. arvense. sp. – Rel. 12. Moena, 18.7.1988: Silene italica, Cam- panula cochleariifolia, Sanguisorba minor, Hieracium FUMANO–CHRYSOPOGONETUM Rel. 13. staticifolium, Euphorbia cyparissias, Tortella tortuosa Pro¨sels–Pulverturm (Vo¨ls), 8.9.1997: Hypericum (3.3), Schistidium apocarpum, Habrodon perpusillus.– perforatum, Opuntia humifusa, Arenaria ciliata, Rel. 13. Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Trinia glauca, Saponaria ocymoides. – Rel. 14. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987. Teucrium montanum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Fumana – Rel. 15. Gries, 6.7.1961: Ailanthus altissima. procumbens, Hieracium pilosella, Carex humilis, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Cladonia pyxidata.–Rel. Viola pinnata–Community Rel. 16. Fontanazzo, 14. Glurns, 3.8.1972: Malva neglecta (1.2), Dianthus 26.8.1879: Trisetum argenteum (1.2), Onobrychis sylvestris, Potentilla puberula, Phleum phleoides, montana, Carduus carlinaefolius, Anthyllis vulneraria Thesium rostratum, Euphrasia tatarica, Fallopia con- subsp. carpathica, Campanula cochleariifolia, Ranun- volvulus, Agrostis vulgaris, Berberis vulgaris, culus montanus, Stachys alopecuros subsp. jacquinii, Hieracium pilosella, Erysimum sylvestre, Cerastium Epipactis atropurpurea, Buphthalmum salicifolium, arvense subsp. suffruticosum, Silene otites. – Rel. 15. Gypsophila repens, Hieracium cfr. caesium, Thymus Nussdorf (Osttirol), 16.8.2004: Poa pratensis subsp. praecox (1.2), Polygala chamaebuxus. angustifolia (1.3), Galium album (1.2), Achillea millefolium, Knautia drymeia, Lathyrus pratensis, Association Table 4.6. SEDETUM MONTANI Pimpinella saxifraga, Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium Rel. 1. Klausen, 4.7.1961: Potentilla reptans (2.3), septentrionale, Allium sphaerocephalon, Hypnum Coronilla varia (1.3), Cystopteris fragilis (1.2), Galium cupressiforme (1.3). Nearby (shrubs indicating the album, Saponaria ocymoides, Campanula rapunculus. tendential succession): Berberis vulgaris, Euonymus – Rel. 2. Ainet, 5.8.1987: Asplenium trichomanes, europaeus, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur.–Rel. Silene nutans. – Rel. 3. Cernadoi, 9.7.1987: Asplenium 16. Sto¨ckl (Osttirol), 27.8.2004: Conyza canadensis Releve´s to “Arid and Steppe Grasslands” (Chap. 4 in Vol. 1) 383
(1.1), Legousia speculum–veneris, Geranium Lembotropis nigricans, Cytisus purpureus, Erica robertianum, Cerastium holosteoides, Galium album, herbacea (2.3), Campanula spicata, Helianthemum Dactylis glomerata, Dryopteris filix–mas, Polypodium nummularium subsp. ovatum, Fraxinus ornus, vulgare, Tortula sp., Hypnum cupressiforme, Cladonia Scabiosa gramuntia, Sorbus torminalis, Lathyrus sp. Nearby (shrubs indicating the tendential succession): niger, Thymus cfr. polytrichus. – Rel. 8. Valda Berberis vulgaris, Corylus avellana, Euonymus (V. Cembra), 15.7.1988: Trifolium montanum (1.1), europaeus. – Rel. 17. Oberlienz (Osttirol), 21.8.08: Lembotropis nigricans, Cytisus purpureus, Rosa Euphorbia cyparissias (2.3); Geranium robertianum gr. canina, Dianthus carthusianorum, Hieracium (2.1); Humulus lupulus (1.1); Arrhenatherum elatius umbellatum, Populus tremula, Prunella grandiflora, (1.2); Galim album (1.1); Silene alba; Silene vulgaris; Medicago lupulina, Campanula spicata, Fraxinus Hypnum cupressiforme (3.5). ornus, Scabiosa gramuntia, Quercus petraea, Betonica alopecuros subsp. jacquini. – Rel. 9. Lona Association Table 4.7. PEUCEDANETUM (V. Cembra), 15.7.1988: Erica carnea (2.3), Prunella CERVARIAE Rel. 1. Ainet, 5.8.1987: Agropyrum vulgaris (1.1), Clematis recta (2.2), Centaurea cfr. caninum (1.1), Artemisia absinthium, Peucedanum montana, Thesium linophyllon, Cornus sanguinea, raiblense, Viola arvensis, Rosa gr. canina, Phyteuma Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica (1.1), spicatum, Silene vulgaris, Arabis glabra, Galeopsis Pimpinella saxifraga, Koeleria pyramidata, tetrahit, Lonicera xylosteum, Scrophularia nodosa, Helianthemum nummularium subsp. obscurum, Festuca rupicola, Silene dioica, Cerinthe alpina, Myosotis sylvatica, Trifolium montanum, Epilobium Carex muricata, Allium sphaerocephalum, Solidago dodonaei, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Scabiosa canadensis, Humulus lupulus, Pteridium aquilinum, gramuntia, Sanguisorba minor, Centaurea nigrescens. Carex humilis. – Rel. 2. Predazzo, 18.7.1988: Festuca – Rel. 10. Zuglio, 11.7.1988: Filipendula vulgaris heterophylla (2.2), Trifolium aureum (1.1), Artemisia (1.1), Festuca rubra (2.1), Festuca pratensis (1.1), absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, Phyteuma spicatum, Bromus erectus (1.1), Centaurea nigrescens, Veronica Arabis glabra, Galeopsis tetrahit, Aegopodium chamaedrys, Allium senescens, Colchicum autumnale, podagraria, Trifolium pratense, Campanula Dianthus carthusianorum, Tanacetum corymbosum, glomerata, Melica nutans, Urtica dioica, Pimpinella Campanula rotundifolia, Briza media, Holcus lanatus, magna, Rubus idaeus. – Rel. 3. Timau, 21.8.1987: Pimpinella major, Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Silene Epilobium dodonaei (1.1), Sanguisorba minor, Poa alba. – Rel. 11. Longarone, 25.6.1988: Ligustrum nemoralis, Centaurea nigrescens, Dactylis glomerata, vulgare, Peucedanum verticillare, Tamus communis, Melilotus albus, Euphorbia cyparissias, Lotus Dianthus sylvestris, Carex flacca, Rubus ulmifolius. corniculatus. – Rel. 4. Sopra Timau, 18.8.1995: Colchicum autumnale. – Rel. 12. Romano Calamagrostis varia (1.1), Geranium macrorrhizum, d. Ezzellini, 15.7.1988: Galium verum (1.1), Stachys sylvatica, Epilobium montanum, Centaurea Agropyrum repens (1.2), Ligustrum vulgare, Scabiosa nigrescens, Solanum dulcamara. – Rel. 5. Passo gramuntia, Veronica chamaedrys, Carex hallerana, M. Croce Carnico, 20.8.1992: Pimpinella magna Chrysopogon gryllus, Asperula purpurea, Stachys rec- (1.1), Peucedanum verticillare (1.1), Eupatorium tus, Vinca minor, Lotus corniculatus, Calamintha nep- cannabinum, Melica nutans, Solanum dulcamara, eta, Erigeron annuus, Acer campestre (pl.). – Rel. 13. Tussilago farfara, Rubus idaeus, Viola hirta, Impa- Schievenin, 11.8.1988: Cirsium erisithales (1.1), tiens noli–tangere, Coronilla vaginalis, Epilobium Carduus defloratus glaucus (1.1), Lasepitium montanum, Campanula rotundifolia, Leucanthemum latifolium, Prunella grandiflora, Helianthemum atratum, Cirsium erisithales, Scabiosa columbaria, nummularium subsp. obscurum, Lotus corniculatus, Acer pseudoplatanus (pl.). – Rel. 6. Passo M. Croce Medicago lupulina, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Carnico south vergent, 12.8.1993: Epipactis carpathica, Leucanthemum adustum, Phyteuma rubiginosa, Viola cfr. canina. Solanum dulcamara, orbiculare, Euphorbia cyparissias, Silene vulgaris, Viburnum lantana, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbia Thesium linophyllon, Tanacetum corymbosum, amygdaloides, Veronica chamaedrys. Impatiens Peucedanum schottii, Digitalis ambigua, Astrantia parviflora. – Rel. 7. Valda (V. Cembra), 15.7.1988: major, Ranunculus nemorosus, Geranium nodosum. 384 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
– Rel. 14. S. Gregorio nei Monti, 7.8.1993: Centaurea 28.7.1978: Peucedanum ostruthium, Melampyrum nigrescens, Euphorbia cyparissias, Bromus ramosus, sylvaticum. Calamintha acinos, Carex flacca, Dorycnium germanicum, Frangula alnus, Lysimachia vulgaris, Subass. with Rhodod. hirsutum – Erica carnea Molinia altissima, Ononis spinosa, Potentilla erecta, Rel. 11. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977: Amelanchier Pastinaca sativa, Silene alba, Tamus communis, Thy- ovalis, Polygala forojulensis, Lotus alpinus, Valeriana mus lanuginosus, Melampyrum nemorosum. saxatilis, Globularia cordifolia, Tortella tortuosa.– Rel. 12. Gantraste, 19.8.1987: Campanula scheuchzeri, Carex capillaris, Luzula albida subsp. rubella.–Rel. Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous 13. Rif. S. Marco, 19.7.1978: Hierochloe australis, Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)” Prenanthes purpurea, Anemone trifolia, Lilium (Chap. 5 in Vol. 1) martagon, Calluna vulgaris, Epipactis atrorubens, Platanthera bifolia, Tofieldia calyculata. – Rel. 14. Association Table 5.1. RHODODENDRO– Sauris, July 1967: Daphne mezereum, Anemone trifolia, PINETUM MUGO Oxalis acetosella. – Rel. 5. Plaetzwiesen, 12.8.1983: Lotus corniculatus, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Carex Subass. with Rhododendron ferrugineum Rel. humilis, Aposeris foetida, Gymnadenia odoratissima, 1. Sextner Rotwandspitze/Croda Rossa di Sesto, Carduus defloratus, Biscutella laevigata, Campanula 15.8.1985: Phyteuma orbiculare, Pedicularis caespitosa, Petasites paradoxus, Carex ornithopoda, elongata, Daphne cneorum, Rubus saxatilis, Viola Tofieldia calyculata, Solidago virgaurea, Cladonia biflora, Listera ovata. – Rel. 2. Occlini, 20.7.1986: platyphylla, Cladonia rangiferina, Lophozia sp. – Rel. Adenostyles glabra, Viola biflora. – Rel. 6. Lavaredo, 14.8.1983: Cladonia rangiferina.–Rel. 3. Sassolungo/Langkofel, 4.7.1987: Ribes petraeum, 7. Lavaredo, 16.8.1983: Larix decidua, Salix glabra, Salix glabra, Daphne mezereum, Salix reticulata, Hippocrepis comosa, Festuca nigrescens, Viola biflora, Salix retusa, Silene acaulis, Campanula scheuchzeri, Listera ovata. – Rel. 8. Pelmo, 25.7.1977: Luzula Pinguicula alpina, Polygonum viviparum, Veratrum albida, Carex sempervirens, Aposeris foetida. – Rel. album, Oxalis acetosella, Cladonia rangiferina, 9. M. Croce Comelico, 18.8.1983: Larix decidua, Cladonia arbuscula, Peltigera aphthosa. – Rel. Salix glabra, Peucedanum ostruthium, Potentilla 4. Lago Limo, 19.9.1978: Salix reticulata, Salix aurea, Homogyne discolor (1.1), Pulsatilla alpina, Pru- breviserrata, Salix alpina, Salix retusa, Viola biflora, nella grandiflora, Campanula scheuchzeri, Viola Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris, Campanula biflora, Paris quadrifolia, Lophozia sp. – Rel. 10. scheuchzeri, Polygonum viviparum, Homogyne dis- Prags, Bru¨ckele, 8.8.1985: Tofieldia calyculata, Carex color, Potentilla crantzii, Bartsia alpina, Gentiana humilis, Aquilegia einseleana, Campanula scheuchzeri, punctata, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Hylocomium Carex ornithopoda, Biscutella laevigata, Lonicera schreberi, Cladonia sp. – Rel. 5. Kals (Osttirol), caerulea, Aposeris foetida, Dryopteris linnaeana, 1.9.1969: Oxalis acetosella, Cladonia rangiferina, Rubus saxatilis, Carex flacca, Moehringia ciliata, Peltigera canina, Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium Pyrola chlorantha, Cotoneaster nebrodensis, Luzula loreum. – Rel. 6. Kals (Osttirol), 1.9.1969: Oxalis pilosa, Luzula albida, Salix glabra, Selaginella acetosella, Peucedanum ostruthium, Rubus idaeus, selaginoides, Peltigera aphthosa. – Rel. 11. Gentiana punctata, Gymnocarpium robertianum.– Innerfeldtal/Val di Dentro, 1.8.1985: Salix glabra, Rel. 7. Tiarfin, August 1967: Geum montanum, Carex ornithopoda, Rumex scutatus, Solidago Daphne mezereum, Salix breviserrata, Salix reti- virgaurea. culata, Ligusticum mutellina, Campanula scheuchzeri, Viola biflora, Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum Association Table 5.2. ERICO–PINETUM odoratum, Alchemilla sp. – Rel. 8. Colbricon, SYLVESTRIS Rel. 1. Antelao, 26.7.1977: 24.7.1986: Poa alpina, Sphagnum sp. – Rel. Achnatherum calamagrostis, Hieracium sp., Seseli cfr. 9. Gantraste, 19.8.1987: Luzula albida subsp. rubella, gouani, Campanula cochlearifolia, Carex sylvatica.– Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 10. Knollkopf, Rel. 2. Antelao, 26.7.1977: Salix appendiculata, Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)”... 385
Hieracium sp., Rumex scutatus. – Rel. 3. Antelao, Achnatherum calamagrostis, Valeriana saxatilis, Digi- 26.7.1977: Carex sylvatica (1.1), Cirsium acaule, talis ambigua, Cirsium erisithales, Horminum Ophrys aranifera. – Rel. 4. Antelao, 26.7.1977: Polyg- pyrenaicum, Fragaria vesca, Alnus incana, Coronilla ala sp. (1.1), Galium margaritaceum,(1.2),Valeriana emerus, Viburnum lantana, Daphne mezereum, Pyrus saxatilis, Aster bellidiastrum, Saxifraga caesia, Primula pyraster, Frangula alnus, Salix glabra, Microstylis auricula, Parnassia palustris, Rhodothamnus monophyllos, Pimpinella major, Polygonatum chamaecistus. – Rel. 5. Antelao, 26.7.1977: Cyclamen odoratum, Convallaria majalis, Scabiosa portae, Thy- purpurascens, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pteridium mus pulegioides, Betonica officinalis, Peucedanum aquilinum. – Rel. 6. Monzoni, 5.8.1979: Oxytropis cervaria, Thalictrum saxatile, Rumex scutatus, jacquinii (1.1), Astragalus alpinus (1.2), Thesium Hieracium bupleuroides, Dicranum scoparium (1.3). – alpinum, Antennaria dioica, Hieracium bifidum, Gyp- Rel. 14. Pegolera, 28.8.1975: Molinia altissima (2.2), sophila repens, Hieracium glaucum, Trisetum Rubus sp. (1.1), Viburnum lantana, Acer pseudo- argenteum, Carlina acaulis, Melampyrum pratense, platanus, Cyclamen purpurascens, Gentiana Euphrasia salisburgensis, Daphne striata, Gentianella asclepiadea, Oxalis acetosella, Anemone trifolia, solstitialis, Gentianella anisodonta, Carex semper- Pteridium aquilinum, Prenanthes purpurea, Phyteuma virens, Tortella tortuosa, Sphagnum rubellum.–Rel. orbiculare, Ctenidium molluscum, muschi indet. – Rel. 7. Tschamin, 9.8.1979: Leontodon incanus (1.1), 15. Below Pta. Marcora, 19.7.1978: Carex flacca (1.1), Teucrium chamaedrys, Festuca spectabilis, Dactylis Anemone nemorosa, Cirsium erisithales, Galium glomerata, Juniperus nana, Festuca alpestris, Gentiana pumilum, Lilium martagon, Hippocrepis comosa, clusii, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Hippocrepis Orchis maculata, Luzula nivea, Lathyrus pratensis.– comosa, Thesium alpinum, Scabiosa lucida, Aster Rel. 16. Tschamin, 9.8.1979: Valeriana tripteris (1.1), alpinus, Acinos alpinus, Thymus polytrichus. – Rel. Festuca spectabilis (+.2), Homogyne alpina (1.1), 8. Saccomodan, 19.7.1978: Thymus polytrichus (1.2), Carex ferruginea (1.1), Hieracium bifidum (1.1), Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Gentiana nivalis, Leontodon hispidus, Luzula nivea, Scabiosa lucida, Valeriana saxatilis, Parnassia palustris, Gentiana Fragaria vesca, Veronica urticifolia, Galium clusii, Tortella tortuosa (1.2), Cladonia endiviaefolia. anisophyllum, Leontodon hispidus, Hypnum sp. – Rel. – Rel. 9. Pta. Marcora, 19.7.1978: Parnassia palustris, 17. Tamers (St. Vigil), 14.9.1978: Calluna vulgaris Gentiana clusii, Hippocrepis comosa, Galium (1.2), Luzula sieberi, Avenella flexuosa, Orthilia margaritaceum, Saxifraga squarrosa, Gentiana secunda, Majanthemum bifolium, Salix waldsteiniana, anisodonta, Hieracium piloselloides, Cetraria Parnassia palustris, Selaginella selaginoides, islandica, Tortella tortuosa, Thamnolia vermicularis, Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Luzula albida subsp. Cladonia pyxidata. – Rel. 10. Pta. Marcora, 19.7.1978: rubella, Antennaria dioica, Galium anisophyllum.– Polygonatum officinale, Linum catharticum, Daphne Rel. 18. Truden/Trodena, 22.8.1974: Scabiosa lucida cneorum, Polygala chamaebuxus, Gymnadenia (1.1), Carex sempervirens (1.2), Molinia altissima conopsea, Seseli gouanii, Hippocrepois comosa, (1.1), Potentilla erecta (1.1), Abies alba, Hippocrepis Galium pumilum, Tortella tortuosa (1.2). – Rel. 11. comosa, Festuca rubra, Pulsatilla alpina, Daphne Saccomodan, 19.7.1978: Galium pumilum, Leucan- mezereum, Teucrium montanum, Phyteuma orbiculare, themum heterophyllum, Lilium martagon, Knautia Traunsteinera globosa, Lathyrus laevigatus, Festuca longifolia, Cetraria islandica (1.1), Dicranum cfr. amethystina, Paradisia liliastrum, Chamaecytisus scoparium, Scleropodium purum. – Rel. 12. Valle di hirsutus, Pedicularis elongata. – Rel. 19. Truden/ S.Lucano, 28.7.1979: Laserpitium siler, Thymus Trodena, 22.8.1974: Convallaria majalis (1.1), Fagus polytrichus, Lonicera alpigena, Frangula alnus, sylvatica, Valeriana montana, Campanula spicata, Dactylorhiza maculata, Galium purpureum, Cruciata Thymus polytrichus, Galium verum, Galium pumilum, glabra, Melica nutans, Trifolium montanum, Horminum Polygala chamaebuxus. – Rel. 20. Truden/Trodena, pyrenaicum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Helianthe- 22.8.1974: Phyteuma orbiculare (1.1), Scabiosa lucida mum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum, Digitalis (1.1), Carex sempervirens, Molinia altissima, Pulsatilla ambigua. – Rel. 13. Valle di S.Lucano, 23.7.1979: alpina., Galium pumilum, Polygala chamaebuxus, 386 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Thesium rostratum, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Geranium sylvaticum, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Bupleurum ranunculoides, Avenula praeusta. Agrostis sp., Luzula sylvatica, Pteridium aquilinum, Polygala chamaebuxus. – Rel. 5. Valt (Falcade), Association Table 5.3a. VACCINIO–PI- 19.8.1972: Betula pendula, Carex montana (1.2), NETUM Rel. 1. Luns, 18.8.1995: senza sporadiche. Pteridium aquilinum, Fragaria vesca, Coeloglossum – Rel. 2. Luns, 18.8.1995: senza sporadiche. – Rel. viride, Festuca heterophylla, Cruciata glabra, Cam- 3. Luns, 18.8.1995: senza sporadiche. – Rel. 4. Percha, panula scheuchzeri, Antennaria dioica, Dactylorhiza 18.8.1995: senza sporadiche. – Rel. 5. Luns, maculata. – Rel. 6. Casera Mediana, luglio 1967: 18.8.1995: Danthonia decumbens. – Rel. Dryopteris filix–mas. – Rel. 7. Casera Mediana, luglio 6. Sonnenburg, 18.8.1995: Campanula rotundifolia, 1967: Aposeris foetida, Veronica urticifolia, Ranuncu- Polytrichum sp. – Rel. 7. W of Sonnenburg, lus aconitifolius, Sphagnum sp. (1.3). – Rel. 18.8.1995: Avenula praeusta (1.1), Silene italica, Sol- 8. Campitello, 10.7.1978: Mnium sp. – Rel. 9. Passo idago virgaurea. – Rel. 8. Kiens, 18.8.1995: Nigra, 7.9.1997: Dryopteris filix–mas, Corallorhiza Danthonia decumbens, Antennaria dioica, Hieracium trifida, Peltigera aphthosa. – Rel. 10. Passo Cereda, umbellatum, Hepaticae. – Rel. 9. Percha, 18.8.1995: 31.7.1979, GPS 46 110 5700 N–11 540 17400 E: sporadic species not registered. – Rel. 10. Percha, Petasites hybridus (1.1), Rhododendron hirsutum, 18.8.1995: Oxalis acetosella, Polytrichum sp. – Rel. Lonicera alpigena, Cardamine enneaphyllos, 11. Luns, 18.8.1995: sporadic species not registered. Polygonatum verticillatum, Euphorbia dulcis, Gentiana asclepiadea, Carex digitata, Aposeris Association Table 5.3b. CARICI–PINETUM (spo- foetida, Adenostyles glabra, Veronica urticifolia, radic species not registered): Rel. 1. St. Sigismund, Aquilegia atrata, Valeriana montana, Fragaria 8.8.1995. – Rel. 2. Sonnenburg, 13.8.1987. – Rel. vesca, Neottia nidus–avis, Betonica alopecuros, 3. Schlanders, 12.8.1996. Carex ferruginea, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Aruncus sylvestris, Mnium sp., Ctenidium molluscum, Association Table 5.4a. State Forest Lago di Marchantia sp., Fissidens sp. – Rel. 11. Passo Cereda, Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio 1963 (releve´s 31.7.1979: Alnus incana, Actaea spicata, Athyrium in collab. with Lausi D. and Poldini L.) Rel. 10. distentifolium, Dryopteris filix–mas, Sphagnum sp., Clematis alpina. – Rel. 11. Scleropodium sp. – Rel. 12: Rhytidiadelphus loreus. – Rel. 12. Ponte Rutorto, no sporadic species. – Rel. 13: id. – Rel. 14: id. – Rel. 25.7.1977: Carex ornithopoda, Gentiana asclepiadea, 15: Hieracium lachenalii. – Rel. 16. no sporadic spe- Aposeris foetida, Adenostyles glabra, Valeriana cies. – Rel. 17: Dryopteris filix–mas, Moehringia tripteris, Fragaria vesca, Carex ferruginea, muscosa, Primula elatior, Viola reichenbachiana, Corallorhiza trifida, Melica nutans, Geranium Valeriana tripteris, Equisetum pratense, Galium sylvaticum, Cirsium erisithales, Horminum pyrenai- album, Crepis sp. – Rel. 18: Valeriana tripteris.– cum, Campanula barbata, Ranunculus montanus, Rel. 19: Hepatica nobilis, Equisetum pratense, Crepis Aster bellidiastrum, Carex montana, Galium cfr. sp. – Rel. 20: no sporadic species. – Rel. 21: Acer pumilum, Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 13. Lago di pseudoplatanus, Epilobium angustifolium, Taraxacum Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio 1963: Corallorhiza officinale, Polygonum viviparum. – Rel. 22: Acer trifida. – Rel. 14. Lago di Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio pseudoplatanus, Molinia coerulea, Rubus idaeus, 1963: Soldanella alpina, Carex ornithopoda, Carex Sambucus racemosa. alba, Poa alpina. – Rel. 15. Lago di Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio 1963: Hieracium lachenalii. – Rel. 16. Association Table 5.4b. LISTERO– Lago di Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio 1963: PICEETUM Rel. 1. Val Venegia, 21.7.1979: Dactylorhiza maculata. – Rel. 17. Passo Nigra, Hypnum cupressiforme. – Rel. 2. Paneveggio, 19.8.1979: Luzula cfr. sylvatica, Peltigera aphthosa. 24.7.1986. – Rel. 3. Lesachtal (Osttirol), agosto – Rel. 18. Passo Furcia, 19.8.1983: Rhododendron 1969: Campanula barbata, Luzula sylvatica, Festuca ferrugineum, Vaccinium gaultherioides, Peltigera heterophylla, Vaccinium uliginosum, Arnica montana, aphthosa, Spagnum cfr. rubellum. – Rel. 19. Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 4. Falcade, 14.8.1970: M. Elmo, 5.8.1985: Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 20. Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)”... 387
M. Croce Comelico, 18.8.1983. – Rel. 21. Villnoess, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Saxifraga rotundifolia, 15.8.1987: Sphagnum sp. (1.3), Peltigera aphthosa.– Streptopus amplexifolius, Veronica urticifolia, Viola Rel. 22. Obereggen (Osttirol), 23.7.1986: Streptopus biflora. amplexifolius, Oryzopsis virescens, Mnium undulatum. – Rel. 23. Pietralba, 23.8.1972: Lonicera Association Table 5.5. VERONICO– alpigena, Euphorbia dulcis, Veronica urticifolia, PICEETUM Rel. 1. Gardell, 12.7.1979: Luzula Cladonia rangiferina, Sphagnum sp. – Rel. 24. pilosa, Sphagnum sp. (1.3), Polytrichum commune Anterivo, 3.7.1984: Festuca heterophylla (1.2), (1.3). – Rel. 2. Forcella Aurine, 24.7.1979, GPS 46 Phyteuma betonicifolium, Convallaria majalis. Poten- 140 17900 N–11 580 50100 E: Acer pseudoplatanus, tilla erecta, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, Rubus sp., Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum com- Polygonatum verticillatum, Arnica montana, Betula mune. – Rel. 3. Angheraz, 29.7.1979: Monotropa pendula, Lophozia sp. – Rel. 25. Val di Stava, hypopytis (1.2), Acer pseudoplatanus, Salix 31.7.1970: Peltigera aphthosa, Polytrichum appendiculata, Fraxinus ornus, Taxus baccata, Daphne juniperinum, Cladonia furcata. – Rel. 26. Glanz mezereum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Mercurialis (Osttirol), agosto 1979: Peltigera sp., Peltigera perennis, Epipactis atropurpurea, Knautia drymeia, dilatata. – Rel. 27. Glanz (Osttirol), agosto 1979: Ranunculus montanus, Campanula carnica, Aegopo- Polystichum dilatatum, Calamgrostis varia. – Rel. dium podagraria, Ajuga reptans, Chrysosplenium 28. Lago di Carezza/Karersee, 2–6 luglio 1963: alternifolium, Horminum pyrenaicum, Selaginella Phyteuma spicatum, Paris quadrifolia, Veronica helvetica, Neottia nidus–avis, Platanthera bifolia, urticifolia, Dryopteris filix–mas, Cardamine Polygonatum verticillatum, Cruciata glabra, enneaphyllos, Lonicera alpigena, Primula elatior, Moehringia muscosa, Microstylis monophyllos, Streptopus amplexifolius, Peltigera aphthosa, Rhytidiadelphus loreus. – Rel. 4. Altprags, 18.8.1985: Scleropodium purum. – Rel. 29. S. Vigilio di Marebbe Carex digitata, Viola biflora, Adenostyles glabra, (Enneberg), 23.7.1991: Pteridium aquilinum, Erica Aconitum lycoctonum, Lonicera alpigena, Dactylorchis herbacea, Sphagnum sp., Mniobryum roseum, Bryum maculata, Soldanella alpina, Myosotis sylvatica, Lilium undulatum, Hypnum sp. martagon, Luzula pilosa. – Rel. 5. Skt. Daniel (Ka¨rnten), 18.8.1987: Thelypteris phegopteris, Association Table 5.4c. State Forest of Pteridium aquilinum, Blechnum spicant, Polytrichum Paneveggio Rel. 1. Paneveggio, 24.7.1986. – Rel. juniperinum. – Rel. 6. Tabia` Sandolera, 21.7.1977: 2. Paneveggio, 24.7.1986: Cladonia pyxidata. – Rel. Corylus avellana, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Villa 3. Paneveggio, 24.7.1986: Campanula scheuchzeri, biflora, Thelypteris phegopteris, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Peucedanum ostruthium, Viola biflora, Saxifraga Euphorbia amygdaloides, Ranunculus platanifolius, rotundifolia, Veratrum album, Cetraria islandica.– Pulmonaria officinalis, Phyteuma spicatum, Phyteuma Rel. 4. Paneveggio, 16.7.1986: Geranium sylvaticum, halleri, Athyrium distentifolium. – Rel. 7. Valle Cetraria islandica. – Rel. 5. Paneveggio, 22.7.1986: S. Nicolo`, 4.8.1979: Adenostyles glabra (1.2), Viola Ajuga pyramidalis, Cicerbita alpina, Fragaria vesca, biflora (1.2), Rubus idaeus, Ajuga reptans, Carex Gentiana asclepiadea, Geranium sylvaticum, Ranun- digitata, Moehringia muscosa, Cirsium erisithales, culus montanus, Ribes petraeum, Rubus idaeus. – Rel. Asplenium viride, Geranium sylvaticum, Cystopteris 6. Paneveggio, 22.7.1986: Luzula albida. – Rel. fragilis, Saxifraga paniculata, Gentiana asclepiadea, 7. Paneveggio, 22.7.1986: Angelica sylvestris, Thelypteris phegopteris, Peltigera canina, Cladonia Corallorhiza trifida, Fragaria vesca, Gentiana sylvatica. – Rel. 8. Lago di Carezza/Karersee, luglio asclepiadea, Listera ovata, Mnium punctatum, Ptilium 1963: Geranium sylvaticum, Carex digitata, Carduus crista–castrensis, Plagiothecium sp., Cladonia personata, Ranunculus acris, Polygonatum furcata. – Rel. 8. Paneveggio, 22.7.1986: Senecio verticillatum, Valeriana tripetris, Cladonia pyxidata, fuchsii, Viola biflora. – Rel. 9. Paneveggio, Mnium spinosum. – Rel. 9. Lago di Carezza/Karersee, 16.7.1986: Aconitum paniculatum, Aposeris foetida, luglio 1963: Lonicera alpigena, Geranium sylvaticum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Chaerophyllum villarsii, Senecio fuchsii, Carex ornithopoda, Corallorhiza Fragaria vesca, Luzula nivea, Paris quadrifolia, trifida, Moehringia muscosa, Valeriana montana, 388 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Valeriana tripteris, Pyrola cfr. rotundifolia, Asplenium calyculata, Epipactis helleborine. Mnium undulatum viride, Polytrichum commune, Cladonia rangiferina, (1.3). Cladonia pyxidata.–Rel.10.Tabia` Sandolera, 21.7.1977: Erica carnea (1.1), Lonicera alpigena Association Table 5.6. CALAMAGROSTIDI– (1.1), Ranunculus nemorosus, Polygonatum LARICETUM Rel. 1. Gilardon, 14.8.1992: Thesium verticillatum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Asplenium rostratum, Lotus corniculatus, Campanula caespitosa, viride, Lathyrus vernus, Calamagrostis varia.–Rel. Scabiosa lucida. – Rel. 2. Gilardon, 14.8.1992: Cam- 11. Innichen (S. Candido), 17.8.1983: Erica carnea, panula caespitosa, Galium pumilum, Buphthalmum Vicia cracca, Brachypodium rupestre subsp. salicifolium. – Rel. 3. Ghedina, 13.9.1992: Aposeris caespitosum, Pteridium aquilinum. – Rel. 12. Pirkach foetida (1.1), Lotus corniculatus, Lilium martagon, (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Erica carnea (1.2), Potentilla Aster bellidiastrum, Ranunculus acris, Fagus erecta, Geranium sylvaticum, Knautia sylvatica, sylvatica (pl.), Galium verum, Prunella grandiflora, Cirsium erisithales, Phyteuma spicatum, Valeriana Luzula sieberi. – Rel. 4. Ghedina, 13.9.1992: no spo- montana, Gentiana asclepiadea. – Rel. 13. Gantraste, radic species. – Rel. 5. Ghedina, 13.9.1992: Thesium 19.8.1987: Valeriana montana (1.1), Trollius europaeus rostratum, Luzula nivea. Crepis froelichiana. – Rel. (1.1), Lonicera alpigena, Carex montana, Sesleria 6. Kals (Osttirol), 17.8.1992: Valeriana montana (1.1), albicans, Phyteuma spicatum, Erica carnea, Cirsium Galium pumilum, Euphrasia minima, Euphrasia erisithales, Clematis alpina, Aconitum lycoctonum, pulchella, Tofieldia calyculata, Parnassia palustris, Poa nemoralis, Gentiana asclepiadea, Viola biflora.– Phyteuma orbiculare, Cirsium erisithales, Carex Rel. 14. Pramper, 13.7.1988: Polygonatum flacca, Campanula rotundifolia. – Rel. 7. Dorfertal verticillatum, Valeriana tripteris, Potentilla erecta, (Osttirol), 16.8.1992: Athyrium distentifolium (1.1), Luzula pilosa, Pulmonaria officinalis. – Rel. 15. Chaerophyllum villarsii (1.1), Oxalis acetosella Comelico, S. Stefano, 25.8.1995: Lonicera alpigena, (1.1), Ribes petraeum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erica carnea, Polygonatum verticillatum, Ranunculus Veronica chamaedrys, Poa hybrida, Peucedaum montanus, Thelypteris polypodioides. – Rel. 16. ostruthium, Stellaria nemorum, Veratrum album, Comelico, S. Stefano, 25.8.1995: Carex ornithopoda, Rumex alpestris, Polypodium interjectum, Erica herbacea, Ajuga reptans, Pyrola linor, Aquilegia Polystichum lonchitis, Dryopteris filix–mas, Senecio atrata, Lilium martagon, Neottia nidus–avis, fuchsii, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Myosotis sylvatica, Polygonatum verticillatum, Polytrichum sp. Mnium Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Plagiochila asplenioides. undulatum. – Rel. 17. Above Tiers, 8.9.1997: Petasites – Rel. 8. Dorfertal (Osttirol), 16.8.1992: Poa albus (1.2), Chaerophyllum villarsii (1.1), Rubus nemoralis (1.1), Peucedanum ostruthium, Scabiosa saxatilis, Erica carnea, Cirsium erisithales, Pteridium lucida, Salix waldsteiniana, Salix appendiculata, aquilinum, Thelypteris polypodioides, Scleropodium Lilium martagon, Ranunculus acris, Cirsium purum. – Rel. 18. Above Tiers, 8.9.1997: Corylus eriophorum, Geranium sylvaticum, Silene vulgaris avellana (1.1), Daphne mezereum, Erica herbacea, subsp. antelopum, Thalictrum minus, Leontodon Lathyrus vernus, Berberis vulgaris, Rubus idaeus, autumnalis, Selaginella selaginoides, Saxifraga Pteridium aquilinum, Cirsium erisithales, Polypodium paniculata, Aconitum lamarckii, Festuca stenantha, vulgare, Carex montana, Polytrichum sp. – Rel. 19. Hedysarum hedysaroides, Poa alpina, Cirsium acaule, Innichen/S. Candido, Drauquelle, 14.8.1996: Daphne Carex sempervirens, Rhododendron hirsutum, mezereum, Luzula sylvatica, Tussilago farfara.–Rel. Parnassia palustris, Polystichum lonchitis, Senecio 20. Between Innichen and Toblach, 14.8.1996: fuchsii, Athyrium distentifolium, Myosotis sylvatica, Petasites albus (2.3), Chaerophyllum villarsii (1.1), Plagiochila asplenioides, Dicranum scoparium.– Corylus avellana (1.1), Fraxinus excelsior (1.1), Salvia Rel. 9. Zedlach (Osttirol), 16.8.1992: Carex flacca, glutinosa, Lonicera xylosteum, Sanicula europaea, Veronica officinalis, Cladonia sylvatica, Viburnum Mycelis muralis, Cardamine trifolia, Campanula lantana, Trifolium medium, Hieracium lachenalii.– trachelium, Carex sylvatica, Aster bellidiastrum, Rel. 10. Sopra S. Cassiano, 23.7.1991: Daphne striata, Polygonatum verticillatum, Tussilago farfara, Campan- Galium anisophyllum, Lotus corniculatus, Potentilla ula rotundifolia, Gentiana asclepiadea, Tofieldia crantzii, Hieracium bifidum, Trifolium pratense, Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)”... 389
Antennaria dioica, Carlina acaulis, Gymnadenia Clinopodium vulgare, Phyteuma orbiculare, Campan- odoratissima, Linum catharticum, Carex semper- ula rotundifolia, Campanula trachelium. virens, Crepis froelichiana, Heracleum sphondylium, Valeriana montana, Senecio abrotanifolius, Carex Association Table 5.7a. LARICI–PINETUM montana, Onobrychis montana, Laserpitium CEMBRAE (Dense Woodland) Rel. 1. P. Sella, peucedanoides, Gentiana kochiana, Hippocrepis Steinerne Stadt, 11.8.1979: Adenostyles alliariae, comosa, Veronica officinalis, Thymus polytrichus, Cotoneaster integerrima, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Carum carvi, Pedicularis recutita, Soldanella alpina, Paris Polygonum viviparum. – Rel. 11. Zedlach (Osttirol), quadrifolia. – Rel. 2. Klein Fanes, 14.9.1978: 16.8.1992: Athyrium filix–foemina, Anthoxanthum Vaccinium gaultherioides (1.2), Leontodon hispidus, alpinum, Pteridium aquilinum, Campanula barbata. Deschampsia caespitosa, Gentiana punctata. – Rel. – Rel. 12. Zedlach (Osttirol), 16.8.1992: Poa pratensis 3. P. Sella, 2.7.1987: Cotoneaster integerrima, Salix subsp. angustifolia (1.2), Dryopteris filix–mas, foetida, Salix retusa, Daphne striata, Galium Anthoxanthum alpinum, Viola reichenbachiana, Trifo- anisophyllum, Soldanella alpina, Dryas octopetala, lium pallescens, Veronica officinalis, Pimpinella gran- Cladonia furcata, Cladonia fimbriata. – Rel. 4. Creipa diflora, Silene nutans. – Rel. 13. Hinterbichl (Osttirol), Negra, 25.7.1986: Gentiana punctata, Veratrum 1.9.1969: Laserpitium latifolium, Festuca rubra, album, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Poa nemoralis, Arnica montana, Phyteuma betonicifolium, Centaurea Leontodon hispidus, Adenostyles alliariae, Geum pseudophrygia, Sempervivum wulfenii, Achllea sp., montanum, Festuca varia, Avenula versicolor, Gymnadenia conopsea. – Rel. 14. Matrei (Osttirol), Daphne mezereum, Salix hastata, Salix appendiculata 1.9.1969: Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Silene nutans, x caprea. – Rel. 5. Above Plancios (Aferstal), Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpathica, Carex 18.8.2000: Calluna vulgaris, Campanula barbata, ornithopoda, Hieracium pilosella, Viola pinnata, Phyteuma orbiculare, Cladonia rangiferina, Veronica Silene nutans, Thymus polytrichus (1.2), Viola hirta, officinalis. – Rel. 6. Gardeccia, 5.8.1979: Anthox- Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Koeleria pyramidata, anthum odoratum, Calluna vulgaris, Gymnadenia Acinos alpinus, Scabiosa gramuntia, Globularia odoratissima, Luzula nivea, Potentilla erecta, Ranun- cordifolia, Dianthus sylvestris, Teucrium montanum, culus montanus. – Rel. 7. Above Plancios (Aferstal), Galium lucidum, Potentilla tabaernemontani, Carlina 18.8.2000: Festuca nigrescens, Calluna vulgaris, acaulis, Allium cfr. incanum, Erysimum sp., Astraga- Campanula barbata. – Rel. 8. Rimbianco, 16.8.1983: lus sp., Epipactis latifolia, Veronica officinalis, Carex Aposeris foetida, Listera ovata, Potentilla erecta, humilis, Festuca stenantha. – Rel. 15. Cortina, loc. Adenostyles glabra, Fragaria vesca, Soldanella Costalares (¼ Costa dei larici, Slope of the larches) alpina, Selaginella selaginoides. – Rel. 9. Lavaredo, 21.10.2000: Juniperus nana, Prunella vulgaris, Lotus 16.8.1983: no sporadic species. – Rel. 10. Passo corniculatus, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Coronilla Feudo, 24.8.1972: Salix caprea (1.1), Sorbus vaginalis, Hippocrepis comosa, Viola reichen- aucuparia, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Alchemilla bachiana. – Rel. 16. Hinterbichl (Osttirol), 1.9.1969: alpestris. – Rel. 11. sopra Pedraces, 23:7:1991: Salix Festuca rubra (1.1), Laserpitium latifolium, glabra, Daphne striata, Polygonum vivparum, Carex Hieracium umbellatum, Carex ornithopoda, Rosa montana, Polystichum lonchitis, Ranunculus montana, Pulsatilla alpina, Pulsatilla vernalis, montanus, Carlina acaulis. – Rel. 12. tra Vajolet Polygonatum verticillatum, Hieracium pilosella, e Gardeccia, 2.8.1960: no sporadic species. – Rel. Nardus stricta. – Rel. 17. Zedlach (Osttirol), 13. Pala di Santa, 1.9.1981: Potentilla aurea, Athyrium 16.8.1992: Pteridium aquilinum (1.1), Trifolium alpestre, Nardus stricta, Leontodon helveticus, Arnica medium (1.2), Campanula barbata, Poa pratensis montana, Geum montanum, Carex sempervirens, subsp. angustifolia, Hieracium lachenalii, Anthyllis Gentiana kochiana, Festuca varia. – Rel. 14. Skt. vulneraria subsp. carpathica, Trifolium pratense, Kassian/S. Cassiano, 25.7.1978: Senecio abrotani- Dactylis glomerata, Cephalanthera rubra, folius, Soldanella alpina, Galium pumilum. – Rel. 15. Croda dei Baranci, 3.8.1985: Dryas octopetala, Geum 390 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species montanum, Polygala alpestre, Polygonum viviparum, retusa, Viola biflora, Asplenium viride. – Rel. 10. Selva Galium anisophyllum, Potentilla crantzii, Poa alpina, Turonda, sotto Piz Gralba, 9.8.1960: Saxifraga Gentiana punctata, Festuca nigrescens, Veronica rotundifolia, Potentilla crantzii, Pedicularis verticil- aphylla, Veronica bellidioides, Soldanella alpina, lata, Geum montanum, Campanula scheuchzeri, Salix Aster bellidiastrum, Salix retusa, Campanula glabra (1.1), Potentilla erecta, Soldanella alpina, scheuchzeri, Euphrasia minima, Silene acaulis.– Festuca nigrescens, Galium anisophyllum, Daphne Rel. 16. Plan, 7.1960: no sporadic species. – Rel. 17. mezereum, Viola biflora. – Rel. 11. Above Plan in Plan, 7.1960: no sporadic species. V. Gardena, 9.8.1960: Plagiochila asplenioides, Poten- tilla crantzii, Pedicularis verticillata, Geum montanum, Association Table 5.7b. LARICI–PINETUM Campanula scheuchzeri, Salix glabra (1.1), Potentilla CEMBRAE (Open Forest) Rel. 1. Lavaredo, erecta, Soldanella alpina, Festuca nigrescens, Galium 16.8.1983: Salix glabra, Daphne mezereum, Daphne anisophyllum, Carex ferruginea. – Rel. 12. Between striata, Geum montanum, Festuca heterophylla, Ciampedie and Gardeccia, 3.8.1960: Daphne Aposeris foetida, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Horminum mezereum, Geum montanum, Soldanella alpina, Poten- pyrenaicum, Campanula scheuchzeri, Thymus tilla erecta, Ranunculus acris, Potentilla crantzii, Viola polytrichus, Leontodon hispidus, Galium anisophyllum. biflora, Festuca nigrescens, Hieracium pilosella, – Rel. 2. Malga Ces, 24.7.1986: Sorbus aucuparia, Aconitum napellus, Athyrium filix–foemina, Veronica Rubus idaeus, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Nardus urticifolia, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Saxifraga stricta, Potentilla erecta, Athyrium filix–foemina, rotundifolia, Polystichum lonchitis. – Rel. 13. Between Adenostyles alliariae, Sphagnum sp. – Rel. Ciampedie and Gardeccia, 3.8.1960: Daphne 3. Pla¨tzwiesen, 12.8.1985: Campanula scheuchzeri, mezereum, Geum montanum, Soldanella alpina, Poten- Soldanella alpina, Horminum pyrenaicum, Aposeris tilla erecta, Polystichum lonchitis, Tortula sp., foetida, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Aposeris foetida, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Polygala alpestre. – Rel. 14. Fragaria vesca, Listera ovata, Lotus corniculatus, Pru- Between Ciampedie and Gardeccia, 3.8.1960: Salix nella grandiflora, Phyteuma ovatum, Tofieldia glabra, Salix retusa, Tortula sp. – Rel. 15. Villnoess, calyculata, Carex sempervirens, Campanula barbata, 15.8.1987: Sorbus aucuparia, Adensotyles glabra, Luzula pilosa, Lilium martagon, Carex humilis, Poten- Lonicera nigra. tilla erecta, Adenostyles glabra, Daphne mezereum, Daphne striata, Aster bellidiastrum, Lotus corniculatus, Association Table 5.8. VACCINIO– Ranunculus montanus. – Rel. 4. Between Ciampedie RHODODENDRETUM and Gardeccia, 3.8.1960: Daphne mezereum, Geum montanum, Soldanella alpina, Potentilla erecta, Subass. laricetosum Rel. 1. Forcella Roan, Festuca nigrescens (1.2), Mnium sp., Peucedanum 21.7.1977: Veratrum album, Hypochoeris uniflora, ostruthium, Gymnadenia albida, Poa alpina. – Rel. Gentiana punctata, Cicerbita alpina, Laserpitium 5. Passo Falzarego, 3.8.1997: Daphne striata, Dryas gaudini, Lycopodium clavatum. – Rel. 2. Croda octopetala, Soldanella alpina. Leontodon hispidus, Rossa, 15.8.1985: Cystopteris montana, Adenostyles Poa alpina, Cladonia punctata. – Rel. 6. Col Reiser, alliariae, Dactylorhiza maculata, Saxifraga 8.7.1987: Sorbus aucuparia, Daphne mezereum, rotundifolia, Viola biflora. – Rel. 3. Gantraste, Valeriana tripteris, Viola biflora,(1.2),Ranunculus 17.8.1987: Carex ornithopoda, Viola biflora. – Rel. montanus, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Aconitum napellus, 4. M. Sief, 20.7.1978: Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Fragaria vesca. – Rel. 7. Leibnitztal, 6.8.1987: Calluna apiifolia (1.1), Geum montanum (1.1), Myosotis vulgaris. – Rel. 8. Plan, 7.1960: no sporadic species. – sylvatica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hieracium Rel. 9. Selva Turonda, sotto Piz Gralba, 9.8.1960: morisianum, Galium anisophyllum, Daphne cneorum, Plagiochila asplenioides, Salix glabra (1.1), Potentilla Potentilla aurea, Gentiana punctata, Arnica montana, erecta, Soldanella alpina, Festuca nigrescens, Galium Koeleria pyramidata, Anthoxanthum alpinum, anisophyllum, Daphne mezereum, Lonicera nigra, Festuca rubra, Gentiana kochiana, Campanula Sorbus aucuparia, Salix reticulata, Carex ferruginea, barbata, Thuidium tamariscinum, Polytrichum Epilobium angustifoliu, Peucedanum ostruthium, Salix alpinum, Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 5. Hochstadel Releve´s to “The Alpine Taiga (Coniferous Forests and Heats with Rhododendrons)”... 391
(Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Daphne mezereum, Loiseleuria Leontodon hispidus, Achillea clavenae, Salix foetida, procumbens, Festuca nigrescens, Carex ferruginea, Salix retusa, Salix reticulata, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Viola biflora, Valeriana montana, Peucedanum Aster bellidiastrum, Daphne striata, Dryas octopetala, ostruthium. – Rel. 6. Pramper, 13.7.1988: Hieracium bifidum, Ranunculus montanus, Bartsia Peucedanum ostruthium, Geranium sylvaticum, alpina, Gentiana verna, Hieracium villosum, Carex ferruginea, Calluna vulgaris. – Rel. 7. Kals Alchemilla gr. splendens, Trollius europaeus, Selagi- (Osttirol), 1.9.1969: Carex brunnescens (1.2), nella selaginoides, Peltigera aphthosa. Oreochloa disticha, Luzula pilosa, Peltigera canina. – Rel. 8. Hochstein (Osttirol), 2.9.1969: Avenula Subass. sphagnetosum Rel. 17. Passo M. Croce di versicolor, Polytrichum alpinum, Peltigera canina, Comelico/Kreuzberg Pass, 18.8.1983: Salix reticulata Sphagnum sp. (1.2), Carex capillaris, Carex ornithopoda, Salix retusa, Saxifraga androsacea, Lophozia sp. – Rel. Subass. extrasylvaticum Rel. 9. M. Elmo, 5.8.1985: 18. Leibnitztal (Osttirol), 6.8.1987: Pinus sylvestris Potentilla aurea, Arnica montana, Campanula (1.1), Calluna vulgaris (2.2), Avenula versicolor, barbata, Geum montanum, Festuca rubra, Leontodon Carex irrigua, Carex stellulata, Potentilla erecta, helveticus, Nardus stricta, Avenula versicolor, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Salix waldsteiniana.– Calluna vulgaris, Carex sempervirens, Cladonia Rel. 19. Hochstein (Lienz), 2.9.1969: Salix rangiferina, Toninia sp. – Rel. 10. Eggenkofel waldsteiniana (1.1), Festuca rubra. (Osttirol), 10.8.1985: Arnica montana, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Campanula barbata, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Subass. a Vaccinium uliginosum Rel. 20. Lago di apiifolia, Geum montanum, Festuca rubra, Festuca Landro (Du¨rrensee), 14.7.1998: Carex ornithopoda, cfr. norica, Ligusticum mutellina, Euphrasia minima, Carex ferruginea, Potentilla erecta, Valeriana Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Hieracium alpinum, tripteris. – Rel. 21. Lago di Landro (Du¨rrensee), Hypochoeris uniflora, Luzula alpino–pilosa, 23.8.1996: Salix glabra, Erica carnea, Viola biflora, Hieracium bifidum, Senecio carniolicus, Polystichum Asplenium viride, Gymnocarpium robertianum. aculeatum. – Rel. 11. Cavallazza, 17.7.1988: Athyrium distentifolium (1.2), Solidago virgaurea, Cirsium Association Table 5.9. JUNIPERO – ARCTOSTA- spinosissimum, Potentilla aurea, Thelypteris PHYLETUM Rel. 1. Creipa Negra, 17.8.1979: phegopteris, Peucedanum ostruthium, Leontodon Minuartia verna, Silene nutans, Gymnadenia helveticus, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Luzula alpino– odoratissima, Anthyllis alpestris, Galium anisophyllum, pilosa, Festuca rubra, Veratrum album, Geum Polygonum viviparum, Hieracium schultesii, Koeleria montanum, Viola biflora, Gentiana punctata, Arnica hirsuta, Campanula barbata, Gentiana kochiana, montana. – Rel. 12. Col de Salei, 3.7.1987: Potentilla Hypochoeris uniflora, Luzula lutea, Aster alpinus, aurea, Galium anisophyllum, Daphne mezereum, Libanotis sibirica, Ranunculus montanus, Veronica Carex atrata. – Rel. 13. Passo Sella, 2.7.1987: Salix fruticulosa, Juncus jacquinii, Polytrichum alpinum, foetida (1.1), Salix retusa, Alchemilla glabra, Bartsia Cladonia pyxidata, Cetraria nivalis, Elyna alpina, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, Peucedanum myosuroides, Carex ericetorum, Bartsia alpina, ostruthium, Gentiana punctata, Peltigera aphthosa.– Achillea millefolium, Pedicularis rostrato–capitata, Rel. 14. Leibnitztal (Osttirol), 6.8.1987: Avenula Veronica bellidioides, Nigritella nigra, Parnassia versicolor, Calluna vulgaris. – Rel. 15. Passo palustris (1.1), Pedicularis verticillata, Pedicularis Manghen, 16.7.1988: Leontodon helveticus, Carex rostrato–capitata, Arnica montana, Campanula sempervirens, Juncus trifidus, Pulsatilla alpina.– scheuchzeri, Rhodiola rosea, Gentiana nivalis, Juncus Rel. 16. Col Reiser, 8.7.1987: Juncus trifidus (1.2), monanthos, Lotus corniculatus, Toninia albida (1.3), Androsace obtusifolia, Hippocrepis comosa, Cladonia sylvatica (1.1). – Rel. 2. Vial del Pan, Adenostyles glabra, Carlina acaulis, Ranunculus 7.7.1987: Aster alpinus, Libanotis sibirica, Ranunculus hybridus, Silene acaulis, Gentiana clusii, Coelo- montanus, Gentiana verna, Carex ericetorum, Astraga- glossum viride, Festuca rubra, Polygala alpestre, lus australis (1.1), Gentiana verna, Potentilla crantzii, 392 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Vitaliana primulaeflora, Saxifraga moschata, tortuosa, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Polytrichum Saussurea discolor. – Rel. 3. Col Reiser, 8.7.1987: juniperinum. Minuartia verna, Silene nutans, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Anthyllis alpestris, Galium anisophyllum, EMPETRO–VACCINIETUM Rel. 15. Lienz, Polygonum viviparum, Hieracium schultesii, Gentiana Hochsteinu¨tte, GPS 46 490 04006N,12 410 36003E, kochiana, Hypochoeris uniflora, Aster alpinus, 18.8.2002: Luzula albida, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. 16. Libanotis sibirica, Ranunculus montanus, Veronica Wettalspitze, Lienzer Dolomiten (Wikus, 1960): fruticulosa, Lotus alpinus, Cetraria nivalis, Gentiana Astragalus alpinus, Oxytropis montana, Festuca verna, Astragalus australis, Gentiana verna, Achillea pumila, Polygonum viviparum, Bartsia alpina, Salix clavenae, Atamantha cretensis, Carex humilis, Daphne retusa, Carex polygama, Cladonia graxilis, Cladonia striata, Globularia cordifolia, Hieracium bifidum, sylvatica, Dicranum scoparium, Hylocomium Hippocrepis comosa, Draba aizoides, Gentiana clusii, splendens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. Biscutella laevigata, Dryas octopetala, Valeriana montana, Poa alpina, Peltigera sp. – Rel. 4. Passo Association Table 5.10. CETRARIO–LOISE- Manghen, 16.7.1988: Campanula barbata, Luzula LEURIETUM Rel. 1. Above Passo Falzarego to lutea, Veronica fruticulosa, Lotus alpinus, Polytrichum Cresta Gallina (calc.), 3.8.1997: Homogyne discolor, alpinum, Bupleurum stellatum, Minuartia recurva, Luzula albida rubella. – Rel. 2. Tiarfin, 14.7.1967: Pedicularis tuberosa, Leucorchis albida, Luzula albida Ligusticum mutellina, Gentiana kochiana. – Rel. var.rubella, Solidago virgaurea, Cetraria cucullata, 3. Plan de Corones, 19.8.1983: Juniperus nana, Saponaria pumilio. – Rel. 5. Passo Manghen, 16.7.88. moss, indet. – Rel. 4. Col de Sale´, 3.7.1987: Astraga- Lotus alpinus, Juncus jacquinii, Polytrichum alpinum, lus australis, Poa alpina, Arctostaphylos alpina, Cladonia pyxidata, Bupleurum stellatum (1.2), Stereocaulon alpinum. – Rel. 5. M. Elmo, 5.8.1985. Minuartia recurva (1.2), Cardamine resedifolia, – Rel. 6. Hochstein (Osttirol), 2.9.1969: Juncus Saxifraga moschata, Alchemilla alpina. – Rel. monanthos, Luzula spicata, Euphrasia minima, Larix 6. Lienz, Hochsteinhu¨tte GPS 46 490 0600 N, 12 410 europaea. – Rel. 7. Hochstein (Osttirol), 2.9.1969: 3600 E, 25.9.1999: Festuca nigrescens. – Rel. 7. Lienz, Vaccinium myrtillus, Avenella flexuosa, Carex Hochsteinhu¨tte GPS 46 490 1400 N, 12 440 3600 E, brunnescens, Solidago virgaurea, Festuca rubra.– 2.9.1999: Festuca rubra, Hylocomium splendens.– Rel. 8. Sella Brunec, s.d.: Juncus jacquinii. – Rel. Rel. 8. Lienz, Hochsteinhu¨tte GPS 46 490 0700 N, 12 9. Eggenkofel (Osttirol), 10.8.1985: Festuca cfr. 420 3600 E, 2.9.1999: Festuca rubra, Hylocomium robustifolia, Pulsatilla alpina, Euphrasia minima, splendens. – Rel. 9. Plan de Corones 17.8.1998: Carex Arnica montana. – Rel. 10. Pala di Santa, 1.9.1981: curvula, Pedicularis tuberosa, Campanula barbata.– Veronica bellidioides. – Rel. 11. Creipa Neigra, Rel. 10. Plan de Corones 17.8.1998: Carex curvula, 25.7.1986. – Rel. 12. Creipa Neigra, 25.7.1986: Lotus alpinus, Potentilla aurea.–Rel.11.Plande Biscutella laevigata, Festuca intercedens, Veronica Corones, 17.8.1998: Hieracium pilosella. – Rel. 12. bellidioides, Pedicularis tuberosa. – Rel. 13. Passo Plan de Corones 17.8.1998. – Rel. 13. Plan de Corones, Sella, 2.7.1987: Poa alpina. – Rel. 14. Passo Sella, 17.8.1998: Cardamine resedifolia, Agrostis alpina 2.7.1987: Hieracium gr. morisianum, Veronica (1.2), Bryum cfr. argenteum, Polytrichum piliferum, bellidioides, Gentiana verna, Campanula barbata, Kiaeria starkei, Cladonia pyxidata, Cetraria nivalis.– Campanula scheuchzeri, Peltigera leucophlebia.– Rel. 14. Col Colander, 26.7.1979: Helianthemum Rel. 15. Sass d’Adam, 25.7.1986: Phyteuma grandiflorum, Sesleria caerulea, Dryopteris villarsii, globularifolium, Dicranum sp., Tortella tortuosa.– Rhododendron hirsutum, Daphne mezereum, Rubus Rel. 16. Bullelejoch, 14.8.1983: Selaginella saxatilis, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Laserpitium selaginoides, Agrostis alpina, Pedicularis verticillata, latifolium, Ranunculus montanus, Betonica jacquini, Campanula scheuchzeri, Minuartia sedoides, Poten- Thymus polytrichus, Galium anisophyllum, Tortella tilla aurea. – Rel. 17. Hochstein (Osttirol), 2.9.1969: Releve´s to “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” (Chap. 6 in Vol. 1) 393
Vaccinium myrtillus (1.1), Lonicera coerulea (1.2), Poa nemoralis, Abies alba, Lonicera nigra (1.1), Avenella flexuosa (1.1), Carex brunnescens (1.1), Sol- Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Heracleum sphondylium, idago virgaurea, Sorbus aucuparia. Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Lamiastrum luteum, Impa- tiens parviflora, Sambucus racemosa, Aruncus sylvestris (1.1) Salvia glutinosa, Geum urbanum Releve´s to “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub (1.1), Stachys sylvatica. – Rel. 10. Cereda, Communities” (Chap. 6 in Vol. 1) 31.7.1979: Lonicera coerulea, Salix caprea, Heracleum sphondylium (1.1), Lamistrum luteum, Association Table 6.1. ADENOSTYLI– Hypericum montanum, Aruncus sylvestris, Salvia MULGEDIETUM Rel. 1. Karersee/Lago di glutinosa. – Rel. 11. Fratton, 31.7.1979: Lonicera Carezza, 15.7.1963: Picea abies (1.1), Lonicera nigra, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (4.3). – Rel. 12. coerulea, Tussilago farfara, Ranunculus acer, Val Tovanella, 9.8.1974: Rubus gr. fruticosus, Cystopteris montana, Poa alpina, Soldanella alpina, Mercurialis perennis (1.2), Knautia drymeia, Rubus saxatilis, Aster bellidiastrum, Calamagrostis Helleborus dumetorum, Luzula albida, Luzula nivea, arundinacea, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Aquilegia Anemone trifolia, Asplenium viride, Abies alba, Sene- atrata. – Rel. 2. Butterloch, 15.8.1972: Tussilago cio cacaliaster. – Rel. 13. Caiada, 21.7.1975: Ranun- farfara, Knautia longifolia, Achillea millefolium, culus repens, Paris quadrifolia, Mercurialis perennis, Epilobium montanum, Lilium martagon. – Rel. 3. no Anemone trifolia, Gymnocarpium linnaeanum, Urtica loc. 10.8.1971: Homogyne alpina (1.1), Phyteuma dioica, Chenopodium bonus–henricus, Symphytum betonicifolium, Silene vulgaris, Hypericum tuberosum, Daphne mezereum, Phyteuma halleri.– maculatum (1.2), Larix decidua, Ribes petraeum, Rel. 14. M. Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Heracleum Lathyrus laevigatus, Lathyrus pratensis, Senecio pollinianum (1.1), Helictotrichon parlatorei (1.1), cacaliaster, Crepis conyzaefolia. – Rel. 4. Karersee/ Genista radiata (1.2), Carex austroalpina (1.2), Lago di Carezza, 1.7.1963: Luzula luzulina, Lilium martagon, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Lonicera coerulea, Picea Buphthalmum salicifolium, Mercurialis perennis, abies, Soldanella alpina (1.1), Aster bellidiastrum Rubus saxatilis, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Lotus (1.1), Carex ornithopoda, Carex flacca, Poa alpina, corniculatus, Luzula nivea, Dactylis glomerata, Poa nemoralis, Ranunculus montanus, Silene dioica Arabis glabra, Campanula scheuchzeri, Lonicera (1.1), Valeriana montana, Ajuga genevensis, Cirsium coerulea, Scabiosa sp, Campanula sp. – Rel. 15. sp. – Rel. 5. Karersee/Lago di Carezza, 18.7.1963: M. Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Heracleum pollinianum, Lonicera nigra, Ranunculus acer (2.1), Picea abies A Taraxacum officinale, Lilium martagon, Adenostyles (2.1), Homogyne alpina, Maianthemum bifolium, glabra. Paris quadrifolia, Soldanella alpina. – Rel. 6. Karersee/Lago di Carezza, 20.7.1963: Homogyne Association Table 6.2. PEUCEDANETUM alpina, Maianthemum bifolium, Picea abies, Paris OSTRUTHII Rel. 1. Porta Vescovo, 21.8.1979: quadrifolia, Soldanella alpina, Dicranum scoparium, Cardamine amara (3.2), Veronica serpyllifolia, Polytrichum commune, Tortella tortuosa, Aster Orthothecium sp. (2.3), Luzula alpino–pilosa. – Rel. bellidiastrum, Ranunculus acer, Valeriana montana, 2. Lavaredo, 12.8.1987: Cerastium arvense, Ligusticum Polygonum viviparum, Brachythecium sp. – Rel. mutellinoides, Veronica serpyllifolia, Achillea 7. Passo Duran, 9.8.1972: Caltha palustris (1.2), millefolium. – Rel. 3. Above Passo Sella, 5.7.1987: Cardamine amara (2.2), Pulmonaria australis, Sedum atratum, Trifolium pratense, Sesleria caerulea, Ranunculus repens (1.2), Paris quadrifolia, Lilium Moehringia ciliata, Erigeron sp., Galium anisophyllum, martagon. – Rel. 8. Passo Pura, July 1967: Rumex Gnaphalium hoppeanum, Campanula scheuchzeri, acetosa, Hypericum maculatum, Prunella vulgaris, Achillea clavennae, Aster bellidiastrum, Silene Trifolium pratense, Poa annua, Cardamine trifolia quadridentata, Salix foetida, Draba aizoides, Thlaspi (1.1), Campanula rotundifolia, Paris quadrifolia, rotundifolium, Saxifraga moschata, Silene vulgaris Melica nutans, Senecio cacaliaster, Crepis subsp. antelopum. – Rel. 4. Rif. Comici, 11.8.1987: conyzaefolia (1.2). – Rel. 9. Domegge, 24.8.1974: Salix waldsteiniana, Horminum pyrenaicum, Biscutella 394 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species laevigata, Carex ferruginea (1.2), Polygonum aquilegifolium. – Rel. 7. Doss Cappello, 21.7.1979: viviparum, Sesleria caerulea, Polystichum lonchitis.– Phleum alpinum, Avenella flexuosa, Potentilla Rel. 5. Lago Cavallazza, 17.7.1988: Anthoxanthum crantzii, Calamagrostis villosa, Phyteuma odoratum, Potentilla aurea, Geum montanum, Luzula betonicifolium, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Silene alpino–pilosa (1.2). – Rel. 6. Pordoi, July 1982: vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Veronica fruticulosa, Achillea millefolium, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Phyteuma halleri, Alchemilla coriacea, Alchemilla Valeriana montana (1.2). – Rel. 7. Passo di Fassa, straminea. – Rel. 8. Monte Croce Comelico/ 4.7.1987: Cardamine amara, Valeriana montana, Kreuzberg, 19.8.1983: Sorbus chamaemespilus, Polygonum viviparum, Sesleria caerulea, Chryso- Picea abies, Petasites hybridus (1.1), Homogyne dis- splenium alternifolium, Urtica dioica, Anemone color, Silene vulgaris, Arabis alpina, Veronica cfr. baldensis. – Rel. 8. Forcella Lavaredo, 14.8.1983: fruticans, Adoxa moschatellina, Calamagrostis Horminum pyrenaicum (1.1), Campanula scheuchzeri, villosa, Aegopodium podagraria, Poa pratensis, Carduus defloratus, Alchemilla demissa (1.2), Doroni- Hypericum montanum, Polystichum lonchitis, Luzula cum cordatum (1.2). – Rel. 9. Latemar, 23.7.1986: sieberi, Potentilla crantzii, Galeopsis tetrahit, Phleum Bartsia alpina, Saxifraga sedoides, Thlaspi alpinum, Gnaphalium norvegicum, Senecio rotundifolium, Veronica alpina, Myosotis alpestris, cacaliaster, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Rumex Anemone baldensis (1.1). – Rel. 10. Rif. Auronzo, alpestris, Sorbus aria, Lonicera coerulea, Alchemilla 14.8.1983: Trifolium pratense (1.2), Polygonum subcrenata, Polytrichum commune, Mnium sp. – Rel. viviparum, Leontodon hispidus, Valeriana montana 9. Sauris, August 1967: Thymus pulegioides, (1.2), Carum carvi, Chenopodium bonus–henricus Moehringia muscosa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Arabis (1.1), Urtica dioica (1.2), Crepis aurea, Solidago alpina, Luzula sieberi, Leontodon hispidus, Trifolium virgaurea, Carduus defloratus. badium. – Rel. 10. Sauris, August 1967: Pulsatilla alpina, Luzula sieberi, Silene quadridentata, Salix Association Table 6.3. ALNETUM VIRIDIS Rel. cfr. hegetschweileri, Polygonum viviparum, Veronica 1. Rif. Boz, 4.7.1996: Sorbus chamaemespilus (2.2), chamaedrys. – Rel. 11. Passo Campolongo, 16.8.1979: Juniperus nana, Picea abies (pl.), Rhododendron Sorbus chamaemespilus (1.2), Lonicera coerulea intermedium, Aposeris foetida (1.1), Dactylorhiza (1.1), Cotoneaster integerrima, Daphne mezereum, fuchsii, Luzula sieberi, Fragaria vesca, Oxalis Pulmonaria angustifolia, Rubus saxatilis, Polygonum acetosella, Poa nemoralis, Polygonum viviparum, viviparum, Clematis alpina, Ranunculus montanus, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Hylocomium splendens, Adoxa moschatellina (1.1), Lonicera nigra, Juniperus Hylocomium loreum. – Rel. 2. Malga Losch, nana, Valeriana officinalis, Silene vulgaris subsp. 18.7.1979: Sorbus chamaemespilus (1.1), Picea antelopum, Vaccinium gaultherioides, Alchemilla abies, Rhododendron hirsutum, Luzula sieberi, Rubus obtusa, Poa nemorali, Phleum alpinum, Agrostis ten- saxatilis, Blechnum spicant, Horminum pyrenaicum uis, Avenella flexuosa, Calamagrostis varia (1.1), (1.2), Stellaria media, Clematis alpina, Erica Knautia longifolia, Achillea millefolium. – Rel. 12. herbacea, Aposeris foetida, Gymnocarpium Seiseralm/Alpe di Siusi, 16.7.1979: Lonicera robertianum (1.2), Athyrium filix–foemina (1.2). – coerulea, Lonicera nigra (1.1), Poa nemoralis, Rel. 3. Sauris, August 1967: Fragaria vesca, Campan- Achillea millefolium, Silene vulgaris subsp. ula barbata, Pedicularis elongata, Gnaphalium antelopum, Orthilia secunda, Rosa pendulina, Ribes norvegicum, Galium album, Picea abies, Pulsatilla sp., Urtica dioica. – Rel. 13. Col de Salei, 3.7.1987: alpina, Potentilla crantzii, Bartsia alpina, Avenella Gentiana punctata, Lonicera coerulea, Calamagrostis flexuosa, Petasites sp., Heracleum spondylium, Cam- villosa (2.3). – Rel. 14. Leibnig, Osttirol, 5.8.1987: panula rotundifolia, Veronica fruticulosa, Hieracium Prenanthes purpurea (2.2), Urtica dioica (1.1), sp., Daphne mezereum. – Rel. 4. Sauris, August 1967: Petasites albus (1.2), Avenella flexuosa, Oxalis Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium badium. – Rel. acetosella, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Melampyrum 5. Sauris, August 1967: Gnaphalium norvegicum, sylvaticum, Picea abies, Phegopteris polypodioides, Phegopteris polypodioides (1.3), Phleum pratense, Salix caprea, Lonicera nigra, Poa nemoralis, Luzula nivea, Galeopsis speciosa. – Rel. 6. Sauris, Fragaria vesca, Calamagrostis villosa (2.2), Mnium August 1967: Luzula nivea, Thalictrum rotundifolium. – Rel. 15: no data. Releve´s to “Subalpine Broadleaved Shrub Communities” (Chap. 6 in Vol. 1) 395
Association Table 6.4. SALICETUM WALDSTEI- pendulina, Clematis alpina, Stachys sylvatica, NIANAE Rel. 1. Cavallera, 14.7.1979: Aruncus dioicus. – Rel. 12. Pustertal ob. Penzensdorf, Brachypodium caespitosum, Festuca rubra, Luzula 16.9.05: Luzula albida (1.2), Vicia sylvatica, Veronica albida, Lilium martagon, Athyrium filix–foemina, urticifolia, Senecio nemorensis, Prenanthes purpurea, Pimpinella major, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Hieracium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata, Cerastium arvense, Ranunculus acris, Acer Arrhenatherum elatius, Athyrium filix–foemina, pseudoplatanus, Daphne mezereum, Rhododendron Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Pteridium aquilinum.– hirsutum (1.1), Vaccinium myrtillus (2.2), Rubus Rel. 13. Above Thal (Pustertal), 18.8.05: Betula saxatilis, Luzula sieberi, Anthoxanthum odoratum, pendula (1.1), Alnus incana, Corylus avellana, Urtica Melica nutans, Campanula scheuchzeri, Paris dioica, Geranium robertianum, Prenanthes purpurea, quadrifolia, Anemone nemorosa, Hypericum Heracleum sphondylium. – Rel. 14. Wilfernertal maculatum, Senecio gaudini, Veronica chamaedrys, Above Assling (Osttirol), GPS 46 470 4600 2N–12 Cruciata glabra, Hylocomium splendens, 380 3800 1 E, 17.8.2002: Campanula trachelium, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. – Rel. 2. Baita Monti Sambucus nigra, Athyrium filix–foemina, Phegopteris Pallidi, 2.7.1987: Carum carvi, Carex paniculata, connectilis, Vicia cracca, Dactylis glomerata. Vicia cracca, Equisetum pratense, Aster bellidiastrum, Colchicum autumnale. – Rel. 3. Passo Association Table 6.5. SALICETUM Sella, 2.7.1987: Rhododendron ferrugineum (2.2), HELVETICAE Rel. 1. Prati del Pordoi, 21.8.1979: Calamagrostis villosa (1.2), Pyrola minor, Homogyne Avenella flexuosa (2.2), Juniperus nana (1.3), Festuca alpina, Daphne striata, Galium anisophyllum, Cirsium puccinellii (1.2), Luzula sieberi (1.1), Oreochloa acaule, Horminum pyrenaicum, Soldanella alpina, disticha, Festuca nigricans, Salix retusa, Oxytropis Gentiana punctata. – Rel. 4. Val Venegia, 17.7.1988: campestris, Galium anisophyllum, Soldanella pusilla, Petasites paradoxus (1.1), Carex ferruginea (1.2), Potentilla aurea, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Carex flacca (1.2), Briza media, Saxifraga aizoides, Hieracium piliferum, Coeloglossum viride, Gentiana Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense, Carum punctata, Pulsatilla alpina ssp. apiifolia, Bartsia carvi, Leontodon hispidus, Pyrola cfr. minor, Ranun- alpina, Hypochaeris uniflora, Geum montanum, culus lanuginosus, Alchemilla monticola. – Rel. Euphrasia stricta, Euphrasia minima, Alchemilla 5. Lago Fedaia, 13.8.2003: Heracleum sphondylium, straminea, Rhodiola rosea, Phleum alpinum, Thesium Knautia longifolia, Carex aterrima, Carex ferruginea, alpinum, Ligusticum simplex, Cladonia rangiferina, Agrostis tenuis, Rhinanthus sp. – Rel. 6. Above Pleurotium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Arabba, 7.7.1987: Alchemilla glabra. – Rel. 7. Sopra Cetraria islandica. – Rel. 2. Above Arabba, Arabba, 7.7.1987: Knautia longifolia, Achillea stricta, 7.7.1987: Arabis alpina, Veronica fruticans, Achillea Urtica dioica, Doronicum orientale, Silene dioica.– stricta. – Rel. 3. Johannishuette (Virgental, Osttirol): Rel. 8. Passo M. Croce di Comelico/Kreuzberg Pass, Saussurea alpina, Hylocomium splendens, Cladonia 18.8.1983: Polystichum lonchitis, Alchemilla sylvatica, Dicranum scoparium. – Rel. 4. Pralongia`, flabellata, Dryopteris carthusiana, Asplenium viride, 21.7.91: Luzula sieberi, Equisetum variegatum, Rosa Rubus saxatilis, Rhododendron ferrugineum. – Rel. pendulina. Sesleria caerulea, Cerastium holosteoides, 9. Cian Zoppe´, 9.7.1987: Lotus corniculatus (1.2), Homogyne alpina, Pirola minor, Valeriana montana, Anemone trifolia, Bartsia alpina, Salix caprea x Cotoneaster integerrima, Knautia longifolia, Poten- cinerea. – Rel. 10. Saviner, 14.8.2003: Salix eleagnos, tilla aurea, Avenella flexuosa, Soldanella alpina, Populus tremula, Angelica sylvestris, Calamagrostis Melampyrum sylvaticum. varia, Buphthalmum salicifolium. – Rel. 11. Above Tristach (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Equisetum sylvaticum Association Table 6.6. SALICI–BETULETUM (1.1), Prunella grandiflora (1.2), Calamagrostis PENDULAE Rel. 1. Vette di Feltre, below Ramezza, varia (1.2), Knautia sylvatica, Molinia coerulea, July 1973: Achillea oxyloba, Agrostis tenuis, Anthyllis Prenanthes purpurea, Polygonatum verticillatum, vulneraria subsp. alpestris, Athamanta cretensis, Galium mollugo, Trifolium pratense, Euphorbia Avenella flexuosa, Prunella grandiflora, Campanula cyparissias, Salix caprea, Lonicera nigra, Rosa cochlearifolia, Campanula carnica, Carex humilis, 396 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Carex ornithopoda, Cerastium carinthiacum, Daphne Association Table 6.7. SALICETUM mezereum, Dryas octopetala, Festuca puccinellii, PURPUREAE Rel. 1. Sta. Giustina, 20.8.1995, Festuca pulchella, Galium anisophyllum, Gypsophila GPS 46 050 88000 N–12 040 85900 E: Euphorbia repens, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Hippocrepis cyparissias, Galium verum, Salix nigricans, Erigeron comosa, Leontodon incanus, Minuartia verna, annuus, Brachypodium sylvaticum (1.1), Solidago Moehringia ciliata, Papaver rhaeticum, Petasites virgaurea, Lythrum salicaria, Odontites serotina, paradoxus, Pinus mugo, Pyrola minor, Rumex Lycopus europaeus, Melilotus officinalis (1.2), scutatus, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Thesium Melampyrum nemorosum, Rudbeckia laciniata, alpinum, Trifolium pratense. – Rel. 2. Alpago, Agrostis alba. – Rel. 2. Sta. Giustina, 20.8.1995: Schienon, 13.6.1989 (Rel. C. Lasen): Alchemilla Cornus mas (1.2), Crataegus monogyna, Euphorbia gr. decumbens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Aster cyparissias, Erigeron annuus, Melampyrum bellidiastrum, Carduus carlinifolius, Carex nemorosum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Brachypodium ornithopoda, Galium anisophyllum, Geum rivale, sylvaticum. – Rel. 3. Arta, 11.7.1988: Galium aparine. Hieracium murorum, Horminum pyrenaicum, Listera – Rel. 4. Schevenin, 11.8.1988. Geranium ovata, Moneses uniflora, Pimpinella saxifraga, robertianum, Potentilla reptans, Barbarea vulgaris, Platanthera bifolia, Potentilla crantzii, Prunus Festuca pratensis, Vicia cracca, Cirsium oleraceum avium, Pyrola rotundifolia, Rosa pendulina, (1.1), Rumex cfr. sanguineus, Equisetum maximum, Scrophularia nodosa, Soldanella alpina. – Rel. Solidago canadensis. – Rel. 5. low course of torr. 3. Col Faverghera, 18.7.1998: Actaea spicata, Fae`, 10.8.1996: Populus nigra, Ostrya carpinifolia, Lathyrus pratensis, Ligusticum seguieri, Lilium Cornus sanguinea, Epilobium dodonaei, Heracleum bulbiferum, Ostrya carpinifolia. – Rel. 4. Col sphondylium, Campanula carnica (1.2), Hieracium Faverghera, 18.7.1998: Agropyrum caninum, Carex bupleuroides, Sesleria caerulea, Peucedanum flacca, Dactylorhiza maculata, Hepatica nobilis, verticillare, Asperula aristata, Hieracium florentinum, Hypericum montanum, Laserpitium latifolium, Larix decidua, Biscutella laevigata, Sanguisorba Myosotis sylvatica, Oxalis acetosella, Ranunculus minor, Seseli gouani, Acer pseudoplatanus, acris, Stellaria graminea, Veronica chamaedrys.– Chondrilla juncea. – Rel. 6. Above Seren, 22.8.1995: Rel. 5. Col Visentin, 19.8.1998: Rumex alpestris, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Geranium robertianum Salix cfr. laggeri, Senecio cfr. alpestris, Veronica (1.1), Galeopsis speciosa, Stellaria nemorum (1.2), officinalis. – Rel. 6. Col Visentin, 19.8.1998: Berberis Glechoma hederacea, Lunaria rediviva, Cirsium vulgaris, Fraxinus excelsior, Hylocomium splendens. oleraceum (1.1), Cardamine impatiens, Festuca Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Viola biflora.–Rel. gigantea, Impatiens noli–tangere, Melampyrum 7. Vette: Col dei Cavai, 11.7.2000: Buphthalmum nemorosum, Senecio fuchsii, Mycelis muralis, Salvia salicifolium (1.1), Heracleum sphondylium (1.2), Geum glutinosa, Calystegia sepium. – Rel. 7. Nikolsdorf urbanum (1.1), Koeleria eriostachya, Biscutella (Osttirol), 8.8.1987. Humulus lupulus (1.1), Centaurea laevigata. – Rel. 8. Praderadego at Col dei Castroni, nigrescens, Erigeron annuus. – Rel. 8. Schlaiten 28.5.2005, 46 00 530 12 05 862 (Æ50 m): Fraxinus (Osttirol), 5.8.1987: Picea abies, Plantago major, excelsior (1.1), Rubus gr. caesius, Trollius europaeus Aster bellidiastrum, Fragaria vesca, Taraxacum (2.2), Equisetum palustre (1.1), Euphorbia carniolica, obovatum, Medicago lupulina, Salix caprea, Alnus Peucedanum oreoselinum, Orchis militaris, Filipendula glutinosa, Achillea millefolium. – Rel. 9. Mittewald ulmaria, Tussilago farfara (1.1), Anthoxanthum (Osttirol), 13.8.1983: Solidago virgaurea (1.1), Vicia odoratum (1.1), Convallaria majalis, Cirsium erisithales sp., Brachypodium sylvaticum, Hieracium sylvaticum (1.1), Potentilla alba, Caltha palustris, Anemone trifolia, (1.1), Fragaria vesca, Moehringia trinervia, Cirsium Helleborus viridis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Scorzonera oleraceum, Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia humilis, Polygala chamaebuxus, Anemone cfr. cyparissias, Typhoides arundinacea, Centaurea ranunculoides, Cruciata glabra, Heracleum scabiosa, Mycelis muralis (1.2), Potentilla erecta.– sphondylium, Myosotis sylvatica, Urtica dioica. Releve´s to “Wet Habitats” (Chap. 7 in Vol. 1) 397
Rel. 10. Zuglio, 23.8.1996: Daucus carota, Barbarea salisburgensis, Achillea millefolium, Leontodon vulgaris, Equisetum hiemale, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, hispidus, Vicia sepium, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera Juncus articulatus, Cerastium arvense, Silene nigra. – Rel. 19. Kristeinertal, 29.8.1998: Senecio vulgaris, Epilobium montanum, Achillea millefolium, fucsii (2.2), Rubus idaeus, Geranium sylvaticum, Cirsium erisithales, Agrostis tenuis, Reseda lutea, Geum urbanum, Stellaria nemorum, Alchemilla Melilotus albus, Geranium purpureum, Brachypodium gr. xanthochlora, Rumex acetosa, Dryopteris sylvaticum, Campanula carnica, Scrophularia carthusiana, Athyrium filix–foemina, Fragaria vesca. juratensis. – Rel. 11. Padola, 25.8.1995: Valeriana – Rel. 20. Lago di Landro/Du¨rrensee, 16.8.1983: Pru- officinalis, Epilobium angustifolium, Barbarea nella grandiflora (1.1), Potentilla anserina, Ranuncu- vulgaris, Achnatherum calamagrostis, Agropyrum lus repens, Salix appendiculata x caprea, Carex caninum, Melilotus officinalis, Arrhenatherum elatius, flacca, Carex lepidocarpa, Carex, panicea, Leontodon Scrophularia juratensis, Galeopsis ladanum. – Rel. montanus, Agropyrum caninum. – Rel. 21. Valle del 12. Innichen (S.Candido), west of the settlement, Mis, 20.8.1974: Erigeron atticus, Saxifraga mutata, 14.8.1996, GPS 46 430 68200 N–12 150 69800 E: Agrostis tenuis, Lactuca muralis, Diplotaxis muralis Equisetum palustre (1.2), Rubus idaeus, Phragmites (1.1), Euphrasia tricuspidata, Geranium robertianum, australis, Lonicera nigra, Paris quadrifolia, Crepis Trifolium montanum, Epilobium dodonaei, (¼Hieracium) staticifolia (1.1), Carex panicea, Eupatorium cannabinum, Melilotus albus, Silene Carex davalliana, Potentilla erecta, Dactylorhiza italica, Silene saxifraga, Conyza canadensis, Daucus maculata, Pimpinella magna, Trollius europaeus.– carota, Festuca arundinacea, Diplachne serotina, Rel. 13. Innichen (S.Candido), Drauquelle, Kernera saxatilis, Campanula caespitosa, 14.8.1996, GPS 46 350 23800 N–12 180 34300 E: Scrophularia nodosa, Picea abies (plantule). – Rel. Equisetum palustre (1.2), Carex davalliana, Carex 22. Val Visdende, 9.8.1975: Equisetum variegatum flava (2.3), Salix repens, Juncus articulatus, Mentha (1.1), Salix glabra, Scrophularia hoppei, Epilobium longifolia, Rhinanthus alectorolophus, Symphytum collinum, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Campan- officinale. – Rel. 14. Innichen (S. Candido), ula cochlearifolia, Moehringia ciliata, Gypsophila Drauquelle, 14.8.1996, GPS 46 350 31700 N–12 150 repens, Trifolium badium, Medicago lupulina, Silene 46000 E: Rubus idaeus, Caltha palustris, Fragaria quadridentata, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, vesca, Aquilegia vulgaris, Melica nutans, Picea abies Leontodon berinii, Saxifraga aizoides, Rumex (pl.), Larix decidua (pl.). – Rel. 15. Under Sexten/ scutatus, Cirsium palustre, Ranunculus acris, Ranun- Sesto, 25.8.1995: Valeriana officinalis, Agropyrum culus repens, Arabis alpina, Poa compressa. caninum, Cirsium arvense (1.1), Cirsium palustre, Caltha palustris, Epilobium montanum, Salix purpurea x nigricans, Lathyrus pratensis, Rubus Releve´s to “Wet Habitats” (Chap. 7 idaeus (1.2), Carex paniculata (1.2), Filipendula in Vol. 1) ulmaria. – Rel. 16. Lago di Landro/Du¨rrensee, 14.7.1998: Plantago major, Poa annua, Ranunculus Association Table 7.1a. CRATONEURETUM repens, Arabis alpina, Cirsium arvense, COMMUTATI Rel. 1. Welsperg, 20.7.1979: Juncus Calamagrostis varia, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, alpinus, Carex flava, Mentha longifolia (1.2), Lotus corniculatus, Lathyrus pratensis. – Rel. 17. Parnassia palustris, Linum catharticum, Molinia Lago di Landro/Du¨rrensee, 14.7.1998: Juniperus coerulea, Primula farinosa, Picea abies (1) pl., Abies nana (1.1), Calamagrostis varia (1.2), Silene vulgaris alba (1) pl., Rhacomitrium sp., Lophozia sp., Fegatella subsp. glareosa, Lotus corniculatus, Hieracium conica, epatica indet. – Rel. 2. Pont (Valle S. Lucano), gr. florentinum, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Kernera 23.7.1979. – Rel. 3. Valle S. Lucano, 23.7.1979. – Rel. saxatilis, Thlaspi rotundifolium, Poa minor. – Rel. 4. Agner, 18.7.1979: Arabis alpina, Trisetum 18. Lago di Landro/Du¨rrensee, 14.7.1998: Juniperus argenteum, Cystopteris regia, Eucladium gono- nana (1.1), Pinus sylvestris (1.1), Potentilla anserina cephalum, Eucladium verticillatum, Nostoc sp., (1.3), Ranunculus acer, Ranunculus repens, Carex Webera sp., alga filamentosa non determ. – Rel. flava, Prunella vulgaris, Cirsium arvense, Euphrasia 5. Cereda, 31.7.1979: Carex ferruginea (2.2), 398 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Cystopteris montana (1.3), Salix caprea (1.2), Silene Association Table 7.2. CARICETUM alpestris, Phyteuma sp. – Rel. 6. Cereda, 31.7.1979. – ROSTRATAE Rel. 1. Malga Ces, 24.7.1986: Rel. 7. Below Malga Ortiga, 14.7.1979: Pinguicula Hupertia selago. – Rel. 2. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988. – leptoceras, Dactylorhiza cruenta, Carex davalliana, Rel. 3. Kalkofenhu¨tte (Lu¨sental), 19.8.2000: Caltha Hepatic indet. – Rel. 8. Frassene`, 9.7.1979: Valeriana palustris, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Salix glabra x montana. – Rel. 9. Below Passo Sella, 3.7.1987: myrsinifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Drepanocladus Phyteuma orbiculare, Bartsia alpina, Hutchinsia cfr. annulatus, Sphagnum sp., Agrostis tenuis, Luzula brevicaulis, Achillea oxyloba, Minuartia verna.– sudetica. – Rel. 4. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988. – Rel. Rel. 10. Pradidali, 13.8.1979: Salix glabra, Erica 5. Campagnaccia, 28.7.1988. – Rel. 6. Pralongia`, carnea, Campanula caespitosa, Briza media, alga 21.7.1991. – Rel. 7. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988. – Rel. filamentosa non determ. – Rel. 11. Malga Pradidali, 8. Col Reiser, 8.7.1987: Cardamine cfr. hayneana 13.8.1979: Carex canescens. – Rel. 12. Malga Ortiga, (1.1), Deschampsia caespitosa, Thalictrum alpinum, 14.7.1979: Sesleria caerulea, Cerastium arvense, Willemetia stipitata, Orchis incarnata, Bartsia alpina. Bryum sp., alga filamentosa non determ. – Rel. 13. – Rel. 9. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988: Amblystegium Creipa Neigra, 25.7.1986: Cerastium trigynum, riparium. – Rel. 10. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988: Veronica serpyllifolia, Geum rivale, Alchemilla Vaccinium uliginosum (1.2), Vaccinium myrtillus, venosula, Alchemilla undulata, Carex frigida. Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium vitis idaea. – Rel. 11. Lago Ghedina, 13.9.1992: Carex paniculata, Carex Association Table 7.1b. CRATONEURETUM distans, Epilobium montanum. – Rel. 12. Lago FALCATI Rel. 14. Val Venegia, 21.7.1979: March- Ghedina, 13.9.1992: Ranunculus repens (1.1), Carex antia paleacea, Petasites paradoxus, Stellaria flava, Mentha arvensis. nemorum, Aster bellidiastrum, Equisetum variegatum (1.2), muschio indet. – Rel. 15. Val Venegia, Association Table 7.3. ERIOPHORETUM 21.7.1979: Chaerophyllum cicutaria, Salix SCHEUCHZERI Rel. 1. Lavaredo, (Grava Longa), waldsteiniana 1 es. – Rel. 16. Val Venegia, 12.8.1987. – Rel. 2. Lago Cavallazza, 17.7.1988. – 21.7.1979: Ranunculus montanus, Ranunculus Rel. 3. Lavaredo (Grava Longa), 12.8.1987: Saxifraga gr. montanus, Aster bellidiastrum, Aposeris foetida, stellaris, Salix herbacea (2.2), Salix retusa. – Rel. Calliergon giganteum, Marchantia paleacea (2.3), 4. Lago Cavallazza, 17.7.1988. – Rel. 5. Lago Moss indet., Hepatic indet. – Rel. 17. Dolomites, Cavallazza, 17.7.1988. – Rel. 6. Lago Cavallazza, 1979 (no data): Carex frigida, Viola palustris. – Rel. 17.7.1988: Potentilla aurea, Nardus stricta, 18. Ciampac, 17.8.1979: Epilobium alpinum, Ranun- Homogyne alpina, Luzula sudetica, Veronica alpina. culus oreophilus, Alchemilla acutiloba (1.1), Silene – Rel. 7. Lago Cavallazza, 17.7.1988. vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Luzula alpino–pilosa, Veronica alpina, Geum montanum, Aulacomnium AGGR. A TRICHOPHORUM ALPINUM Rel. 8. palustre. – Rel. 19. Passo di S. Pellegrino, 20.8.1970: Anterivo/Altrei, 3.7.1983: Tofieldia calyculata. – Rel. Juncus triglumis, Juncus alpinus, Alchemilla 9. Anterivo/Altrei, 3.7.1983. – Rel. 10. Anterivo/ venosula, Epilobium cfr. anagallidifolium, Allium Altrei, 3.7.1983. schoenoprasum, Carex frigida. – Rel. 20. Val Giumela, 7.8.1979: Peucedanum ostruthium, Stellaria Association Table 7.4. CARICETUM nemorum, Epilobium alpinum. – Rel. 21. Formin, NIGRAE Rel. 1. Karerpass, 22.8.1979: Carex 21.7.1977: Tussilago farfara, Peucedanum lepidocarpa, Scorzonera humilis (1.2), Elyna ostruthium, Juncus triglumis. – Rel. 22. Lavaredo myosuroides, Salix waldsteiniana, Poa alpina, Carex (Grava Longa), 12.8.1987: Agrostis sp., Soldanella sempervirens, Koeleria pyramidata, Agrostis tenuis, alpina. – Rel. 23. Valle S. Pellegrino, 13.7.1978: Poa Briza media, Climacium sp., Bryum sp., Scabiosa cfr. palustris (1.1), Sesleria uliginosa, Peucedanum lucida, Centaurea nigrescens, Lotus corniculatus, ostruthium, Armeria alpina. – Rel. 24. Kristeinertal Trollius europaeus, Gentiana verna, Trifolium (Osttirol), 29.8.1998: Carex irrigua, Viola palustris. pratense, Trifolium montanum, Euphrasia stricta, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) 399
Valeriana officinalis, Calluna vulgaris, Cirsium 9. Paludetto di Misurina, 11.7.1977: Euphrasia sp. – acaule, Betonica alopecurus, Pedicularis verticillata, Rel. 10. Paludetto di Misurina, 11.7.1977. Ranunculus montanus. – Rel. 2. V Col Reiser, 8.7.1987: Thalictrum alpinum. – Rel. 3. V Malga Association Table 7.6. SPHAGNETUM Rolle, 31.8.1981: Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus MAGELLANICI Rel. 1. Paludetto di Misurina, montanus, Prunella vulgaris, Trollius europaeus, 11.7.1977: Luzula multiflora, Alchemilla fissa, Aster Campanula scheuchzeri, Festuca rubra, Carex bellidiastrum, Ranunculus montanus. – Rel. pallescens (1.1), Agrostis tenuis, Carex sempervirens, 2. Paludetto di Misurina, 11.7.1977: Alchemilla fissa, Carex ferruginea, Blysmus compressus, Briza media, Prunella vulgaris, Pedicularis verticillata. – Rel. 3: Carex leporina, Bartsia alpina, Trifolium nivale, Paludetto di Misurina, 11.7.1977: Prunella vulgaris, Alchemilla sp., Aster bellidiastrum, Selaginella Phyteuma orbiculare, Trifolium repens, Webera selaginoides, Erica carnea, Horminum pyrenaicum, sp. (1.2). – Rel. 4: Passo Furcia, 19.8.1986: Phleum alpinum. – Rel. 4. 25.7.1977: Epilobium Rhinanthus cfr. minor., Trifolium pratense, Juncus alsinifolium, Alchemilla glabra, Salix caesia, Ranun- conglomeratus, Carex pallescens, Carex lepidocarpa. culus montanus, Aster bellidiastrum, Allium – Rel. 5. Bellamonte, 16.7.1982: Aulacomnium schoenoprasum (1.2). – Rel. 5. Val Venegia, palustre. – Rel. 6. Anterivo, 3.7.1984. – Rel. 21.7.1979: Geum rivale, Crepis palustris, Salix 7. Altrei/Anterivo, 3.7.1984: Calluna vulgaris (2.2), glabra, Alchemilla fissa, Taraxacum alpinum. – Rel. Homogyne alpina, Veratrum album, Succisa pratensis, 6. Val Venegia, 21.7.1979: Ranunculus acris, Geum Betula pubescens, Picea abies. – Rel. 8. Altrei/ rivale, Salix glabra (1.3), Alchemilla fissa, Equisetum Anterivo, 3.7.1984. – Rel. 9. Altrei/Anterivo, variegatum. – Rel. 7. Lagh. Lavaredo, 12.8.1987: 3.7.1984: Polytrichum commune. – Rel. 10. Taraxacum alpinum, Taraxacum palustre. – Rel. S. Pellegrino, 18.7.1988: Calluna vulgaris. – Rel. 11. 8. Lagh, Lavaredo, 12.8.1987. – Rel. 9. Passo Cereda, Bellamonte, 31.8.1981: Pinus mugo (2.2), Pinus 23.7.1979: Galium palustre, Veronica beccabunga, sylvestris (1.1), Picea abies, Equisetum sylvaticum, Ranunculus repens. – Rel. 10. Plan Corones, Melampyrum pratense, Alnus viridis. – Rel. 12. 19.8.1983: Agrostis tenuis, Calluna vulgaris, Festuca Paludetto di Misurina, 11.7.1977: Euphrasia sp., rubra, Luzula sudetica, Hieracium cfr. auricula, Luzula multiflora (1.2), Trifolium repens, Campanula Anthoxanthum alpinum. – Rel. 11. Malga Ces, scheuchzeri, Epilobium alsinifolium, Salix 24.7.1986: Luzula sudetica, Agrostis rupestris, appendiculata, Trifolium nivale, Festuca rubra, Drosera rotundifolia, Polytrichum sp. Scabiosa lucida, Polygonum viviparum (1.1), Carex vesicaria, Drepanocladus sp. (1.3). – Rel. 13. Altrei/ Association Table 7.5. CARICETUM Anterivo, 3.7.1984. DAVALLIANAE Rel. 1. Misurina, 11.7.1977, GPS 46 350 20400 N–12 150 22700 E: Allium schoenoprasum, Carex ferruginea, Carex flacca, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands Vaccinium uliginosum s.str. – Rel. 2. Misurina, with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) 11.7.1977: Euphrasia sp., Pedicularis verticillata, Mnium sp., Phyteuma orbiculare, Agrostis tenuis, Association Table 8.1. DANTHONIO– Epilobium alsinifolium, Trifolium nivale, Geum rivale, NARDETUM Rel. 1. Val Tovanella, 9.8.1974: Cardamine amara, Ranunculus repens. – Rel. 3. Passo Sesleria caerulea, Lathyrus laevigatus, Laserpitium Giau, 25.7.1977: Anthoxanthum alpinum, Salix peucedanoides, Betonica alopecurus, Picea abies waldsteiniana, Alchemilla glabra. – Rel. 4. Innichen/ (pl.), Aquilegia atrata, Pedicularis elongata, S. Candido, 17.8.1983. – Rel. 5. Innichen/S. Candido, Biscutella laevigata, Parnassia palustris, Geranium 17.8.1983: Erica carnea, Viola biflora. – Rel. 6. Passo sylvaticum, Scorzonera rosea, Polygala chamaebuxus Monte Croce di Comelico, 18.8.1983. – Rel. 7. Villa (1.2), Vaccinium vitis–idaea (1.2), Potentilla crantzii, Welsberg, 20.7.1979: Chara sp. 1.3. – Rel. 8. Paludetto Tofieldia calyculata, Solidago virgaurea, Centaurea di Misurina, 11.7.1977: Carex leporina. – Rel. triumfettii, Vicia sylvatica. – Rel. 2. San Vito di 400 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Cadore, 22.7.1977: Poa pratensis, Peucedanum Selaginella selaginoides, Trifolium pallescens. – Rel. oreoselinum (1.1), Polygala chamaebuxus, Crepis 12. Soraga, 11.7.1978: Scabiosa portae, Primula conyzaefolia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Carlina vulgaris, farinosa, Trifolium repens, Carex ornithopoda, Knautia cfr. illyrica. – Rel. 3. S. Gaetano (Belluno), Genista germanica (1.1), Carex caryophyllea, 15.7.1975: Sesleria caerulea (2.2), Aquilegia atrata, Pedicularis elongata, Polygala chamaebuxus, Orobanche sp., Silene nutans, Cytisus purpureus (1.1), Platanthera bifolia, Genista tinctoria, Scorzonera Chrysopogon gryllus, Cirsium pannonicum (1.2), aristata (1.1), Melampyrum pratense, Aquilegia Thesium bavarum (1.1), Centaurea scabiosa (1.1), atrata, Majanthemum bifolium, Dactylorhiza Bupleurum ranunculoides, Peucedanum oreoselinum, maculata, Primula veris. – Rel. 13. Sopra Falcade, Plantago argentea (1.1), Tragopogon pratensis, 28.8.1975: Potentilla crantzii, Polygala chamaebuxus, Orchis morio, Scabiosa gramuntia, Linum viscosum, Epipactis atrorubens, Orobanche crenata, Stachys Sanguisorba minor, Globularia vulgaris, Anthericum officinalis. – Rel. 14. Forcella S. Tommaso, ramosum, Crepis virens, Teucrium montanum, 10.8.1972: Luzula sieberi, Myrrhis odorata (1.1), Filipendula vulgaris, Asperula cynanchica. – Rel. Veratrum album, Ranunculus acris, Trifolium repens, 4. Col Faverghera, 18.7.1998: Poa alpina, Acinos Trifolium pallescens, Phyteuma zahlbruckneri, alpinus, Pimpinella nigra, Carduus defloratus, Galium album, Cuscuta epithymum, Lathyrus luteus, Orobanche minor, Trifolium pallescens, Stachys Hypericum montanum, Vicia cracca. jacquinii, Helleborus odorus, Galium album, Sesleria albicans, Vaccinium vitis idaea, Phyteuma orbiculare, Association Table 8.2. GEO MONTANI– Campanula rotundifolia. – Rel. 5. Cereda, 13.7.1979: NARDETUM Rel. 1. Plan de Corones, 19.8.1983: Poa alpina (1.1), Poa violacea, Carex ornithopoda, Sedum alpestre, Sibbaldia procumbens, Carex Rhinanthus facchinii (2.1), Stellaria graminea, Polyg- rupestris. – Rel. 2. Alpe di Siusi, 2.7.1984: Anthyllis ala alpestre, Myosotis sylvatica, Pimpinella major, alpestris (2.2), Biscutella laevigata, Polygala Heracleum sphondylium, Geranium sylvaticum, alpestre, Trifolium montanum, Aster bellidiastrum, Biscutella laevigata, Orchis pallens, Orobanche Hippocrepis comosa, Carex ornithopoda, Dianthus gracilis, Phyteuma spicatum, Rumex alpestris, Silene superbus, Thesium alpinum, Scorzonera aristata nutans, Horminum pyrenaicum, Aquilegia atrata, (1.2), Hieracium bifidum, Helianthemum alpestre, Orobanche salviae, Knautia drymeia, Listera ovata. Lathyrus pratensis, Silene nutans, Scabiosa lucida, – Rel. 6. Rickelan (Sauris), 8.1967: Stachys officinalis Cirsium erisithales, Cerastium holosteoides, Plantago (1.2), Pimpinella magna, Vicia sylvatica, Ranunculus media, Daphne cneoruim, Koeleria splendens. – Rel. acer, Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium medium, Lathyrus 3. Zettersfeld, 8.1969: Hieracium hoppeanum. – Rel. laevigatus, Phyteuma scorzonerifolium. – Rel. 4. Zettersfeld, 8.1969: Primula minima, Poa supina.– 7. Cansiglio, 20.7.1974: Cirsium arvense, Stachys Rel. 5. Gardeccia, 6.8.1960: Lilium martagon, Silene alpinus, Cerastium cerastioides, Cirsium palustre, vulgaris ssp. antelopum, Hieracium hoppeanum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Hypericum montanum, Veratrum album, Horminum pyrenaicum, Gentiana Genista tinctoria (1.1), Knautia drymeia, Stellaria lutea, Gymnadenia odoratissima. – Rel. 6. Vallazza, graminea, Dactylorhiza maculata, Hieracium 3.8.1976: Senecio abrotanifolius, Daphne striata, alpicola, Gentiana cruciata. – Rel. 8. M. Rucke Anthoxanthum odoratum (1.1), Erigeron uniflorus, (Sauris), 26.8.1967: Potentilla crantzii, Koeleria Dactylorhiza maculata. – Rel. 7. Casera Losa, eriostachya, Brachypodium caespitosum, Lilium 8.1967: Alchemilla plicatula, Tofieldia calyculata, martagon, Anemone trifolia, Pimpinella magna.– Trifolium montanum, Agrostis capillaris, Euphrasia Rel. 9. M. Rucke (Sauris), 25.8.1967: Festuca pectinata, Sphagnum sp., Crepis conyzaefolia. – Rel. pratensis, Selaginella selaginoides, Lilium martagon. 8. Passo Duran, 2.8.1997: Carex caryophyllea, – Rel. 10. M. Rucke (Sauris), 24.8.1967: Festuca Alchemilla gracilis, Centaurea nigrescens, Carduus pratensis, Orobanche gracilis, Herminium monorchis, carlinaefolius, Pinguicula alpina, Agrostis tenuis, Selaginella selaginoides, Phyteuma scorzonerifolium, Plantago media, Trifolium repens. – Rel. 9. Casera Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium repens. – Rel. 11. Malins, 19.7.1968: Agrostis capillaris, Sagina M. Rucke (Sauris), 31.7.1967: Potentilla crantzii, saginoides, Veronica fruticulosa, Gnaphalium cfr. Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) 401 supinum, Polytrichum piliferum (2.2). – Rel. 10. Casera Association Table 8.3. HYPOCHOERIDO– Malins, 7.1967: Sphagnum sp., Polytrichum alpinum, FESTUCETUM PANICULATAE Rel. 1. Cirsium spinosissimum. – Rel. 11. Tiarfin, 7.1967. Fuchiade, 10.8.1970: Carex flacca. – Rel. 2. Fuchiade, Tofieldia calyculata, Carex leporina, Juncus filiformis, 22.8.1970: Allium victoriale, Aster bellidiastrum, Carex flava, Juncus alpinus. – Rel. 12. Sauris, Valeriana montana, Hieracium villosum, Alchemilla Oberkovel, 7.1967: Phyteuma scorzonerifolium, strigosula, Achillea clavennae, Gypsophila repens, Gnaphalium norvegicum. – Rel. 13. Puflatsch, Polygala chamaebuxus, Stachys alopecurus (1.1), 15.7.1978: Polygala alpestre, Taraxacum officinale, Orobanche sp., Gentiana verna, Cirsium erisithales, Thalictrum minus, Erigeron alpinus, Gentiana verna, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Helianthemum alpestre, Sanguisorba officinalis. – Rel. 14. Val Civetta, Senecio abrotanifolius. – Rel. 3. Passo delle Selle, 23.7.1980: Salix retusa, Taraxacum officinale, 29.7.1970: Allium schoenoprasum, Erigeron uniflorus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Aster bellidiastrum, Carex Horminum pyrenaicum, Hieracium pilosella, Crepis ferruginea, Gentiana bavarica, Pinguicula alpina, aurea, Cirsium spinosissimum, Armeria alpina, Polyg- Pedicularis verticillata, Loiseleuria procumbens, Salix ala chamaebuxus, Orobanche sp. – Rel. 4. Passo delle alpina, Pyrola minor, Salix herbacea, Equisetum Selle, 21.7.1970: Crepis aurea, Dianthus superbus, variegatum, Veronica aphylla. – Rel. 15. Rifugio Dal Solidago virgaurea ssp. alpestris, Phyteuma halleri. Piaz, 7.8.1976: Salix retusa, Gnaphalium supinum.– – Rel. 5. Passo delle Selle, 20.7.1970: Carex Rel. 16. Erera, 2.7.1976: Cirsium spinosissimum (1.1), caryophyllea, Carex ornithopoda, Dianthus superbus, Alchemilla plicatula, Alchemilla monticola, Pimpinella Trifolium repens, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Senecio alpestris, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris, abrotanifolius. – Rel. 6. Passo delle Selle, 20.7.1970: Hieracium bifidum, Hieracium morisianum, Prunella Crepis froelichiana, Gentiana verna, Avenula grandiflora, Plantago media, Veratrum album, pubescens, Thalictrum aquilegifolium. – Rel. Horminum pyrenaicum, Gentiana verna, Centaurea 7. Rifugio Flora Alpina, 29.8.1972: Hippocrepis nigrescens, Carex caryophyllea, Orobanche gracilis, comosa, Plantago lanceolata, Chaerophyllum Parnassia palustris, Hieracium alpicola, Koeleria hirsutum, Polygala sp., Carex pallescens, Cerastium eriostachya, Chaerophyllum hirsutum (1.2). – Rel. 17. arvense ssp. strictum, Dactylis glomerata, Trisetum Malga Fossetta, 13.7.1979: Alchemilla gracilis, flavescens (1.1), Ranunculus nemorosus, Campanula Hippocrepis comosa, Carex ornithopoda, Agrostis ten- glomerata, Veronica chamaedrys. – Rel. 8. Above uis, Polygala amarella, Leucanthemum vulgare, Domegge, 24.8.1974: Avenula pubescens, Centaurea Stellaria graminea, Plantago media (1.1), Cerastium pseudophrygia. – Rel. 9. Sauris, August 1967: holosteoides, Gentianella solstitialis, Hypericum Phyteuma scorzonerifolium, Cerastium arvense ssp. maculatum, Phyteuma betonicifolium, Fragaria vesca, strictum, Dactylis glomerata, Koeleria eriostachya, Veronica officinalis, Centaurea cfr. nigrescens, Orchis Orobanche gracilis, Brachypodium caespitosum, pallens. – Rel. 18. Passo Duran, 2.8.1997: Agrostis Cirsium erisithales, Alnus viridis, Juniperus nana.– tenuis, Plantago media, Trifolium repens, Carex Rel. 10. Sauris, agosto 1967. Brachypodium caryophyllea, Carex cfr. sylvatica, Cerastium caespitosuum, Galium mollugo, Phleum pratense, holosteoides. – Rel. 19. Malga Losch, 26.7.1979: Calamagrostis varia. – Rel. 11. Sauris, agosto 1967. Phyteuma orbiculare, Polygala chamaebuxus, Crepis Phyteuma scorzonerifolium, Koeleria eriostachya, froelichiana. – Rel. 20. Busa delle Vette, 3.8.1976: Orobanche gracilis, Galium mollugo, Tofieldia Cirsium spinosissimum, Silene acaulis, Senecio calyculata, Lathyrus pratensis, Dactylorchis abrotanifolius, Daphne striata, Anthyllis vulneraria maculata, Viola reichenbachiana. – Rel. 12. Helm/ subsp. alpestris, Biscutella laevigata, Pimpinella Monte Elmo (Sexten), 5.8.1985: Platanthera bifolia, alpestris, Luzula sieberi, Agrostis alpina. – Rel. 21. Crepis alpestris, Festuca pseudodura, Euphrasia Tinisa, 7.1967: Pimpinella alpestris, Deschampsia hirtella, Myosotis sylvatica. – Rel. 13. Eggenkofel, caespitosa, Agrostis tenella, Leucanthemum atratum, 10.8.1985: Campanula alpina, Trifolium repens, Erica carnea, Luzula cfr. sieberi. Silene pumilio. 402 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Association Table 8.4. KNAUTIO– salicifolium, Coronilla vaginalis, Aster alpinus, Polyg- TRIFOLIETUM ala chamaebuxus, Tofieldia calyculata, Anthericum ramosum, Gypsophila repens, Teucrium montanum, Association Table 8.4a. Prevalence of Calciphilous Teucrium chamaedrys, Saponaria ocymoides, Species Rel. 1. Roda di Vael, 3.8.1960: Luzula sieberi, Globularia cordifolia, Stachys rectus, Arabis Carex ferruginea (2.3), Gentiana clusii. – Rel. corymbifolia. – Rel. 10. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Kobresia 2. Fuchiade, 20.7.1982: Anthoxanthum odoratum, caricina, Carex ferruginea, Luzula alpino–pilosa, Minuartia verna, Colchicum autumnale (1.1), Aposeris Armeria alpina.–Rel.11.Nuvolau,6.8.1970: foetida (1.2), Poa pratensis (1.1), Carex ferruginea, Heracleum sphondylium, Carex ferruginea, Taraxacum Carex ornithopoda, Myosotis alpestris, Cerastium officinale. – Rel. 12. Rolle, 8.8.1970: Luzula sieberi, holosteoides, Ligusticum mutellina, Agrostis alpina, Aster bellidiastrum, Dianthus superbus, Laserpitium Gentianella nivalis, Phyteuma halleri, Daphne striata, peucedanoides, Erica herbacea, Peucedanum Hieracium sylvaticum, Rumex acetosa, Plantago major, ostruthium, Acinos alpinus. – Rel. 13. Udai, 13.8.1970: Heracleum montanum. – Rel. 3. Fuchiade, 20.7.1982: Heracleum sphondylium, Gentianella anisodonta, Poa Carex ornithopoda, Plantago major, Carex ferruginea, nemoralis, Vicia cracca, Vicia sylvatica. – Rel. 14. Udai, Colchicum autumnale (1.1), Phyteuma halleri, 13.8.1970: Taraxacum officinale, Astragalus australis, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Hieracium pilosella, Ranun- Senecio doronicum, Elyna myosuroides, Gentianella culus oreophilus. – Rel. 4. Plaetzwiesen 23.7.1977: anisodonta, Acinos alpinus (1.1). – Rel. 15. Udai, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. carpathica (1.1), Juniperus 13.8.1970: Senecio doronicum (1.1), Heracleum nana, Juncus jacquinii, Alchemilla gr. coriacea, Trifo- sphondylium. – Rel. 16. Vial del Pan, 28.8.1979: Erig- lium thalii, Gentianella anisodonta, Agrostis alpina, eron uniflorus, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Juncus Veronica aphylla, Plantago media, Carex caryophyllea. jacquinii (1.2), Sempervivum tectorum, Poa chaixii – Rel. 5. Plaetzwiesen, 28.7.1977: Dactylorhiza (1.1), Poa pratensis (1.1), Gentianella anisodonta, maculata, Minuartia verna, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Gentianella nivalis, Calamagrostis varia. – Rel. 17. Aposeris foetida (1.1), Selaginella selaginoides, Prim- Fedaia, 8.1979: Rumex alpinus, Dianthus superbus, ula farinosa, Listera ovata, Homogyne discolor.–Rel. Chaerophyllum villarsii. – Rel. 18. Coldai, 11.8.1979: 6. M. Rite, 31.7.1978: Primula minima, Vicia cracca, Helianthemum alpestre, Valeriana officinalis, Hieracium piliferum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Thalictrum foetidum, Veronica fruticans, Lilium Alchemilla pastoralis, Melampyrum sylvaticum.–Rel. bulbiferum, Daphne striata, Erica carnea, Euphrasia 7. Costalunga, 12.7.1978: Heracleum sphondylium, salisburgensis, Arabis corymbiflora, Veronica Coronilla vaginalis, Orchis ustulata, Primula farinosa, chamaedrys, Tortella sp. – Rel. 19. Passo Campolongo, Salvia pratensis (1.1), Centaurea jacea, Linum 16.8.1979: Ajuga pyramidalis, Hieracium pilosella, catharticum ssp.alpestre, Crepis froelichiana, Plantago Primula veris, Gentiana clusii, Polygonum bistorta.– media (1.1), Globularia cordifolia. – Rel. 8. Bellamonte, Rel. 20. Ciampac, 17.8.1979: Lathyrus pratensis, Juncus 9.7.1978: Larix europaea, Carex humilis, Vicia cracca, jacquinii (2.2), Hypericum maculatum, Cerastium Bromus erectus (1.2), Calamagrostis varia (1.2), Aster holosteoides, Tortella sp., Cetraria islandica, Cladonia alpinus, Daphne striata, Centaurea cfr. montana, rangiferina, Rumex acetosa. – Rel. 21. Giau, 20.7.1979: Filipendula vulgaris, Lilium bulbiferum, Convallaria Rumex acetosa, Cerastium arvense ssp. suffruticosum, majalis, Polygonatum officinale, Orchis ustulata, Polyg- Valeriana montana, Saxifraga paniculata, Erysimum ala vulgare, Crepis froelichiana, Dianthus sylvestris, sp., Antennaria carpathica, Aster bellidiastrum, Orchis Arabis hirsuta, Buphthalmum salicifolium. – Rel. laxiflora, Saussurea discolor, Carex curvula, Carex 9. Bellamonte, 9.7.1978: Carex humilis, Vicia cracca, humilis (1.2). – Rel. 22. Pordoi, 14.7.1982: Achillea Carex caryophyllea, Bromus erectus (2.2), oxyloba (1.1), Ligusticum simplex (1.1), Cetraria Calamagrostis varia (2.2), Salvia pratensis, islandica, Lotus alpinus, Myosotis alpestris, Salix Helianthemum alpestre, Centaurea scabiosa (1.1), Cen- breviserrata, Cerastium holosteoides, Cirsium taurea triumfetti, Convallaria majalis, Galium verum, spinosissimum, Valeriana montana. – Rel. 23. Forcella Acinos alpinus, Thalictrum minus, Crepis froelichiana Negher, 26.8. Phleum pratense, Poa nemoralis, Dian- (1.1), Dianthus sylvestris, Arabis hirsuta, Buphthalmum thus superbus, Veronica chamaedrys, Trifolium repens, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) 403
Festuca pratensis. – Rel. 24. Passo Cereda, 23.7.1979: gramuntia, Heracleum sphondylium.–Rel.31.Sauris, Salix appendiculata, Heracleum sphondylium, 8.1967: Tofieldia calyculata, Elyna myosuroides (2.3), Tragopogon pratensis, Ranunculus platanifolius, Gentianella nivalis, Daphne striata, Selaginella Alchemilla pastoralis, Hieracium sylvaticum, Colchi- selaginoides, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Carex flacca, cum autumnale (1.1), Cirsium heterophyllum, Avenula pubescens. – Rel. 32. Sauris, 8.1967: Agrostis Polygonatum verticillatum, Phyteuma spicatum, tenuis (2.2), Tofieldia calyculata, Juncus jacquinii (1.2), Phyteuma zahlbruckneri, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Carduus carduelis, Trifolium repens, Juncus Veronica chamaedrys, Cruciata glabra, Knautia monanthos, Rumex acetosa, Aster bellidiastrum, Vicia drymeia, Taraxacum officinale, Acinos alpinus, Trifo- onobrychioides, Plantago media, Selaginella lium repens, Hieracium aurantiacum, Vicia sepium, selaginoides, Carex ferruginea, Gentiana utriculosa.– Vicia sylvatica (1.1), Hypericum maculatum, Lathyrus Rel. 33. Sauris, 8.1967: Agrostis tenuis (1.1), Carduus pratensis, Listera ovata, Hieracium piliferum, carduelis, Trifolium thalii, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Dactylorhiza gr. maculata, Aposeris foetida, Asphodelus Trifolium repens, Plantago media, Aster bellidiastrum, albus, Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata. Gentiana utriculosa, Hypericum maculatum, Centaurea gr. jacea, Brachypodium caespitosum, Stellaria Association Table 8.4b. Prevalence of Acidophilous graminea, Vicia cracca (1.1), Listera ovata, Anemone Species Rel. 25. Passo Cereda, 24.7.1979: trifolia, Dactylis glomerata. – Rel. 34. Sauris, 8.1967: Brachypodium caespitosum, Dactylorhiza gr. maculata, Agrostis tenuis (1.1), Carduus carduelis, Plantago Anthoxanthum odoratum, Koeleria pyramidata, media, Gentiana utriculosa, Hypericum maculatum, Dactylis glomerata, Colchicum autumnale, Stellaria Aster bellidiastrum, Hieracium aurantiacum, Centaurea graminea, Heracleum spondylium, Hypericum gr. jacea, Brachypodium caespitosum, Astragalus maculatum, Chaerophyllum cicutaria (2.2), Cruciata australis, Vicia cracca, Gentianella nivalis, Dactylis laevipes, Veronica chamaedrys (1.1), Linum glomerata, Allium carinatum, Tragopogon pratensis, tommasinii, Euphorbia cyparissias, Acinos alpinus.– Aquilegia vulgaris, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Rel. 26. Forcella Luna, 9.7.1979: Carex ornithopoda, Scabiosa gramuntia, Salvia pratensis, Trifolium Carex pallescens, Hypericum maculatum, medium, Gentiana cruciata, Cuscuta sp. – Rel. 35. Val Chaerophyllum cicutaria, Veronica chamaedrys, Duron, 11.8.1979: Prunella vulgaris, Juncus Leucorchis albida, Dactylorhiza gr. maculata.–Rel. monanthos, Hieracium pilosella, Alchemilla monticola, 27. Col dei Cavai, 7.8.1976: Rhinanthus freynii, Cerastium holosteoides, Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. Leucanthemum vulgare, Agrostis tenuis (2.2), 36. Val Duron, 11.8.1979: Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium Anthoxanthum odoratum (1.1), Festuca pratensis alpestre, Aster bellidiastrum, Gentianella nivalis, (1.2), Brachypodium caespitosum, Luzula sieberi, Cerastium holosteoides, Lathyrus pratensis, Cladonia Epilobium montanum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, rangiferina. – Rel. 37. Seiseralm/Alpe di Siusi, Cerastium holosteoides, Geum rivale, Hypericum 15.7.1978: Helianthemum alpestre, Juncus jacquinii, maculatum (1.2), Veronica chamaedrys, Pimpinella Euphrasia salisburgensis, Aster bellidiastrum (1.1), alpestris, Carduus carduelis, Euphorbia cyparissias, Antennaria carpathica, Hieracium piliferum, Hieracium Lathyrus pratensis, Rhododednron ferrugineum, Selag- pilosella, Minuartia verna, Primula veris, Plantago inella selaginoides, Vicia sylvatica.–Rel.28.Col media. – Rel. 38. Passo S. Pellegrino, 13.7.1978: Becher, 18.8.1979: Phleum pratense, Luzula sieberi, Knautia sp., Ajuga pyramidalis, Valeriana officinalis, Primula veris, Agrostis tenuis, Selaginella selaginoides. Silene dioica, Carex pilulifera, Stellaria graminea, – Rel. 29. Sauris, 8.1967: Selaginella selaginoides, Peucedanum ostruthium, Dianthus superbus, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Gentianella anisodonta, Gentianella nivalis, Primula veris, Thalictrum Viola biflora, Phleum pratense, Hypericum maculatum, aquilegifolium, Veronica chamaedrys, Plantago media. Agrostis alpina, Rhododendron ferrugineum, Stellaria – Rel. 39. Passo S.Pellegrino, 13.7.1978: Phleum graminea. – Rel. 30. Sauris, 15.7.1967: Molinia pratense, Knautia sp., Lychnis flos–cuculi, Veronica coerulea, Aposeris foetida, Acinos alpinus, Aconitum chamaedrys, Centaurea triumfetti, Carex pilulifera, lycoctonum, Hieracium villosum, Thesium rostratum, Plantago media, Primula veris, Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Scabiosa Homogyne discolor.–Rel.40.Marmolada,1.8.1979: 404 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Ajuga pyramidalis, Rhodiola rosea, Primula veris, Gentiana punctata. – Rel. 2. Passo S. Pellegrino, Cardamine resedifolia, Cerastium carinthiacum, Dian- 20.8.1970: Salix waldsteiniana. – Rel. 3. Manghen– thus superbus, Thalictrum foetidum. – Rel. 41. Lagorai, 15.7.1982: Silene pumilio, Picea abies pl., Marmolada, 1.8.1979: Rhodiola rosea, Cerastium Larix decidua pl., Hieracium morisianum, Crocus carinthiacum, Sempervivum arachnoideum, albiflorus, Cladonia sylvatica, Minuartia recurva, Gentianella utriculosa, Draba carinthiaca, Minuartia Luzula lutea. – Rel. 4. Cavallazza, 17.7.1988: recurva. – Rel. 42. Fedaia, 8.1979: Polygala Hieracium intybaceum, Solidago virga–aurea subsp. chamaebuxus, Hieracium bifidum, Juniperus nana, alpestris, Calamagrostis villosa, Cirsium Carex ericetorum, Minuartia recurva, Agrostis alpina, spinosissimum,– Rel. 5. Forca Rossa, 18.8.1970. – Astragalus australis, Senecio doronicum (1.1), Rel. 6. Col Rodella, 11.8.1979: Juncus monanthos, Maianthemum bifolium, Daphne striata, Dianthus Hieracium piliferum, Toninia sp., Cladonia sylvatica, superbus, Primula veris, Polytrichum alpinum, Lilium martagon. – Rel. 7. Baita Segantini, 8.8.1971: Cladonia endiviaefolia, Gentianella anisodonta, Erica Euphrasia salisburgensis, Leontopodium alpinum, carnea (1.2), Tortella sp., Cetraria islandica, Crepis froelichiana, Saxifraga aizoides, Draba Leontopodium alpinum, Calamagrostis varia. – Rel. carinthiaca, Cetraria cucullata, Thamnolia vermi- 43. Arabba, 16.8.1979: Veronica fruticans, Leucorchis cularis, Draba aizoides, Helictotrichon parlatorei albida, Astragalus australis, Elyna myosuroides (1.1), (1.1), Ranunculus oreophilus, Trifolium badium, Juncus jacquinii (1.1), Veronica alpina, Gnaphalium Achillea millefolium, Ajuga pyramidalis, Gentianella norvegicum, Trifolium repens, Cetraria islandica.– nivalis, Aster bellidiastrum (1.2), Carduus defloratus, Rel. 44. Varda, 16.8.1979: Leucorchis albida, Cladonia sylvatica, Gentiana verna, Carex rupestris, Minuartia verna, Dianthus superbus, Saussurea dis- Potentilla crantzii, Primula integrifolia. – Rel. color, Daphne striata, Polytrichum alpinum, Cetraria 8. Buffaure, 6.8.1979: Carex montana, Cerastium islandica, Cladonia rangiferina. arvense subsp. strictum, Hieracium schultesii, Gentiana punctata, Gymnadenia conopsea x Association Table 8.5. ANTHOXANTHO– Nigritella nigra, Gentianella nivalis, Erigeron POETUM VIOLACEAE Rel. 1. Above alpinus. – Rel. 9. Passo S. Pellegrino, 20.8.1970: Livinallongo, 16.8.1970: Galeopsis speciosa, Phleum Selaginella selaginoides, Minuartia recurva, Erigeron pratense, Rumex scutatus, Sedum alpestre, Valeriana neglectus. – Rel. 10. Bindelweg, 28.8.1970: Luzula montana. – Rel. 2. Above Livinallongo, 16.8.1970: sylvatica, Trollius europaeus (1.1), Hieracium Juniperus sabina, Alchemilla glaucescens, Alchemilla aurantiacum, Erigeron uniflorus, Scabiosa lucida, flabellata, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Calamagrostis Silene vulgaris ssp. antelopum, Ranunculus varia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Potentilla crantzii, Ranun- oreophilus, Trifolium badium, Achillea millefolium, culus nemorosus, Heracleum montanum. – Rel. Hieracium villosum, Senecio abrotanifolius, 3. Above Livinallongo, 16.8.1970: Valeriana Phyteuma orbiculare, Festuca puccinellii (1.2), officinalis, Viola sp., Euphrasia cfr. alpina, Poa Polygala alpestre. – Rel. 11. Monzoni, 29.7.1970: alpina, Acinos alpinus, Polygala alpestre, Larix Festuca quadriflora (1.2), Gentiana verna, Potentilla europaea. – Rel. 4. Col Becher, 22.8.1970: Rhinanthus crantzii, Primula integrifolia. – Rel. 12. Buffaure, subalpinus, Parnassia palustris, Primula longiflora, 25.7.1972: Prunella grandiflora, Myosotis sylvatica, Crepis conyzifolia. – Rel. 5. Slopes under the Nuvolau, Briza media, Luzula multiflora, Trifolium montanum, 6.8.1970: Ranunculus acer, Festuca violacea, Salix Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Lilium martagon, Koeleria retusa, Trifolium thalii, Pedicularis verticillata, eriostachya, Phyteuma betonicaefolium, Cerastium Hieracium pilosella. – Rel. 6. Forcella Col Rodella, suffruticosum, Polygala chamaebuxus, Erigeron 7.8.1960: Polytrichum alpinum, Cladonia pyxidata, neglectus, Polygala alpestre. – Rel. 13. Fedaia, Cladonia rangiferina. 29.8.1979: Chaerophyllum villarsii, Geranium sylvaticum, Luzula albida, Poa nemoralis, Association Table 8.6. GENTIANELLO– Calamagrostis tenella, Myrrhis odorata, Phaca FESTUCETUM VARIAE Rel. 1. Passo alpina, Solidago virga–aurea, Tortella tortuosa, S. Pellegrino, 29.8.1970: Selaginella selaginoides, Linum catharticum, Tragopogon pratensis, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands with Acidocline Species” (Chap. 8 in Vol. 1) 405
Cotoneaster integerrima, Scabiosa lucida, Achillea 4. M. Pavione, 29.7.1974: Soldanella alpina, Lilium millefolium, Senecio abrotanifolius, Aster martagon, Crepis froelichiana subsp. froelichiana, bellidiastrum, Lilium martagon, Koeleria eriostachya, Hieracium gr. villosum, Anemone narcissiflora, Phyteuma betonicaefolium, Cerastium arvense subsp. Veronica fruticans, Pedicularis verticillata, Saxifraga suffruticosum, Antennaria carpathica, Erigeron paniculata, Achillea clavennae, Traunsteinera polymorphus, Alchemilla flabellata, Vaccinium globosa, Poa violacea, Juncus monanthos, Carex myrtillus, Thymus polytrichus, Polygala alpestre, ornithopoda, Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. Euphrasia picta (1.1), Veronica fruticans, Primula caricinum, Cetraria aculeata, Cetraria islandica.– integrifolia. – Rel. 14. Creipa Negra, 17.8.1979: Rel. 5. M. Pavione, 25.7.1971: Linum catharticum Peucedanum ostruthium, Silene vulgaris ssp. subsp. suecicum, Thesium alpinum, Euphrasia antelopum, Ranunculus oreophilus, Pedicularis salisburgensis, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Aster elongata, Antennaria carpathica, Erigeron bellidiastrum, Calluna vulgaris, Valeriana montana, polymorphus, Alchemilla flabellata, Phyteuma Hypericum maculatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium orbiculare, Myosotis alpestris, Potentilla crantzii.– hybridum, Alchemilla hybrida, Pedicularis elongata, Rel. 15. Sass d’Adam, 6.8.1979: Poa violacea, Globularia cordifolia. Euphrasia hirtella, Senecio gaudini, Primula elatior, Alchemilla nobilis, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Association Table 8.8. SENECIONI– Trifolium badium, Hieracium villosum, Festuca FESTUCETUM HALLERI Rel. 1. Passo Giau, quadriflora, Ajuga pyramidalis, Gentianella nivalis, 25.7.1977: (senza sporadiche). – Rel. 2. Forcella Phyteuma betonicaefolium, Cerastium arvense subsp. Pradazzo, 1980 (Rel. T. e I. Boiti): Soldanella minima, suffruticosum, Polygala chamaebuxus, Pedicularis Cardamine resedifolia, Alchemilla flabellata, elongata, Myosotis alpestris. – Rel. 16. Monzoni, Loiseleuria procumbens, Leucanthemopsis alpina, 27.8.1979: Carex ornithopoda, Silene vulgaris ssp. Vaccinium uliginosum, Minuartia recurva. – Rel. antelopum, Vaccinium myrtillus. – Rel. 17. Monzoni, 3. Above Rif. Genova, 25.8.1978: (without sporadical 27.8.1979: Pinus cembra pl., Pinguicula alpina, spaceis). – Rel. 4. Friedrich-August Weg/Sentiero Gymnadenia odoratissima, Antennaria carpathica, Federico Augusto, 3.7.1987: Elyna myosuroides, Erigeron polymorphus, Festuca puccinellii (1.2), Thy- Carex montana, Primula farinosa, Myosotis alpestris, mus polytrichus, Saxifraga paniculata, Euphrasia Pinguicula alpina, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Polyg- picta. – Rel. 18. Creipa Negra, 25.7.1986: Juncus ala alpestre, Leucanthemum vulgare, Minuartia jacquini (1.2), Galium anisophyllum, Sempervivum verna, Biscutella laevigata, Veronica serpyllifolia, montanum, Hieracium cfr. glanduliferum, Koeleria Aster alpinus, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. 5. Helm/M. hirsuta, Pedicularis cfr. kerneri, Carduus defloratus, Elmo, 5.8.1985: Rhododendron ferrugineum, Solidago Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Alchemilla flabellata, virgaurea subsp. alpestris, Juniperus nana, Achillea Festuca puccinellii (1.2), Saxifraga paniculata, millefolium, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Cladonia Minuartia recurva, Luzula lutea, Erigeron alpinus, arbuscula. – Rel. 6. Passo Valles, 31.8.1981: Veronica fruticans. Cerastium cfr. fontanum, Cerastium trigynum, Cirsium spinosissimum. – Rel. 7. Upper Val Duron, Association Table 8.7. SESLERIO– 11.8.1979: Bartsia alpina, Lotus corniculatus, FESTUCETUM VARIAE Rel. 1. Col di Luna, Cerastium strictum, Lilium martagon, Hieracium 5.8.1976: Knautia longifolia, Cirsium erisithales, pilosella, Polygala chamaebuxus, Parnassia palustris, Scabiosa lucida. – Rel. 2. M. Pavione, 5.8.1976: Biscutella laevigata, Achillea millefolium. Festuca intercedens, Gentiana punctata, Trifolium thalii, Dianthus superbus. – Rel. 3. M. Pavione, Association Table 8.9. CARICETUM 29.7.1974: Vaccinium gaultherioides, Hieracium CURVULAE Rel. 1. Forcella Pradazzo, 31.8.1981: bifidum, Coeloglossum viride, Pedicularis rostrato–- Soldanella pusilla, Arenaria ciliata. – Rel. 2. Laghetti capitata, Linum julicum, Antennaria carpathica, Lavaredo, 12.8.1987: Oxytropis jacquinii, Thymus Astragalus frigidus, Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, polytrichus, Aster bellidiastrum, Lotus alpinus, Rhacomitrium canescens, Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. Carex ornithopoda. – Rel. 3. Gamsscharte, 7.1986: 406 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Antennaria dioica, Oxytropis jacquinii, Vaccinium dolomitic gravel with fine earth: Toninia sp. – Rel. vitis–idaea, Leontodon hispidus, Bartsia alpina, 11. Vaiolet, 5.9.1979: on dolomite, crumbling at the Minuartia sedoides, Erigeron uniflorus, Sesleria surface; Potentilla nitida, Polygonum viviparum, albicans (1.2), Pedicularis verticillata, Veronica Lecanora sp., Festuca alpina. – Rel. 12. Cima Lausa, aphylla, Achillea oxyloba, Helianthemum alpestre, 15.8.1979: on principal dolomite, rocks in windy Dryas octopetala, Anemone baldensis. – Rel. 4. Col esposition. – Rel. 13. From Piz Boe´ to Telecabina dei Bous, 17.7.1977: Deschampsia caespitosa, Sella, 14.8.1979: dolomitic gravel with fine earth; Trollius europaeus, Bryophyta indeterm., Leontodon Taraxacum alpinum, Lecanora sp., Toninia sp. – Rel. montanus, Cetraria aculeata. – Rel. 5. Friedrich- 14. Rifugio Boe´, 14.8.1979: on fine earth; Toninia August Weg/Sentiero Federico–Augusto, 3.7.1987: sp. – Rel. 15. From Passo Cirelle to Passo Ombrettola, Campanula scheuchzeri, Antennaria dioica, Juncus 29.8.1978: on crumbling rocks; Arabis coerulea.– jacquinii (1.2), Carex ericetorum, Salix serpyllifolia Rel. 16. From Passo Cirelle to Passo Ombrettola, (1.2). – Rel. 6. Gamsscharte, 7.1986: Gentiana 29.8.1978: on rocks crumbling at the surface; Arabis orbicularis, Bartsia alpina, Minuartia sedoides, coerulea. – Rel. 17. Cima Lausa, 15.8.1979: rocks in Erigeron uniflorus. – Rel. 7. Col dei Bous, windy esposition; Carex rupestris, Armeria alpina.– 17.7.1977: Deschampsia caespitosa, Trollius Rel. 18. Passo Lausa, 15.8.1979: on dolomitic gravel; europaeus, Gentiana orbicularis, Bryophyta indeterm. Taraxacum cfr. pacheri, Veronica alpina, Armeria – Rel. 8. Pala di Santa, 1.9.1981: Vaccinium alpina. – Rel. 19. Passo Lausa, 15.8.1979: gravel. – vitis–idaea, Leontodon hispidus, Dicranum sp. – Rel. Rel. 20. Rifugio Re Alberto, 5.8.1979: humid gravel, 9. Helm/M. Elmo, 5.8.1985: Campanula scheuchzeri, water on the ground; Polygonum viviparum. – Rel. 21. Tanacetum alpinum, Euphrasia hirtella, Carex Cima dell’ Uomo, 22.8.1970: Minuartia recurva (1.2), brunnescens, Thamnolia vermicularis, Cetraria Festuca alpina 1.2. – Rel. 22. Antermoia, 5.8.1979: on nivalis. – Rel. 10. Col Rodella, 7.8.1960: Saxifraga dolomitic gravel in a sinking ground; Festuca alpina, moschata, Alectoria nigra, Russula sp. – Rel. 11. Erigeron uniflorus. – Rel. 23. Antermoia, 5.8.1979: in Passo Poma, 14.8.1987. – Rel. 12. Pala di Santa, a rather sinking ground, on dolomitic gravel; Salix 1.9.1981: Toninia sp. – Rel. 13. Helm/M. Elmo, serpyllifolia, Erigeron uniflorus. – Rel. 24. Antermoia, 5.8.1985: Soldanella pusilla, Tanacetum alpinum, 5.8.1979: dolomitic gravel, in subsidence; Gentiana Dicranum sp., Cladonia sylvatica, Toninia sp. (1.2). terglouensis, Erigeron uniflorus.
Association Table 9.2. SAXIFRAGETUM Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic SEDOIDIS Rel. 1. Passo Tadega, 12.9.1978: Silene and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) acaulis. – Rel. 2. Passo Coronelle, 21.8.1979. – Rel. 3. Fanes Grande, 11.9.1978: Ranunculus alpestris Association Table 9.1. DRABETUM (1.1), Silene quadridentata (1.2), Festuca alpina.– HOPPEANAE Rel. 1. Passo Principe, 26.7.1986: Rel. 4. Passo Coronelle, 21.8.1979: mosses indet. on a crumbling dolomitic wall; Androsace 1.2. – Rel. 5. Buellelejoch, 4.8.1983. – Rel. 6. Latemar, hausmannii. – Rel. 2. Passo Antermoia, 5.8.1979: on 23.7.1986: Erigeron uniflorus. – Rel. 7. Gamsscharte, dolomitic wall. – Rel. 3. Above Rif. Piz Boe´, 12.8.1985. – Rel. 8. Sasso Piatto, 11.8.1979. – Rel. 13.8.1970: Poa minor. – Rel. 4. Passo Cirelle, 9. Passo Principe, ?.7.1986: mosses indet. 1.4, 22.8.1970: on a crumbling dolomitic wall. – Rel. Grimmia sp. – Rel. 10. Lavaredo, Forcella Col di 5. Piz Gralba, 14.8.1979: gravel, in windy esposition, Mezzo, 16.7.1998: Minuartia verna, Androsace Lias limestone. – Rel. 6. Forcella Pissadu`, 14.8.1979: hausmanii, Festuca alpina, Sesleria sphaerocephala. on gravel and fine earth. – Rel. 7. Antersass, – Rel. 11. Forcella Sassolungo, 5.8.1960: Saxifraga 17.8.1978: stony plateau; Saxifraga biflora, Solorina sedoides fo. (with prolonged stem and 2.3 leaves, crocea. – Rel. 8. Antersass, 17.8.1978: on a table-land; aspect of S. hohenwartii). – Rel. 12. Forcella d’Oltre, Saxifraga biflora, Solorina crocea. – Rel. 9. Gruppo 1.9.1978. – Rel. 13. Col Rodella, 6.8.1960: in a “chim- Sella, 14.8.1979: gravel with traces of fine earth. – Rel. ney” with dripping water; Festuca alpina, Valeriana 10. From Piz Boe´ to Telecabina Sella, 14.8.1979: elongata, Doronicum clusii, Sesleria sphaerocephala, Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) 407 mosses indet. (2.5), Saxifraga with prolonged stem, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Galium anisophyllum, aspect ad S. hohenwartii. – Rel. 14. Rifugio Juncus monanthos, Salix alpina, Minuartia biflora, Zsigmondy, 10.8.1987: Cystopteris regia, Marchantia Viola biflora, Thymus cfr. praecox, Taraxacum sp., Phyteuma sieberi, Taraxacum alpinum. – Rel. 15. alpinum. – Rel. 27. Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979. – Rel. Monte Cavallino, 18.8.1981: mosses indet. 1.2. 28. Sassolungo, 11.8.1979: Aster alpinus, Ranunculus hybridus, Achillea clavennae. – Rel. 29. Rosengarten, Association Table 9.3. LEONTODONTETUM 22.8.1979: Arabis pumila. – Rel. 30. Sassolungo, MONTANI Rel. 1. M. Cavallino, 18.8.1981: Draba 11.8.1979: Erigeron polymorphus, Cerastium aizoides. – Rel. 2. Punta Grohmann, 9.8.1960: soil in holosteoides, Taraxacum officinale, Hedysarum erosion (all releve´s of this day, together with hedysaroides, Gentiana verna, Astragalus alpinus, R. Sutter). – Rel. 3. Below Sasso Levante, 9.8.1960. Festuca cfr. rubra, Oxytropis campestris, Bryum sp. – – Rel. 4. Col del Cuc, 7.7.1987: Cirsium Rel. 31. Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979. spinosissimum, Draba aizoides. – Rel. 5. Fanes Pic- colo, 13.9.1978. – Rel. 6. Passo Sella, soil in erosion, SUBASS. A TRISETUM E SAXIFRAGA 7.8.1960: Oxytropis campestris. – Rel. 7. Punta AIZOIDES Rel. 32. Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979. – Rel. Grohmann, 9.8.1960: Below Punta Grohmann, on 33. Coronelle, 6.9.1997: Achillea atrata. – Rel. 34. Werfen sediments. – Rel. 8. Below Sasso Levante, Coronelle, 6.9.1997: Sesleria sphaerocephala, 9.8.1960: Ranunculus alpestris. – Rel. 9. Punta Saxifraga oppositifolia. – Rel. 35. Coronelle, 6.9.1997: Grohmann, 6.7.1961. – Rel. 10. Sassolungo, Galium anisophyllum. – Rel. 36. Agner, 26.7.1979: 11.8.1979: Poa alpina. – Rel. 11. Sassolungo, Draba aizoides, Carduus carlinaefolius (1.2), 11.8.1979: Festuca norica (2.2), Ligusticum Globularia cordifolia (1.2), Acinos alpinus, Myosotis mutellinoides, Pedicularis rostrato–capitata, Erig- alpestris, Senecio abrotanifolius, Stachys alopecurus, eron polymorphus. – Rel. 12. Latemar, 31.7.1971. – Lotus alpinus, Thesium alpinum, Thymus cfr. praecox, Rel. 13. Latemar, 13.7.1971. – Rel. 14. Fanes Piccolo, Polygala alpestris. – Rel. 37. M. Cavallino, 1981: 13.9.1978. – Rel. 15. Sassolungo, 11.8.1979: Trifolium Achillea oxyloba, Sedum atratum, Taraxacum thalii. – Rel. 16. Nuvolau, 6.8.1870: Taraxacum gr. alpinum, Veronica aphylla, Salix serpyllifolia, alpinum, Minuartia verna, Minuartia sedoides. – Rel. Minuartia sedoides, Cirsium spinosissimum. – Rel. 38. 17. Passo Rolle, 8.8.1970: Ranunculus oreophilus, Agner, 18.7.1979: Aquilegia einseleana (1.2), Kernera Erigeron uniflorus. – Rel. 18. Passo Rolle, 8.8.1970: saxatilis, Lotus alpinus, Ranunculus montanus, Linum Galium anisophyllum. – Rel. 19. Passo Rolle, catharticum, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Cystopteris 8.8.1970: Poa alpina (1.2), Ranunculus oreophilus, regia, Carlina acaulis (1.2), Acinos alpinus, Stachys Primula tyrolensis, Draba carinthiaca, Agrostis alopecuros, Thymus alpigenus, Myosotis alpestris, rupestris, Thamnolia vermicularis, Cetraria cucullata Senecio abrotanifolius, Hieracium bifidum, Juncus (1.2), Cetraria aculeata. – Rel. 20. Sassolungo, monanthos, Galium anisophyllum, Laserpitium 11.8.1979: Oxytropis campestris, Elyna myosuroides. peucedanoides, Thesium alpinum, Scabiosa lucida, – Rel. 21. Buellelejoch, 14.8.1983: Minuartia verna, Daphne mezereum (1.1), Larix decidua (pl.), Tortella Polygonum viviparum, Minuartia sedoides, Saxifraga tortuosa, Ortotrichum sp., Hypnum cupressiforme, sedoides. – Rel. 22. Sassolungo, 9.8.1960: Saxifraga Ctenidium molluscum, Bryum sp., Anomodon sedoides, Viola biflora, Arabis pumila. – Rel. 23. viscidulum. – Rel. 39. Vette di Feltre, 2.7.1996: Forca Rossa, 11.7.1970. – Rel. 24. Forca Rossa, Leontodon hispidus, Epilobium angustifolium, Poa 11.7.1970: Salix retusa, Dryas octopetala, Polygonum alpina, Aconitum lycoctonum, Daphne striata, Myosotis viviparum, Aster bellidiastrum, Soldanella minima, alpestris, Festuca norica, Viola biflora, Galium Cirsium spinosissimum. – Rel. 25. Forcella d’Oltre, anisophyllum. 23.7.1978: Silene alpestris (1.2), Thymus cfr. alpigenus, Saxifraga caesia. – Rel. 26. Rosengarten, 22.8.1979: Association Table 9.4. PAPAVERETUM Ranunculus alpestris, Carex ornithopodioides, Carex RHAETICI Rel. 1. Latemar, 26.7.1986: Arenaria sempervirens, Globularia cordifolia, Paederota ciliata, Festuca nigrescens, Thymus alpigenus, bonarota, Potentilla nitida, Adenostyles glabra, Pedicularis verticillata. – Rel. 2. Cirelle, 22.8.1970: 408 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Poa caesia. – Rel. 3. Cirelle, 22.8.1970. – Rel. 13.9.1978. – Rel. 42. Klein–Fanes, 13.9.1978: 4. Seekofel, 21.7.1978: Cirsium spinosissimum, Carduus carlinaefolius (2.2), Thymus cfr. polytrichus. Sesleria caerulea, Adenostyles glabra, Galium – Rel. 43. Moiazza, 16.7.1979: Galium anisophyllum, Valeriana montana. – Rel. 5. Collac, margaritaceum (1.2), Carex ornithopoda, Campanula 17.8.1979. – Rel. 6. Val Travignolo, 21.7.1979: caespitosa, Aquilegia einseleana, Saxifraga caesia, Tussilago farfara. – Rel. 7. Pian dei Fiacconi, Dryas octopetala, Carex “dolomitica”, Hieracium 1.8.1970: Ranunculus oreophilus. – Rel. 8. Collac, bifidum, Hieracium staticifolium. – Rel. 44. Moiazza, 17.8.1979: Campanula cfr. scheuchzeri, Cetraria 16.7.1979: Saxifraga caesia, Carex “dolomitica”, islandica, musci indet. (1.3). – Rel. 9. Grasleiten, Hieracium bifidum, Hieracium staticifolium. – Rel. 25.7.1986: Salix retusa. – Rel. 10. Tra P. Rolle 45. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977: Dianthus sternbergii. e Pala, 8.8.1970: Armeria alpina. – Rel. 11. – Rel. 46. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977: Crepis Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1961. – Rel. 12. Rosengarten, terglouensis, Dryas octopetala, Kobresia 1–3.8.1962. – Rel. 13. Tiarfin, 14.7.1967. – Rel. 14. simpliciuscula. – Rel. 47. Nuvolau, 24.7.1978: Thymus Pta. Grohmann, 23.7.1974: Agrostis alpina, Valeriana polytrichus (1.2), Dianthus sternbergii, Crepis montana. – Rel. 15. Vajolet, 2.8.1960. – Rel. 16. jacquini, Marchantia sp., Orthothecium sp. Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1960. – Rel. 17. Civetta, 2.8.1971. – Rel. 18. Coronelle, 7.8.1971. – Rel. 19. Association Table 9.5. ADENOSTYLI Forc. Lavarella, 12.9.1978: Rhyzobotrya alpina, HERACLEETUM POLLINIANI Rel. 1. Cavaren, Draba aizoides. – Rel. 20. Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1964: 5.8.1976: Taraxacum alpinum. – Rel. 2. Pasubio, Leontodon montanus, Arenaria ciliata, Aster 14.7.1988: Campanula carnica, Sedum atratum, bellidiastrum. – Rel. 21. Valle Angheraz, s.d.: Sesleria Rubus idaeus, Trisetum argenteum, Dryopteris albicans, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga caesia, villarsii. – Rel. 3. Pavione 29.7.1972. – Rel. 4. Erera, Petasites paradoxus. – Rel. 22. Rosengarten, 2.8.1975: Achillea millefolium, Lathyrus pratensis, 1–3.8.1962: Saxifraga facchinii, Saxifraga oppositi- Vicia sylvatica, Hypericum perforatum, Centaurea folia. – Rel. 23. Nuvolau, 25.7.1978. – Rel. 24. Pian triumfetti. – Rel. 5. Vette Grandi, 17.8.1975. – Rel. dei Fiacconi, 1.8.1970: Arabis coerulea. – Rel. 25. 6. Vette Grandi, 17.8.1975: Lotus corniculatus, Passo Santner, 5.8.1979: Minuartia sedoides, Bryum Thesium rostratum. – Rel. 7. Erera, 2.8.1976: Viola sp. – Rel. 26. Passo Santner, 5.8.1979: Saxifraga biflora, Tofieldia calyculata, Pedicularis verticillata, androsacea, Arenaria biflora, Minuarta sedoides Luzula sieberi, Pulsatilla alpina ssp. sulphurea. – Rel. (1.2), Saxifraga oppositifolia, Toninia cfr. albida, 8. Erera, 2.8.1976. – Rel. 9. Vette Grandi, 18.8.1975: Bryum sp. – Rel. 27. Passo di Lausa, 15.8.1979. – Koeleria eriostachya. – Rel. 10. Vette Grandi, Rel. 28. Collac, 17.8.1979: Veronica aphylla. – Rel. 27.8.1976: Gypsophila repens, Agropyron caninum, 29. Clapsavon, 8.1967: Taraxacum alpinum, Petasites Saxifraga rotundifolia, Stellaria nemorum (2.2), Gera- paradoxus, Veronica aphylla, Aster bellidiastrum.– nium phaeum. – Rel. 11. Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974: Rel. 30. Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1961. – Rel. 31. Cirsium spinosissimum, Salix waldsteiniana, Trifo- Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1963. – Rel. 32. Rosengarten, lium pallescens, Polygonum viviparum. – Rel. 12. 1–3.8.1960. – Rel. 33. Rosengarten, 1–3.8.1963: Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974: Trifolium pallescens, Polyg- Doronicum glaciale. – Rel. 34. Cristallo, 13.7.1977. onum viviparum. – Rel. 13. Monte Mondo, 3.8.1976: – Rel. 35. Cristallo, 13.7.1977. – Rel. 36. Cristallo, Sesleria caerulea, Alchemilla sp. – Rel. 14. 13.7.1977: Androsace hausmanii, Arabis cfr. Monsampiano, 2.8.1976: Pedicularis rostrato-capitata, vochinensis. – Rel. 37. Sief Sattel, 20.7.1978: Trifo- Rhinanthus aristatus (2.1), Saxifraga paniculata, lium thalii (1.2), Tussilago farfara. – Rel. 38. Castello Myosotis alpestris, Carduus defloratus, Thymus di Fanes, 13.9.1978. – Rel. 39. Cinque Torri, polytrichus. – Rel. 15. Vette Grandi, 3.7.1996: Gera- 21.7.1977: Kernera saxatilis, Cystopteris alpina, Poa nium sylvaticum (2.2), Chenopodium bonus henricus, cfr. nemoralis (1.3), Urtica dioica. – Rel. 40. Forcella Senecio alpinus, Taraxacum officinale, Epilobium d. Uomo, 3.7.1975: Thalictrum foetidum, Festuca montanum, Alchemilla gr. vulgaris, Trifolium alpestre norica, Aconitum napellus. – Rel. 41. Klein–Fanes, (1.1), Geum urbanum, Poa pratensis, Festuca cfr. Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) 409 rubra, Daphne mezereum, Phleum alpinum, Avenula 10. Pavione, 8.7.1975. – Rel. 11. Vette Grandi, versicolor, Trollius europaeus, Anemone narcissiflora, 2.7.1975. – Rel. 12. Cavaren, 5.8.1976. – Rel. 13. Leontodon hispidus. Pavione, 20.7.1974. – Rel. 14. Cavaren, 18.8.1975. – Rel. 15. Vette Grandi, 2.8.1975: Crepis kerneri, Association Table 9.6. CORTUSETUM Hieracium villosum, Adenostyles glabra (1.2), MATTHIOLII Rel. 1. Pavione, 25.7.1971: Poa Bupleurum petraeum. – Rel. 16. Cima Undici, alpina, Veronica aphylla, Pedicularis verticillata, 2.7.1975: Petrocallis pyrenaica 1.3. – Rel. 17. Busa Achillea oxyloba, Taraxacum officinale, Anemone delle Vette, 3.8.1976: on screes with blocks ca. 15 cm narcissiflora, Pedicularis recutita, Salix glabra, diam. and long snowcover. – Rel. 18. Cavaren, Hypericum montanum, Saxifraga androsacea, Galium 18.8.1975: Myosotis sylvatica, Achillea clavennae.– anisophyllum, Saxifraga sedoides, Ranunculus Rel. 19. Dal Piaz, 1.8.1976: Acinos alpinus, Trifolium alpestris, Anemone baldensis, Athyrium filix–foemina. pratense, Trifolium thalii. – Rel. 20. Busa delle Vette, – Rel. 2. Agner, 9.7.1979: Lonicera alpigena, 3.8.1976 (lpng snowcover): Oxytropis montana, Pinguicula alpina, Aposeris foetida, Betonica Anemone baldensis (1.1), Bupleurum ranunculoides alopecurus ssp. jacquinii, Hepatica nobilis, r. – Rel. 21. Pavione, 29.7.1974: Taraxacum alpinum, Horminum pyrenaicum, Cardamine ennaeaphyllos, Senecio doronicum. – Rel. 22. Cavaren, 5.8.1976 Gymnocarpium robertianum, Homalothecium (steep bot relatively stable scree, with successione sericeum. – Rel. 3. Rifugio Boz, 30.6.1988: Soldanella towards Seslerio–Caricetum sempervirentis): alpina, Soldanella minima, Dryopteris villarsii, Hieracium bifidum, Thymus cfr. alpigenus. Veronica urticifolia, Valeriana tripteris, Alchemilla xanthochlora, Alnus viridis, Ctenidium molluscum.– Association Table 9.8. FESTUCO PULCHELLAE– Rel. 4. Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974: Ranunculus CARICETUM DOLOMITICAE Rel. 1. Fanes Pic- lanuginosus, Sesleria sphaerocephala, Poa nemoralis colo, 13.9.1978. – Rel. 2. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977. (1.2), muschi indet. 3.3. – Rel. 5. Vette Grandi, – Rel. 3. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977. – Rel. 4. Fanes 3.7.1996: Campanula carnica, Alchemilla subcrenata. Piccolo, 13.9.1978. – Rel. 5. Forcella Piccola, – Rel. 6. Casera Erera, 2.8.1975: Parnassia palustris, 27.7.1977: Salix alpina, Silene acaulis, Carex firma, Carduus carlinaefolius. – Rel. 7. Casera Erera, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Phyteuma sieberi, Sesleria 2.8.1975: Taraxacum alpinum, Geranium sylvaticum. shaerocephala. – Rel. 6. Moiazza, 16.7.1979. – Rel. – Rel. 8. Casera Erera, 2.8.1975: Laserpitium 7. Moiazza, 16.7.1979: Linum catharticum, Aquilegia peucedanoides, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Gym- einseleana, Carex ornithopoda, Helianthemum nadenia conopsea, Homogyne alpina. – Rel. 9. Vette alpestre +.3. – Rel. 8. Moschesin, 13.7.1988: Tofieldia Grandi, 2.7.1996: Biscutella laevigata, Hieracium calyculata, Adenostyles glabra, Carex ornithopoda, bifidum, Thymus alpigenus, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Erica carnea, Hieracium glaucum, Polygala apiifolia, Thalictrum minus, Carduus defloratus, forojulensis, Pinus mugo, Horminum pyrenaicum, Phyteuma orbiculare, Ranunculus seguieri, Juncus Ranunculus hybridus. monanthos. – Rel. 10. Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974: Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Daphne mezereum, Association Table 9.9. ADENOSTYLETUM Leucanthemum heterophyllum. GLABRAE Rel. 1. Val Antermont, 4.7.1987: Ranun- culus venetus (1.1), Hutchinsia alpina, Mosses indet. – Association Table 9.7. THLASPIDI-ALYSSETUM Rel. 2. Rif. Bergamo, 25.7.1986: Carex ferruginea.– OVIRENSIS Rel. 1. Monsampiano, 2.8.1976. – Rel. Rel. 3. Val Antermont, 4.7.1987: Daphne mezereum, 2. Pavione, 1.8.1975: Phyteuma orbiculare. – Rel. Carex ferruginea, Ranunculus venetus (1.1), 3. Vette Grandi, 2.7.1975. – Rel. 4. Busa delle Vette, Soldanella alpina (1.1), Alchemilla cfr. glabra.– 11.8.1975. – Rel. 5. Vette Grandi, 31.8.1974. – Rel. Rel. 4. Popera. 18.8.1983: Saxifraga stellaris (1.3), 6. Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974. – Rel. 7. Vette Grandi, Campanula scheuchzeri, Salix glabra, Marchantia 27.8.1974: Festuca alpina. – Rel. 8. Vette Grandi, sp., Petasites albus, Muschi indet. – Rel. 5. Cinque 27.8.1974. – Rel. 9. Vette Grandi, 17.8.1975. – Rel. Torri, 21.7.1977: Hutchinsia alpina, Saxifraga 410 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species sedoides, Deschampsia caespitosa Conocephalum Association Table 9.10a. PETASITETUM conicum, Mosses indet. – Rel. 6. Popera, 18.8.1983: PARADOXI Rel. 1. Falzarego, 17.7.1977. – Rel. Achillea atrata, Arctostaphylos alpina, Asplenium 2. Dolomitenhu¨tte (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Acinos viride, Dryopteris filix–mas, Marchantia sp., alpinus, Anthylls vulneraria subsp. alpestris, Euphor- Gymnocarpium robertianum, Bartsia alpina, Salix bia cyparissias, Kernera saxatilis, Poa alpina, Poa glabra (1.2), Festuca cfr. norica, Minuartia austriaca, cfr. caesia, Prunella grandiflora, Ranunculus Campanula scheuchzeri, Leontodon hispidus, Crepis montanus, Salix purpurea, Solidago virgaurea, kerneri, Juncus monanthos, Homogyne discolor, Tussilago farfara. – Rel. 3. Tschamin, agosto 1986: Valeriana saxatilis, Parnassia palustris, Muschi Asplenium viride, Cirsium spinosissimum, Saxifraga indet. – Rel. 7. Rif. Bergamo, 25.7.1986: Juncus caesia, Silene quadridentata, Veronica aphylla. – Rel. monanthos (1.2), Achillea oxyloba, Taraxacum 4. Lavaredo, 16.8.1983: Carduus defloratus, alpinum, Campanula scheuchzeri, Festuca nigricans, Deschampsia caespitosa, Helianthemum alpestre, Carex ferruginea, Salix retusa, Hieracium bifidum, Poa alpina, Polygonum viviparum, Salix alpina, Soldanella alpina. – Rel. 8. Rif. Comici, 11.8.1987: Salix appendiculata, Saxifraga aizoides, Sesleria Achillea oxyloba (1.1), Taraxacum alpinum, sphaerocephala, Thesium alpinum,Viola biflora.– Minuartia verna, Armeria alpina, Pedicularis Rel. 5. M. Croce di Comelico/Kreuzberg, 12.8.1983. rostrato–capitata, Carex ferruginea, Saxifraga – Rel. 6. Rolle, Baita Segantini, 16.7.1985: Doronicum sedoides, Alchemilla cfr. glabra (2.1). – Rel. grandiflorum, Hutchinsia alpina, Polygonum 9. Friedrich–August Weg, 4.7.1987: Minuartia viviparum, Saxifraga aizoides, Tussilago farfara, austriaca, Sesleria sphaerocephala, Festuca norica, Veronica aphylla. – Rel. 7. Gardeccia, 21.8.1979: Salix retusa, Aster bellidiastrum, Minuartia verna, Anthylls vulneraria subsp. alpestris, Campanula Ranunculus hybridus, Achillea clavennae, Hieracium scheuchzeri, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Festuca bifidum, Salix foetida. – Rel. 10. Agner, 18.7.1979: rubra, Kernera saxatilis, Rhinanthus minor, Salix Festuca alpestris, Peucedanum raiblense, Hypericum appendiculata, Salix eleagnos, Salix purpurea, maculatum, Geranium robertianum. – Rel. 11. Saxifraga squarrosa, Taraxacum officinale. – Rel. Moiazza, 16.7.1979: Campanula caespitosa, 8. Val Angheraz, 28.7.1979: Aster bellidiastrum, Parnassia palustris, Valeriana saxatilis, Paederota Betula pendula, Erica carnea, Fagus sylvatica, bonarota. – Rel. 12. Monte Cavallo, 26.7.1975: Festuca alpina, Horminum pyrenaicum, Juncus Saxifraga aizoides, Achillea clavennae, Linum monanthos, Larix europea, Pinguicula alpina, Pinus alpinum, Pedicularis verticillata, Festuca violacea, mugo, Ranunculus montanus, Rosa pendulina, Salix Festuca cfr. rupicola (1.1), Carex ornithopoda, caprea, Sorbus aucuparia, Tofieldia calyculata, Viola Bartsia alpina, Bupleurum petraeum. – Rel. 13. biflora. – Rel. 9. Gardeccia, 3.8.1960: Campanula Monte Cavallo, 26.7.1975: Achillea clavennae (1.2), scheuchzeri, Carduus defloratus, Poa alpina, Koeleria Thymus alpigenus (1.2), Saxifraga aizoides, Dianthus sp., Solidago virgaurea, Sedum atratum, Salix retusa, sternbergii, Cerastium carinthiacum, Pimpinella Arenaria serpyllifolia, Minuartia verna, Salix alpestiris, Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Pedicularis appendiculata, Draba cfr. dubia, Salix purpurea, rostrato–capitata, Linum catharticum, Laserpitium Gentiana verna. – Rel. 10. Below Sass Pordoi, peucedanoides, Lotus corniculatus, Rhinanthus 8.8.1960: Saxifraga aizoides, Festuca pumila. freynii. – Rel. 14. Pla¨tzwiese, Altprags, 12.8.1983: Minuartia verna, Poa supina, Euphrasia Poa nemoralis, Lotus corniculatus, Astragalus salisburgensis, Hieracium bifidum, Acinos alpinus, glycyphyllus, Veronica chamaedrys, Fragaria vesca, Senecio abrotanifolius, Anemone baldensis, Draba Hieracium bifidum, Silene saxifraga (1.2) Euphrasia aizoides, Silene alpestris, Laserpitium peucedanoides. salisburgensis, Aster bellidiastrum, Carex firma, – Rel. 11. Passo Tre Croci, 13.7.1977: Avenula Carex ornithopoda, Phyteuma orbiculare, Picea praeusta, Carduus defloratus, Carex mucronata, abies (pl.), Luzula albida var. rubella, Epilobium Carex sempervirens, Crepis froelichiana, Festuca montanum, Homogyne alpina, Moehringia muscosa, norica, Gentiana verna, Gentianella germanica, Clematis alpina, Gymnocarpium robertianum. Helianthemum alpestre, Helianthemum nummularium, Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) 411 subsp. grandiflorum, Minuartia verna, Myosotis 18.8.2005: Veronica chamaedrys, Geum urbanum, alpestris, Phyteuma orbiculare, Polygala alpestre, Galeopsis ladanum, Luzula sieberi, Peucedanum Muschi indet. – Rel. 12. Val Lunga, 1.7.1987: verticillare, Aconitum paniculatum, Rumex cfr. Carduus carlinaefolius, Carex capillaris, Carex obtusifolius, Dryopteris dilata. firma, Carex mucronata, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Gentiana nivalis, Larix decidua, Linum catharticum, Association Table 9.11. LEONTODONTI Picea abies, Poa alpina, Polygala alpestre, Salix BERINII–CHONDRILLETUM reticulata, Tofieldia calyculata, Veronica aphylla, Veronica fruticans, Dicranum sp. Tortella tortuosa, Var. a Hippophae rhamnoides Rel. 1. Greto del Bryum sp. Piave a S. Giustina, 6.VIII.1993: Frangula alnus, Epilobium hirsutum, Erigeron annuus, Gypsophila Association Table 9.10b. PIONEER VEGETA- muralis, Agrostis stolonifera. – Rel. 2. Greto del TION ON ACID SUBSTRATES Piave a S. Giustina, 6.VIII.1993: Salix purpurea, Galium mollugo, Calamagrostis epigejos. Tussilago farfara Community and Petasites albus Community (all Rel. in Osttirol) Rel. 1. Above Var. a Achnatherum calamagrostis Rel. 3. Along Thal, 18.8.2005: Rubus idaeus (pl.). – Rel. 2. Above the river Piave at S. Giustina, 6.8.1993: Sanguisorba Thal, 18.8.2005: Poa annua. – Rel. 3. Pustertal minor. – Rel. 4. Along the river Piave at S. Giustina, ob. Penzensdorf, 16.9.05. – Rel. 4. Wilfernertal, 6.8.1993: Artemisia campestris, Teucrium montanum, 17.8.02: Rumex cfr. obtusifolius, Taraxacum Prunella grandiflora, Centaurea scabiosa, Rorippa gr. officinale. – Rel. 5. Pustertal ob. Penzensdorf, sp., Cleistogenes serotina, Koeleria macrostachya.– 16.9.05: Plantago major, Trifolium repens, Cerastium Rel. 5. Along the river Piave at S. Giustina, su terrazzo holosteoides, Poa annua, Myosotis scorpioides, stabilizzato sabbioso 1.5 m sopra il fiume, 6.8.1993: Juncus articulatus, Prunella vulgaris, Veronica Galium verum, Pimpinella saxifraga (1.1), Echium fruticans, Sagina saginoides, Senecio vulgaris, Carex vulgare, Lotus corniculatus, Salvia pratensis, cfr. nigra. – Rel. 6. Pustertal ob. Penzensdorf, 16.9.05: Medicago falcata, Erigeron annuus, Agrostis Cirsium palustre. – Rel. 7. Pustertal ob. Penzensdorf, stolonifera, Hippocrepis comosa, Hypericum 16.9.05: Taraxacum gr. officinale, Trifolium repens, perforatum, Artemisia campestris (1.1), Prunella Phleum pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Cerastium grandiflora, Centaurea scabiosa (1.1), Brachypodium holosteoides, Impatiens parviflora, Trisetum caespitosum. – Rel. 6. Saccomodan, 18.7.1978: flavescens, Senecio nemorensis, Stachys sylvatica, Parnassia palustris, Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. Anthemis cfr. austriaca. – Rel. 8. Pustertal 7. Fadalto, 30.6.1987: Asperula purpurea, Ostrya ob. Penzensdorf, 16.9.05: Peucedanum verticillare, carpinifolia (1.1), Salix appendiculata, Fraxinus Thelypteris phegopteris. – Rel. 9. Above Thal, ornus, Frangula alnus, Pinus sylvestris, Asplenium 18.8.2005: Galeopsis speciosa, Phleum pratense, ruta muraria, Hieracium bifidum, Amelanchier ovalis, Dactylis glomerata, Impatiens parviflora, Prenanthes Salix eleagnos (+). – Rel. 8. Desedan, 13.8.1975: purpurea, Impatiens noli–tangere, Plantago major.– Molinia coerulea (1.2), Eupatorium cannabinum Rel. 10. Pustertal ob. Penzensdorf, 16.9.05: Poa (1.2), Angelica sylvestris, Tofieldia calyculata, nemoralis, Equisetum palustre, Mycelis muralis, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Parnassia palustris, Viola Cardamine impatiens. – Rel. 11. Above Thal, biflora, Potentilla erecta, Salix caprea. – Rel. 18.8.2005: Thelypteris phegopteris, Luzula sieberi, 9. Saccomodan, 19.7.1978: Parnassia palustris, Galeospsis speciosa, Oxalis acetosella, Aster Carex ornithopoda, Aster bellidiastrum, Teucrium bellidiastrum. – Rel. 12. Above Thal, 18.8.2005: Sene- montanum, Saxifraga squarrosa, Carex firma, Carex cio nemorensis, Sorbus aucuparia. – Rel. 13. Above cfr. brachystachys, Hieracium gr. glaucum, Pinus Thal, 18.8.2005: Aconitum paniculatum, Viola biflora, mugo, Pinus sylvestris, Salix glabra, Euphorbia Silene pusilla. – Rel. 14. Above Thal, 18.8.2005: kerneri (1.1). – Rel. 10. Caiada, 13.8.1975: Leontodon Dryopteris dilatata. – Rel. 15. Above Thal, incanus, Petasites albus, Molinia coerulea, Asperula 412 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species cynanchica, Salix triandra, Inula ensifolia, Picea Valeriana montana, Cerastium carinthiacum, excelsa, Populus tremula, Galium verum, Pinus Asplenium viride, Dryopteris robertiana, Cystopteris nigra, Adenophora liliifolia. regia, Sedum album, Carex ferruginea, Adenostyles glabra, Hepatica nobilis, Pedicularis elongata.–Rel. Association Table 9.12. FESTUCETUM 10. Cereda, 23.7.1979: Trisetum argenteum, Valeriana SPECTABILIS Rel. 1. Pian delle Fugazze, montana, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, 14.7.1988: Rubus idaeus (2.3), Hypericum perforatum, Dryopteris robertiana, Cystopteris fragilis, Juncus Geranium robertianum, Galium anisophyllum, Cirsium monanthos, Lotus corniculatus, Myosotis alpestris, erisithales, Valeriana tripteris, Digitalis lutea, Cycla- Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Viola biflora, Polygonum men purpurascens, Fragaria vesca, Trisetum viviparum, Galium anisophyllum, Polygala alpestre, argenteum. – Rel. 2. Tovanella, ?.8.1974: Asplenium Scabiosa lucida, Ranunculus acris, Geranium ruta-muraria, Asplenium trichomanes, Hieracium robertianum, Trifolium nivale, Horminum pyrenaicum, sylvaticum, Pinus sylvestris, Corylus avellana, Carex Euphrasia cfr. rostkoviana, Moehringia muscosa.–Rel. ornithopoda, Sedum album (1.2), Galium mollugo 11. Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Cytisus hirsutus, Brachypodium (1.2), Galium rubrum, Coronilla emeroides, Arabis caespitosum (1.2), Galium lucidum, Anthyllis hirsuta, Valeriana tripteris, Dryopteris robertiana.– carpathica, Knautia sylvatica, Hieracium bifidum, Rel. 3. Carbonin, 12.8.1983: Brunella grandiflora, Silene nutans, Asperula purpurea, Helianthemum Vicia cracca, Rhinanthus aristatus, Galium grandiflorum, Orobanche sp., Campanula barbata, anisophyllum. – Rel. 4. Saccomodan, 19.7.1978: Thesium linophyllum, Thalictrum aquilegifolium, Rubus saxatilis, Arctostaphylos alpina (1.2), Pinus Thalictrum minus, Origanum vulgare, Solidago sylvestris, Cirsium erisithales. – Rel. 5. Soffranco, virgaurea, Lotus corniculatus, Pedicularis elongata, 25.6.1988: Geranium robertianum, Asplenium Sorbus aria, Allium sp., Knautia persicina, Linum ruta–muraria (1.2), Genista tinctoria, Fraxinus ornus, viscosum, Myrrhis odorata (1.2), Scabiosa dubia. Hieracium bifidum, Saxifraga hostii, Gymnocarpium robertianum, Dianthus sylvestris, Erysimum odoratum. Association Table 9.13. VITALIANO– – Rel. 6. Val Canzoi, 30.6.1988: Galium anisophyllum, ERITRICHIETUM NANI Rel. 1. Creipa Neigra, Lotus alpinus (1.2), Sedum album, Rhinanthus aristatus 25.7.1986: conglomerato. – Rel. 2. Creipa Neigra, (1.1), Geranium robertianum, Cerastium arvense, 25.7.1986: tufi. – Rel. 3. Vial del Pan, 28.8.1971: Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium pratense, Gentiana clusii, tufi; Trifolium thalii, Cystopteris regia. – Rel. 4. Col Helianthemum nummularium subsp. obscurum, Carex Rodella, 3.7.1974: tufi; Leontopodium alpinum, Erig- mucronata, Ranunculus oreophilus, Asperula aristata, eron alpinus, Festuca alpina, Anthyllis vulneraria Hippocrepis comosa, Cyclamen purpurascens, Koeleria subsp. alpestris. – Rel. 5. Col Rodella, 3.7.1987: strati eryostachya, Arabis pauciflora, Thesium rostratum, di La Valle; Festuca quadriflora. – Rel. 6. Buffaure, Pimpinella alpestris (1.1), Linum alpinum ssp. julicum. 7.8.1979: tufi, ghiaia; Saxifraga squarrosa, Doroni- – Rel. 7. Pirkach (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Fraxinus ornus cum glaciale (2.2), Androsace obtusifolia, Cirsium (1.1), Berberis vulgaris, Amelanchier ovalis, Ostrya spinosissimum, Homogyne alpina, Anemone carpinifolia, Cotoneaster tomentosa, Sorbus aria, baldensis. – Rel. 7. Vial del Pan, 30.7.1971: tufi; Scabiosa gramuntia (1.1), Origanum vulgare, Festuca Doronicum glaciale. – Rel. 8. Creipa Negra, gr. rubra (2.2), Melilotus alba, Verbascum thapsus, 17.8.1979: tufi; Thesium alpinum, Potentilla crantzii, Hieracium bifidum, Sedum album, Arabis hirsuta, Cystopteris regia, epatica indet., muschio indet. 1.2. – Ajuga pyramidalis, Lathyrus pratensis, Veronica Rel. 9. Sass d’Adam, 7.8.1979: tufi; Erigeron alpinus, fruticans, Galium verum, Mycelis muralis, Erigeron Sedum atratum. – Rel. 10. Passo delle Selle, acer. 29.7.1970: on monzonite; Saxifraga facchinii, Euphrasia salisburgensis, Gentiana tenella, Draba Felsenheide Rel. 8. Dolada, 28.7.1975: Festuca fladnizensis. – Rel. 11. Creipa Neigra, 17.8.1979: alpina, Tussilago farfara, Geranium robertianum, tufi; Leontodon pyrenaicus, Anemone sulphurea, Achillea nobilis, Festuca gr. violacea, Silene nutans, Avenella flexuosa, Helianthemum alpestre. – Rel. 12. Cerastium arvense. – Rel. 9. Agner, 26.7.1979: Col Rodella, 3.7.1974: on tufa; Oxytropis cfr. Releve´s to “Plant Life on Dolomitic and Calcareous Scree” (Chap. 9 in Vol. 1) 413 montana, Minuartia sedoides, Cetraria islandica, Rel. 31. Sass d’Adam, 7.8.1979: tufa; Avenula Festuca alpina (1.2). – Rel. 13. Col del Cuc, praeusta, Euphrasia hirtella, Helianthemum alpestre 3.7.1987: on tufa; Gentiana orbicularis, Achillea (1.2), Toninia sp., Mosses indet. 1.2. – Rel. 32. Sass clavennae, Cerastium pedunculatum, Polytrichum d’Adam, 7.8.1979: tufa; Woodsia alpina, Polygonum alpinum. – Rel. 14. Creipa Neigra, 25.7.1986: parete viviparum (1.1), Cystopteris cfr. dickeana, Draba lavica; Luzula lutea, Galium anisophyllum, dubia, Cetraria aculeata. – Rel. 33. Buffaure, Umbilicaria cylindrica. – Rel. 15. Passo delle Selle, 7.8.1979: augite, tufa; Primula minima, Euphrasia 29.7.1970: monzonite; Minuartia sedoides, Oxytropis minima, Euphrasia hirtella. – Rel. 34. Monzoni, campestris 1.2. – Rel. 16. Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: 29.7.1970: on monzonite, ghiaia fine; Saxifraga monzonite; Sedum atratum, Oxytropis campestris, aizoides, Saxifraga androsacea, Papaver rhaeticum, Saxifraga squarrosa. – Rel. 17. Creipa Neigra, Ranunculus glacialis, Polygonum viviparum, 25.7.1986: sfasciume lavico; Campanula scheuchzeri Pedicularis rostrato–capitata, Dryas octopetala (hirsute!). – Rel. 18. Col Rodella, 3.7.1987: on lava; (2.3), Salix reticulata (2.2), Gentiana verna, Arenaria Hieracium piliferum, Festuca quadriflora, biflora. – Rel. 35. Vial del Pan, 28.8.1971: tufa; Stereocaulon alpinum, muschi indet. – Rel. 19. Passo Hieracium piliferum, Veronica bellidifolia, delle Selle, 29.7.1970: on monzonite; Cladonia Gentianella nivalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, rangiferina, Luzula spicata. – Rel. 20. Passo delle Loiseleuria procumbens. – Rel. 36. Col Rodella, Selle, 29.7.1970: on monzonite; Festuca quadriflora. 11.8.1979: tufa in solifluction; Saxifraga sedoides, – Rel. 21. Creipa Neigra, 17.8.1979: tufa; Potentilla Oxyria digyna, Gentiana terglouensis, Pedicularis crantzii. – Rel. 22. Col Rodella, 11.8.1979: tufa, kerneri, Anthyllis alpestris, Alectoria ochroleuca, soliflussione; Anemone baldensis, Festuca quadriflora Moss indet. 3.4. – Rel. 37. Sass d’Adam, 7.8.1979: (1.2), Achillea clavennae, Helianthemum alpestre tufa; Saxifraga aspera, Festuca alpina, Polygonum (1.2), Pedicularis rostrato–capitata (1.1), Oxytropis viviparum, Primula minima, Minuartia sedoides, Erig- cfr. montana (1.2), Ctenidium molluscum. – Rel. 23. eron alpinus, Euphrasia minima, Umbilicaria Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: on monzonite; cylindrica (1.2), Cetraria islandica, Cladonia Androsace alpina, Saxifraga facchinii, Oxytropis pyxidata, epatica indet. campestris, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cetraria aculeata. – Rel. 24. Col Rodella, 7.8.1987: strati di La Valle; Association Table 9.14. GEO–ARTEMISIETUM Festuca quadriflora. – Rel. 25. Passo delle Selle, GENIPI Rel. 1. Latemar, 23.7.1986: lava with soli- 29.7.1970: monzonite; Alectoria ochroleuca, fluction; Minuartia verna, Poa minor. – Rel. 2. Latemar, Oxytropis campestris. – Rel. 26. Vial del Pan, 23.7.1986: on metamorphosate lava sediments; Poten- 28.8.1971: tufa; Avenula praeusta, Festuca alpina, tilla nitida, Leontodon montanus, Arabis pumila.–Rel. Polygonum viviparum, Androsace alpina, Cerastium 3. Latemar, Forc. below Stalla dei Camosci, 23.7.1986: uniflorum, Thlaspi rotundifolium, Leucanthemopsis lava on dolomite; Trisetum distichophyllum, Saxifraga alpina, Geum reptans. – Rel. 27. Col Rodella, sedoides 1.2. – Rel. 4. Col del Cuc (Vial del Pan), 3.7.1987: La Valle; Festuca quadriflora 1.1. – Rel. 7.7.1987: Agrostis alpestris, Mosses indeterm. – Rel. 28. Passo Marghen (Gruppo dei Lagorai), 15.7.1982: 5. Col del Cuc, 7.7.1987: Ranunculus montanus, Salix porfido; Luzula lutea, Papaver cfr. kerneri, Hieracium reticulata, Oxytropis jacquinii, Lloydia serotina.–Rel. cfr. alpinum, Pedicularis kerneri, Doronicum 6. Col del Cuc, 7.7.1987: Draba hoppeana. – Rel. 7. Col grandiflorum, Leucanthemopsis alpina, Viola biflora, del Cuc, 7.7.1987: Sedum alpestre. – Rel. 8. Col del Silene pumilio, Euphrasia salisburgensis. – Rel. 29. Cuc, 7.7.1987: Polygonum viviparum, Peltigera sp., Forcella Cadini, 15.7.1982: porfido; Silene pumilio, Phyteuma globulariifolium. – Rel. 9. Col del Cuc, Pedicularis kerneri, Salix herbacea, Androsace 7.7.1987: Phyteuma globulariifolium, Leucanthemopsis multiflora, Alectoria ochroleuca, Cetraria islandica, alpina, Antennaria carpathica, Salix retusa (2.2), Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 30. above Forra dei Minuartia recurva, Luzula alpino–pilosa, Gentiana Lagorai, 15.7.1986: porfirite; Androsace multiflora, orbicularis, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Peltigera sp., Umbilicaria cylindrica (1.2), Cladonia rangiferina.– Cetraria nivalis, Thamnolia vermicularis, Cetraria 414 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species islandica, Stereocaulon alpinum, Polytrichum sp., Chaerophyllum villarsii, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. Cladonia pyxidata. – Rel. 10. Latemar, 23.7.1986: on apiifolia, Arnica montana, Hypochoeris uniflora, dolomite rocks and lava; Draba tomentosa. Cerastium holosteoides, Vaccinium myrtillus, Geum montanum, Campanula barbata, Cirsium erisithales. – Rel. 3. Cavallino, 18.8.1981: Agrostis rupestris, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands Luzula sudetica, Saxifraga paniculata, Primula on Limestones and Dolomites” minima, Cirsium spinosissimum, Solidago virgaurea (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) subsp. alpestris, Cerastium cerastioides, Leucorchis albida, Campanula barbata – Rel. 4. Col Becher, Association Table 10.1. SESLERIO–CARICETUM 18.8.1970: Myrrhis odorata, Salix arbuscula. SEMPERVIRENTIS Deschampsia caespitosa, Luzula campestris. – Rel. Note—This is the association with the most elevate 5. Collac (Crepa Neigra), 25.7.1986: Ligusticum degree of frequence, polymorphism and richness in the mutellinoies, Primula veris, Alchemilla gr. glabra, vegetation of the Dolomites. Here 126 rel. are Geum montanum, Arnica montana. – Rel. 6. Passo recorded. They are distributed into six distinct delle Selle, 29.7.1970: Campanula barbata, Phyteuma sub-units (one of them with two variants): the general cfr. charmelioides, Gentianella germanica, Pulsatilla number of the association (Association Table 10.1)is vernalis, Salix alpina, Knautia longifolia, Hypocheris repeated in the titles of all units, which are distinct by uniflora, Coeloglossum viride, Leontodon pyrenaicus, the letters a–b–c–d–e–f. This treatment is more Hieracium hoppeanum, Erigeron uniflorus, Veronica advanced (and slightly differing from) as the text in bellidioides, Arnica montana, Geum montanum (1.1), Vol. 1, where the subass. a and c are included in b, and Euphrasia alpina, Gentiana punctata, Gentiana f is included in e. In the final table (10.1f) the follow- kochiana. ing units are recognized: 10.1a. Subass with Festuca norica (rel. 1–6) 10.1b. Subass. with Selaginella-Homogyne, 10.1b. Subass. with Selaginella-Homogyne, wide- the Widespread Aspect (rel. 7–33): Rel. spread (rel. 7–33) 7. Zochenpass, 16.7.1976: Plantago montana, Salix 10.1c. Subass. with Selaginella-Homogyne with retusa, Homogyne discolor, Veronica aphylla, Carex ornithopoda (rel. 34–46) Ligusticum mutellinoides, Potentilla aurea, 10.1d. Subass. with Euphrasia salisburgensis (rel. Alchemilla sp. – Rel. 8. Rif. Genova, 14.8.1987: 47–85) Pinguicula alpina, Salix alpina, Avenula versicolor 10.1e. Subass. ericetosum (rel. 86–126) (1.1), Ranunculus carinthiacus, Salix reticulata, variant with Carex firma and Carex mucronata Vaccinium gaultherioides. – Rel. 9. Faloria, variant with Linum catharticum 19.7.1977: Homogyne discolor, Valeriana saxatilis, 10.1f. Subass. with Poa alpina, Synthesis (rel. Vaccinium gaultherioides, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, 122–126) Arctostaphylos alpina, Larix decidua, Luzula sieberi, 10.1a. Subass. with Festuca norica (rel. 1–6) Rel. Cladonia sylvatica, Cladonia endiviaefolia. – Rel. 10. 1. Forcella d. Uomo, 3.8.1975: Coeloglossum viride, Faloria, 19.7.1977: Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Pulsatilla alpina, Campanula barbata, Salix glabra, Coeloglossum viride, Arabis corymbiflora, Luzula Geranium sylvaticum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Knautia sieberi, Festuca pulchella, Veronica fruticans. – Rel. longifolia, Viola hirta, Solidago virgaurea, Teucrium 11. Antelao (Forcella Piccola), 27.7.1977: Homogyne montanum, Lilium carniolicum, Luzula sieberi, discolor, (1.1), Coeloglossum viride, Pulsatilla alpina, Avenula versicolor, Bromus erectus, Aposeris foetida. Soldanella minima, Thymus polytrichus (1.2), Arabis – Rel. 2. Roda di Vael, Rif. Paolina, 22.8.1979: corymbiflora, Achillea oxyloba, Dianthus sternbergii. Achillea millefolium, Deschampsia caespitosa, Luzula – Rel. 12. Monte Piano, 27.7.1978: Nardus stricta, sudetica, Avenula versicolor, Alchemilla glaucescens, Homogyne discolor (1.1), Geum montanum, Arnica Festuca varia, Salix alpina, Phleum alpinum, Luzula montana, Pulsatilla vernalis (1.1), Potentilla aurea albida subsp. rubella, Nardus stricta, Leontodon (1.1), Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Leontodon helveticus, Geranium sylvaticum, Knautia longifolia, pyrenaicus (1.1), Armeria alpina, Coeloglossum Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) 415 viride, Leucorchis albida, Campanula barbata. – Rel. Coldai, 8.8.1970: Minuartia sedoides. Leontodon 13. Colle Barbolada, 3.8.1960: Antennaria dioica, hispidus (1.1), Carum carvi, Carex atrata, Phleum Rhododendron ferrugineum, Tofieldia calyculata, alpinum (1.1), Achillea cfr. stricta, Carex capillaris Pulsatilla vernalis, Arctostaphylos alpina (1.2). – subsp. minima, Knautia longifolia, Hypochoeris Rel. 14. Colle Barbolada, 3.8.1960: Antennaria dioica, uniflora, Rhinanthus aristatus fo. subalpinus, Juncus Arnica montana, Campanula barbata, Cirsium acaule, jacquini, Myrrhis odorata. – Rel. 28. Passo di Valles, Pulsatilla alpina. – Rel. 15. Colle Barbolada, 19.8.1970: Salix reticulata, Anemone baldensis, 3.8.1960: Pulsatilla alpina, Cladonia endiviaefolia, Crepis terglouensis, Vaccinium gaultherioides, Coeloglossum viride. – Rel. 16. Colle Barbolada, Homogyne discolor. Avenula versicolor, 3.8.1960: Salix retusa, Pulsatilla alpina, Cladonia Arctostaphylos alpina, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Veron- endiviaefolia, Pedicularis elongata x roastrato–- ica aphylla, Antennaria dioica. – Rel. 29. Coldai, capitata, Coeloglossum viride. – Rel. 17. Colle 8.8.1970: Trifolium pratense, Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Barbolada, 3.8.1960: Gentiana utriculosa, Pulsatilla Homogyne discolor (1.2), Rhododendron hirsutum alpina, Salix serpyllifolia (1.2), Avenula versicolor.– (1.2), Potentilla aurea, Solidago virga–aurea subsp. Rel. 18. Rif. Genova, 14.8.1987: Hieracium alpestris, Aposeris foetida, Dactylorchis maculata.– morisianum, Salix alpina, Avenula versicolor, Rel. 30. Lavaredo, 4.7.1971: Gentianella cfr. pumila, Pulsatilla vernalis. – Rel. 19. Sobutsch, Rif. Genova, Salix retusa, Salix serpyllifolia (1.2), Primula minima, 14.8.1987: Avenula versicolor (1.1), Erigeron alpinus, Vaccinium vitis–idaea. – Rel. 31. Lavaredo, 4.7.1971: Primula cfr. elatior, Luzula sudetica, Geum Pulsatilla vernalis, Gentianella cfr. pumila, Trifolium montanum, Arabis corymbiflora, Sagina saginoides. nivale (1.2), Valeriana montana, Salix retusa, Sedum – Rel. 20. Passo S. Antonio (Fanes), 13.9.1978: alpestre. – Rel. 32. Punta Grohmann, 6.7.1961: Cerastium avense subsp. strictum, Arabis Valeriana supina, Vaccinium gaultherioides, corymbiflora, Pulsatilla vernalis, Geum montanum, Arctostaphylos alpina, Soldanella minima, Salix Campanula barbata. – Rel. 21. Latemar, 23.7.1986: retusa, Cladonia endiviaefolia, Plagiochila sp., Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Fissidens sp. – Rel. 33. Passo Sella, 9.8.1960: Salix Saxifraga paniculata, Saussurea alpina, Campanula retusa, Valeriana montana, Salix waldsteiniana, barbata, Veronica bellidioides, Geum montanum, Veronica aphylla. Leontodon hispidus, Pulsatilla vernalis (1.1), Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, Primula halleri, Note—Here belongs also the alpine pasture where the measures discussed in “When a Plant puts on a sweater” Carex rupestris, Salix retusa, Arnica montana. (Vol. 1, p. 401–402) were carried out: GPS 46 360 65600 Rel. 22. Pampeago, 31.7.1970: Pulsatilla vernalis, N–12 170 77500 E. Gentiana kochiana, Luzula sudetica, Senecio carniolicus. – Rel. 23. Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: 10.1c. Subass. with Selaginella-Homogyne Carex rupestris, Saxifraga paniculata, Erigeron with Carex ornithopoda (rel. 34–46) Rel. 34. uniflorus, Oxytropis campestris, Potentilla nitida, Rosengarten, 3.1979: Soldanella minima, Leucorchis Hieracium villosiceps. – Rel. 24. Pampeago, albida, Valeriana saxatilis. – Rel. 35. Rif. Carducci, 31.7.1970: Trifolium montanum, Carex atrata, Carex 11.8.1987: Salix alpina (1.2), Achillea oxyloba, capillaris subsp. minima, Knautia longifolia, Asplenium viride, Viola biflora, Armeria alpina.–Rel. Hypochoeris uniflora, Achillea millefolium, 36. Lopadura–Scharte, 8.8.1985: Carex capillaris, Salix Hieracium gr. lactucella, Luzula sudetica, Thamnolia serpyllifolia, Hieracium morisianum, Alchemilla vermicularis, Cladonia rangiferina, Cetraria nivalis. flabellata, Ranunculus carinthiacus, Homogyne dis- – Rel. 25. Costabella, 20.8.1970: Agrostis tenella, color, Carex atrata. – Rel. 37. Marmarole (Forcella Androsace obtusifolia, Anemone baldensis (1.1), Baion), 21.8.1974: Primula auricula, Anthoxanthum Botrychium lunaria, Carex curvula, Erigeron odoratum, Rhinanthus aristatus, Trisetum argenteum, polymorphus, Ligusticum mutellinoides, Soldanella Polygala chamaebuxus. – Rel. 38. Marmarole (Sas de minima, Salix retusa, Streocaulon alpinum. – Rel. Bois), 21.8.1970: Salix retusa, Cerastium uniflorum, 26. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Taraxacum sp., Cerastium Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa (1.1), Valeriana arvense subsp. strictum, Veronica aphylla. – Rel. 27. saxatilis, Poa cenisia, Soldanella minima, Minuartia 416 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species sedoides, Viola biflora, Pinguicula alpina. – Rel. 39. alpestris, Anemone baldensis, Valeriana montana, Punta Gemma, 3.7.1974: Salix alpina. Anemone Deschampsia caespitosa, Koeleria eriostachya, baldensis, Ahtamanta cretensis.–Rel.40.Piandi Luzula sudetica, Carum carvi, Alchemilla Cengia, 10.8.1987: Tofieldia calyculata, Ranunculus glaucescens, Primula halleri, Hieracium lactucella, carinthiacus, Pulsatilla vernalis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Hieracium lactucella x pilosella, Leucanthemum Coeloglossum viride, Luzula sieberi. – Rel. 41. Rif. vulgare, Salix retusa, Campanula cochlearifolia, Locatelli, 12.8.1987: Ranunculus carinthiacus, Salix Taraxacum officinale. – Rel. 51. Odle, 12.8.1972: alpina (1.1), Pulsatilla vernalis, Leontodon pyrenaicus, Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum, Saxifraga Salix retusa. – Rel. 42. Forcella Maria, 11.8.1987: paniculata, Phleum alpinum, Knautia longifolia, Valeriana saxatilis, Ranunculus carinthiacus. – Rel. Gentiana utriculosa, Primula veris, Hieracium 43. Lago Piccolo (Sennes), 21.7.1979: Homogyne dis- glaberrimum, Hieracium glaciale, Pedicularis x color (1.2), Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Salix rostrato–capitata, Veronica fruticans, Hieracium cfr. alpina, Primula halleri, Arenaria ciliata, Erigeron denticulatum, Silene nutans, Erigeron neglectus, alpinus, Valeriana montana, Thymus polytrichus (1.1), Seseli libanotis, Nigritella nigra x Gymnadenia Sedum atratum, Pulsatilla vernalis, Veronica aphylla, odoratissima. – Rel. 52. Odle, 12.8.1972: Silene Avenula versicolor, Dactylis glomerata, Luzula nutans, Seseli libanotis, Erigeron neglectus, Salix sudetica, Salix retusa, Minuartia sedoides, Ligusticum alpina. – Rel. 53. Monte Rite, 31.7.1978: Athamanta mutellina, Sempervivum dolomiticum, Anemone cretensis, Leucanthemum maximum, Thymus baldensis, Viola biflora, Festuca norica (1.2). – Rel. polytrichus, Minuartia austriaca, Toninia sp., 44. Rif. Biella, 23.7.1978: Arabis corymbiflora. Gentiana kochiana, Coeloglossum viride, Poa cfr. Plantago alpina, Geum montanum, Cladonia nemoralis. – Rel. 54. Settsass (Siefsattel), 20.7.1978: endiviaefolia, Pulsatilla vernalis, Pulmonaria Lilium martagon, Gentiana kochiana, Achillea angustifolia, Sempervivum dolomiticum, Coeloglossum millefolium, Saussurea discolor, Erysimum odoratum, viride. – Rel. 45. Monte Pelse, 25.7.1980: Pulsatilla Alchemilla splendens, Primula farinosa, Seseli vernalis, Carex humilis (1.2), Geum montanum, Poten- libanotis, Pulsatilla alpina (1.1), Erigeron alpinus, tilla nitida, Avenula versicolor, Sempervivum Ajuga pyramidalis, Valeriana montana, Allium dolomiticum. – Rel. 46. Rifugio Tissi, 23.7.1980: victoriale, Pimpinella major, Avenula versicolor Pulsatilla vernalis, Gentiana kochiana (2.2), Homogyne (1.1), Hieracium hoppeanum, Carex rupestris, discolor, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Geum montanum Pulsatilla vernalis, Salix alpina, Veronica fruticans, (1.2), Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Crocus albiflorus, Hieracium morisianum, Anemone baldensis (1.1), Nardus stricta, Potentilla aurea, Campanula barbata, Cerastium arvense subsp. strictum, Viola biflora, Leucorchis albida, Dactylorchis maculata. Avenula pubescens. – Rel. 55. Sexten, Rotwand, 15.8.1985: Homogyne discolor, Euphrasia picta, 10.1d. Subass. a Euphrasia salisburgensis (rel. Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium, 47–85) Rel. 47. Passo Santner, 7.8.1971: Salix retusa, Valeriana saxatilis, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus.– Soldanella minima, Avenula versicolor. – Rel. 48. Rel. 56. Tamerlansattel, 10.8.1985: Pulsatilla alpina, Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979: Anemone baldensis, Plantago montana, Coeloglossum viride, Alchemilla Valeriana montana, Avenula versicolor, Alchemilla sp., Arenaria ciliata, Homogyne discolor, Festuca glaucescens, Salix retusa, Festuca varia, Vaccinium paniculata, Pulsatilla vernalis, Salix retusa, Lilium gaultherioides, Salix alpina, Euphrasia minima, martagon, Festuca rubra. – Rel. 57. Gardenaccia, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Vaccinium 28.8.1971: Valeriana montana, Salix alpina, vitis–idaea, Ctenidium molluscum. – Rel. 49. Leucanthemum adustum, Hieracium hoppeanum, Rosengarten: Valeriana montana, Salix retusa, Silene Calamagrostis varia, Hieracium alpinum, Erigeron vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Agrostis rupestris, Solidago neglectus, Gentiana ciliata, Laserpitium siler. – Rel. virgaurea subsp. alpestris, Leontodon helveticus, 58. Langkofel/Sassolungo, 28.8.1971: Valeriana Achillea oxyloba. – Rel. 50. Roda di Vael, montana, Hieracium hoppeanum, Arenaria ciliata, 22.8.1979: Achillea millefolium, Silene vulgaris Festuca puccinellii, Calamagrostis varia, Hieracium subsp. antelopum, Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpinum, Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Gentiana Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) 417 ciliata, Salix alpina. – Rel. 59. Passo Pordoi, 8.8.1960: Veratrum album, Festuca nigrescens, Athamanta Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Gentiana utriculosa, cretensis, Hieracium gr. hoppeanum, Solidago Coeloglossum viride, Pulsatilla vernalis, Potentilla virgaurea, Trifolium pratense, Campanula barbata, aurea, Hypericum maculatum, Primula farinosa, Trifolium montanum, Pedicularis recutita. – Rel. 75. Arnica montana, Hieracium hoppeanum, Carex Cima Venegia, 9.7.1970: Rosa pendulina, caryophyllea, Pedicularis elongata x rostrato–- Calamagrostis varia, Arctostaphylos alpina, capitata. – Rel. 60: Passo Pordoi, 8.8.1960: Phyteuma Calamagrostis varia, Anemone baldensis, Gypsophila hemisphaericum, Solidago virgaurea, Valeriana repens, Heracleum sphondylium, Valeriana montana, montana, Athamanha cretensis, Arenaria ciliata, Hieracium pilosella, Campanula scheuchzeri var. – Anemone baldensis, Gentiana utriculosa. – Rel. 61. Rel. 76. Below Cimon della Pala, 8.8.1970 – Salix Val Fredda, 21.7.1970: Saxifraga paniculata, retusa (1.2), Primula auricula, Saxifraga aizoides, Pedicularis kerneri, Pinguicula alpina. – Rel. 62. Juncus trifidus. – Rel. 77. Passo Sella, 28.8.2970: Forca Rossa, 11.7.1970: Saxifraga paniculata, Carex Valeriana montana, Leucanthemum heterophyllum ornithopodioides, Piunguicula alpina, Tonin60 sp. – (1.1), Hieracium hoppeanum, Cirsium acaule, Rel. 63. Fedaia, 1.8.1970: Salix retusa, Salix cfr. Calamagrostis varia (1.3), Onobrychis montana breviserrata, Armeria alpina. Ligusticum simplex.– (1.2), Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Festuca paniculata, Rel. 64. Forc. Becher, 11.7.1970: Prunella vulgaris Avenula pubescens, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. 78. Passo (1.1), Salix arbuscula, Dactylorchis maculata, Carex Sella, 28.8.1970: Valeriana montana, Cetraria nivalis, ornithopodioides, Luzula sylvatica, Pinguicula alpina, Hieracium hoppeanum, Cirsium acaule, Dianthus Toninia sp. – Rel. 65. Vajolon, 3.8.1960: Primula superbus, Achillea millefolium, Saussurea discolor, farinosa, Koeleria eriostachya, Salix retusa, Festuca Cerastium triviale, Hieracium gr. lactucella, Poa nigrescens, Carex caryophyllea (1.1), Carex caesia. – Rel. 79. Cima d’Auta, 22.8.1970: Cirsium ornithopodioides, Hieracium hoppeanum. – Rel. 66. acaule, Heracleum cfr. pyrenaicum. – Rel. Sass Becce´, 28.8.1970: Pulsatilla vernalis, Valeriana 80 Fuchiade, 22.8.1970: Poa violacea, Salix retusa, montana, Salix alpina (1.2), Solidago virgaurea subsp. Saxifraga paniculata, Arenaria ciliata, Coeloglossum alpestris, Knautia longifolia, Coeloglossum viride, viride, Crocus albiflorus. – Rel. 81. Coldai, 11.8.1970: Cirsium acaule, Lilium martagon. – Rel. 67. Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Trifolium pratense, Buellelejoch, 12.8.1987: Salix alpina, Ranunculus Phleum alpinum, Knautia longifolia, Buphthalmum carinthiacus, Minuartia austriaca. – Rel. 68. Schlern, salicifolium (1.1). – Rel. 82. Monsampiano, 3.8.1971: Pulsatilla vernalis (1.1), Erigeron uniflorus, 18.8.1975: Luzula sieberi, Cirsium erisithales. – Rel. Minuartia sedoides, Alchemilla hybrida, Carex 83. Vette Grandi, 28.8.1974: Aconitum lamarckii, montana, Antennaria dioica, Callianthemum Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, coriandrifolium. – Rel. 69. Schlern, 3.8.1971: Sedum Adenostyles glabra, Astrantia major, Festuca atratum, Ligusticum simplex. Callianthemum pratensis. – Rel. 84. Vette Grandi, 27.8.1974: Salix coriandrifolium, Hieracium piliferum, Saussurea waldsteiniana, Saxifraga aizoides, Rhodothamnus alpina. – Rel. 70. Pordoi, 13.8.1971: Pulsatilla chamaecistus, Luzula sieberi, Tofieldia calyculata, vernalis, Valeriana montana, Kobresia caricina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Peltigera canina. – Rel. Salix alpina, Gentiana utriculosa, Gentianella 85. Pale Rosse, 2.8.1975: Saxifraga aizoides, germanica, Gentianella nivalis, Agrostis rupestris, Leontodon helveticus, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Hieracium morisianum, Armeria alpina, Silene Orobanche sp., Petasites paradoxus, Allium vulgaris subsp. antelopum. – Rel. 71. Roda di Vael, schoenoprasum, Aconitum napellus, Genista tinctoria, 3.8.1970: Pinguicula leptoceras, Saxifraga squarrosa, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Kernera saxatilis. – Rel. 72. Roda di Vael, 3.8.1970: Serratula macrocephala, Cytisus hirsutus, Valeriana Valeriana montana, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, montana, Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum. Antennaria dioica, Heracleum montanum, Laserpitium siler. – Rel. 73. Rosengarten, 3.8.1970: 10.1e. Subass. ericetosum (rel. 86–126) Rel. 86. Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa. – Rel. 74. Gardeccia, Lopadura–Scharte, 8.8.1985: Valeriana saxatilis, 2.8.1960: Hypochoeris uniflora, Knautia longifolia, Cetraria nivalis, Thamnolia vermicularis. – Rel. 87. 418 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Eggenkofel, 10.8.1985: Pedicularis elongata x gr. vulgaris, Carex caryophyllea, Silene nutans, Silene rostrato–capitata, Valeriana saxatilis, Pedicularis pusilla. – Rel. 104. Recoaro, Piccole Dolomiti, tuberosa, Cladonia endiviaefolia. – Rel. 88. Odle, 14.7.1988: Gymnadenia odoratissima, Cephalanthera 12.8.1972: Campanula cochleariifolia, Saxifraga longifolia, Cyclamen purpurascens, Thesium paniculata, Erigeron uniflorus, Arenaria ciliata, linophyllum, Campanula barbata (1.1), Platanthera Athamanta cretensis. – Rel. 89. Nuvolau, 24.7.1978: bifolia, Solidago virgaurea, Listera ovata, Leontodon Valeriana saxatilis, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa.– hispidus, Mercurialis perennis, Salix glabra, Campan- Rel. 90. Giau, 15.7.1998: Gentiana terglouensis, ula scheuchzeri, Lilium martagon, Peucedanum Valeriana elongata, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum. raiblense. – Rel. 105. Col dei Bos, 30.7.1977: – Rel. 91. Falzarego, 21.8.1970: Valeriana montana, Valeriana saxatilis, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Valeriana saxatilis (1.2), Kobresia carinata, Valeriana montana, Dactylis glomerata. – Rel. 106. Pinguicula alpina, Gentianella utriculosa, Cerastium Cinque Torri, 21.7.1977: Calamagrostis varia, Silene arvense subsp. strictum, Campanula cochlearifolia, nutans, Valeriana montana (1.2), Poa cfr. badensis Gentianella germanica, Tofieldia calyculata. – Rel. (1.2), Poa nemoralis (1.2), Silene vulgaris subsp. 92. Vajolet, 2.8.1960: Tofieldia calyculata, Athamanta antelopum. – Rel. 107. Passo Fedaia, 5.7.1974: Seseli cretensis, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Phyteuma libanotis (1.1), Laserpitium latifolium, Erysimum sieberi. – Rel. 93. Vajolet, 2.8.1960: Valeriana sylvestre (1.1), Laserpitium siler (1.1), Valeriana saxatilis, Tofieldia calyculata, Athamanta cretensis, officinalis, Gentiana utriculosa, Stachys recta, Crocus Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Pinguicula alpina, albiflorus, Coeloglossum viride, Athamanta cretensis, Gentiana utriculosa, Campanula cochlearifolia.– Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Silene nutans, Rel. 94. Grasleiten, 25.7.1986: Valeriana saxatilis, Dactylis glomerata. – Rel. 108. Passo Fedaia, Coeloglossum viride, Athamanta cretensis, Silene 5.7.1974: Galium mollugo, Crocus albiflorus, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Nigritella nigra x vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Silene nutans, Aster Gymnadenia odoratissima, Pedicularis rosea, Aquile- alpinus, Dactylis glomerata. – Rel. 109. Roda di gia einseleana, Leontodon incanus. – Rel. 95. Colle Vael, 4.7.1974: Salix alpina. Primula veris, Crocus Barbolada, 21.8.1979: Valeriana montana, Salix albiflorus, Antennaria dioica, Pulsatilla alpina alpina. – Rel. 96. Mugoni, 2.8.1960: Athamanta subsp. alpina, Pulsatilla alpina subsp. apiifolia, cretensis, Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Pinguicula Cirsium acaule. – Rel. 110. Forcella Negher, alpina, Antennaria dioica, Arenaria ciliata, Primula 26.8.1970: Potentilla erecta, Pulsatilla alpina susbsp. farinosa, Sagina saginoides, Juncus trifidus. – Rel. 97. apiifolia, Lotus corniculatus, Crocus albiflorus, Gardeccia, 2.8.1960: Crepis jacquinii, Paederota Hypochoeris uniflora, Geranium sylvaticum, Polygala bonarota, Athamanta cretensis, Valeriana saxatilis, chamaebuxus, Listera cordata, Cirsium acaule, Campanula cochlearifolia, Pinguicula alpina. – Rel. Orobanche gracilis, Trifolium badium. – Rel. 111. 98. Fedaia, 26.7.1971: Polygala amara, Gentiana Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Silene nutans, Poa alpina (1.1), utriculosa, Laserpitium latifolium, Arctostaphylos Luzula nivea, Athamanta cretensis, Pinus mugo, uva–ursi (1.2), Laserpitium siler, Silene nutans (1.1), Alchemilla xanthochlora. – Rel. 112. Frassene´, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Erysimum sylvestre, 9.7.1971: Carex caryophyllea, Trifolium patense, Seseli libanotis. – Rel. 99. Gardeccia, 2.8.1960: Rhinanthus minor, Acinos alpinus, Veronica Agrostis rupestris, Knautia longifolia, Hypochoeris chamaedrys. – Rel. 113. Cavallera, 14.7.1979: uniflora, Valeriana saxatilis, Calamagostis varia Hypericum maculatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium (2.2). – Rel. 100. Fuchiade, 19.7.1971: five species alpestre, Lathyrus pratensis, Crocus albiflorus, not registered. – Rel. 101. Erera, 23.7.1975: Festuca Cerastium carinthiacum, Cerastium arvense subsp. alpina, Festuca alpestris, Primula auricula (1.1). – strictum, Alchemilla splendens, Ajuga pyramidalis.– Rel. 102. Erera, 2.8.1975: Asperula aristata, Campan- Rel. 114. Agner, 26.7.1979: Cerastium arvense subsp. ula spicata, Orobanche sp. Centaurea nervosa, strictum, Saxifraga crustata. – Rel. 115. Agner, Brachypodium caespitosum (1.2). – Rel. 103. Passo 26.7.1979: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Pulsatilla Forca, 23.7.1975: Asperula aristata, Silene alpina, Traunsteinera globosa, Coeloglossum viride. Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) 419
– Rel. 116. Forcella d’Oltre, 24.7.1979: Saxifraga utriculosa, Veronica chamaedrys, Primula veris, crustata, Hieracium morisianum. – Rel. 117. Agner Alchemilla gr. vulgaris, Silene nutans, Hypericum (Col Colander) 27.7.1979: Alchemilla splendens, montanum, Rhinanthus minor, Antennaria dioica, Leucorchis albida, Platanthera bifolia, Traunsteinera Crocus albiflorus, Arabis corymbiflora, Ajuga globosa, Listera ovata, Lilium martagon, pyramidalis, Pulsatilla vernalis, Luzula campestris, Brachypodium caespitosum, Arnica montana, Avenula versicolor, Phleum alpinum, Nardus stricta, Laserpitium latifolium, Aposeris foetida, Carex Geum montanum, Campanula barbata, Phleum montana, Molinia altissima, Orobanche gracilis, pratense. – Rel. 125. Passo Sella, 9.8.1960: Trifolium Laserpitium siler, Hieracium hoppenaum, repens, Onobrychis montana (1.2), Rosa pendulina, Dactylorchis maculata, Coronilla minima, Centaurea Leucanthemum maximum, Pimpinella major. – Rel. bracteata. – Rel. 118. Agner (Col Colander), 126. Forcella Moschesin, 13.7.1988: Avenula 26.7.1979: Anemone trifolia, Traunsteinera globosa, versicolor, Lilium martagon, Ranunculus acer, Coeloglossum viride, Lilium martagon, Clematis Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Valeriana tripteris, alpina, Knautia longifolia, Arnica montana, Aposeris Taraxacum officinale, Tofieldia calyculata, foetida, Vaccinium myrtillus, Carex digitata, Carex Hippocrepis comosa. montana, Molinia altissima, Orobanche gracilis, Myrrhis odorata, Hieracium hoppenaum, Calluna Association Table 10.2. CARICETUM vulgaris, Dactylorchis maculata. – Rel. 119. Forcella BRACHYSTACHYDYS Rel. 1. Forcella M. Rest, d’Oltre, 23.7.1979: Alchemilla splendens, Euphrasia 20.6.71: Bromus erectus, Molinia altissima, Knautia rostkoviana, Saxifraga paniculata, Coeloglossum longifolia, Linum catharticum, Asplenium ruta– viride, Silene alpestris, Phleum alpinum, Dactylorchis muraria, Asperula sp., Euphorbia angulata, Allium maculata. – Rel. 120. Forcella d’Oltre, 1.8.1978: montanum, Galium verum, Hippocrepis comosa, Athamanta cretensis, Rhododendron hirsutum (2.2) Gypsophila repens. – Rel. 2. Agner, 7.7.1971: Rumex scutatus, Tofieldia calyculata, Thymus Valeriana elongata. – Rel. 3. Serrai di Sottoguda, pannonicus, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Salix glabra, 5.9.1972: Picea abies pl., Larix decidua pl., Dryopteris Phyteuma betonicifolium, Silene pusilla, Saxifraga villarsii, Paederota bonarota, Clematis alpina (1.2), crustata, Viola biflora, Pulsatilla alpina (1.1). – Rel. Euphrasia sp., Rhinanthus sp., Lathyrus vernus, 121. Pradidali, 26.8.1972: Buphthalmum salicifolium Saxifraga hostii. – Rel. 4. Serrai di Sottoguda, (1.2), Festuca alpestris, Aquilegia einseleana, Myrrhis 11.8.1972: Larix decidua pl., Clematis alpina, odorata, Valeriana montana, Cirsium erisithales, Cystopteris fragilis, Arabis pumila, Selaginella Silene pusilla, Epipactis atropurpurea, Silene vulgaris selaginoides, Silene quadridentata. – Rel. 5. Serrai di subsp. glareosa, Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. Sottoguda, 11.8.1972: Picea abies pl., Larix decidua pollinianum, Festuca norica, Avenula praeusta, pl., Paederota bonarota. – Rel. 6. Forcella M. Rest, Arabis pauciflora, Viola biflora, Linum catharticum 20.6.1971: Melica nutans, Valeriana elongata, Rubus subsp. suecicum. saxatilis, Cyclamen purpurascens. – Rel. 7. Val Noana, 17.7.1971: Molinia altissima (1.2), Pinus mugo, 10.1f. Subass. with Poa alpina (rel. 122–126) Rel. Asplenium viride, Salix caprea. – Rel. 8. Val Vescovo, 122. Sasso Piatto/Plattkofel, 28.8.1971: Valeriana 23.8.1971: Linum catharticum, Salix appendiculata, montana, Saussurea alpina, Calamagrostis varia, Ostrya carpinifolia, Euphorbia verrucosa, Sorbus Poa minor, Solidago virgaurea, Hieracium pilosella, aucuparia, Salix glabra, Anemone trifolia. – Rel. Cirsium erisithales, Aconitum vulparia. – Rel. 123. 9. Passo del Pavione, 15.7.1971. – Rel. 10. Caiada, Sassolungo/Langkofel, 11.8.1979: Vicia sepium, 13.8.1975: Teucrium montanum (1.1), Anthyllis Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum, Aconitum vulneraria subsp. polyphylla (1.1), Galium purpureum lycoctonum, Allium victoriale, Valeriana montana, (1.2), Euphorbia kerneri (1.1), Erysimum odoratum, Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris, Anemone Leucanthemum heterophyllum, Aster amellus, Centau- baldensis, Heracleum spondylium, Gentiana cfr. rea scabiosa, Centaurea bracteata, Amelanchier ovalis, kochiana. – Rel. 124. Fanes, 13.8.1978: Gentiana Juniperus communis, Cyclamen purpurascens, 420 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Polygala chamaebuxus, Viola hirta, Thymus sp. – Rel. Carlina acaulis, Knautia ressmannii (1.1). – Rel. 13. 11. Vette di Feltre alla Cascata, 5.7.1996. Val Canzoi, 30.6.1988: Platanthera bifolia, Leontodon hispidus, Salix appendiculata, Tofieldia Association Table 10.3. Aggruppam. a GENISTA calyculata, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Frangula cfr. RADIATA Rel. 1. Forcella Lavaretta, 14.8.1975: rupestris, Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii (1.1), Genista tinctoria var. tenuifolia (1.2), Silene nutans. Aquilegia einseleana, Molinia coerulea. – Rel. 14. – Rel. 2. Forcella Lavaretta, 14.8.1975. – Rel. Passo Finestra, 30.6.1988: Carex mucronata (1.2), 3. Masiere, 17.7.1979: Dianthus sylvestris, Sedum Anemone trifolia (1.1), Potentilla erecta, Cirsium rupestre, Asplenium ruta–muraria, Asplenium erisithales, Arabis brassica, Paradisia liliastrum.– trichomanes. – Rel. 4. Sass de Mura, 2.9.1978: Erig- Rel. 15. Passo Finestra, 30.6.1988: Cytisus hirsutus eron polymorphus, Pulsatilla alpina, Carlina acaulis, (1.1), Pulsatilla alpina, Cerastium arvense, Juniperus Festuca rubra, Dianthus monspessulanus, Briza nana (1.2), Polygonum viviparum, Galium media, Dianthus sylvestris, Ranunculus montanus, anisophyllum, Knautia longifolia, Hippocrepis Cerastium arvense subsp. suffruticosum, Trifolium comosa, Coeloglossum viride, Hieracium bifidum, alpestre, Trifolium pratensis, Leontodon hispidus, Cirsium erisithales, Orchis mascula, Saxifraga hostii, Pedicularis elongata, Nigritella nigra, Agropyrum Myosostis sylvatica, Senecio gaudinii, Lathyrus caninum, Knautia sylvatica, Allium montanum, Cam- laevigatus, Ranunculus oreophilus, Ranunculus panula scheuchzeri, Aster bellidiastrum, Gentianella venetus. – Rel. 16. Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Daphne solstitialis, Vicia sepium, Mysotis sylvatica, mezereum, Mercurialis perennis, Helleborus niger, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Aster alpinus. – Rel. Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, Cirsium 5. Sass de Mura, 2.9.1978: Daphne striata (1.2), carniolicum, Laserpitium krapfii, Carex flacca, Arabis Molinia coerulea (1.2), Gentianella solstitialis, Aster brassica, Hieracium bifidum. – Rel. 17. Moschesin, bellidiastrum, Campanula scheuchzeri, Euphrasia 13.7.1988: Trifolium nivale, Listera ovata, Briza salisburgensis, Hieracium morisianum, Homogyne media, Potentilla erecta, Tussilago farfara, Tofieldia alpina, Parnassia palustris, Potentilla erecta, calyculata, Poa alpina, Geranium sylvaticum, Nigritella nigra, Scabiosa lucida, Pulsatilla alpina, Parnassia palustris, Carex montana, Polygala Ranunculus montanus. – Rel. 6. Forno di Zoldo, alpestre, Pedicularis elongata (1.1), Silene nutans. 25.6.1988: Hieracium bifidum, Campanula caespitosa. – Rel. 7. Forno di Zoldo, 25.6.1988: Association Table 10.4. PIMPINELLIDI– Epipactis atrorubens, Genista tinctoria var. tenuifolia SESLERIETUM (1.2), Potentilla erecta, Epilobium dodonaei. – Rel. 8. (Trent. from F. Pedrotti, 1970): Peucedanum Subass. a Globularia – Aster (Rel. 1–17) Rel. oreoselinum. – Rel. 9 (Trent. from F. Pedrotti, 1970): 1. Grappa, 7.7.1977: Tortella tortuosa, Cladonia Trifolium medium, Origanum vulgare, Leontodon endiviaefolia. – Rel. 2. Grappa, 7.7.1977. – Rel. incanus, Geranium sanguineum. – Rel. 10. M. Rest 3. Grappa, 7.7.1977: Tortella tortuosa, Cladonia (Carnia), 20.6.1971: Cyclamen purpurascens, endiviaefolia. – Rel. 4. Erera, 23.7.1975: Dianthus Hieracium bupleuroides, Campanula caespitosa, sylvestris (1.2), Primula auricula (1.2), Athamanta Potentilla erecta, Salix sp., Knautia longifolia, Carex cretensis, Arenaria ciliata, Festuca alpina, Festuca baldensis, Viola cfr. hirta. – Rel. 11. Passo Pura alpestris, Agrostis rupestris. – Rel. 5. Pizzocco, (Carnia), 26.7.1977: Convallaria majalis (1.1), 19.7.1972: Bromus erectus, Asperula aristata, Viola Thalictrum minus, Erysimum sylvestre, Cyclamen hirta, Solidago virgaurea, Teucrium montanum, purpurascens, Galium lucidum, Dianthus sternbergii, Lilium carniolicum. – Rel. 6. Pizzocco, 19.7.1972: Allium montanum. – Rel. 12. Passo Pura (Carnia), Linum catharticum subsp. suecicum, Asperula 26.7.1977: Carex mucronata (1.3), Erysimum aristata, Genista tinctoria, Sorbus chamaemespilus, sylvestre, Gypsophila repens (1.3), Peucedanum Chamaecytisus hirsutus, Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. oreoselinum (1.1), Trifolium montanum, Inula hirta, 7. Grappa, 15.7.1977: Gymnadenia odoratissima, Gentiana utriculosa, Potentilla erecta, Potentilla Peucedanum oreoselinum, Leontodon incanus, pusilla, Seseli gouanii, Campanula glomerata, Thesium bavarum, Primula vulgaris, Centaurea Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) 421 bracteata, Cirsium erisithales, Campanula rel.: Alchemilla flabellata, Alchemilla glabra. – Rel. rotundifolia, Mercurialis perennis, Veratrum album 21. Rif. Dal Piaz, 1.8.1976: Hieracium hoppeanum, subsp. lobelianum, Euphrasia tricuspidata, Botrychium lunaria, Phleum alpinum, Luzula Anthericum ramosum, Saxifraga crustata, Leontodon sudetica, Avenella flexuosa, Hieracium lactucella x hispidus. – Rel. 8. Nevegal, 13.7.1972: Festuca cfr. pilosella, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Veronica rupicaprina (F. alpina?), Trifolium montanum. – Rel. chamaedrys, Achillea millefolium, Daphne mezereum, 9. Nevegal, 13.7.1972: Festuca cfr. rupicaprina Hypericum maculatum, Polytrichum juniperinum.– (F. alpina?), Carex capillaris. – Rel. 10. Nevegal, Rel. 22. Cavaren, 2.8.1976: Avenella flexuosa (1.2), 22.7.1972: Viola sp. Euphorbia cyparissias, Saxifraga Luzula sieberi, Hieracium hoppeanum, Hieracium paniculata, Cruciata glabra. – Rel. 11. Nevegal, lactucella x pilosella, Hieracium lactucella, Daphne 22.7.1972: Cerastium carinthiacum, Viola sp., Trifo- mezereum, Hypericum maculatum (1.2), Knautia lium pallescens, Alchemilla hybrida. – Rel. 12. drymeia, Laserpitium siler, Veratrum album, Pizzocco, 19.7.1972: Viola biflora, Pinguicula alpina, Alchemilla sp., Dianthus sylvestris, Trifolium Deschampsia caespitosa, Pedicularis verticillata.– pallescens. – Rel. 23. Cima Dodici, 9.7.1975: Nardus Rel. 13. Pizzocco, 19.7.1972: Linum catharticum stricta (1.2), Hieracium hoppeanum (1.1), Alchemilla subsp. suecicum, Aposeris foetida, Viola biflora, flabellata, Leontodon helveticus (1.1) Phyteuma Pinguicula alpina. – Rel. 14. Pizzocco, 19.7.1972: hemisphaericum, Leucorchis albida, Rhododendron Primula farinosa, Soldanella alpina, Gentiana ferrugineum, Pinguicula leptoceras, Minuartia kochiana, Genista tinctoria, Sorbus chamaemespilus, sedoides, Thlaspi minimum, Antennaria dioica, Prim- Lilium martagon, Cytisus hirsutus. – Rel. 15. ula halleri, Polytrichum juniperinum. – Rel. 24. Vette, Pizzocco, 19.7.1972: Linum catharticum subsp. 31.7.1974: Solidago virgaurea, Thlaspi minimum, suecicum, Aposeris foetida, Lilium martagon, Calluna Knautia longifolia, Bromus erectus, Viola hirta, vulgaris, Deschampsia caespitosa. – Rel. 16. Grappa, Teucrium montanum, Lilium carniolicum. – Rel. 25. 1.7.1977: Hieracium hoppeanum, Hypericum Ramezza, 4.8.1976: Thlaspi minimum, Poa violacea.– maculatum, Campanula scheuchzeri, Orchis mascula, Rel. 26. Rif. Dal Piaz, 1.8.1976: Athamanta cretensis, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Soldanella alpina, Erigeron uniflorus, Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. 27. Busa Alchemilla sp., Luzula multiflora, Gagea lutea, delle Vette, 6.8.1975 – Erigeron uniflorus, Dianthus Coeloglossum viride, Platanthera bifolia, Helleborus sternbergii. – Rel. 28. Col di Luna, 8.7.1975: Primula odorus, Bromus erectus, Dianthus superbus, halleri, Botrychium lunaria, Riccia sp. – Rel. 29. Euphrasia cfr. picta, Hieracium lactucella, Vette, 24.7.1974: Luzula sieberi, Hieracium Antennaria dioica, Parnassia palustris, Leontodon hoppeanum, Hypericum maculatum, Pedicularis hispidus. – Rel. 17. Passo Forca, 23.7.1975: Linum comosa, Arnica montana, Poa violacea, Dianthus catharticum subsp. suecicum, Athamanta cretensis, sternbergii, Cirsium erisithales, Carum carvi, Senecio Asperula aristata, Rhinanthus freynii, Silene gaudinii, Taraxacum sp., Hieracium gr. alpicola.– gr. vulgaris, Silene nutans, Silene quadridentata, Rel. 30. Cima Undici, 9.7.1975: Botrychium lunaria, Carex caryophyllea, Tortella tortuosa. Thlaspi minimum, Alchemilla glaucescens. Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. 31. Monsampiano, 18.8.1975: Luzula Subass. a Festuca puccinellii (Rel. 18–37) Rel. 18. sieberi, Cirsium erisithales. – Rel. 32. Erera, 2.8.1975: M. Vallazza, 2.8.1976: Aster alpinus. – Rel. 19. Vette Linum catharticum subsp. suecicum, Gypsophila Grandi, 27.8.1974: Tofieldia calyculata, Luzula repens, Asperula aristata, Dianthus sylvestris, sieberi, Trifolium pallescens, Gypsophila repens, Rhinanthus freynii, Campanula spicata, Orobanche Cirsium acaule, Salix waldsteiniana, Saxifraga sp., Centaurea nervosa, Briza media, Arenaria ciliata, aizoides, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Peltigera Astragalus australis, Tortella tortuosa. – Rel. 33. canina. – Rel. 20. Vette Grandi, 28.8.1974: Aposeris Cavaren, 2.8.1976: Pulmonaria angustifolia (1.1), foetida, Trifolium pallescens, Lilium martagon, Hieracium hoppeanum, Erigeron uniflorus, Lathyrus Aconitum lamarckii, Valeriana montana, Heracleum pratensis, Rhodiola rosea. – Rel. 34. Col di Luna, pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, Adenostyles glabra, 5.8.1976: Gypsophila repens, Calluna vulgaris, Astrantia major, Festuca pratensis – outside of the Gentiana utriculosa, Primula auricula, Dianthus 422 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species sternbergii. – Rel. 35. Monsampiano, 2.8.1976: arundinacea, Linum catharticum, Anthericum Athamanta cretensis, Arenaria ciliata, Dianthus ramosum, Paradisia liliastrum. – Rel. 11. Passo superbus, Sedum atratum. – Rel. 36. Monte Serva, Finestra, 30.6.1988: Lathyrus laevigatus, Genista 26.8.1974: Aster alpinus (1.2), Nardus stricta, Luzula tinctoria, Ranunculus polyanthemophyllos, Dactylis sieberi, Coeloglossum viride, Alchemilla hybrida, glomerata. – Rel. 12. Passo Finestra, 30.6.1988: Athamanta cretensis, Armeria alpina, Valeriana Cytisus hirsutus (1.1), Orchis mascula, Saxifraga montana, Ranunculus montanus, Trisetum argenteum, hostii, Knautia longifolia, Bromus erectus, Vaccinium vitis–idaea, Cetraria islandica. – Rel. 37. Coeloglossum viride. Monte Serva, 26.8.1974: Geranium argenteum (1.2), Antennaria dioica, Silene nutans, Knautia longifolia, Association Table 10.6. LASERPITIO–CALAMA- Phleum alpinum, Alchemilla gr. splendens, Vaccinium GROSTIDETUM Rel. 1. Pegolera, 29.8.1975: myrtillus, Salix waldsteiniana, Saxifraga paniculata, Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Ostrya Hedysarum hedysaroides, Luzula sieberi, carpinifolia, Cytisus purpureus, Linum catharticum, Coeloglossum viride, Valeriana saxatilis, Solidago Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris, Rubus saxatilis, Acer virgaurea subsp. alpestris. pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Tofieldia calyculata, Parnassia palustris, Gentiana asclepiadea, Salix Association Table 10.5. SESLERIO- glabra, Lembotropis nigricans, Cotoneaster HELICTOTRICHETUM PARLATOREI Rel. tomentosa, Asperula aristata, Frangula alnus, Cycla- 1. Sassolungo, Strati di Wengen, 11.8.1979: Saussurea men purpurascens. – Rel. 2. Saccomodan, 18.7.1978: discolor, Anemone baldensis, Potentilla aurea, Cytisus purpureus, Hippocrepis comosa, Silene Valeriana montana, Hieracium pilosella, Arenaria vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Amelanchier ovalis, Lilium ciliata. – Rel. 2. Odle, dolomia del Serla, 12.8.1972: martagon, Solidago virgaurea, Peucedanum Antennaria carpathica, Campanula chochleariifolia, oreoselinum, Lotus alpinus (1.1), Polygonatum Trifolium pallescens. – Rel. 3. Odle, dolomia del officinale, Carex alba (1.2), Salix appendiculata, Serla, 12.8.1972: Aconitum ranunculifolium, Draba Viola hirta, Pinus sylvestris, Rubus saxatilis, Carex stylosa. – Rel. 4. Odle, dolomia del Serla, 12.8.1972: ornithopoda, Galium verum, Cotoneaster integerrima Lathyrus pratensis. – Rel. 5. Monsampiano, 2.8.1976: (1.1), Luzula nivea, Valeriana tripteris, Platanthera Delphinium dubium, Ranunculus seguieri, Saxifraga sp., Arctostaphylos uva–ursi, Euphorbia cyparissias, incrustata (1.2). – Rel. 6. Pasubio, 14.7.1988: Cam- Daphne cneorum. – Rel. 3. Valle del Mis, 15.7.1979: panula cfr. barbata, Rubus idaeus, Rosa pendulina, Ostrya carpinifolia (2.2), Daphne mezereum, Hieracium murorum, Thymus pannonicus, Rubus Peucedanum oreoselinum, Viola reichenbachiana, saxatilis, Polygala chamaebuxus, Globularia vulgaris. Pinus mugo, Carex alba, Salix appendiculata, Viola – Rel. 7. Pietena, 4.8.1976: Anthoxanthum alpinum, hirta, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Labur- Phleum alpinum, Hypericum maculatum (1.2), num alpinum, Viburnum lantana, Angelica sylvestris, Alchemilla sp., Bartsia alpina, Leontodon hispidus, Alnus incana (2.2), Fraxinus excelsior (1.1), Fraxinus Veratrum album, Geum montanum (1.1), Crocus ornus (1.1), Robinia pseudacacia, Corylus avellana, albiflorus (1.1), Selaginella selaginoides. – Rel. Salix eleagnos, Coronilla emerus, Valeriana 8. Pietena, 4.8.1976: Anthoxanthum odoratum, officinalis, Salvia glutinosa, Clematis vitalba, Leontodon hispidus. – Rel. 9. Vette di Feltre, Forc. Hieracium sylvaticum, Mercurialis ovata. – Rel. Pietena, 3.7.1996: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Carex 4. Fadalto, 30.6.1987: Ostrya carpinifolia (1.1), Salix ornithopoda, Luzula sieberi, Pimpinella alpestris, Tri- appendiculata, Fraxinus ornus, Globularia cordifolia, folium alpestre (1.1), Potentilla aurea (1.2), Bartsia Frangula alnus, Pinus sylvestris, Asplenium alpina, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Hieracium ruta–muraria, Amelanchier ovalis, Asperula villosum, Homogyne alpina, Aconitum purpurea, Campanula cochlearifolia, Epilobium ranunculifolium, Veratrum album. – Rel. 10. Agner, dodonaei, Salix elaeagnos. – Rel. 5. Innichen/S. on limestone, 26.7.1979: Gypsophila repens, Poten- Candido, 17.8.1983: Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium tilla erecta, Briza media, Coronilla vaginalis, Molinia aquilinum, Amelanchier ovalis, Ranunculus acris, Releve´s to “Alpine Grasslands on Limestones and Dolomites” (Chap. 10 in Vol. 1) 423
Juniperus communis, Viola reichenbachiana, Melica Association Table 10.7. CARICETUM nutans, Berberis vulgaris, Aposeris foetida, FERRUGINEAE Rel. 1. Forcella Negher, Thalictrum minus, Melampyrum sylvaticum (1.1), 20.8.1970: Avenula pubescens, Koeleria pyramidata, Carex montana. – Rel. 6. Costalunga, 6.7.1987: Pimpinella major, Trifolium montanum (1.1), Heracleum sphondylium, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Euphrasia minima, Festuca sp. (1.1), Parnassia alpestris, Rosa pendulina, Convallariaa majalis, palustris, Lathyrus pratensis, Helianthemum Carex sempervirens, Ranunculus montanus, Polygo- nummularium subsp. grandiflorum. – Rel. 2. Forca num viviparum, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Scorzonera Rossa, 18.8.1971: Astragalus alpinus, Campanula aristata, Festuca norica, Helianthemum grandiflorum, barbata, Euphrasia cfr. minima, Ranunculus Hieracium villosum. – Rel. 7. Carbonin, 12.8.1983: nemorosus, Trifolium pratense, Carex atrata, Festuca spectabilis (1.2), Acinos alpinus, Rubus Gentiana kochiana. – Rel. 3. Roda di Vael, 6.7.1987: idaeus, Thymus pannonicus, Juniperus communis, Centaurea nervosa, Carex pilulifera, Trifolium Avenula praeusta, Stachys rectus, Euphrasia picta, pallescens, Erica carnea, Pulmonaria angustifolia, Cuscuta epithymum, Heracleum montanum. – Rel. Gentiana kochiana, Alchemilla gr. glabra, Pulsatilla 8. Near Lienz (Osttirol), 8.8.1987: Lilium martagon, alpina (1.1), Avenula versicolor. – Rel. 4. Moiazza, Solidago virgaurea, Heracleum sphondylium, Festuca 16.7.1979: Festuca norica, Trifolium pratense, rubra (1.1), Knautia longifolia (1.1), Ranunculus Plantago media, Parnassia palustris (1.1), Carex montanus, Poa nemoralis (1.1), Luzula sieberi (1.1), pilulifera (1.1). – Rel. 5. Passo Valles, 9.7.1972: Aconitum lycoctonum, Veronica chamaedrys, Athamanta cretensis, Silene vulgaris subsp. Phyteuma betonicifolium, Campanula scheuchzeri, antelopum, Veronica aphylla, Phleum alpinum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum. – Rel. 9. Mauria, 9.7.1987: Cerastium arvense, Ranunculus cfr. venetus, Carex Trifolium montanum, Rubus idaeus, Rosa pendulina, ornithopoda. – Rel. 6. Prampe`r, 13.7.1988: Plantago media, Convallaria majalis, Pimpinella Trausteinera globosa, Festuca norica (1.1), major, Dactylis glomerata, Carex sempervirens, Homogyne discolor, Achillea millefolium, Carex Melica nutans, Viburnum lantana, Bromus erectus, pallescens, Nigritella nigra, Trifolium pallescens, Melittis melissophyllum, Scorzonera rosea, Ranuncu- Nardus stricta, Arnica montana. – Rel. 7. Below lus bulbosus, Polygonatum verticillatum, Fragaria Cimon della Pala, 9.8.1972: Carex ornithopoda, vesca, Dactylorhiza maculata, Mercurialis perennis Valeriana montana (1.1), Coeloglossum viride, Geum (1.1), Lilium bulbiferum. – Rel. 10. Zoldo, 25.6.1988: rivale, Hieracium bifidum, Hippocrepis comosa, Hippocrepis comosa, Silene vulgaris subsp. Taraxacum officinale. – Rel. 8. Coldai, 11.8.1970: antelopum, Trifolium montanum, Festuca rubra, Achillea oxyloba, Gnaphalium supinum, Alchemilla Plantago media, Pimpinella major, Dactylis xanthochlora (1.1), Luzula spicata, Gentiana glomerata, Polygonum viviparum, Galium verum bavarica. – Rel. 9. Forcella Moschesin, 13.7.1988: (1.1), Scorzonera humilis (1.2), Listera ovata, Carlina acaulis. – Rel. 10. Pampeago, 31.7.1970: Filipendula vulgaris, Centaurea pseudophrygia, Sal- Euphrasia cfr. picta, Gentianella anisodonta, via pratensis, Vicia sepium, Ononis spinosa (1.2), Gymnadenia conopsea, Carex capillaris, Juncus Tragopogon pratensis, Trifolium rubens, Campanula triglumis. – Rel. 11. Fuchiade, 10.7.1970: Allium glomerata, Avenula pubescens, Briza media. – Rel. 11. schoenoprasum, Alchemilla gr. alpestris, M. Rite, 16.7.1975: Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Carex paniculata, Phleum Thymus pannonicus, Avenula praeusta, Lotus alpinus alpinum, Hieracium hoppeanum, Koeleria (1.1), Saponaria ocymoides (1.2), Anthyllis vulneraria pyramidata, Centaurea nervosa, Laserpitium subsp. alpestris, Polygonatum officinale, Knautia latifolium, Pimpinella major, Salix retusa, Trifolium longifolia, Carex ornithopoda, Laburnum alpinum, montanum, Hippocrepis comosa, Plantago media, Cruciata glabra, Lathyrus sylvestris, Cytisus hirsutus Polygala amara, Crepis froelichiana, Leucanthemum (1.2), Paradisia liliastrum, Campanula spicata, vulgare, Trisetum flavescens, Gentiana germanica.– Fustuca alpestris, Vicia sylvatica, Sorbus aria. Rel. 12. Below Cimon della Pala, 9.8.1972: Viola 424 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species biflora, Geum rivale, Hieracium bifidum, Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum, Releve´s to “Pioneer Patches Adenostyles glabra. – Rel. 13. Croda Rossa, and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges 19.7.1978: Achillea millefolium, Luzula spicata, and Peak Habitats” (Chap. 11 in Vol. 1) Ligusticum mutellinoides (1.1), Cerastium trigynum, Taraxacum kalbfussii, Leontodon helveticus, Poten- Association Table 11.1. SESLERIO– tilla aurea (1.2), Aconitum napellus, Carex nigra, GERANIETUM ARGENTEI Carex panicea, Carex davalliana, Agrostis stolonifera, Eriophorum latifolium, Alchemilla Subass. a Geranium argenteum (Rel. 1–12) Rel. gr. glabra (2.2), Homogyne discolor (1.1). – Rel. 14. 1. Monte Serva, 16.9.1974: Carex capillaris subsp. Val Tasca, 23.7.1971: Nardus stricta, Coeloglossum minima. – Rel. 2. Monte Serva, 16.9.1974: Carex viride, Saxifraga aizoides, Veronica aphylla, Salix ornithopodioides. – Rel. 3. Monte Serva, 16.9.1974. – reticulata, Salix foetida (1.2), Salix retusa, Valeriana Rel. 4. Monte Serva, 16.9.1974: Viola biflora, Aster montana, Cladonia endiviaefolia, Cladonia pyxidata, alpinus. – Rel. 5. Monte Serva, 16.9.1974: Cetraria muschi non det. – Rel.15. Roda di Vael, 3.8.1970: nivalis, Cetraria cucullata. – Rel. 6. Monte Cavallo, Hieracium lactucella, Hieracium hoppeanum, 26.7.1975: Carex atrata. – Rel. 7. Monte Cavallo, Cerastium arvense, Aster alpinus, Nigritella nigra, 26.7.1975. – Rel. 8. Monte Cavallo, 26.7.1975: Arnica montana, Allium victoriale, Antennaria dioica, Saxifraga aizoides, Armeria alpina, Potentilla Leontodon helveticus, Myosotis sylvatica, Myrrhis crantzii, Salix alpina, Carex atrata. – Rel. 9. Monte odorata, Pulsatilla alpina (1.1), Campanula barbata, Laste´, 26.7.1975: Agrostis alpina, Thymus alpigenus, Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum, Phyteuma Armeria alpina, Potentilla crantzii, Campanula hemisphaericum, Potentilla aurea. scheuchzeri, Aster alpinus, Carex sempervirens, Festuca varia, Toninia sp. – Rel. 10. Monte Cavallo, Association Table 10.8. FESTUCO– below Rif. Semenza, stable scree, on eocene limestone, TRIFOLIETUM THALII Rel. 1. Forca Rossa, 26.7.1975: Carex sempervirens (1.2), Poa alpina (1.1), 18.8.1977: Salix serpyllifolia, Trifolium pratense Koeleria eriostachya, Armeria alpina, Erica carnea, (1.1), Trifolium badium (1.1). – Rel. 2. Nuvolau, Helianthemum grandiflorum (2.2), Hippocrepis 6.8.1977: Su strati di Raibl. Agrostis capillaris, comosa, Galium anisophyllum, Lotus corniculatus, Ranunculus acris, Avenella flexuosa. – Rel. 3. Forcella Acinos alpinus, Scabiosa lucida, Betonica jacquinii, dell’ Uomo, s.d. Carex ornithopoda (1.1), Potentilla Thymus alpigenus (1.1), Cerastium arvense ssp. erecta (1.1), Pedicularis verticillata (1.1), strictum, Potentilla crantzii, Rhinanthus freynii, Coeloglossum viride, Alchemilla cfr. glauca (1.2), Ranunculus montanus, Veronica fruticans, Myosotis Bartsia alpina. – Rel. 4. Coldai, 8.1977: Su Dolomia. alpestris, Carduus defloratus, Nigritella nigra x – Rel. 5. Coldai, 8.1977: Su Dolomia; Silene vulgaris Gymnadenia odoratissima, Polygala chamaebuxus, subsp. antelopum. – Rel. 6. Cavaren, 8.1976: on Malm Linum catharticum, Polygala alpestre. – Rel. 11. sediments; Erigeron uniflorus, Thlaspi cfr. minimum, Monte Laste`, 25.7.1975: Thymus alpigenus (1.2), Arenaria ciliata, Veronica aphylla, Moehringia Agrostis alpina (1.2), Festuca gr. puccinellii, Poten- ciliata, Minuartia sedoides, Luzula sieberi. – Rel. tilla crantzii (1.2), Carex sempervirens, Aster alpinus, 7. Passo Sella, 6.7.1961: Gentianella gr. campestris, Phyteuma orbiculare. – Rel. 12. Monte Serva, sulla Scorzonera aristata, Oxytropis campestris, Aster vetta, 16.8.1974: Pedicularis cfr. kerneri, Potentilla alpinus, Primula longiflora, Saussurea depressa, aurea, Euphrasia minima, Veronica alpina, Selagi- Thesium alpinum, Arenaria ciliata, Lilium martagon, nella selaginoides, Carex ornithopoda, Rhodothamnus Cirsium acaule, Pulmonaria angustifolia (1.2), chamaecistus, Dicranum sp., Cladonia rangiferina, Hippocrepis comosa, Veronica fruticans, Valeriana Cetraria islandica (1.2), Thamnolia vermicularis. montana, Hypochoeris uniflora, Traunsteinera globosa, Polygala alpestre, Achillea millefolium, Subass. a Primula auricula (Rel. 13–19) Rel. 13. Pulsatilla alpina ssp. apiiflora (1.1), Pulsatilla Vallazza, 2.8.1976: Paederota lutea. – Rel. 14. vernalis, Cladonia corniculata. Vallazza, 2.8.1976: Veronica aphylla, Arenaria Releve´s to “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges and Peak Habitats”... 425 ciliata, Gentiana pilosa, Arabis pumila, Poa minor, 4. Cinque Torri, 21.7.1977: Paederota bonarota, Polytrichum sp. – Rel. 15. Pietena, 4.8.1976: Ranun- Primula auricula, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus.– culus thora, Thymus polytrichus, Gypsophila repens, Rel. 5. Valfredda, 21.7.1970: Oxytropis montana, Arenaria ciliata, Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 16. Potentilla crantzii, Hieracium villosum, Antennaria Forcella Vallon, 4.8.1976: Primula halleri, Avenula carpathica, Ranunculus oreophilus, Agrostis praeusta, Bartsia alpina, Campanula scheuchzeri, rupestris, Pulsatilla vernalis, Senecio abrotanifolius. Arabis alpina, Aster alpinus, Carex ornithopodioides, – Rel. 6. Croda Rossa, 23.7.1978: Pedicularis kerneri, Arabis pumila, Carex capillaris subsp. minima. – Rel. Arabis pumila. – Rel. 7. Fanes, 25.7.1978: Sempervi- 17. Forcella Vallon, 4.8.1976: Campanula vum dolomiticum (2.2), Arctostaphylos alpina, Carex cochlearifolia, Lecanora fragilis, Arabis alpina.– cfr. rosae, Hieracium piliferum, Potentilla crantzii, Rel. 18. Rif. Dal Piaz, 1.8.1976: Saxifraga Pedicularis cfr. kerneri. – Rel. 8. Duerrenstein, oppositifolia, Poa minor. – Rel. 19. Rif. Dal Piaz, 28.7.1978: Ranunculus oreophilus, Sedum atratum, 1.8.1976: Carex capillaris subsp. minima, Saxifraga Dianthus sylvestris. – Rel. 9. M. Cristallo, 13.7.1977: mutata, Arabis pumila, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Poa Erigeron uniflorus, Tofieldia calyculata (1.1), Tortula minor, Thymus polytrichus, Gypsophila repens, sp. – Rel. 10. Peitlerscharte, 25.8.1978: Acinos Veronica aphylla, Arenaria ciliata. alpinus. – Rel. 11. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Carex capillaris var. minima, Dianthus sylvestris, Paederota Association Table 11.2. CARICETUM FIRMAE bonarota, Cetraria cucullata. – Rel. 12. Lopadura, A polymorphic group with over 100 rel., more of a 8.8.1985: Antennaria carpathica, Juncus trifidus.– half of them (rel. 1–53) belonging to the subass. “with- Rel. 13. Formin, 17.7.1972: Saxifraga hostii (1.3). – out differentials”, this means that it seems impossible Rel. 14. Forcella del Miel, 28.7.1979: Globularia to indicate species occurring exsclusively in this unit. cordifolia (1.2), Petrocallis pyrenaica (1.3), Potentilla In the treatment of Subassociations and variants (Vol. brauneana, Anemone baldensis, Myosotis alpestris, 1, p. 450–451) this subass. is considered as “rather Ranunculus oreophilus, Carex atrata, Gnaphalium uniform” and indicated as Table 11.2a. Indeed, some sp. – Rel. 15. Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979: Gentianella differences in the species distribution have been anisodonta, Carduus defloratus, Paederota bonarota, evidentiated by the multivariate analysis, so that it Rhacomitrium canescens. – Rel. 16. Group of the seems useful to divide this subassociation among two Rosengarten, July 1960: Moehringia ciliata, Poa variants, with distinct tables, basing on the presence of minor, Thlaspi rotundifolium. – Rel. 17. Group of the Helianthemum alpestre (rel. 1–35, Tab. 11.2aa) and of Rosengarten, July 1960: Globularia cordifolia (1.2), Armeria alpina-Minuartia sedoides (rel. 36–54, Tab. Silene glareosa, Thlaspi rotundifolium, Poa minor, 11.2ab). Hieracium bifidum, Juniperus nana, Gentianella 11.2aa. Subass. without differentials— anisodonta, Carduus defloratus, Pedicularis Helianthemum alpestre variant (rel. 1–35) verticillata, Polygala alpestre. – Rel. 18. Passo delle 11.2ab. Subass. without differentials—Armeria Selle, 20.8.1970. – Rel. 19. Sennes, 21.7.1978. – Rel. alpina-Minuartia sedoides variant (rel. 36–54) 20. Faloria, 19.7.1977: Carex capillaris var. minima.– 11.2b. Subass. with Dryas octopetala (rel. 55–92) Rel. 21. Group of the Rosengarten, July 1960: 11.2c. Subass. caricetosum mucronatae (rel. 93–105) Minuartia rupestris, Gentiana bavarica. – Rel. 22. 11.2d. Aggr. a Sempervivum dolomiticum (rel. Plattkofel, 11.8.1979: Carex capillaris subsp. minima 106–109) (1.1), Carex ericetorum (1.3), Ranunculus montanus, 11.2aa. Subass. Without Differentials— Campanula scheuchzeri, Antennaria carpathica, Aster Helianthemum alpestre Variant (rel. 1–35) Rel. alpinus, Oxytropis jacquini, Ligusticum mutellinoides, 1. Passo Falzarego, 21.8.1970: Campanula Gentianella anisodonta, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. 23. cochlearifolia, Trisetum alpestre. – Rel. 2. Group of Grossfanes, 11.8.1978: Carex capillaris subsp. the Rosengarten, July 1960: Hedysarum hedysaroides, minima (1.1), Dianthus sylvestris, Gentianella nivalis, Leucorchis albida, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. 3. Cristallo, Erigeron alpinus, Primula halleri, Sempervivum 13.7.1977: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (1.2), dolomiticum, Sedum atratum, Carex ericetorum, Globularia cordifolia, Thymus alpigenus. – Rel. Cladonia rangiferina (2.2), Rhacomitrium canescens, 426 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Lecanora fragilis, Polyytrichum alpinum. – Rel. 24. 48. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970. – Rel. 49. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Plattkofel, 11.8.1979: Saxifraga oppositifolia, Erig- Pedicularis verticillata, Vaccinium gaultherioides, eron uniflorus. Rel. 25. Rosengarten, 3.8.1979: Veronica aphylla. – Rel. 50. Passo Rolle, 8.8.1970: Saxifraga squarrosa, Bryum sp. – Rel. 26. Arctostaphylos alpina (1.1), Homogyne discolor (1.1), Rosengarten, 7.8.1971: Draba dubia, Rhodothamnus Senecio abrotanifolius, Leontodon helveticus, Luzula chamaecistus, Rhizobotrya alpina. – Rel. 27. Group of sieberi, Vaccinium gaultherioides. – Rel. 51. the Rosengarten, July 1960: Minuartia rupestris (1.2), Antermoia, 13.8.1970: Poa minor, Carex atrata.– Draba fladnizensis, Carex atrata, Veronica aphylla.– Rel. 52. Antermoia, 13.8.1970: Carex atrata, Rel. 28. Pez, 4.7.1971: Pedicularis verticillata, Vaccinium gaultherioides. – Rel. 53. Col dei Bos, Thlaspi rotundifolium. – Rel. 29. Passo delle Selle, 30.7.1977: Festuca alpina, Cetraria aculeata. –Rel. 29.7.1970: Hieracium villosum, Polygala alpestre, 54. Van delle Sasse, 24.7.1980: Arctostaphylos alpina, Astragalus australis, Oxytropis campestris, Ranuncu- Saxifraga crustata, Fulgensia fulgens, Psora lus oreophilus, Linaria alpina, Thlaspi rotundifolium. decipiens. – Rel. 30. Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: Astragalus australis, Campanula scheuchzeri, Draba carinthiaca, 11.2b. Subass. with Dryas octopetala (rel. 55–92) Cladonia nivalis. – Rel. 31. Duerrenstein, 28.7.1978: Rel. 55. Rosengarten, 7.8.1971: Silene vulgaris subsp. Campanula scheuchzeri. – Rel. 32. Passo Giau, glareosa, Myosotis alpestris, Lotus alpinus, 24.7.1978: Carex capillaris var. minima, Primula Hieracium cfr. glaucum, Cetraria aculeata. – Rel. auricula, Paederota bonarota, Asplenium ruta– 56. Croda dei Baranci, 3.8.1985: Polygala alpestre.– muraria, Tofieldia calyculata, Cetraria nivalis. – Rel. Rel. 57. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970. – Rel. 58. Nuvolau, 33. Faloria, 19.7.1977: Carex sempervirens, 6.8.1970: Carex rosae(?), Loiseleuria procumbens, Coeloglossum viride, Horminum pyrenaicum. – Rel. Coeloglossum viride. – Rel. 59. Passo Rolle, 34. Plattkofel, 11.8.1979: Aster alpinus. – Rel. 35. 8.8.1970: Saxifraga aizoides. – Rel. 60. Antermoia, Roda di Vael, 3.8.1971: Androsace hausmannii, 13.8.1970: – Rel. 61. Forcella Piccola, 27.7.1977: Draba dubia, Festuca alpina, Rhodothamnus Pedicularis verticillata, Primula auricula, Parnassia chamaecistus, Saxifraga squarrosa. palustris, Thlaspi rotundifolium, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus. – Rel. 11.2ab. Subass. Without Differentials—Armeria 62. Forcella Moiazzetta, 24.7.1980: Saxifraga crustata alpina-Minuartia sedoides Variant (rel. 36–54) (1.2). – Rel. 63. Cristallo, 13.7.1977. – Rel. 64. Rel. 36. Cristallo, 13.7.1977: Rhodothamnus Forcella Baion, 21.8.1974: Horminum pyrenaicum, chamaecistus (1.2), Tofieldia calyculata, Dianthus Trisetum alpestre, Campanula scheuchzeri, sternbergii. – Rel. 37. Grossfanes, 11.8.1978: Primula Gentianella anisodonta, Laserpitium peucedanoides, halleri, Saxifraga squarrosa, Sedum atratum. – Rel. Betonica alopecurus, Juniperus nana, Hieracium 38. Gartl, 5.8.1979. – Rel. 39. Rifugio Re Alberto, villosum, Linum catharticum, Thesium alpinum, Rho- 5.8.1979. – Rel. 40. Gruppo del Rosengarten, July dodendron ferrugineum, Kernera saxatilis. – Rel. 65. 1960: Carex ericetorum, Festuca alpina, Saxifraga Fanes, 28.7.1971: Pinus mugo, Viola biflora. – Rel. 66. moschata, Draba sp., Rhacomitrium canescens, Drei Zinnen, 4.7.1971: Oxytropis jacquinii (1.2), Cetraria aculeata, Cetraria sp., Peltigera sp. – Rel. Pinus mugo, Carex atrata. – Rel. 67. Puez, 41. – Rel. 42. Passo Laurino, 5.7.1979: Festuca alpina, 11.8.1971: Pedicularis verticillata. – Rel. 68. Cerastium uniflorum, Ctenidium molluscum. – Rel. 43. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970. – Rel. 69. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Travignolo, 21.7.1979: Valeriana supina (2.2), Prim- Saxifraga sedoides. – Rel. 70. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970. – ula tyrolensis, Ranunculus alpestris, Saxifraga Rel. 71. Fanes, 25.7.1978: Carex sempervirens (1.2), aizoides, Saxifraga squarrosa, Minuartia austriaca, Hupertia selago, Coeloglossum viride, Juniperus Poa minor. – Rel. 44. Passo Lausa, 15.8.1979: nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Leontodon helveticus, Saxifraga oppositifolia. – Rel. 45. Pale di S. Martino, Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 72. Civetta, 11.8.1970: 23.7.1970: Petrocallis pyrenaica, Draba carinthiaca, Juncus trifidus. – Rel. 73. Passo Rolle, 8.8.1970: Poa minor. – Rel. 46. Pale di S. Martino, 23.7.1970. – Anemone baldensis, Rhododendron hirsutum. – Rel. Rel. 47. Nuvolau, 6.8.1970: Saxifraga sedoides. – Rel. 74. Passo Lavarella, 25.7.1978: Leontodon helveticus Releve´s to “Pioneer Patches and Discontinuous Vegetation of Ridges and Peak Habitats”... 427
(1.2), Hieracium piliferum, Potentilla crantzii, Prim- 11.2c. Subass. caricetosum mucronatae (rel. ula farinosa, Callianthemum coriandrifolium, 93–105) Rel. 93. Passo Giau, 24.7.1978: Carduus Pulsatilla vernalis, Anemone baldensis, Antennaria defloratus, Tofieldia calyculata.–Rel.94.Formin, carpathica, Ranunculus carinthiacus. – Rel. 75. 21.7.1977. – Rel. 95. Forc. Comedon, s.d.: Carex Duerrenstein, 28.7.1978: Ranunculus oreophilus sempervirens (2.3), Festuca nigricans (1.2), (1.1), Homogyne alpina (1.1), Globularia cordifolia Hippocrepis comosa, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Rho- (1.2), Pulsatilla vernalis, Myosotis alpestris. – Rel. 76. dodendron hirsutum, Soldanella alpina, Tofieldia Knollkopf, 28.7.1978: Poa minor. – Rel. 77. calyculata, Parnassia palustris, Selaginella Knollkopf, 28.7.1978: Pedicularis verticillata, Prim- selaginoides, Helianthemum nummularium subsp. ula farinosa, Polygala alpestre, Rhododendron grandiflorum, Linum catharticum, Carduus carlinae- ferrugineum, Hieracium pilosum, Phyteuma folius. – Rel. 96. Rosengarten, 3.7.1960: Toninia sp., orbiculare, Ranunculus montanus, Antennaria dioica, Nostoc sp. – Rel. 97. Col dei Bois, 21.8.1970: Kobresia Horminum pyrenaicum. – Rel. 78. M. Cristallo, calycina (1.1), Trisetum alpestre, Primula halleri, 13.7.1977: Dianthus sternbergii. – Rel. 79. Col dei Gentianella nivalis. – Rel. 98. Passo S. Antonio, Bos, 30.7.1977. – Rel. 80. Gamsscharte (Prags), 13.9.1978: Ranunculus montanus, Soldanella alpina, 12.8.1985: Carex ornithopodioides, Globularia Laserpitium peucedanoides, Hieracium villosum, cordifolia, Lotus alpinus. – Rel. 81. Van delle Sasse, Phyteuma orbiculare, Gentianella germanica, 24.7.1980: Antennaria carpathica (1.2), Ranunculus Rhinanthus aristatus, Selaginella selaginoides. – Rel. carinthiacus, Saxifraga crustata, Gentiana orbicularis, 99. Vajolet, 5.8.1971: Ranunculus cfr. oreophilus (1.2), Pulsatilla vernalis, Hieracium morisianum, Oxytropis Soldanella minima, Gymnadenia odoratissima, Rhodo- montana, Anemone baldensis. – Rel. 82. Drei Zinnen, dendron hirsutum. – Rel. 100. Forcella Travenanzes, 4.7.1971: Oxytropis jacquinii (1.1), Primula minima, 17.7.1977: Moss indet.1.2, Campanula scheuchzeri.– Antennaria carpathica, Astragalus australis. – Rel. 83. Rel. 101. Pale di S. Martino, 7.8.1972: Saussurea dis- Fanes, 28.7.1971: Gypsophila repens, Minuartia color, Potentilla crantzii, Parnassia palustris, Carex austriaca, Thymus polytrichus. – Rel. 84. Passo Canali, ericetorum, Aster alpinus, Gentiana anisodonta, 28.7.1979: Ranunculus alpestris, Ranunculus Hieracium bifidum, Petrocallis pyrenaica 1.3. – Rel. oerophilus, Petrocallis pyrenaica, Potentilla 102. Monte Rite, 31.7.1978: Toninia sp. Avenula brauneana. – Rel. 85. Forcella D’Oltre, 24.7.1979: praeusta, Potentilla nitida, Carex humilis (1.2), Primula tyrolensis, Saxifraga aizoides, Carex Cetraria nivalis (1.3). – Rel. 103. Lagazuoi, 6.7.1972: sempervirens, Plagiochila spinulosa, Funaria sp. – Festuca alpina (1.2), Potentilla nitida. – Rel. 104. Roda Rel. 86. Lavarella Spitze, 12.9.1978: Thymus praecox. di Vael, 5.8.1971. – Rel. 105. Civetta, 11.8.1970: Carex – Rel. 87. Su L’Aut (Creipa Negra), 25.7.1986: ericetorum (1.1), Primula auricula, Asplenium ruta Valeriana montana (1.2), Primula minima, Cladonia muraria, Carex capillaris subsp. minima. cucullata. – Rel. 88. Rosengarten, Luglio, 1960: Hieracium villosum, Myosotis alpestris, Potentilla 11.2d. Aggr. a Sempervivum dolomiticum (rel. crantzii, Horminum pyrenaicum, Erigeron 106–109) Rel. 16. Croda Rossa, 21.7.1978: Saxifraga sp. Minuarta sp. – Rel. 89. Group of the Rosengarten, moschata, altri muschi indeterminati. – Rel. 107. July 1960: Moehringia ciliata, Petasites paradoxus, Croda Rossa, 21.7.1978: Dianthus sylvestris, Veronica Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Pinus mugo, Peziza aphylla, Paederota bonarota, Potentilla nitida, altri sp. – Rel. 90. Group of the Rosengarten, July 1960: muschi indeterminati (1–2). – Rel. 108. Croda Rossa, Hedysarum hedysaroides, Vaccinium gaultherioides, 21.7.1978: Anemone baldensis, Veronica aphylla, Coeloglossum viride, Campanula scheuchzeri. – Rel. Campanula scheuchzeri, Carex ornithopoda. – Rel. 91. Group of the Rosengarten, July 1960: Gymnadenia 109. Forcella Lopadura (Braies), 8.8.1985: Saxifraga odoratissima, Leucorchis albida. – Rel. 92. Pale di moschata (1.2), Saxifraga sedoides, Arenaria ciliata, S. Martino, 23.7.1970: Petrocallis pyrenaica, Carex Asplenium viride, Potentilla crantzii, Thymus ornithopodioides. alpigenus, Cystopteris fragilis. 428 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
Association Table 11.3. DRYADO– 20.8.1970. – Rel. 7. Sciliar, 3.8.1971. – Rel. RHODOTHAMNETUM Rel. 1. Val Civetta, 8. Antermoia, 13.8.1970. – Rel. 9. Antermoia, 23.7.1980: without sporadic species. – Rel. 2. Forcella 5.8.1979: Solorina crocea. – Rel. 10. Passo Lausa, Moschesin, 13.7.1988: Picea abies (cult.), Thuidium 15.8.1979. – Rel. 11. Passo Lausa, 15.8.1979. – Rel. sp. (1.2). – Rel. 3. Forcella Moschesin, 13.7.1988: 12. Forcella Giau, 17.7.1972. – Rel. 13. Sciliar, Thuidium sp. (1.2). – Rel. 4. Forcella Moschesin, 3.8.1971. – Rel. 14. Marmolada, 1.8.1970: Saxifraga 13.7.1988: Valeriana tripteris, Larix decidua sedoides. – Rel. 15. Forcella del Miel, 28.8.1979. – (cult.), Asplenium ruta–muraria, Asplenium viride, Rel. 16. Passo Cirelle, 22.8.1970. – Rel. 17. Passo Dicranum sp., Cladonia endiviaefolia. – Rel. Cirelle, 22.8.1970: Draba tomentosa, Saxifraga 5. Pasubio (prov. Vicenza), 14.7.1988: Thymus sedoides. – Rel. 18. Ombrettola, 9.8.1978: Salix alpigenus, Polygala alpestre, Lotus corniculatus, retusa. – Rel. 19. Forcella Giau, 17.7.1975: Hutchinsia Carduus defloratus, Athamanta cretensis, Pedicularis alpina. – Rel. 20. Forcella del Miel, 28.8.1979. – Rel. cfr. tuberosa, Thesium alpinum, Leontopodium 21. Nuvolao, 6.8.1970. – Rel. 22. Forcella Pradidali, alpinum. – Rel. 6. Collinetta, 8.6.1989: Salix xfr. 23.7.1970. – Rel. 23. Latemar, 22.7.1986: Pedicularis hastata, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, rosea. – Rel. 24. Fanes Piccolo, 25.7.1978. – Rel. 25. Pulsatilla alpina, Saxifraga aizoides, Viola biflora, Forcella del Miel, 28.8.1979. – Rel. 26. Sass d’Adam, Saxifraga paniculata (1.2), Achillea clavennae.– 6.8.1979: Cerastium cfr. uniflorum. – Rel. 27. Fanes, Rel. 7. Col Faverghera, from thesis Paternoster 1974: 11.9.1978: Carex mucronata. – Rel. 28. Latemar, Anthoxanthum odoratum. – Rel. 8. Col Faverghera, 23.7.1986: Sesleria caerulea, Primula minima, from thesis Paternoster 1974: Lotus corniculatus, Festuca intercedens, Ranunculus montanus, Globularia cordifolia, Erigeron alpinus. – Rel. Hedysarum hedysaroides, Pinguicula alpina +.3, 9. Col Faverghera, from thesis Paternoster 1974: Alchemilla glabra +.2, Pedicularis verticillata. – Rel. Festuca rubra, Hippocrepis comosa, Trifolium 29. Piz Boe´, 13.8.1971. – Rel. 30. Col Beccher, pratense, Antennaria dioica. – Rel. 10. Col 18.8.1970. – Rel. 31. Marmolada, 1.8.1970. – Rel. Faverghera, from thesis Paternoster 1974: Daphne 32. Forcella Pradidali, 23.7.1970. – Rel. 33. Nuvolau, mezereum, Lotus corniculatus, Globularia cordifolia, 6.8.1971: Pulsatilla vernalis, Aster alpinus, Gentiana Festuca rubra, Hippocrepis comosa, Dactylorhiza clusii, Gentiana cfr. aspera fo. norica, Campanula maculata, Fragaria vesca, Ranunculus montanus, scheuchzeri, Potentilla aurea, Avenula versicolor, Thymus alpigenus, Adenostyles glabra, Melica nutans. Loiseleuria procumbens, Veronica serpyllifolia, – Rel. 11. Col Faverghera, from thesis Paternoster Potentilla crantzii, Selaginella selaginoides, Thymus 1974: Salix caprea (1.1), Daphne mezereum, Agrostis gr. serpyllum, Phyteuma hemisphaericum. – Rel. 34. tenuis. – Rel. 12. Lienzer Dolomiten (Wikus, 1962, Nuvolau, 6.8.1971. – Rel. 35. Nuvolau, 6.8.1971. – Table 18, Rel. 1): Geranium sylvaticum (1.1), Sorbus Rel. 36. Torre Sella, 28.8.1970. – Rel. 37. chamaemespilus, Picea abies (pl.), Hylocomium Travenanzes, 17.7.1977: Silene quadridentata, splendens (1.2), Cetraria islandica. – Rel. 13. Lienzer Cerastium carinthiacum. – Rel. 38. Duerrenstein, Dolomiten (Wikus, 1962, Table 18, Rel. 2): Phyteuma 28.7.1978. orbiculare (1.1), Agrostis alpina, Salix retusa, Valeriana montana, Rumex scutatus, Saxifraga Association Table 11.5. ELYNETUM Rel. 1. Col aizoides, Orthothecium rufescens, Myosotis alpestris, Rodella, 11.8.1979. – Rel. 2. Monzoni, 27.8.1979. – Cladonia gracilis. Rel. 3 – Passo Sella, 11.8.1979. – Rel. 4. Paterno, 14.8.1983: Primula minima (1.2), Carex firma, Association Table 11.4. CARICETUM Cladonia rangiferina. – Rel. 5. Passo Sella, August RUPESTRIS Rel. 1. Piz Boe´, 13.8.1971. – Rel. 1960 (with Ruben Sutter). Pinguicula alpina, Arnica 2. Antermoia, 5.8.1979. – Rel. 3. Gardenaccia, montana, Biscutella laevigata, Luzula sieberi, 11.8.1971. – Rel. 4. Antermoia, 5.8.1979. – Rel. Nigritella nigra, Luzula spicata, Vaccinium 5. Val Fredda, 21.7.1970. – Rel. 6. Passo Selle, gaultherioides, Primula minima (1.2), Juncus jacquinii, Releve´s to “Snow Beds” (Chap. 12 in Vol. 1) 429
Festuca intercedens (1.2), Hieracium lactucella, Genova, 14.8.1987: Armeria alpina, Avenula versicolor Leontodon pyrenaicus, Alchemilla gr. pastoralis, (1.1), Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Hieracium Pulsatilla vernalis (1.1), Erigeron neglectus, Euphrasia morisianum, Daphne striata, Cerastium arvense minima, Veronica bellidioides, Anthoxanthum alpinum subsp. strictum, Trifolium nivale, Trollius europaeus, (1.2), Coeloglossum viride, Cerastium arvense subsp. Vaccinium gaultherioides, Euphrasia hirtella, Juncus strictum, Ranunculus montanus, Juncus trifidus, trifidus (2.2), Pulsatilla vernalis. – Rel. 16. Col Sonea. Parnassia palustris. – Rel. 6. Forcella Ciampai, Gardenaccia, 11.8.1971: Botrychium lunaria, Scabiosa 25.8.1978: Sesleria sphaerocephala, Ranunculus lucida (1.1), Cetraria aculeata, Poa badensis (1.1), alpestris, Primula farinosa, Anemone baldensis. – Rel. Euphrasia minima, Soldanella minima. – Rel. 17. 7. On the top of M. Rite, 31.7.1978: Toninia sp., Carex Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: Homogyne alpina, humilis (1.2), Primula farinosa, Globularia cordifolia, Parnassia palustris, Leontodon hispidus, Aster Saxifraga moschata, Paederota bonarota, Potentilla bellidiastrum, Saxifraga paniculata, Gentiana clusii, nitida, Avenula praeusta. – Rel. 8. Vial del Pan, Hieracium cfr. villosiceps, Phyteuma sieberi, Veronica 7.7.1987: Taraxacum alpinum, Saxifraga oppositifolia, fruticans, Veronica bellidioides, Minuartia sedoides, Ranunculus montanus, Minuartia recurva, Saxifraga Sempervivum montanum, Anemone baldensis, Nardus moschata, Pulsatilla vernalis, Trollius europaeus, stricta, Primula minima, Loiseleuria procumbens, Juncus jacquinii (1.1), Gentiana clusii, Minuartia Ranunculus oreophilus, Saxifraga moschata, rupestris. – Rel. 9. Pragser Dolomiten, 8.8.1985: Acinos Anthoxanthum alpinum, Rhacomitrium canescens.– alpinus, Sempervivum dolomiticum, Anthoxanthum Rel. 18. Schlern (Sciliar), 3.8.1971: Ranunculus alpinum, Hippocrepis comosa, Sedum atratum, oreophilus, Botrychium lunaria, Primula halleri, Carduus defloratus, Lotus alpinus, Hieracium pilosella, Nigritella nigra, Euphrasia sp., Cerastium alpinum Juncus trifidus, Globularia cordifolia (1.2), Pulsatilla subsp. lanatum, Carex cfr. caryophyllea, Veronica vernalis, Antennaria dioica. – Rel. 10. Eggenkofel, bellidioides, Luzula spicata. 10.8.1985: Aster bellidiastrum, Trollius europaeus, Salix retusa, Valeriana saxatilis, Hieracium cfr. villosum, Soldanella alpina, Ranunculus montanus, Releve´s to “Snow Beds” (Chap. 12 Botrychium lunaria, Euphrasia minima, Carex humilis, in Vol. 1) Cetraria aculeata, Avenula versicolor, Toninia sp., Cladonia pyxidata. – Rel. 11. Gamsscharte, Association Table 12.1. ARABIDETUM 12.8.1985: Horminum pyrenaicum (1.2), Soldanella COERULEAE Rel. 1. Rifugio Re Alberto, 5. alpina, Hippocrepis comosa, Acinos alpinus, Carduus VIII.1979: Carex ornithopodioides. – Rel. 2. Latemar, carlinaefolius, Sempervivum dolomiticum, Gentiana 25.VII.1986: dolomitic gravel in contact with lava; clusii, Aster bellidiastrum, Polygala alpestre, Erica Saxifraga il. 3. Latemar, 25.VII.1986: slope with per- carnea, Daphne striata, Globularia cordifolia (1.2), sistent snow, on dolomitic gravel in contact with lava Cladonia endiviaefolia. – Rel. 12. Hohe Gaisl, and traces of fine earth; Sedum atratum, Draba 12.8.1985: Homogyne discolor, Sedum atratum, aizoides, Saxifraga aizoides, Solorina crocea, Soldanella alpina, Homogyne alpina, Gentiana cfr. Rhacomitrium canescens. – Rel. 4. Val Lausa, 15. clusii, Leontodon hispidus, Coeloglossum viride, VIII.1979: Taraxacum cfr. pacheri, Grimmia sp., Pulsatilla vernalis, Euphrasia minima, Antennaria Toninia sp. – Rel. 5. Passo Coronelle, 3.VIII.1979. – dioica, Toninia sp. – Rel. 13. Col Beccher, 20.8.1971: Rel. 6. Pian dei Fiacconi, 1.VIII.1970: Sesleria ovata, Minuaria recurva (1.2), Anemone baldensis, Saxifraga Cerastium cfr. pedunculatum 1.2. – Rel. 7. Eissee moschata, Poa badensis, Gentiana cfr. orbicularis, (Giralba), 11.VIII.1987. – Rel. 8. Buellelejoch, 15. Polytrichum alpinum, Solorina cfr. crocea. – Rel. 14. VIII.1983. – Rel. 9. Buellelejoch, 15.VIII.1983. – Passo delle Selle, 29.7.1970: Ranunculus oreophilus Rel. 10. Paternkofel, 16.VIII.1983: Bryum sp., March- (1.1), Minuartia recurva, Saxifraga moschata (2.2), antia sp. – Rel. 11. Hohe Gaisl, 12.VIII.1985: Primula halleri, Poa alpina var.abbreviata, Carex Homogyne discolor. – Rel. 12. Cima Canali, 26. ornithopoda, Poa cfr. minor, Hieracium villosum, Sene- VIII.1972: Festuca cfr. austrodolomitica 1.2. – Rel. cio carniolicus, Soldanella minima. – Rel. 15. Rif. 13. Bivera, 10.VII.1967. – Rel. 14. Eissee (Giralba), 430 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species
11.VIII.1987. – Rel. 15. Lavanteralm (Lienzer VIII.1970: Cerastium pedunculatum, Arabis alpina, Dolomiten, Osttirol): Alchemilla cfr. fissa. – Rel. 16. Sesleria ovata, Dicranum starkei. – Rel. 19. Forcella Giralba, 11.VIII.1987. – Rel. 17. Forcella P. Fiacconi, 1.VIII.1970: Cerastium pedunculatum, Giralba, 11.VIII.1987: Potentilla crantzii, Erigeron Sedum atratum. – Rel. 20. Lavarellascharte, 12. uniflorus, Minuartia sedoides, Valeriana supina, IX.1987: Saxifraga stellaris. – Rel. 21. Gentiana brachyphylla, Marchantia sp. Lavarellascharte, 12.IX.1978: Saxifraga stellaris (1.2), Cerastium uniflorum (1.2), Thlaspi Association Table 12.2a. SALICETUM rotundifolium, Poa minor. – Rel. 22. Collac, 17. RETUSAE–RETICULATAE – the Widespread VIII.1979: Soldanella alpina, Ranunculus montanus, Composition Rel. 1. Passo Coronelle, 3.VIII.1979. – Biscutella laevigata, Cetraria islandica (1.1), Rel. 2. Faloria, 19.VII.1977: Saxifraga caesia, Dicranum starkei 2.2. – Rel. 23. Col Gallina, 28. Moehringia ciliata, Anthyllis alpestris, Salix VII.1977: Soldanella alpina, Bartsia alpina, Cirsium waldsteiniana, Mosses indet. – Rel. 3. Grasleitenscharte, spinosissimum, Biscutella laevigata, Luzula sieberi, 25.VII.1986. – Rel. 4. Grasleitenscharte, 25.VII.1986. – Silene glareosa, Coeloglossum viride, Pirola minor, Rel. 5. Val Lausa, 15.VIII.1979: Gentiana verna, Homogyne discolor (1.1), Pedicularis verticillata, Ranunculus oreophilus. – Rel. 6. Forcella Giralba, 11. Leontodon pyrenaicus, Carex ferruginea, Gentiana VIII.1987: Soldanella alpina, Saxifraga stellaris, Carex ciliata, Lotus alpinus, muschi indet. (2.5), Tortella ferruginea.–Rel.7.PassoS.Antonio,13.IX.1978: tortuosa. – Rel. 24. Ramezza, Vette di Feltre, 4. Erigeron alpinus, Aster bellidiastrum, Solorina saccata. VIII.1976: Saxifraga crustata, Trifolium thalii (1.2), – Rel. 8. Castello, Fanes, 11.IX.1978: Gentiana cfr. Festuca austrodolomitica, Juncus trifidus, Luzula orbicularis, Euphrasia minima, Potentilla crantzii, alpino–pilosa, Galium anisophyllum, Selaginella Arenaria serpyllifolia, Erigeron neglectus, Luzula selaginoides, Gentiana nivalis, Potentilla crantzii, sudetica, Gentiana nivalis. – Rel. 9. Forcella Ciampai, Oxytropis montana, Arenaria ciliata s.str., 11.VIII.1971: Moehringia ciliata, Saxifraga stellaris.– Polytrichum sp., Cladonia pyxidata, Tortella tortuosa Rel. 10. Eggenkofel (Osttirol), 10.VIII.1983: Ligusticum (1.2), Toninia coeruleo–nigricans 2.2, Mosses indet. mutellina (1.1), Selaginella selaginoides, Myosotis 1.2. – Rel. 25. Ramezza, Vette di Feltre, 4.VIII.1976: alpestris, Galium anisophyllum, Bartsia alpina, Carex Juncus trifidus, Festuca intercedens, Luzula sieberi, capillaris ssp.minima, Mosses indet. – Rel. 11. Rifugio Selaginella selaginoides, Cerastium carinthiacum, Re Alberto, 5.VIII.1979. – Rel. 12. Latemar, 23. Thlaspi cfr. minimum, Euphrasia salisburgensis, VII.1986; on dolomite in contact with lava rocks: Dicranum sp., Mnium sp. – Rel. 26. Val Civetta, 23. Gentiana terglouensis, Carex rosae. – Rel. 13. Latemar, VII.1980: Homogyne discolor (1.1), Tofieldia 23.VII.1986: on coherent dolomitic gravel, with species calyculata, Saxifraga caesia, Coeloglossum viride, transgressing from Caricetum firmae; Carex firma, Soldanella alpina, Selaginella selaginoides, Ranuncu- Botrychium lunaria, Saxifraga aizoides, Cladonia lus hybridus, Crepis aurea, Juncus monanthos, pyxidata, Cetraria islandica. – Rel. 14. Forcella Pedicularis verticillata, Tortella tortuosa. Venegia, 9.VII.1970: Arabis alpina, Salix caprea, Salix waldsteiniana, Lloydia serotina, Saxifraga Association Table 12.3. SALICETUM paniculata, Rhodiola rosea (1.2), Luzula alpino–pilosa HERBACEAE Rel. 1. Karlsbaderkar (Osttirol), 16. (1.2), Achillea clavennae, Hedysarum hedysaroides.– VII.1976: Carex capillaris ssp. minima (1.1), Ranun- Rel. 15. Antermoia, 5.VIII.1979: Ranunculus culus carinthiacus, Festuca cfr. ovina, Selaginella carinthiacus, Toninia sp. – Rel. 16. Buellelejoch, 14. selaginoides, Lotus alpinus – Rel. 2. Eissee (Giralba), VIII.1983: Silene pusilla, Leontodon montanus.–Rel. 11.VIII.1987. – Rel. 3. Eissee (Giralba), 11.VIII.1987: 17. Eggenkofel, 10.VIII.1983: Saxifraga aizoides, Salix serpyllifolia. – Rel. 4. Col dei Bois, 30.VII.1977: Bartsia alpina, Phyteuma sieberi. Elyna myosuroides, Gentiana verna, Phyteuma hemisphaericum, Leontodon pyrenaicus, Gentiana Association Table 12.2b. Variant with Saxifraga cfr. orbicularis, Potentilla aurea, Antennaria sedoides (rel. 18–21); Variant with Myosotis carpathica, Homogyne alpina, Anthoxanthum alpestris (rel. 22–26) Rel. 18. P. Fiacconi, 1. alpinum, Trollius europaeus, Cetraria aculeata, Releve´s to “Rupestrian Habitats” (Chap. 13 in Vol. 1) 431
Rhacomitrium canescens, Cladonia rangiferina.– Rel. 19. Cappello del Vescovo, 28.8.1972. – Rel. 20. Rel. 5. Castello di Fanes, 11.IX.1987. – Rel. 6. Vial Cima Cuc, 7.7.1987: Campanula cochlearifolia, Poa del Pan, 7.VII.1987: Vaccinium uliginosum, Agrostis alpina, Vitaliana primulaeflora, Oxytropis campestris, rupestris, Veronica bellidioides, Senecio incanus Saxifraga moschata. – Rel. 21. Cima Cuc, 7.7.1987: subsp. carniolicus. – Rel. 7. Eissee (Giralba), 11. Poa alpina, Ranunculus montanus, Campanula VIII.1987: Carex firma. – Rel. 8. La Grava Longa, cochlearifolia, Helianthemum alpestre, Astragalus 12.VIII.1987: Carex fusca (1.2), Deschampsia australis, Eritrichium nanum var. terglouense, caespitosa, Salix waldsteiniana, Montia cfr. rivularis Umbilicaria sp. – Rel. 22. Cima Cuc, 7.7.1987: (+). – Rel. 9. La Grava Longa, 12.VIII.1987: Mosses Lloydia serotina, Saussurea alpina, Carex rupestris, indet. 2.2. – Rel. 10. Grossvenediger (Osttirol), 20. Leontopodium alpinum, Astragalus australis. VIII.1987: Agrostis rupestris, Gentiana nivalis, Trifo- lium pallescens, Bartsia alpina, Leucanthemopsis Association Table 13.2. CAMPANULETUM alpina. MORETTIANAE Rel. 1. Moiazza, 16.7.1979. – Rel. 2. Agner, 18.7.1979. – Rel. 3. Forcella Scarnia, 31.7.1974. – Rel. 4. Pradidali, 26.8.1972. – Rel. Releve´s to “Rupestrian Habitats” (Chap. 13 5. Pradidali, 26.8.1972. – Rel. 6. Formin, 17.7.1972: in Vol. 1) Phyteuma sieberi. – Rel. 7. Forcella Ciampai, 11.8.1971. – Rel. 8. Coronelle, 7.8.1971. – Rel. 9. Cimon della Pala, 6.8.1972: Mosses and Lichens Association Table 13.1 ANDROSACETUM indet. – Rel. 10. Lagazuoi, 21.8.1970. – Rel. 11. Passo HELVETICAE Rel. 1. Passo delle Selle, Giau, 25.7.1978. – Rel. 12. Forcella Piccola, 10.7.1974. – Rel. 2. Punta Grohmann, 3.7.1974. – 27.7.1977: Lichens and Mosses indet. – Rel. 13. Rel. 3. Cima Cuc, 30.7.1971. – Rel. 4. Val Fredda, Mugoni, 3.8.1960. – Rel. 14. Lagazuoi, 21.8.1970: 21.7.1971: Carex rupestris (2.1), Erigeron uniflorus, Botrychium lunaria. – Rel. 15. Tschamin, 25.7.1986. Minuartia verna, Dryas octopetala, Carex capillaris – Rel. 16. Tschamin, 25.7.1986. – Rel. 17. Val Udai, ssp. minima, Cetraria tillesii, Thamnolia vermicularis. 13.8.1970: Achillea clavennae (fo. maxima). – Rel. 18. – Rel. 5. Val Fredda, 21.7.1971: Toninia candida, Agner, 18.7.1979. – Rel. 19. Mugoni, 3.8.1960. – Rel. Thamnolia vermicularis, Distichium inclinatum, 20. Pradidali, 26.8.1972. – Rel. 21. Pradidali, Grimmia anodon, Androsace alpina, Salix 26.8.1972: Silene quadridentata. – Rel. 22. Vazzoler, serpyllifolia (1.2), Gentiana terglouensis, 31.8.1972: Campanula rotundifolia. – Rel. 23. Agner, Dicranoweisia crispula, Cetraria nivalis, Solenostoma 18.7.1979: Homalothecium rufescens. – Rel. 24. Passo pusillum, Myurella julacea. – Rel. 6. Costabella, Giau, 25.7.1978. – Rel. 25. Col Rosetta, 7.8.1972. – 23.7.1971: Saxifraga moschata, Agrostis rupestris, Rel. 26. Passo Giau, 25.7.1978: Fissidens sp. – Rel. Achillea clavennae, mosses div.sp. not determ. +. – 27. Agner, 18.7.1979. – Rel. 28. Agner, 18.7.1979: Rel. 7. Punta Grohmann, 5.7.1987: Poa minor. – Rel. Globularia cordifolia, Salix glabra, Athamanta 8. Geislerspitzen, 12.8.1972: Poa alpina, Leonto- cretensis, Hieracium bifidum. – Rel. 29. Agner, podium alpinum, Campanula cochlearifolia, Aster 18.7.1979: Horminum pyrenaicum r, Campylium alpinus, Thymus cfr. polytrichus, Oxytropis sp. – Rel. 30. Moiazza, 16.7.1979. – Rel. 31. Moiazza, campestris. – Rel. 9. Costabella, 23.7.1971. – Rel. 16.7.1979. – Rel. 32. Moiazza, 16.7.1979: 10. Punta Grohmann, 5.7.1987: Solorina cfr. crocea, Cratoneuron filicinum, Pohlia cfr. commutata. – Rel. moss indet. – Rel. 11. Punta Grohmann, 5.7.1987: 33. Agner, 18.7.1979: Peziza sp. – Rel. 34. Agner, Umbilicaria sp., moss indet. – Rel. 12. Tiers, 18.7.1979. – Rel. 35. Agner, 18.7.1979. – Rel. 36. 2.7.1971: Helianthemum alpestre. – Rel. 13. Passo Agner, 18.7.1979: Corthusa matthioli, Soldanella delle Selle, 10.7.1974: Carex mucronata. – Rel. 14. minima, Webera sp., Homalothecium rufescens (1.3), Col Becher, 18.8.1970. – Rel. 15. Col Becher, Pleurochaete sp. – Rel. 37. Agner, 18.7.1979: 18.8.1970. – Rel. 16. Forca Rossa, 11.7.1971: Salix Minuartia lanceolata, Sesleria caerulea. – Rel. 38. serpyllifolia, Carex capillaris ssp. minima. – Rel. 17. Agner, 18.7.1979 humid, rich on Bryophyta; Forca Rossa, 11.7.1971: Solorina bispora. – Rel. 18. Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens sp., Orthothecium Passo Cirelle, 22.8.1971: Gentiana terglouensis.– 432 Vegetation Releve´s: Location, Date, Sporadic Species rufescens, Toninia candida, Anomodon longifolium, 19.7.1978: Carex ornithopodioides. – Rel. 38. Moss, indet. Rosengarten, July 1960: releve´s with Ruben Sutter. – Rel. 39. Langkofel (Sassolungo), July 1960: releve´s Association Table 13.3. POTENTILLETUM with Ruben Sutter. – Rel. 40. Forcella Piccola, NITIDAE 27.7.1977. – Rel. 41. Langkofel (Sassolungo), A very polymorphic ecosystem, at the upper limit 11.8.1979. – Rel. 42. Castello (Fanes), 11.9.1978: of the alpine-nival vegetation: the present treatment is Saxifraga caesia, Placodium sp. – Rel. 43. Latemar, more advanced compared to the short discussion of 23.7.1986. – Rel. 44. Piazza del Diavolo (Vette di Subassociations and variants in the Vol. 1, p. 504, but Feltre), 4.8.1976. – Rel. 45. Roda di Vael, 22.8.1979. remains provisory, because the cryptogamic compo- – Rel. 46. Monte Rite, 31.7.1978. – Rel. 47. Forcella nent (mosses, lichens and others) is in need of a deeper Piccola, 27.7.1977. – Rel. 48. Latemar, 23.7.1986: analysis. Two variants can be recognized: the wide- Carex ornithopodioides, Saxifraga oppositifolia, spread composition (Association Table 13.3a rel. Linaria alpina, Campanula cochleariifolia, Toninia 13–50) and the Paederota bonarota variant (Associa- sp. – Rel. 49. Monte Cristallo, 13.7.1977. – Rel. 50 – tion Table 13.3b rel. 1–12) on almost vertical rocks. Seekofel, 21.7.1978: Festuca quadriflora. 13.3a. Potentilletum nitidae normal composition (rel. 13–50) 13.3b. Potentilletum nitidae—Paederota bonarota 13.3b. Paederota bonarota variant (rel. 1–12) and Variant (rel 1–12) Rel. 1. Rosengarten, July 1960: Synthesis releve´s with Ruben Sutter. – Rel. 2. – Tiarfin, 13.3a. Potentilletum nitidae Normal (rel. 5–43) 14.7.1967: Polygonum viviparum, Rhodothamnus Rel. 13. Rosengarten, July 1960: releve´s with Ruben chamaecistus. – Rel. 3. Cima d’Auta, 21.9.1970. – Sutter; Placodium sp. – Rel. 14. Roda di Vael, Rel. 4. Monte Cristallo, 13.7.1977. – Rel. 5. Torre 3.8.1971. – Rel. 15. Rosengarten, July 1960: releve´s Sella, 28.8.1970. – Rel. 6. Torre Sella, 28.8.1970: with Ruben Sutter; Cerastium uniflorum. – Rel. 16. Gypsophila repens. – Rel. 7. Coronelle, 7.8.1971: Roda di Vael, 4.7.1974. – Rel. 17. Langkofel Solorina saccata, Toninia coeruleo–nigricans (1.2), (Sassolungo), July 1960: releve´s with Ruben Sutter. Toninia candida, mosses indet. – Rel. 8. Roda di – Rel. 18. Castello (Fanes), 11.9.1978. – Rel. 19. Punta Vael, 3.8.1971. – Rel. 9. Rosengarten, 3.8.1979. – Grohmann, 3.7.1974. – Rel. 20. Val Montanaia, Rel. 10. Langkofel (Sassolungo), July 1960: releve´s 10.7.1971: Primula wulfeniana. – Rel. 21. Val with Ruben Sutter. – Rel. 11. Rosengarten, luglio Montanaia (fuori zona), 10.7.1971: Silene 1960. – Rel. 12. Cima d’Auta, 21.8.1970. quadridentata, Minuartia biflora. – Rel. 22. Roda di Vael, 3.8.1971; Pinguicula leptoceras. – Rel. 23. Roda Association Table 13.4. POTENTILLETUM di Vael, 3.8.1971: Campanula caespitosa. – Rel. 24. CAULESCENTIS Rel. 1. Ponte nelle Alpi, Roda di Vael, 3.8.1971. – Rel. 25. Monte Cristallo, 17.8.1974: Leontodon cfr. tenuiflorus, Sedum sp., 13.7.1977. – Rel. 26. Cima d’Auta, 21.8.1970. – Rel. Coronilla emerus, Epilobium dodonaei, Erigeron sp., 27. Tiarfin, 14.7.1967: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Fraxinus ornus pl., Anthericum ramosum, Asperula Achillea clavnnae, Saxifraga hostii. – Rel. 28. purpurea, Campanula persicifolia. – Rel. 2. Valle del Rosengarten, 3.8.1979. – Rel. 29. Antermoia, Mis, 20.8.1974: Centaurea sp. – Rel. 3. Valle del Mis, 13.8.1971: Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga facchini. 20.8.1974: Salix caprea – Rel. 4. Bianchet, 26.8.1974: – Rel. 30. Nuvolau, 24.7.1978. – Rel. 31. Rosengarten, Rhododendron hirsutum, Carex cfr. ferruginea. – Rel. July 1960: releve´s with Ruben Sutter. – Rel. 32. 5. Bianchet, 26.8.1974. – Rel. 6. Valle del Mis, Antermoia, 5.8.1979. – Rel. 33. Langkofel 20.8.1974. – Rel. 7. Caiada, 13.8.1975. – Rel. (Sassolungo), July 1960: releve´s with Ruben Sutter. 8. Passo S. Boldo, 4.9.1972. – Rel. 9. Sedico, – Rel. 34. Langkofel (Sassolungo), July 1960: releve´s 7.7.1972. – Rel. 10. Valle S. Martino, 25.8.1974: with Ruben Sutter; Linaria alpina, Poa minor. – Rel. Calamagrostis varia. – Rel. 11. Cascata Soffia, 35. Du¨rrenstein, 19.7.1978. – Rel. 36. Rosengarten, 18.8.1974: Calamagrostis varia. – Rel. 12. Valle 13.8.1970: Arenaria ciliata, Saxifraga moschata, Poa S. Martino, 25.8.1974: Petasites paradoxus, Ranuncu- alpina, Grimmia sp. +.3. – Rel. 37. Rifugio Biella, lus alpestris, Soldanella minima. – Rel. 13. Val Releve´s to “Rupestrian Habitats” (Chap. 13 in Vol. 1) 433
Vescova`, 26.8.1974: Thesium alpinum. – Rel. 14. Col salisburgensis. – Rel. 4. Valle del Mis, 20.8.1974: Faverghera, 20.7.1975. – Rel. 15. Caiada, 13.8.1975: Pinguicula alpina, alga indet. – Rel. 5. Valle del Saxifraga mutata (character sp. of the class). – Rel. 16. Mis, 15.7.1974: Saxifraga aizoides, Epipactis Val Cordevole, 26.8.1974: Betonica alopecurus ssp. atropurpurea, cfr. Salix aurita, Reboulia jacquinii. – Rel. 17. Val Canzoi, 23.8.1974: Campan- hemisphaerica, Eucladium verticillatum (1.2), ula scheuchzeri. – Rel. 18. Col Magazon, 27.8.1974. – Homalothecium sp. – Rel. 6. Valle del Mis, Rel. 19. Col Magazon, 27.8.1974. – Rel. 20. La 20.8.1974: Adenostyles glabra, Anemone trifolia, Stanga, 3.8.1974. – Rel. 21. Stanga, 3.9.1972: Hedera Saxifraga oppositifolia, Solidago virgaurea, Viola helix, Asperula aristata. – Rel. 22. Val Cordevole, biflora, Tofieldia calyculata, epatica indet. – Rel. 26.8.1974. – Rel. 23. Val Scalet, 18.8.1974. – Rel. 7. Valle del Mis, 15.7.1974: Scabiosa graminifolia, 24. Valle del Mis, s.d. – Rel. 25. Col Faverghera, Asperula aristata, Pinus mugo (1.2). – Rel. 8. Sopra 31.7.1975: Asplenium ruta–muraria subsp. Rif. Dal Piaz, 5.7.1996: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus. dolomiticum (character sp. of the class). – Rel. 26. Athamanta cretensis, Saxifraga aizoides, Aster Val Scalet, 18.8.1974: Parietaria diffusa. – Rel. 27. belllidiastrum, Tortella tortuosa Trifolium pallescens, Draba aizoides. – Rel. 14. Monte – Rel. 2. Caserin, 2.9.1978: Saxifraga aizoides, Dolada, 27.8.1975: Leontodon incanus. – Rel. 15. Col Muschio indeterm. – Rel. 3. Passo Molignon, Faverghera, 17.8.1998: Globularia cordifolia. – Rel. 16. 3.8.1985: Moehringia ciliata, Toninia sp., Hepatics Vette Grandi, 14.8.1975: Galium margaritaceum – indeterm. – Rel. 4. Cinque Torri, 21.7.1977: Poa Rel. 17. Vette Grandi, 1.8.1976: Mnium spinulosum, alpina, Eucladium verticillatum 1.2, Moss indeterm. Toninia austriaca, Drepanocladus uncinatus, Distichium – Rel. 5. Val Travenanzes. 30.7.1977: Poa nemoralis. capillaceum. – Rel. 18. Monte Dolada, 27.8.1975: – Rel. 6. Cigolade, 22.8.1979: Moss indeterm. – Rel. Koeleria eriostachya. – Rel. 19. Monte Dolada, 7. Passo Tre Croci, 19.7.1977: Campanula caespitosa. 27.8.1975: Globularia cordifolia, Carex mucronata. – Rel. 8. Sassolungo/Langkofel North, 4.7.1987: Achillea oxyloba, Arabis pumila, cianoficea Association Table 13.7. PHYSOPLEXIDI– indeterm., Moss indeterm. – Rel. 9. Forcella ASPLENIETUM Moschesin, 13.7.1988: Ranunculus alpestris. – Rel. 10. Collac, 17.8.1979: Cyanobact. indeterm. – Rel. (a) Dolomiti Rel. 1. Dobbiaco, 29.8.1970. – Rel. 11. Gross Fanes, 21.7.1977: Moss indeterm. – Rel. 2. Colfosco, 11.8.1971: Pinguicula alpina. – Rel. 12. Valle di S. Lucano, 23.7.1979: Campanula carnica. 3. Dobbiaco, 29.8.1970: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, – Rel. 13. Steinerne Stadt, 11.8.1979: Cyanobact. Hieracium cfr. villosum. – Rel. 4. Dobbiaco, indeterm. – Rel. 14. Schiara, 3.8.1974. – Rel. 15. 29.8.1970: Kernera saxatilis. – Rel. 5. Civetta, Caiada, 31.7.1974: Mosses indeterm. (1.2). – Rel. 16. 11.8.1970: Festuca alpina. – Rel. 6. Serrai di Schiara, 3.8.1974: Athyrium cfr. distentifolium, Sottoguda, 11.8.1972: Carex firma. – Rel. Cerastium uniflorum, Campanula cochlearifolia, 7. Strudelkoepfe, 29.8.1970: Silene vulgaris subsp. Doronicum grandiflorum, Mosses indeterm. (1.2). – glareosa, Arabis pumila, Laserpitium peucedanoides. Rel. 17. Schiara, 3.8.1974: Mosses indeterm (1.2). – – Rel. 8. Tschamin, 9.8.1979: Hepatics indet. r. – Rel. Rel. 18. Monte Serva, 16.8.1974: Ranunculus 9. Tschamin, 9.8.1979: Leontodon incanus, Mosses alpestris, Moehringia ciliata, Festuca alpina, Mosses indet. r. – Rel. 10. Val Lunga, 1.7.1987. – Rel. 11. indeterm (1.2). – Rel. 19. Caiada, 31.7.1974: Mosses Above Rif. Pederu (S. Cassiano), 23.7.1991: indeterm (1.2). – Rel. 20. Forcella d’Oltro, 1.9.1978: Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Carex firma, Aster Parnassia palustris, Carex firma. bellidiastrum, Kernera saxatilis, Sesleria caerulea, Seslwria sphaerocephala, Campanula cochleariifolia, Aggr. a Silene veselskyi Rel. 21. Agner, 18.7.1979: Gymnocarpium robertianum, Salix glabra, Asplenium Adenostyles glabra, Pinguicula alpina, Gymnostomum virida. – Rel. 12. Cimoliana, Val Montanaia. – Rel. 13. sp., Webera sp., Clorophyta filamentous. – Rel. 22. Cimoliana, Val Montanaia. – Rel. 14. Cimoliana, Val Moiazza, 16.7.1979: no sporadic species. Montanaia. – Rel. 15. Cimoliana, Val Montanaia. Association Table 13.9. SAXIFRAGETUM (b) Lienzer Dolomiten (Ossttirol/Austria) Rel. 16. BRYOIDIS Rel. 1. Porta Vescovo, 17.8.1979: Hochstadl, 15.6.1978. – Rel. 17. Pirkach, Osttirol Grimmia sp. – Rel. 2. Grossvenediger (Osttirol), 15.6.1978: GPS 46 470 27000 N–12 520 71800 E. – 20.8.1987: Mosses indet. – Rel. 3. Harnischkofel Rel. 18. Forellenhof, 7.7.1978. – Rel. 19. (Osttirol), 5.8.1985: Gentiana orbicularis. – Rel. Galitzenklamm, 15.9.1978. – Rel. 20. Galitzenklamm, 4. Col Quaterna`, 19.8.1981: Draba dubia, Alchemilla 15.9.1978: Dryas octopetala, Erica carnea, Hieracium incisa, Erigeron polymorphus. – Rel. 5. Monzoni, bifidum. – Rel. 21. Forellenhof, 7.7.1978: Valeriana 26.8.1979: Draba dubia, Ligusticum mutellinoides, montana, Moehringia muscosa, Dryopteris robertiana, Trisetum spicatum. – Rel. 6. Monzoni, 26.8.1979: Fagus sylvatica (pl.). – Rel. 22. Galitzenklamm, Luzula spicata. – Rel. 7. Passo Manghen (Group of 15.9.1978: Gypsophila repens, Sesleria caerulea. the Lagorai), 15.7.1982: Saxifraga oppositifolia, Festuca cfr. robustifolia, Festuca quadriflora, Association Table 13.8. VALERIANO–AS- Leontopodium alpinum, Polytrichum alpinum, PLENIETUM VIRIDIS Rel. 1. Bullkoepfe (group Alectoria ochroleuca, Cladonia pyxidata. – Rel. of the Croda dei Baranci), 3.8.1985: Pinguicula alpina. 8. Harnischkofel (Osttirol), 5.8.1985: Phyteuma Releve´s to “Rupestrian Habitats” (Chap. 13 in Vol. 1) 435 hemisphaericum, Huperzia selago, Senecio incanus Cappello del Vescovo, 28.8.1979: Oxytropis ssp. carniolicus, Sibbaldia procumbens, Myosotis campestris, Thamnolia vermicularis. alpestris, Cardamine resedifolia, Leucanthemopsis alpina, Hieracium sp., Polytricum alpinum. Association Table 13.11. ASPLENIETUM TRICHOMANIS – RUTAEMURARIAE Rel. Association Table 13.10. SAXIFRAGO–ARTE- 1. Sonnenberg, 15.8.1987. – Rel. 2. Gufidaun, MISIETUM UMBELLIFORMIS Rel. 1. Monzoni, 15.8.1987. – Rel. 3. Castelfeder, 16.7.1988: Geranium 27.8.1979: Viola biflora, Phyteuma sieberi, Ranuncu- columbinum, Petrorhagia saxifraga. – Rel. 3b. lus oreophilus. – Rel. 2. Crepes de Padon, 20.8.1979. – Gaimberg (Lienz), 18.8.2002: Arenaria leptoclados. Rel. 3. Creipa Negra, 25.7.1986: Rhodiola rosea, – Rel. 4. Gufidaun, 15.8.1987: Teucrium montanum, Alchemilla flabellata, Mosses indeterm. (1.2). – Rel. Dianthus sylvestris. – Rel. 5. Oberdrum (Lienz, 4. Creipa Negra, 25.7.1986: Arenaria ciliata, Osstirol), 8.8.1987: Sedum sexangulare, Equisetum Cerastium arvense, Campanula scheuchzeri fo., arvense, Bryum argenteum. – Rel. 6. Bellamonte at Marchantia cfr., Mosses indeterm. – Rel. 5. Creipa Sottsass, 19.7.1978: Silene nutans, Viola cfr. Negra, 25.7.1986: Draba cfr. carinthiaca, Saxifraga thomasiana. – Rel. 7. Bellamonte, 9.7.1978: Thesium moschata, Mosses indeterm. (1.2). – Rel. 6. Sass alpinum, Trisetum distichophyllum, Hieracium cfr. d’Adam, 7.8.1978: Agrostis rupestris, Festuca norica. bifidum, Thymus praecox, Toninia sp., Cladonia – Rel. 7. Crepes de Padon, 20.8.1979: Sempervivum pyxidata, Parmelia sp. (2.5), Grimmia sp. (2.5). – wulfenii, Biscutella laevigata, Laserpitium latifolium, Rel. 8. Above S. Cassiano, 23.7.1991: Scabiosa lucida, Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris, Hieracium Dianthus sylvestris, Aster alpinus, Thymus villosum, Umbilicaria cylindrica. – Rel. 8. Porta polytrichus, Koeleria eryostachya. – Rel. Vescovo, 17.8.1979. – Rel. 9. M. Sief, 20.7.1978. – 9. Bellamonte at Sottsass, 19.7.1978: Veronica Rel. 10. M. Sief, 20.7.1978: Oxyria digyna. – Rel. 11. urticifolia. Part III Data on Microclimate and Ecophysiology (Refers to Chaps. 9 and 14 in Vol.1) Part III gathers all the tables with ecological data that have been discussed in Vol. 1, Chaps. 9 and 14, but that were presented only in a synthetic overview. Here, instead, the data are given in detail with single measures that justifying our conclusions. Tables with ecological measures are numbered, and the number is preceded by the prefix “Eco” in order to distinguish them from the tables of Vol. 1. The tables of vegetation complexes referring to Chap. 19 of Vol. 1 are presented in Part IV. The following chapters are very complex because they summarize the information from a database that fills many a table. In the following pages, the field results are provided in detail as well as some text regarding methodological aspects or discussions of the tables, while Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1 generally only reported the conclusions. The headings of the various sections in both volumes are identical in order to facilitate comparisons. Energy Flow and Vegetation (Refers to Vol. 1, Chap. 14, Energy Flow and Vegetation) Light (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 528) herb layer or (in the case of a forest) in the open air. When a measurement within the association was not The measures have been taken in an arch of nearly available, a referring measurement (in column 7) 20 years (cfr. Vol. 1, p. 537–538). Several instruments taken in the vicinity at the same time is given. Column have been used following the rapid development and 8 lists measurements taken in the shadow inside the evolution of the technology in this field. We report forest or in the shade of branches in cases of shrubby only data obtained by instruments that are comparable vegetation. Column 9 presents the percent relation with each other, e.g. the different versions of the between the measurements taken in full sun and photometer BABUC, HD 9021 of Delta Ohm, and those taken in shadow: the difference corresponds to Lycor, which give results on global radiation, convert- the percentage absorbed or reflexed from the foliage of ible to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Por- trees. Column 10 lists a medium value of the table versions of these instruments have been in use measurements in full sun for every vegetation belt; for a few years. Previously, at the beginning of our however, some particularly low values, due to investigations (1960s–1970s), we used a simple pho- measurements being taken at a different time or with tometer photographic Ikophot to obtain our initial clouds transitorily covering the sky, have been omit- information. This has shown good reliability and cor- ted. The sensor surface has been maintained horizon- respondence of results when compared with BABUC tally for all measurements, meaning the instrument (except, obviously, the difficulty in reading caused by was pointed towards the zenith. In some cases the scale that flattens the higher values). All global (indicated in the table), measurements of the maximal radiation data have been converted to PAR and, here, radiation have also been taken pointing directly they are expressed in Einsten units (μE). The measures towards the sun. The measurement at zenith generally have been taken during different daytime hours, dur- varies between 70 and 90 % of the maximum, but there ing various yearly periods (July–September) and is no fixed relation, insofar as it depends on the incli- under different conditions (full sunshine, shade, nation of rays, i.e. on the hour and the day the below vegetation, etc.); therefore, we refer mostly to measurements were taken. differences between one situation and another. Gen- eral averages for a single part of the day, or for several contiguous observations are not given because they Soil Temperature (Refers to Vol. 1, are not significant. p. 531–532) Measurements have obviously been taken on days with favourable, sunny weather, which represent close All observations were carried out in summer; there- to optimum conditions for the phenomenon. The fore, no information is given on conditions during the results are shown in EcoTable 14.1, columns 6–10. important period of snow melting in spring and at the Column 6 lists the values measured with full sunshine beginning of summer. As noted by Aulitzky (1961), directly within the herbaceous vegetation, above the during summer the soil of the Larici-Cembretum E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 439 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_17, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 440 Energy Flow and Vegetation warms up rapidly in the superficial strata, whereas the taken on various occasions during the warmest hours warming is slower with increasing depth, and in mid (EcoTable 14.3b and others) gave thallus surface June temperatures remain around 6–7 C. Areas temperatures of over 40 C (42.3, 47.7, 52.1), while scarcely covered by snow have significantly (3–4 C) the external temperature varied from 16.8 to 21.6 C. lower temperatures, including during summer. Tem- These values are hardly compatible with metabolic perature variations in the soil at this level have an activity, which in eucaryotes usually comes to a stand- annual deviation of about 10–15 C under the cover still at 47–48 C given irreversible transformations of the compact coniferous forest, which increases in within the proteins of the cytoplasm. Plants exposed the margins and clearings. to intense solar radiation generally exhibit adaptations to control overheating of the leaf. As an example from the equatorial latitudes, in September 2001 in Bali, we Microclimate—Methods (Refers to Vol. 1, observed temperatures on the leaves of Ipomoea p. 533–544) pes-caprae (fully exposed to equatorial sunshine) that during the hottest hours did not surpass The ecological measurements regarding the vegetation 30–35 C, probably thanks to intense transpiration of of the Dolomites were taken with the aim of providing the plant. Indeed, one should recall that structure of the information on the conditions to which plants in this thallus of Cetraria islandica differs completely from environment are exposed during the assimilating that of a leaf. Furthermore, the chemical composition period. Therefore, they were taken in July and August, of the cell walls also differs (chitin instead of cellu- always during clear days and around midday (except lose), and photosynthesis is performed by symbiotic some experiences dedicated to variations during sun- algae embedded in the hyphae of fungi, which proba- rise), but again the results are largely comparable even bly maintain much lower temperatures. Nevertheless, taking into account the different data, times and it seems likely that this capacity to accumulate heat weather conditions. The only important exceptions could represent a selective advantage for this organ- are the measurements taken on Passo Sella and ism, which is a typical component of the arctic tundra Forcella Sassolungo on 5 July 1987 (with which we where temperature in every season can descend wanted to investigate the behaviour of plants at dawn, below zero. in relation to sunrise), which have very low values, Previous research data on morphological and phys- having been taken a few days after the melting of iological adaptations are scarce; nevertheless, they snow. These results are provided in Vol. 1, Table 9.1. have shown that analogous phenomena have already Every table corresponds to an experience that lasted been observed by different authors. Some alpine plants from 1 to a few hours; some tables in Colorado (Mt. Evans, 4300 m) have been studied by (EcoTables 14.11–14.14) provide the results of differ- Salisbury and Spomer (1964). These species, as we ent experiences, with the different dates and locations had the occasion to verify when we visited this area in indicated. For every experience, a reference value is 1999, belong to a vegetation similar to an alpine tun- given that corresponds to the air temperature in the dra, comparable to an Elynetum and a Caricetum shade at a height of 150 cm from a free and flat surface rupestris of the Dolomites. In Colorado, Arenaria (given the limits caused by an often difficult rocky obtusiloba, Bessya alpina, Gentiana romazovii, topography). Differences related to leaf temperature Geum turbinaum and Oxyria digyna (the last species have been calculated with respect to the reference also occurs on silicate substrates in the Dolomites) temperature. have been studied by these authors. On plants illuminated by sunrays, temperatures up to 22 C higher than the atmospheric temperature have been Ecomorphological and Ecophysiological measured; while on the same species in shadow, Adaptations (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 535) temperatures rapidly diminished and within an hour they became equal to the air temperature or even We found quite unexpected values measured under dropped 1–3.5 C further. Measurements carried out totally normal conditions on the only frequently exam- during nocturnal hours and at sunrise on A. obtusiloba ined lichen species, Cetraria islandica. Measurements and G. turbinatum show that during the night these Adaptations to Solar Radiation (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 537) 441 plants have exactly the same temperatures (close to Plant cover keeps soil temperatures constantly zero degrees) as the surrounding air; however, in the above freezing point. This is very important, because morning, between 6 and 8 am, leaf temperature rises if the soil froze, roots would not be able to absorb rapidly to 15 C, approximate 5–10 C higher than the water, and the plant exposed to elevated midday temperature of the environment. Statistical elaboration temperatures would be in a condition of serious of more than 360 measurements demonstrated that leaf water stress. Therefore, plants under these extreme temperature does not depend directly on a single eco- conditions have developed appropriate survival logical factor (temperature of the surrounding environ- strategies, growing in a sort of ‘oasis’ constituted by ment, radiation, light at the zenith, etc.), but is the the ecotope that provides optimal results for them. result of complex interactions. The result also depends on the plant’s life form (cushion plants–erect plants) and on effects of its positions, be it the species as well Adaptations to Solar Radiation (Refers as its organs. These conclusions are largely confirmed to Vol. 1, p. 537) by us (observations on The Awakening of a Boulder, Vol. 1, p. 329). The measurements of solar radiation carried out in Research by Larcher and Wagner (1983) were car- various occasions and with different instruments, ried out on Sempervivum montanum populations in have all been converted to PAR values in order to their natural environment of alpine pastures (of the obtain unitary information on the effectively available Curvuletum type) and the Cetrario-Loiseleurietum on energy for the photosynthetic process. the Patscherkofel near Innsbruck (Austria) at EcoTable 14.1 is a synoptic table that provides the 2000–2200 m. Sempervivum has a large altitudinal results of direct measurements on plant associations range (from valley bottom to the alpine region) and taken during clear summer days. It is very difficult to shows a metabolism of the crassulacean acid metabo- synthesize these results, because the light intensity lism (CAM) type. During clear days in summer time, varies not only with the altitude but also when it is leaf temperatures between 40 and 50 C have often measured at different hours, in different periods during been measured. This interesting crescendo of temper- the summer, and obviously during the day, as a result ature is explained as a synergism of three factors: the of meteorological conditions. Considering all these shape of the leaf rosette favours the assuming of ther- limitations, conclusions remain orientative. The maxi- mal energy, the succulence permits better accumula- mum values of light are in the alpine and nival belt tion and, above all, as a CAM plant Sempervivum can where under optimal conditions PAR 1900–2200 close the stomata during hot hours, and in this way (med. 2000) can be reached; in the subalpine belt, avoid losing warmth due to transpiration. Comparative the value descends to PAR 1800 where Rhododenron measurements conducted on Calluna vulgaris and and Pinus mugo can be found, and PAR 1700 in the Carex curvula, two species growing in the vicinity, Larici-Cembretum. Going down, the values continue have shown a much slower increase, with values that to decrease and at about 1000 m stabilize within the did not exceed 35 C (this means 10–15 C above the interval PAR 1300–1500, without significant temperature of the environment, which is already a variations at various levels, while an increase can be conspicuous difference). The in-depth study examined observed (surprisingly) for the bottom valley area. the consequences of these conditions for photosyn- This effect may be the consequence of reflection thetic activity of the plant and its resistance to the from the rocky slopes or from clouds (?). stresses of cold and particularly elevated temperatures. EcoTable 14.5 provides measurements from forest Furthermore, the observations of Nachuzrischwili vegetation. Here, the absorption caused by the tree et al. (1990) made at 3500 m on the nival vegetation layer in general is between 80 and 95 % (meaning of the Caucasus show that during midday hours leaf that the percentage of light transmitted to the lower temperature may be 15–16 C higher than that of the stratum reaches only 5–20 %). The variations even surrounding atmosphere. Results regarding the energy inside one single association are conspicuous, but balance are particularly important: 65 % of heat is this may be due to occasional causes, mostly as a utilized for evaporation processes, but a conspicuous consequence of solar rays’ inclination in respect to portion (14 %) is absorbed by the soil. the vertical development of the tree crowns. It must 442 Energy Flow and Vegetation be noted that, the spruce forest provided some very bundle of light rays penetrates vegetation with differ- low values, down to 1 % (in regard to PAR measured ent absorbing and reflecting capacities on the diverse outside), which corresponds to an absorption wave longitudes. During fieldwork it has not been (or reflection) of 99 % from the above vegetation. possible to take into account all these variables, there- When light is reduced to 1 %, it is semi-dark and fore vegetation is considered as if it were a horizontal difficult to read; we had occasion to observe such a stratum and as if the sun would be placed on the situation in the dense tropical forest. However, in zenith, which may be a rather too drastic simplifica- forests of temperate climates, there is never such a tion. Indeed, the problem remains as to how it can be lack of light; it seems that the absorption of 99 % is possible for species that have adapted to grow in the relative only to a particular wave length of PAR, while densest areas of the forest (e.g. Oxalis acetosella)to in the visible no more than 95 % absorption should be photosynthesize under such low light intensity. exceeded. The Plant Community and the Bioclimatic Luminous Cascade Niche (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 538) The values discussed in the previous pages belong to The distribution of the vegetation units in mountain measurements taken in sunshine; therefore, they can areas is largely coherent with the latitudinal zones, at refer only to herbaceous vegetation of meadows, pas- least in Europe. Therefore, the altitudinal belts gener- ture, humid environments, rocks and screes; for the ally correspond to the biogeographic zones, which can forest vegetation, the issue becomes more compli- be recognized on a continental scale. In fact, on the cated. The crowns of the trees form a compact stratum mountains one can observe, while moving from lower on which the light arrives; the light partly becomes to higher altitudes, the same sequence of climatic reflected, partly utilized for the photosynthetic process communities that are met by the same displacement and only a small portion is transmitted to the lower at sea level, from the temperate to the arctic zone. strata. These observations led to the concept of ‘lumi- Furthermore, as the latitudinal zones are well defined nous cascade’, derived from the ‘energy cascade’ through climatic parameters, different authors (a succession of stages of energy transfer with increas- (e.g. Ellenberg, 1978 Veget.Mitteleur., Pignatti 1998) ing dissipation following the principle of entropy: see have also used the same parameters for the Kolmogorov et al.), which for these reasons becomes corresponding altitudinal belts. In fact it is logical to an important factor of self-organisation of vegetation. expect that a certain plant community will have the We point out that a sort of ‘luminous cascade’ operates same climatic requirements within its whole distribu- in the forest, where every leaf stratum denies light to tional area. Therefore, it can be assumed that meteoro- the lower strata. logical observations carried out in, for example, a The phenomenon is complex and cannot be beech forest at sea level in southern Sweden should described precisely insofar as the light absorption give equal or at least similar results to those carried out depends on the orientation of the leaves with respect in a beech forest in the Alpine mountains. Neverthe- to the incident rays, on the quantity of leaves and on less, an important difference exists: the definition of their disposition. Besides, the absorptions of leaves of the latitudinal zone by means of climatic values is different species differ, and this can be noticed by based on data collected over decades and often even observing the landscape: the coniferous forest appears over centuries in a great number of meteorological with darker colours than the broadleaf. We also note stations; however, this experimental basis for the alti- that the sensor of the photometer has a horizontal tudinal belts is lacking and, to date, no adequate surface but leaves are rarely disposed horizontally; method has been proposed to provide reliable besides, in our latitudes, sunrays are always oblique, measurements. In conclusion, an analogy exists in and the angle of incidence continuously varies the climate differences among the altitudinal belts throughout the day as well as throughout the year. (topography) and latitudinal zones (geography), but The light composition at the soil level differs signifi- the generally accepted definition of zones cannot be cantly from that of the solar spectrum because the directly applied to the altitudinal belts. Consequently, Thermal Environment of the Alpine Belt on Limestone and Dolomite... 443 an adequate reference system for variation in climates habitats and humidity is always at a maximum in the at different altitudes must be defined. morning. In comparison with Listero-Piceetum, communities in colder environments have negative data, while those of inferior vegetation belts have The Problem of the Reference System positive differences. All observed differences in reference to the A first important task is to define the bioclimatic Piceetum have been gathered in Vol. 1, Table 14.8, relations between the different climatic associations, p. 539 in columns showing the days of observation a result that can be obtained by taking measurements (14) and in rows showing the climax or durable simultaneously in two or more communities, but this associations (10), ordered due to altitude; the observed cannot be easily done in the mountains. Many data are 34, to which the measures regarding the measures have been taken when it was possible to Piceetum (20) are added, obviously reduced to zero. move from one climate belt to another within a few The medium values of the differences between the minutes, for instance when a road goes up a slope values related to every association and those observed crossing different vegetation belts or when it was at the same time in the Listero-Piceetum, are shown in possible to organize different groups simultaneously the second column. One can read that putting zero to working at different levels, obviously avoiding the level of the Listero-Piceetum (medium altitude differences due to exposition, solar radiation, nebulos- 1630 m), all data from higher altitudes show negative ity and others. Two examples of measurements taken differences, as was expected (meaning lower at the same time for this purpose are given in temperatures), while those of inferior altitudes have EcoTable 14.3a, b. Here, there was the problem of positive values (meaning warmer habitats). This ten- comparative measures taken for this purpose at the dency of diminishing temperatures with increasing lower level of the alpine belt: one in the herbaceous altitude could have been expected, but there is another vegetation and the second in the forest belt. Therefore, interesting result: when we sum up the two extreme for the final elaboration only data taken at sunrise were values without taking into account whether they are used, which normally correspond to the daily mini- positive or negative (6.0 + 2.1 ¼ 8.1), and if we mum temperature, which does not present differences report the result to the corresponding difference of between forest and open surfaces. altimetric level (2391 À 464 ¼ 1928 m), we can cal- A second problem is what should be selected as a culate (cfr. paragraph a-2 of this chapter) the decrease common reference for all the observed differences. in temperature for every 100 m of higher altitude (8.1/ Data from the Curvuletum, a community with the 1928 Â 100 ¼ 0.42). This result is quite close to the lowest temperatures, were initially used as a reference. value of 0.50 calculated for the Dolomites based on all All other climatic associations have been classified meteorological observations. If one considers that the based on differences in temperature with respect to Caricetum curvulae measurements are attributed to a the Curvuletum. At this point, a further difficulty was level of 2391 m (medium value gained by the eleva- that the Curvuletum in the Dolomites is a rare commu- tion of the releve´s), in reality they were taken at nity and localized in inaccessible places; therefore, the 2100 m, an unusually low level, 8.1 should be divided measurements were few and not always significant. to about 1630 and in this case one would obtain nearly For this reason, the Listero-Piceetum was chosen as exactly the value 0.50. ‘point zero’ for the reference system (Vol. 1, Table 14.8, p. 539). This is the most diffuse associ- ation of the inner Dolomites and also the one for which Thermal Environment of the Alpine Belt we have the greatest number of observations. In cli- on Limestone and Dolomite (Refers matic records, this community corresponds to the to Vol. 1, p. 540) meteorological stations Arabba and Sexten/Sesto and others with a medium annual temperature of 4–5 C. The central problem for the alpine belt is that signifi- The comparison has been maintained only for the cant differences often occur among associations temperature data because the light varies strongly occurring at relatively similar altitudes: e.g. in between measurements taken in the forest or in open measures 2a–2c and 6a–6c (EcoTable 14.6), the 444 Energy Flow and Vegetation associations of inferior altitude like the Listero- but similar values have also been confirmed in differ- Piceetum (med. alt. 1630 m) and the Larici- ent occasions. On the other hand, instrumental error Cembretum (med. alt. 1992 m) show temperatures can be excluded, because values obtained with the lower than those of the Seslerietum (med. alt. same instrument 1 hour later in the Vaccinio- 1969–2293 m), as expected. Indeed, the same condi- Rhodoretum (diff. 3.9) seem completely normal. Nei- tion is also repeated in the measurements 7a–7c, ther it can be thought that the referring temperatures although in this case the associations have been stud- were too low, because air temperature was always ied all on about the same level, taking advantage of an repeated near the leaves for every observation. To altimetrical lowering of the Seslerietum in this area. understand these differences, further experiments are As to the associations of superior levels necessary. (EcoTable 14.6, columns 1a–1d and 4a–4c), we observe that Papaveretum rhaetici (med. alt. 2369 m) and Potentilletum nitidae (med. alt. 2369 m) Microclimate of the Picea abies Belt generally have temperatures higher (up to 5–13 C) and at the higher Belts on Acid Soil than the Seslerietum, while temperatures in the (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 544) Caricetum firmae as a rule (med. alt. 2416 m) differ only a little from those of the Seslerietum. From these Measurements taken on the Hochstein (EcoTable 14.8) data it is evident that, in the alpine vegetation of the show that the morning atmosphere around the Dolomites, the rule of lowering temperature with Curvuletum is very humid, but towards midday hours increasing altitude is significant only as a general (example 8a) it may be quite dry. Therefore, Carex tendency, but loses its validity in the environment of curvula seems to be well adapted to arid conditions many widespread communities, where thermal (which is confirmed by the xeromorphic habitus of its conditions are regulated by factors other than the alti- leaves). In the Cetrario-Loiseleurietum, temperatures tude; here, we face an evident anomaly. One must are usually higher as results in columns 2b, 3b, 7c keep in mind that the measurements in the cases show (5b includes inferior temperatures, but just cited were generally carried out during the hours of 4 centigrades lower); corresponding to this in 3b 09.30–13.30 (solar time), which means during the there is also a relevant lowering of relative humidity. warm (hot) hours. Instead, on the only occasion In general, the Nardetum derives from a shrub-heath where it was possible to measure temperatures during with Rhododendron after the effect of grazing and the very first morning hours (EcoTable 14.6, indeed in both associations temperatures are quite Lavaredo, 17.8.2002, 7.30 am), the Seslerietum identical, what differs is the daily variation of relative showed a temperature of 8.0 C, about 5 C lower humidity, much higher in the Nardetum in 6b as well than the temperature within the Listero-Piceetum and as in 8b; it is only towards evening (8d) that we have in this case the rule of temperature lowering was measured an exceptional fall in the level of humidity, respected. which in the Nardetum has dropped to 30–40 %. It is difficult to interpret some of the measurements The measurements on 26 August 2003 were dedi- carried out at Col Raiser on 8 July 1987 cated to the study of this vegetation belt on dolomite (EcoTable 14.3a, b, one of our first experiences with substrate (Vol. 1, Table 5.3, p. 171) at the a digital thermocouple) in that the registered values on Rotwandspitze (Croda Rossa) in the Sextner various species at 10.00 in the morning on leaf Dolomiten (Dol. di Sesto). The area in which they surfaces appear a little improbable (the most elevated were carried out begins at the stop individuated by on Hieracium villosum leaves, as much as 20 C above the GPS coordinates N 46 370 90300 –E12 130 air temperature). A few measurements on leaf surfaces 88700, in vicinity of q. 2002, where the path 15b have given readings of 34–37 C, values we previ- (which rises to the Burgstall and is at the beginning ously only obtained on tropical vegetation and that we of the alpine itinerary) separates itself from 15a, which could not repeat on successive days; maximum values continues nearly at the same level towards the Lago were found once more on C. islandica (over 50 C), dell’Orso where it unifies with the 124 to the Pass of Microclimate of the Deciduous Forests and Meadows (Refers to Vol. 1, p. 546–547) 445 Monte Croce of Comelico (Kreuzbergpass). The level The values in relation to Rhododendron species of the studied area varies from 2020 to 2050 m alti- confirm what has been said previously: these species tude, with a general NE exposition and an inclination have sclerophyllous leaves and the lamina is longitu- of 15–20 C. The whole area is on dolomite substrate dinally incurved as a semi-cylinder that seem to be and huge rocks that have fallen from the above calcar- adapted to capture radiant energy and warm up with eous crests are scattered along the itinerary. The the sun; however, in reality this seems not to occur. weather on that day remained quite fine with full This observation is in accord with the fact that the sunshine and few clouds. species of Rhododendron of the East Asiatic flora The shrub-heath of Rhododendron has the typical where the genus has its centre, and of the North Amer- composition of the Vaccinio-Rhododendretum ican flora, mostly grow in a humid and foggy forest laricetosum and is already well developed at 1950 m microclimate. where it is intermingled with single Larix (trees, up to 10–15 m high) and scattered with individuals of Picea; Pinus cembra is entirely absent. The tree line does not Microclimate of the Deciduous Forests go over 2000 m and above that there are only shrubby and Meadows (Refers to Vol. 1, species and Ericaceae with scattered Larix p. 546–547) (individuals with limited growth, the height of which does not exceed 150–250 cm). Over the whole area, In EcoTable 14.12, five different contexts are exam- the soil is deep with a humus profile of 30–50 cm ined in which it has been possible to study the relations formed by rough humus with a black colour and nearly between broadleaf mountain forests and the herba- peaty consistency. On consolidated stony slopes, ceous associations living in the vicinity. They are extensive formations of Pinus mugo are developing; grouped based on altitude, but this is not shown by shortly beyond, soils are less deep and with few temperatures because the obtained values depend organic substance on which only herbaceous vegeta- mostly on the time when measurements were taken. tion of Firmetum and Seslerietum is growing, which In all the results of experiments composing this table, a here seems to play the role of colonizing and beech forest is included, which serves as a connecting stabilizing the substrate. element, with the exception of columns 4a–4d in The measurements carried out demonstrate that, in which there is instead an Ertisithali-Ulmetum, an asso- this environment, conditions of great uniformity have ciation that also belongs to the same altitudinal belt of been maintained in spite of the clear day. The variation the beech forest. Columns 1a–1d include in air temperature between 6.30 and 12.00 remained in measurements conducted between 1100 and noon the same range as that which a few days earlier had along the road that goes up to the Caiada on a southern been observed in the subalpine Piceetum (cfr. Vol. exposed slope. In the beech forest (at 935 m eleva- 1, Table 5.1, p. 163, see also EcoTable 14.3b). tion), temperature does not reach more than 21.5 C Among the associations monitored in the vicinities, and humidity maintains around 78 %; at the extreme only the Mugetum seems to be clearly separated with opposite, the Seslerio-Brometum, only 25 m below but lower temperatures (one degree lower than the in full sunshine (PAR 1800), shows 28.4 C with 51 % medium value) and higher atmospheric humidity (cfr. humidity. There are deep ravines where the Vol. 1, p. 123–124). The control of leaf temperatures Potentilletum caulescentis occurs, an association on confirms these observations: all species listed have rocks of which there are many releve´s but few ecolog- medium values between 22.9 (Pinus mugo) and 26.5 ical data. Here the atmosphere remains fresh (25.1 C (Rhododendron ferrugineum), that are only 0.9–4.5 C with 69 % humidity, and reduction of light: PAR 360); higher than air temperature at the same time (except a few metres apart, the Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum the values for lichens, which do not have a cuticula grows on the sun-exposed fringes (30 inclination) and cannot control the exchange with the external with 47 % humidity, quite an inexplicable finding environment by stomata, and also excluding Dryas, when dealing with a vegetation that always occurs on which does not belong to this vegetation). humid slopes. 446 Energy Flow and Vegetation Also in EcoTable 14.12, columns 4b–4c show data as demonstrated by the analysis of the different measured in the ravines (from Saviner upon entering strategies developed to increase photosynthesis. the Serrai di Sottoguda, where vegetation is referable to the Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii). On shady rocks (PAR 160) in the morning, temperatures are low Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation and humidity is 88 %, whereas in the Astragalo- (EcoTable 14.14) Juniperetum sabinae with slightly different temperatures, humidity descends to 74 % and PAR is The phenomenon of “The awakening of a boulder” is at 1440. described in Vol. 1, p. 329–31, Fig. 9.15 and Table 9.2. When mountain forests (beech or Abies-Fagus It is interpreted as an example of ‘break of symmetry’ forests) or even spruce forests are destroyed by natural that is repeated in the morning after sunrise in the events or by human activity, the substitutive vegeta- alpine environment. This phenomenon is the conse- tion is a community of tall nitrophilic herbs quence of intense variation in the energy flow in the (Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum). Our measurements may short period of the sunrise. It shows impressive paral- give initial information on the consequences of this lelism with the ecological conditions we studied in the presence on the microclimate of the forest, an ecolog- vegetation of the Australian desert (unpublished mate- ical effect for which, so far, observations seem to be rial), and as far as we know nothing similar occurs at missing. Also in other occasions, but in this context, our latitudes in the vegetation of other ecosystems and differences in humidity and light are conspicuous. Our in other vegetation belts. measurements obtained in Caiada on 3 August 2001 This provides the opportunity to demonstrate that (column 4e) for the Oxalidi-Abietetum give values of alpine environmental conditions have not only had a only PAR 30 and humidity 74 %, while, in the constraining effect but have also stimulated—together Adenostyletum, PAR is 107 with 61 % humidity; with other factors, e.g. the cold phases during periods measurements conducted in Frassene´ on 4 August of glaciations—the intense evolution of this flora , 1997 (column 3a) show values inside the Luzulo- which has reached a maximum of biodiversity with Fagetum of 79 % humidity and PAR 10, while in the functional adaptations in this extremely difficult Adenostyletum humidity 59 % and PAR 1330 were environment. registered. Temperatures seem not to show remarkable As a conclusion, we highlight that the EcoTables of variations, at least during morning hours, whereas this chapter are based on the results of at least 1500 light and humidity conditions in the Adenostyli- measurements, while many more are to be found in the Cicerbitetum are completely different as in the forest. tables published in Vol. 1. Their number nearly equals With a first approximation, one could retain that the the number of phytosociological releve´s carried out high mountain environment represents a differentia- over more than 40 years to analyse the vegetation of tion of the environment in the plain at the sea level, the Dolomites, and it is useful to remember that eco- due to some limitations: low temperatures, sterile or logical measurements were mostly based on at least nutrient-poor soils, reduced vegetative period, and 2–5 repetitions. There are surely not many examples consequently there should also be a reduced plant of a similar density of ecological data dealing with a growth, minor dimensions and low productivity of single unitary area, and organized in distinct plant species. This is what generally occurs in the experiments for the control of life conditions in the cold environment of the arctic zone (tundra). The ecosystems where these unique flora and vegetation data presented here show that, although many develop. The main result can be summarized in the problems remain, there exists a condition of much following short statement: “growing under constantly greater complexity. In fact, as temperature at high varying environmental factors (solar radiation, tem- altitudes diminishes, light radiation instead increases perature and humidity), the mountain vegetation reacts and this is an advantage that does not exist for the by developing an intrinsic discontinuity and plants of the tundra. The brevity of the vegetative stimulating evolution, the source of an increasing period imposed on the plants of the alpine environ- diversity.” ment to successfully experiment a series of eco-morphological and eco-physiological adaptations Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 447 EcoTable 14.1 Solar radiation in different associations: measurements taken on various occasions (1987–2001) (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 537–538) Diff. Alt.s. Time PAR PAR (sun) PAR (sun/shade), Association Loc. m., m Date (solar) (sun), μE (refer.), μE (shade) % μE Saxifraga sedoides Passo Principe 2600 26.7.86 12:00 2016 87 aggr. Saxifraga sedoides Passo Principe 2600 26.7.86 10:00 1920 65 aggr. Caricetum curvulae Gamsscharte 2500 22.7.86 14:00 312 8 Seslerio-Caricetum Lavaredo 2300 25.7.01 11:30 2160 semp. Seslerio-Caricetum Lavaredo 2300 25.7.01 12:30 2093 semp. Seslerio-Caricetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 11:30 1837 semp. Seslerio-Caricetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 12:00 1872 semp. Seslerio-Caricetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 13:00 2044 semp. Seslerio-Caricetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 13:30 2056 2002 semp. Loiseleurietum Obertilliach 2170 10.8.85 10:15 1920 13 3.3 Rhodod.-Pinetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 12:00 1872 17 4.3 mugo Rhodod.-Pinetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 11:30 1837 15 3.8 mugo Rhodod.-Pinetum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 13:00 2044 36 8.4 mugo Rhodod.-Pinetum Tristach 1400 8.8.87 16:00 1824 60 15.8 mugo Vaccinio- Leibnitztal 1950 6.8.87 11:30 1920 65 16.3 Rhododendretum Vaccinio- Val Chamin 1900 26.7.87 14:15 1200 8 3.2 1800 Rhododendretum Larici-Cembretum P. Falzarego 2100 3.8.97 13:30 2056 37 8.7 Larici-Cembretum Lavaze`-Occlini 2050 21.7.86 14:30 960 7 3.5 Larici-Cembretum Leibnitztal 1950 6.8.87 11:30 1920 20 5.0 Larici-Cembr. sotto Creipa Negra 2080 25.7.86 10:30 1440 7 2.3 P. cembra Larici-Cembr. sotto Creipa Negra 2080 25.7.86 10:30 1440 8 2.7 Larix Larici-Cembretum Val Chamin 1900 26.7.86 14:15 1200 13 5.2 Geo-Nardetum Paneveggio 1700 17.7.88 11:00 1872 Geo-Nardetum Passo Duran 1610 2.8.97 13:00 2159 Geo-Nardetum Passo Duran 1610 2.8.97 12:00 2101 1685 Listero-Piceetum Paneveggio 1700 17.7.88 11:00 2016 60 14.3 Listero-Piceetum Paneveggio 1700 24.7.86 16:30 1344 7 2.5 Listero-Piceetum Passo Duran 1610 2.8.97 12:00 2101 3 0.7 Listero-Piceetum Passo Duran 1610 2.8.97 13:00 2159 4 0.8 Listero-Piceetum Stronach 1500 14.8.85 10:45 288 8 13.3 (continued) 448 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.1 (continued) Diff. Alt.s. Time PAR PAR (sun) PAR (sun/shade), Association Loc. m., m Date (solar) (sun), μE (refer.), μE (shade) % μE Listero-Piceetum Obereggen 1450 20.7.86 14:00 1056 23 10.5 Veronico-Piceetum Comelico 900 25.8.95 10:00 1104 10 4.3 Veronico-Piceetum Comelico 900 25.8.95 9:00 960 7 3.5 Veronico-Piceetum Comelico 900 25.8.95 9:30 960 7 3.5 1459 Adenostyli- Caiada 1240 3.8.01 10:00 514 Cicerbitetum Adenostyli- Frassene´ 1150 4.8.97 10:00 1378 Cicerbitetum Oxalidi-Abietetum Tristach 1400 8.8.87 16:00 288 1440 7 2.3 Oxalidi-Abietetum Tristach 1400 8.8.87 15:45 1824 13 3.4 Oxalidi-Abietetum Caiada 1240 3.8.01 9:30 513.6 6 5.6 Oxalidi-Abietetum Caiada 1240 3.8.01 10:00 513.6 8 7.5 1536 Luzulo-Fagetum Frassene´ 1150 4.8.97 10:00 1378 2 0.8 Carici albae- Caiada 1170 3.8.01 10:30 624 10 7.7 Fagetum Carici-Fagetum a M.Croce 950 25.8.95 9:00 1440 10 3.3 Galeobdolon Carnico Carici-Fagetum a M.Croce 950 25.8.95 9:00 1440 10 3.3 Mercurialis Carnico Carici-Fagetum a M.Croce 950 25.8.95 9:00 1440 8 2.7 Oxalis Carnico Fraxino-Aceretum Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:45 1680 15 4.3 Pastinaco- Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:45 1680 39 (4) Arrhenatheretum Peucedanetum M.Croce 950 25.8.95 9:00 288 1507 cervariae Carnico Mesobromion Garniga V. 870 30.7.97 11:15 1688 Laserpitio- Caiada 935 3.8.01 11:00 360 Calamagrostidetum Potentilletum Caiada 935 3.8.01 11:00 360 caulescentis Pruno-Ligustretum Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:30 1392 15 5.2 Buglossoidi- Garniga V. 870 30.7.97 12:15 46 1680 2.9 Ostryetum Seslerio-Brometum Fortogna 810 3.8.01 12:00 1440 1546 Galio-Carpinetum Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:45 1685 16 4.6 Galio-Carpinetum Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:00 1584 8 2.4 Galio-Carpinetum Lienz 750 24.7.01 10:30 1392 10 3.4 Galio-Carpinetum S.Fermo (BL) 415 3.8.01 13:30 552 1330 9–11 3.0 var. a Vinca Galio-Carpinetum S.Fermo (BL) 415 3.8.01 13:00 552 1330 10–29 3.3 1469 Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 449 EcoTable 14.2 Leaf temperature. Measurements below Roda di Vael, 2000 m, Knautio-Trifolietum—6 July 1987 (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 538–544) Time of day (not adjusted to summer time) 13:30 14:00 14:30 Temperature (air) Difference Average Temperatures of the leaves (unless differently indicated) Anthyllis alpestris (head) 26.1 23.6 2.5 Arnica montana 26.5 24.0 2.5 Arnica montana 24.3 23.2 1.1 Arnica montana 28.0 24.2 3.8 Arnica montana 27.8 23.5 4.3 Arnica montana (mean) 2.9 Bartsia alpina 27.0 24.6 2.4 Carduus defloratus 26.4 26.4 0.0 Carex ferruginea 26.3 24.4 1.9 Centaurea nervosa 22.6 23.4 À0.8 Geum montanum 21.2 23.7 3.5 Homogyne alpina 30.3 24.6 5.7 Homogyne alpina 27.0 23.7 3.3 Homogyne alpina (heads) 25.5 23.6 1.9 Homogyne alpina (leaves mean) 4.5 Horminum pyrenaicum 25.6 24.0 1.6 Knautia longifolia 23.6 24.6 À1.0 Knautia longifolia 27.3 24.6 2.7 Knautia longifolia (mean) 0.8 Leontodon hispidus 28.7 24.6 4.1 Leontodon hispidus 24.0 23.2 0.8 Leontodon hispidus 27.2 25.6 1.6 Leontodon hispidus 25.4 23.5 1.9 Leontodon hispidus (mean) 2.1 Myosotis alpestris 24.0 24.9 À0.9 Phyteuma orbiculare 26.4 24.0 2.4 Phyteuma orbiculare 27.7 23.6 4.1 Phyteuma orbiculare(mean) 3.3 Poa alpina 25.9 23.5 2.4 Ranunculus montanus 24.0 24.0 0.0 Ranunculus montanus 27.1 24.0 3.1 Ranunculus montanus (mean) 1.6 Soldanella alpina 28.8 21.7 7.1 Trifolium nivale 24.8 24.0 0.8 Trifolium repens 27.1 24.0 3.1 Trifolium repens 23.4 23.2 0.2 Trifolium repens 27.5 23.8 2.7 Trifolium repens (head) 27.2 23.7 3.5 Trifolium repens (mean) 2.0 Trollius europaeus 25.5 24.0 1.5 Trollius europaeus 127.9 25.4 26.1 À0.7 Trollius europaeus (mean) 1.1 Veratrum album 25.1 23.6 1.5 Average 25.9 2.1 450 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.3 Measurements on Col Raiser, 2190 m—8 July 1987 (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 538–544) (a) Temperatures in Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis Solar time Leaves Air Diff. Average Orario (ora solare) 10:00 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1 10:00 34.8 16.7 18.1 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 2 10:00 33.7 17.0 16.7 Achillea clavennae 10:00 27.5 16.6 10.9 Helianthemum alpestre 10:00 30.4 15.4 15.0 Astragalus australis 10:00 23.1 16.8 6.3 Hieracium villosum 10:00 37.1 16.4 20.7 Anthyllis alpestris 10:00 26.8 16.5 10.3 Gentiana clusii 10:00 35.8 16.4 19.4 Erigeron alpinus 10:00 32.7 16.3 16.4 Atamantha cretensis (fusto) 10:00 34.7 16.7 18.0 Saxifraga paniculata 10:00 34.7 17.3 17.4 Globularia cordifolia 10:00 29.0 17.3 11.7 Cetraria islandica 1 10:00 42.3 16.8 25.5 Cetraria islandica 2 10:00 52.1 17.4 34.7 Average (all species) 10:00 33.91 17.2 Soil humified at the surface 10:00 44.3 16.8 27.5 Sesleria caerulea 1 11:00 28.5 21.3 7.2 Sesleria caerulea 2 11:00 27.8 21.4 6.4 11:00 6.8 Hieracium villosum 11:00 25.3 21.4 3.9 Daphne striata 11:00 26.8 20.7 6.1 Ranunculus montanus 11:00 29.2 21.2 8.0 Myosotis alpestris 11:00 28.7 22.5 6.2 Soldanella alpina 11:00 28.6 22.0 6.6 (b) Temperatures in Rhodoro-Vaccinietum extrasylvaticum Solar time Leaves Air Diff. Average Rhododendron ferrugineum 1 11:00 23.0 22.4 1.5 Rhododendron ferrugineum 2 11:00 24.4 22.4 2.0 Rhododendron ferrugineum 3 11:00 27.3 22.6 4.7 Rhododendron ferrugineum 4 11:00 22.6 22.5 0.1 (foglia in ombra) Rhododendron ferrugineum 5 11:00 29.3 22.2 7.1 Rhododendron ferrugineum 6 11:00 26.5 22.4 4.1 11:00 3.3 Homogyne alpina 1 11:00 34.8 22.2 12.6 Homogyne alpina 2 11:00 31.3 22.4 8.9 11:00 10.8 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 11:00 27.3 21.9 5.4 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 11:00 25.5 22.4 3.1 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 11:00 25.3 22.5 2.8 Vaccinium uliginosum 1 11:00 25.5 22.6 2.9 11:00 3.7 Juniperus nana 1 11:00 25.8 22.6 3.2 Juniperus nana 2 11:00 27.2 22.4 4.8 Juniperus nana 3 11:00 25.2 21.8 3.4 11:00 3.8 (continued) Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 451 EcoTable 14.3 (continued) (b) Temperatures in Rhodoro-Vaccinietum extrasylvaticum Solar time Leaves Air Diff. Average Trollius europaeus 1 (ombra) 11:00 20.2 20.2 0.0 Trollius europaeus 2 (ombra) 11:00 22.5 20.5 2.0 11:00 1.0 Rhododendron intermedium 11:00 28.5 22.5 6.0 Rhododendron hirsutum 11:00 28.8 22.5 6.3 Salix foetida 11:00 27.9 22.6 5.3 Cetraria islandica 11:00 47.7 21.6 26.1 452 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.4 Air temperature in different associations: values measured on different occasions (1987–2003) (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 538–544) Time Altitude, T lv. (sun), no. T T 150 (shade), Species Loc. Day (solar) m dati lv. (shade) cm Diff. Homogyne discolor Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:25 2300 23.0 13.6 9.4 Dryas (pag.inf.) Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:25 2300 27.0 13.6 13.4 Firmetum-Dryas subass. Med. 11.4 Cirsium spinosiss. (inf.) Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:25 2300 19.2 13.6 5.6 Armeria alpina Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:25 2300 24.1 13.6 10.5 Horminum pyr. (inf.) Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:45 2300 19.2 13.6 5.6 Pedicularis rost-cap. Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:45 2300 21.9 13.6 8.3 (inf.) Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis Med. 7.5 Hypochoeris uniflora Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 25.0 15.7 9.3 Carex curvula Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 25.4 15.7 9.7 Primula minima Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 25.2 15.7 9.5 Cetraria islandica Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 23.5 15.7 7.8 Caricetum curvulae Med. 9.1 Loiseleuria Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 27.5 15.7 11.8 procumbens Cetrario-Loiseleurietum Med. 11.8 Festuca varia Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 23.4 15.7 7.7 Festucetum variae Med. 7.7 Cirsium spinosissumum Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 20.5 15.7 4.8 Gentiana punctata Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 19.8 15.7 4.1 Trollius europaeus Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 20.3 15.7 4.6 Gentiana kochiana Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 19.9 15.7 4.2 Arnica montana Sassolungo 3.7.87 10:00 2400 22.8 15.7 7.1 Cirsietum spinosissimi Med. 5.0 Ranunculus montanus f. P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 17.8 14.2 3.6 Nardetum Med. 3.6 Rhododendron Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:30 2000 17 14.8 2.2 ferrugineum Sorbus chamaemesp. Lavaredo 25.7.01 12:30 2000 17.4 14.8 2.6 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylvaticum Med. 2.4 Picea abies Lienz 24.7.01 10:00 750 29.9 22.9 23.8 6.1 Veronico-Piceetum Med. 6.1 Corylus avellana Lienz 24.7.01 10:15 750 31.1 22.6 23.8 7.3 Salix appendiculata Lienz 24.7.01 10:00 750 31.7 23.5 23.8 7.9 Pruno-Ligustretum Med. 7.6 Fagus sylvatica Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 1.2 22.8 21.6 1.2 Acer pseudoplatanus Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 0.9 22.5 21.6 0.9 (continued) Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 453 EcoTable 14.4 (continued) Time Altitude, T lv. (sun), no. T T 150 (shade), Species Loc. Day (solar) m dati lv. (shade) cm Diff. Abies alba (plantule) Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 0.3 21.9 21.6 0.3 Fraxinus excelsior Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 À0.5 21.1 21.6 À0.5 Cardamine Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 2.0 23.6 21.6 2.0 pantaphyllos Prenanthes purpurea Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 2.0 23.6 21.6 2.0 Mercurialis perennis Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 1.5 23.1 21.6 1.5 Mycelis muralis Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 0.9 22.5 21.6 0.9 Salvia glutinosa Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 À0.8 20.8 21.6 À0.8 Petasites albus Mauthen 18.8.02 14:00 978 À0.6 21.0 21.6 À0.6 Cardamini pent.-Fagetum Med. 0.7 Anemone trifolia Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 20.9 21.1 À0.2 Fagus sylvatica Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 21.4 (3) 21.1 0.3 (shadow) Fagus sylvatica Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 21.5 (3) 21.1 0.4 (sunny - weak) Cyclamen Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 20.5 21.1 À0.6 purpurascens Campanula trachelium Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 20.9 21.1 À0.2 Hepatica nobilis Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 21.0 21.1 À0.1 Hieracium sylvaticum Caiada 3.8.01 10:45 1170 21.5 21.1 0.4 Carici-Fagetum Med. 0.0 Leontodon hispidus Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 28.3 27.0 1.3 Heracleum Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 22.8 27.0 À4.2 sphondylium Trifolium pratense Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 27.3 27.0 0.3 Dactylis glomerata Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 31.2 (2) 27.0 4.2 Taraxacum officinale Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 29.3 27.0 2.3 Ranunculus acris Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 31.1 27.0 4.1 Arrhenatherum elatius Lienz 24.7.01 10:30 750 25.7 27.0 À1.3 Arrhenatheretum Med. 1.1 Betula pendula Lienz 24.7.01 10:15 750 24.4 22.1 23.2 1.2 Quercus robur Lienz 24.7.01 11:00 750 25.9 22.8 23.2 2.7 Juglans nigra Lienz 24.7.01 10:15 750 28.1 23.6 23.2 4.9 Juglans nigra Lienz 24.7.01 11:00 750 24.9 23.2 1.7 Querco-Carpinetum Med. 2.6 Quercus robur S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 25.9 26.2 À0.3 Daphne mezereum S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 25.6 26.2 À0.6 Castanea sativa S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 25.4 26.2 À0.8 Carpinus betulus S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 26.0 26.2 À0.2 Acer campestre S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 25.8 26.2 À0.4 Corylus avellana S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 26.2 26.2 0 Vinca minor S.Fermo 3.8.01 13:30 415 25.9 26.2 À0.3 Querco-Carpinetum Med. À0.4 454 EcoTable 14.5 Light intensity in the woodlands (under tree cover and outside) (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 540–544) GALIO CARIC CARIC Associations GALIO GALIO PRUN CARP ALB ALB LUZ OXAL OXAL LISTER LISTER LISTER LISTER LISTER LISTER LAR CARP CARP LIGUS VINCA FAG FAG FAG ABIET ABIET PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC CEMB Locality Lienz S. Lienz S. S. Caiada Frassene` Somadida Caiada P.Duran P.Duran Innich. Innich. Innich. Lavar Lavar Fermo Fermo Antonio Day 24 3 24 3 27 3 4 27 3 2 2 22 22 22 27 27 Month 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2001 2001 2001 2001 2003 2001 1997 2003 2001 1997 1997 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 Altitude (m) 750 415 750 415 1170 1150 1240 1610 1610 1200 1200 1200 2359 2359 Time (solar) 10:00 13:30 10:30 13:00 14:30 10:30 10:00 13:25 9:30 12:00 13:00 7:45 10:30 12:45 9:30 13:00 Air 23.1 27.2 (2) 23.9 27.2 27.7 21.2 23 25.9 23.1 16.0 13.8 14.0 0.8 22.0 20.7 11.5 temperature Humidity 74 (2) 63 84 74 70 78 61 73 74 85 88 86 88 92 rel. (%) PAR in the 1584 552 1584 552 1250 624 1378 1200 514 2101 2159 945 1400 1000 1557 1990 sun PAR under 38 48 72 96 46 48 11 42 29 15 17 12 97 202 40 160 tree cover % luce 2.4 8.7 4.5 17.4 3.7 7.7 0.8 3.5 5.6 0.7 0.8 1.2 6.9 20.2 2.6 8.0 incidente nryFo n Vegetation and Flow Energy Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 455 EcoTable 14.6 Comparison of temperature, humidity and solar radiation on the alpine belt (limestone) (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 540–544) [seven experiments on different days and localities, the results are expressed by difference from the Seslerio- Caricetum semperv. (refer.)] 1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b 3c 3d Refer. PAP PAP Refer. Refer. VACC RHOD SESL RHAE RHAE POT SESL LISTE RAN SESL CARIC RHOD PIN CARIC Dry Humid NIT CARIC PIC AGR CARIC FIRM LARIC MUG Locality Lavar Lavar Lavar Lavar Lavar Misur L.Sec Sexten Sexten Sexten Sexten Day 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 Altitude 2359 2359 2359 2359 2359 1600 1400 2000 2000 2000 2000 Geological substrate calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. Hour (first measure) 7:30 7:31 7:34 7:35 9:30 9:30 7:45 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 Hour (last measure) 10:45 10:45 10:45 10:45 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 Number of measures 6 6 5 5 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Temperature in air 13.9 5.8 0.7 5.8 16.0 À4.5 À5.0 20.8 À0.6 À0.1 À1.1 (herb. layer) Humidity rel. (%) 83 88 0 À784À25 94 PAR in the full sun 1876.2 1557 À1517 À1537 1620 175 193 PAR in shadow À1507 4a 4b 4c 5a 5b 6a 6b 6c 7a 7b 7c Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. SESL PAP POT SESL RHOD SESL LAR LIST SESL RHOD LAR CARIC RHAE NIT CARIC MUG CARIC CEMB PIC CARIC MUG CEMB Locality Langkf. Langkf. Langkf. Falzarego Falzarego Lavar Lavar Lavar Falzarego Falzarego Falzarego Day 5 5 5 3 3 27 27 27 3 3 3 Month 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 1987 1987 1987 1997 1997 2003 2003 2003 1997 1997 1997 Altitude 2500 2500 2500 2100 2100 2359 2000 1700 2100 2100 2100 Geological substrate calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. Hour (first measure) 11:30 11:30 11:30 11:30 11:30 12:30 13:00 9:30 13:00 13:00 13:00 Hour (last measure) 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 13:30 13:30 13:30 Number of measures 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Temperature in air 14.7 12.3 13.4 15 0 25.9 À5.2 À3.4 16 0 0 (herb. layer) Humidity 45.5 0 58 34 28 43 À11 rel. (%) PAR in the full sun 1910 0 2210 1990 1557 2050 À66 PAR in shadow À1835 2410 160 40 À1878 À1872 456 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.7 Species increasing foliar temperature in alpine plant communities on the Dolomites (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 535–536) (all results are expressed by differences from the contemporaneous measurement in the Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis) Locality Lavaredo Lavaredo Lavaredo Lavaredo P.Sella Lavaredo C.Raiser C.Raiser Lavaredo Day 27 17 17 27 2 17 8 8 25 Month 888878777 Year 2003 2002 2002 2003 1987 2002 1987 1987 2001 Altitude 2359 2359 2359 2359 2213 2359 2190 2190 2300 Geological substrate calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. Hour (last measure) 9:30 7:30 10:00 10:30 7:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 11:30 Hour (first measure) 12:30 10:45 10:45 10:00 13:30 Number of measures 55211-23-6111 Air at 150 cm (reference) 20.3 13.9 18.9 18.0 14.2 16.7 16.7 20.5 13.6 (max.) 17.4 22.4 SESLERIO-CARICETUM SEMPERVIRENTIS Sesleria caerulea 5.1 3.7 6.0 8.3 6.8 Carex semprevirens 3.0 2.0 4.3 4.2 Anthyllis alpestris 5.1 3.2 6.2 5.5 10.3 Achillea clavennae 4.8 2.9 7.5 5.1 10.9 Horminum pyrenaicum 7.0 5.7 9.8 8.6 5.6 Ranunculus hybridus 2.3 5.0 7.2 4.2 Hieracium bifidum 13.3 15.7 Crepis aurea 3.3 6.7 Salix alpina 9.3 6.0 Carduus carlinaefolius 5.8 5.6 Homogyne discolor 5.9 6.8 12.8 8.6 9.4 Soldanella alpina 7.9 6.6 12.1 6.9 Polygonum viviparum 2.6 3.5 5.8 2.9 À0.7 Pinus mugo 6.6 1.8 Leontopodium alpinum 5.1 8.7 3.7 Antennaria carpathica 5.0 5.3 Pulsatilla alpina 6.6 9.5 Astragalus australis 6.3 Hieracium villosum 20.7 3.9 Erigeron alpinus 16.4 Athamanta cretensis (fusto) 18.0 Saxifraga paniculata 17.4 Globularia cordifolia 11.7 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (2 indiv.) 17.9 Daphne striata 6.1 Myosotis alpestris 6.2 Carex mucronata 0.0 Cotoneaster integerrima 0.7 Draba aizoides (cushion) 4.9 Draba aizoides (fruit) 4.1 Cirsium spinosissimum 5.6 Armeria alpina 10.5 Pedicularis rost-capitata 8.3 Cetraria islandica (2 indiv.) 30.1 (continued) Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 457 EcoTable 14.7 (continued) CARICETUM FIRMAE Carex firma 6.6 7.9 8.2 12.8 1.6 Dryas octopetala (leaf) 8.1 4.6 6.7 7.4 0.6 13.4 Dryas octopetala (flower) 1.6 Silene acaulis 8.1 7.4 7.2 14.2 Gentiana clusii 10.1 19.4 Salix serpyllifolia 9.1 Helianthemum alpestre 15.0 ELYNETUM Elyna myosuroides 7.3 Alchemilla glabra À1.0 Erigeron uniflorus 3.2 CARICETUM RUPESTRIS Carex rupestris 6.5 Draba dubia (pulvino) 2.9 PAPAVERETUM RHAETICI Papaver rhaeticum 7.8 Silene glareosa 4.9 Cerastium uniflorum 4.5 Arabis pumila 2.9 Biscutella laevigata 3.2 Arabis alpina (fusto) À2.5 POTENTILLETUM NITIDAE Potentilla nitida 3.5 3.8 Sesleria sphaerocephala 2.5 Saxifraga squarrosa 4.3 Saxifraga oppositifolia 5.6 Tortella sp. À0.5 Caloplaca 1.1 EcoTable 14.8 Comparison of temperature, humidity and solar radiation on the upper subalpine belt (silica) (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 538–544) [nine experiments on 458 different days and localities; the results are expressed by difference from the association indicated in the first column (refer.)] 1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 3a 3b 3c 4a 4b 4c 5a 5b 5c Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. VACC RHOD SESL VACC VACC VACC VACC RHOD PIN CAR CARIC RHOD CETR RHOD CETR CAR RHOD GEO LIST RHOD CETR CAR LARIC MUGO SEMP FIRM EXTRA LOIS EXTRA LOIS CURV EXTRA NARD PIC EXTRA LOIS CURV Locality Sexten Sexten Sexten Sexten Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Day 26 26 26 26 18 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 1 1 1 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 Altitude 2000 2000 2000 2000 2048 2048 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 Geological substrate calc. calc. calc. calc. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. Hour (last measure) 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 7:15 7:15 9:30 9:30 9:30 10:00 10:00 10:00 6:30 6:30 6:30 Hour (first measure) 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 9:15 9:15 10:00 10:00 10:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 Number of measures 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Air temperature in 20.7 À1.0 0.1 À0.5 14.8 4.8 17.3 0.5 À0.9 17.8 À0.2 0.9 1.3 À0.4 À0.8 the herb layer Humidity rel. (%) 89 4.8 À5 À7 71.5 – 82 À4.5 4.5 81 2 15 97 3 0 PAR in the sun 1813 À193 À18 933.0 – 1845 À90 À182 1700 0 250 0 À90 PAR under tree cover À1700 À1625 6a 6b 6c 6d 7a 7b 7c 7d 8a 8b 8c 8d 9a 9b 9c 9d Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. VACC GENT RHOD GEO FEST CAR CAR FEST CETR PEUC CAR GEO LARIC GEO CAR FEST LIST DESC EXTRA NARD INTER CURV CURV VAR LOIS OSTR CURV NARD DEC NARD CURV INTER PIC AGR Locality Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Sassol. Sassol. Sassol. Sassol. Pl.Cor P. P. P. P.Giau P.Giau P.Giau P.Giau Furcia Furcia Furcia Vegetation and Flow Energy Day 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 15 Month 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 1987 1987 1987 1987 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 Altitude 2100 2080 2080 2100 2400 2400 2400 2400 2270 1750 1750 1750 2200 2200 2200 2200 Geological substrate sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil. sil sil sil sil tufa tufa tufa tufa Hour (last measure) 7:30 7:30 7:30 7:30 10:00 10:00 10:00 10:00 11:00 11:00 11:00 15:00 10:30 10:30 10:30 10:30 Hour (first measure) 12:00 12:00 12:00 16:00 12:30 12:30 12:30 12:30 ymtyBekadSl-raiain(cTbe1.4 459 14.14) (EcoTable Self-Organisation and Break Symmetry Number of measures 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 12 9 8 12 11 4 7 Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff. Air temperature in the 5.1 0 À0.8 À2.3 15.7 4.5 À4.3 4.9 14.4 3.1 1.1 6.0 11.7 0.4 2.2 5.2 herb layer Humidity rel. (%) 91 13 À5 1 53.7 12.8 6.6 À17.6 61.5 À0.7 1.5 À9.5 PAR in the sun 830 0 0 À400 1226 59 59 À361 2170 0 À1040 PAR under tree cover À2063 460 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.9 Anathermal and catathermal strategies: comparison of leaf temperatures (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 537) (all results are expressed by the difference from the air temperature measured in the middle of the vegetative layer of the indicated association) Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Langkf. C.Reiser Sexten R.Vael Day 1 18 30 3 8 26 6 Month 9 8 8 7 7 8 7 Year 2003 2002 2003 1987 1987 2003 1987 Time (solar) 7:15 8:15 9:30 10:00 11:00 11:45 14:00 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylv. Vaccinium myrtillus 1.0 4.6 2.8 1.9 10.3 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.6 4.3 4.4 1.9 11.1 Vaccinium gaultherioides 0.3 4.8 5.0 3.7 4.3 18.0 Rhododendron ferrugineum 0.4 4.8 2.6 3.3 4.5 15.6 Juniperus nana 0.9 5.1 2.2 3.8 2.0 13.9 Calluna vulgaris 4.8 5.8 Arctostaphylos alpina 5.3 Arctostaphylos uvaursi 0.9 Rhododendron intermedium 6.0 Caricetum curvulae Juncus trifidus À1.2 Minuartia recurva 0.5 Primula minima 1.6 9.5 Leontodon pyrenaicus 2.7 Hieracium hoppeanum 4.6 Silene pumilio 2.3 Carex curvula 9.7 Hypochoeris uniflora 9.3 Festucetum variae Festuca varia 7.7 Festucetum halleri Festuca halleri/intercedens 0.8 Potentilla aurea (anche in Nardetum) À0.6 Veronica bellidioides 6.4 Gentiana kochiana 2.4 Peucedanetum ostruthii Cirsium spinosissumum 4.8 Knautio-Trifolietum Knautia longifolia 0.8 Leontodon hispidus 2.1 Phyteuma orbiculare 3.3 Trifolium nivale 0.8 Trifolium repens 2.0 Veratrum album 1.5 (continued) Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 461 EcoTable 14.9 (continued) Hochst. Hochst. Hochst. Langkf. C.Reiser Sexten R.Vael Woody species (Kampfzone) Larix decidua (alt. 150 cm) 0.3 1.6 2.2 Picea abies (alt. 200 cm) 0.7 Pinus mugo (alt. 200 cm) 0.9 1.3 0.9 Lonicera coerulea (alt. 100 cm) 2.8 Salix foetida 5.3 Cetrario-Loiseleurietum, Empetro-Vaccinietum Loiseleuria procumbens 2.2 4.8 6.0 11.8 Empetrum hermaphroditum 3.3 Geo-Nardetum Nardus stricta 4.1 7.0 6.4 Geum montanum 4.2 7.4 6.2 3.5 Sempervivum montanum 7.5 Arnica montana 5.4 7.7 9.2 7.1 2.9 Carex sempervirens 6.9 Homogyne alpina 5.3 6.7 10.8 4.5 Antennaria dioica 5.0 Potentilla aurea 5.3 Soldanella alpina 3.3 6.6 7.1 Trollius europaeus 4.6 1.8 1.1 Ranunculus montanus 8.0 1.6 Gentiana punctata 4.1 Gentiana kochiana 4.2 Mosses and lichens Cetraria islandica 7.2 13.5 7.8 26.1 11.2 Cladonia rangiferina 6.7 8.3 17.9 Umbilicaria deusta 7.5 Cladonia gracilis 1.9 Hylocomium splendens 1.0 3.8 Polytrichum juniperinum 4.3 Dicranum scoparium 1.6 Cetraria nivalis À3.0 Alectoria ochroleuca À0.7 Basiphilous species Rhododendron hirsutum 6.3 0.9 Dryas octopetala 5.5 Rhodothamnus chamaecistus 2.2 Sesleria caerulea 6.8 Hieracium villosum 3.9 Daphne striata 6.1 Myosotis alpestris 6.2 À0.9 Anthyllis alpestris (flowering heads) 2.5 Bartsia alpina 2.4 Carduus defloratus 0 Carex ferruginea 1.9 Centaurea nervosa À0.8 Horminum pyrenaicum 1.6 EcoTable 14.10 Temperatures in the Listero-Piceetum compared with other subalpine and alpine associations (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 544) [12 experiments on 462 different days and localities; the results are expressed by difference from the Listero-Piceetum (refer.)] 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 3c 4a 4b 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 6a 6b 6c 6d Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. LISTE PAST RUB LISTE SALIC LISTE ALN VACC LISTE CAR LISTE CAR SPHA PIN PIN LISTE VACC LAR ERIC PIC ARR IDAEI PIC PURP PIC INC ULIG PIC FERR PIC FUSC MAG SYLV MUG PIC RHOD CEMB PIN Locality Innich. Innich. Innich. Innich. Innich. L.Secc L. L.Secc Misur. Misur. Misur. Misur. Misur. Misur. Misur. Lavar Lavar Lavar Carbo Secc Day 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 25 25 25 25 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2001 2001 2001 2001 Altitude 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1400 1400 1400 1500 1500 1600 1600 1600 1450 1600 1600 2000 1700 1550 Geological alluv. alluv. alluv. alluv. alluv. calc. calc. calc. alluv. alluv. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. substrate Hour (first 7:15 7:15 7:15 10:00 10:00 9:00 9:00 9:00 12:00 12:00 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 14:00 14:30 measure) Hour (last 8:30 8:30 8:30 11:00 11:00 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 13:30 14:00 14:00 measure) Number of 222 22 111 22 11111 1111 measures Temperature in 14.0 8.0 À0.5 19.0 0.5 16.5 5.0 2.5 22.0 À1.9 22.5 À1.7 À2.3 0.2 4.3 18.8 À4.0 À4.0 0.0 air (herb. Layer) Wet-bulb 15.2 2.7 À0.1 19.1 0.3 20.0 À0.8 20.8 À0.3 À0.6 1.6 temperatre Dew point 11.5 0.9 0.0 17.1 1 19.2 À0.4 19.8 À0.5 À0.9 1.4 Humidity rel. 84.5 10.5 À2.5 88.0 5 86 9 12 85.5 À40 86 À64 À8 À14 (%) PAR in the full 945 945 945 1400 1400 1000 0 1210 0 1040 90 90 sun PAR in shadow 11.5 26.0 97.0 À27 33 42 42 202.0 237 33 nryFo n Vegetation and Flow Energy ymtyBekadSl-raiain(cTbe1.4 463 14.14) (EcoTable Self-Organisation and Break Symmetry 7a 7b 7c 8a 8b 8c 9a 9b 10a 10b 10c 10d 10e 10f 11a 11b 11c 12a 12b 12c Refer. Refer. Refer. Refer. VACC Refer. Refer. Rifer. LIST LAR SESL LIST LAR ERIC LISTE GEO LISTE CAR ERIC RHOD LAR SESL LISTE RAN SESL LIST VACC LIST VACC PIC CEMB CAR PIC CEMB PIN PIC NARD PIC FAG PIN EXTR CEMB CAR PIC AGR CAR PIC RHOD PIC RHOD Locality Misur Lavar Lavar Misur Misur Misur P. P. Misurina Tristach Carbonin Lavaredo Lavaredo Lavaredo Misur L. Lavar Hochs Hochs Hochs Hochs Duran Duran Sec Day 22 25 25 17 17 17 2 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 27 27 18 18 18 18 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 1997 1997 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 Altitude 1600 2000 2359 1600 2000 1600 1610 1610 1700 750 1550 2000 2000 2359 1700 1403 2359 1852 2048 1852 2048 Geological calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. sil. sil. sil. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. calc. sil. sil. sil. sil. substrate Hour (first 13:30 13:00 12:30 12:00 12:00 13:15 12:00 12:00 14:00 8:45 14:30 13:30 13:30 14:30 9:30 7:45 9:30 6:30 7:45 9:45 9:15 measure) Hour (last 13:00 13:00 measure) Number of 111 111 22 1 1 1 1 1 2 1111111 measures Temperature 22.5 À1.8 3.4 15.7 2.4 8.8 14.9 À0.9 18.8 2.6 0.0 À4.0 À4.0 À5.0 11.5 À0.5 4.5 11.5 À2.3 15.6 2.6 in air (herb. Layer) Wet-bulb 20.8 À1.5 À0.5 73.5 À5.0 12.4 0.4 2.7 temperatre Dew point 19.8 À0.9 À1.3 9.1 À1.8 À5.6 Humidity 86 6 À28 65 13.7 16.0 41 37.0 88 À70 96 À560À12 rel. (%) PAR in the 160 2210 2130 2130 436 1557 0 330 1100 full sun PAR in 237 1750 17 40 shadow (continued) 464 EcoTable 14.10 (continued) Miscellaneous data LIST LISTE LISTE LIST LISTE LISTE LISTE LISTE LISTE LISTE LIST LISTE PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC Locality Hochs Innich. Misur Misur P.Duran Misurina Innich. Misur. Misur. Lavar Misur L.Secc Day 18 22 27 17 2 25 22 22 22 25 22 22 Month 8 8 8 8 8 7 888788 Year 2002 2003 2003 2002 1997 2001 2003 2003 2003 2001 2003 2003 Altitude 1852 1200 1700 1600 1610 1700 1200 1500 1600 1600 1600 1400 Geological substrate sil. alluv. calc. calc. sil. sil. alluv. alluv. calc. calc. calc. calc. Hour (first measure) 6:30 7:15 9:30 12:00 12:00 14:00 10:00 12:00 13:30 13:30 13:30 9:00 Hour (last measure) 8:30 13:00 11:00 13:30 13:30 Number of measures 1 2 1 1 2 1 221111 Temperature in air (herb. Layer) 11.5 14.0 11.5 15.7 14.9 18.8 19.0 22.0 22.5 18.8 22.5 16.5 Wet-bulb temperatre 15.2 12.4 73.5 19.1 20.0 20.8 20.8 Dew point 11.5 9.1 2130 17.1 19.2 19.8 19.8 Humidity rel. (%) 96 84.5 88 65 17 88.0 85.5 86 86 86 PAR in the full sun 945 40 1400 1000 1210 PAR in shadow 11.5 97.0 202.0 237 9.5 237 33 nryFo n Vegetation and Flow Energy Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 465 EcoTable 14.11 Comparison of leaf temperature measurements in coniferous woodlands (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 544) (all values are expressed by differences from the corresponding air temperature in the same association) LIST LIST LARI ERIC LIST PIC PIC CEMB PIN PIC Locality Hochst Misur Misur Carbon Misur Day 18 17 17 17 22 Month 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 Altitude 1852 1700 1700 1483 1600 Geological substrate Hour (first measure) 6:30 11:30 12:00 13:15 Hour (last measure) 9:45 12:30 Number of measures 2 2 1 Temperature in air (herb. layer) 13.6 15.7 18.1 24.5 17.286 Humidity rel. % 78 65 87 PAR (zenit) 90.429 Temp. soil at À10 cm 13.2 HOMOGYNO-PICEETUM Spread of data Trees Picea abies 0.1 0.2 2.6 À2.8 0.0 Larix decidua 0.1 0.0 0.6 À0.2 À3.7 À0.6 Pinus cembra 0.2 0.4 0.3 Pinus mugo 1.6 À2.8 À0.6 Average Pinus sylvestris 0.1 0.1 in VACC-RHOD Dwarf shrubs Rhododendron ferrugineum 4.7 À2.3 1.2 3.1 Vaccinium myrtillus 0.5 0.0 À3.1 À0.9 2.6 Vaccinium vitis-idaea 0.3 À0.4 2.0 À2.7 À0.2 2.8 Juniperus nana 0.7 0.0 4.3 0.2 1.2 2.8 Calluna vulgaris À0.4 À0.4 Erica carnea 0.3 2.3 1.9 1.5 Herbs Oxalis acetosella 0.9 0.3 À4.0 À0.9 Avenella flexuosa À0.7 À0.2 À3.8 À1.6 Homogyne alpina 1.1 0.4 À2.5 À0.3 Hieracium sylvaticum À4.1 À4.1 Maianthemum bifolium À4.6 À4.6 Mosses and lichens Hylocomium splendens 1.1 À3.8 À1.3 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus À0.3 À3.6 À1.9 Cetraria islandica 0.7 0.7 Shrubs only in ERICO-PINETUM SYLVESTRIS Salix glabra 2.1 Rhododendron hirsutum 2.2 Juniperus communis 0.2 (continued) 466 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.11 (continued) LIST LIST LARI ERIC LIST PIC PIC CEMB PIN PIC Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1.9 Cotoneaster integerrima À0.7 Rubus saxatilis 0.9 Amelanchier ovalis 1.7 Average 0.3 0.1 2.3 0.9 À2.8 Symmetry Break and Self-Organisation (EcoTable 14.14) 467 EcoTable 14.12 Comparison of leaf temperature measurements in beech and beech-fir woodlands (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 546) 1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 3a 3b CARIC CARIC SESL POT LASER ALB OXAL OXAL OXAL ALB ADEN ADEN LUZ BROM CAUL CALA FAG ABIET ABIET ABIET FAG CIC CIC FAG Locality Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Caiada Frassen Frassen Day 3333 3333 3 44 Month 8 8 8 8 8888 8 88 Year 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 1997 1997 Altitude 810 935 935 935 1240 1240 1240 1170 1170 1150 1150 Time 12:00 11:00 11:00 10:45 9:30 10:00 10:00 10:30 10:45 10:00 10:00 Temperature in air 28.4 25.1 30.1 21.5 23.1 21.2 20.5 21.2 21.1 23.0 23.0 (herb. Layer) Wet-bulb temperatre – – – – –––– – –– Dew point – – – – –––– – –– Humidity rel. (%) 51 69 47 78 61 73 71 74 74 59 70 PAR in the full sun 360 360 514 514 514 624 514 1378 1378 PAR in shadow 30 48 10 4a 4b 4c 4d 5a 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b PHYS PHYS ASTR CARIC CARIC CARIC ASPL ASPL JUNIP ERISI OXAL ALB ALB QUER ALB ERICO SEEL SEEL SAB ULM ABIET FAG FAG PETR FAG PIN Locality Saviner Saviner Saviner Saviner Somadida S. Tristach Tristach Tristach Tristach Antonio Day 14 14 14 14 27 27 14 14 14 14 Month 8888 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 4 4 4 4 Altitude 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 702 670 702 702 Time 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 13:25 14:30 8:00 7:30 9–14 9–14 Temperature in air 17.8 17.9 19.0 24.6 25.9 27.7 13.2 14.1 15.9 17.0 (herb. Layer) Wet-bulb temperatre 16.6 16.8 17.2 18.5 22.9 25.3 12.6 13.9 15.2 15.4 Dew point 16.1 15.7 15.7 15.0 21.3 24.5 – – – – Humidity rel. (%) 87.4 88.1 74.8 53.1 78 84 – – – – PAR in the full sun 87 159 1200 1270 1200 1250 20 57 894 PAR in shadow 33 370 42 46 2 2 23 EcoTable 14.13 Comparison of leaf temperature measurements in meadows and corresponding broad-leaved and coniferous woodlands (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 468 1, p. 538–547) PAST PAST PAST GAL GAL GAL PAST PAST GAL GAL ARRH ARRH ARRH CARP CARP CARP ARRH ARRH CARP CARP Locality Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Roncoi Day 9999999999 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Altitude 687 687 687 687 687 687 687 687 687 687 Time 6:00 6:30 7:00 6:00 6:30 7:00 11:45 15:00 11:45 15:00 Temperature in air (herb. Layer) À0.6 À0.2 À0.5 14.8 14.6 14.8 0.7 4.6 15.6 26.5 Humidity rel. (%) 99 94 94 97 77 PAR in the full sun 49 44 40 789 2060 PAR in shadow PAST PAST PAST LIST LIST LIST PAST GALIO PRUN VER ARRH ARRH ARRH PIC PIC PIC ARRH CARP LIG PIC Locality Innichen Innichen Innichen Innichen Innichen Innichen Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Day 22 22 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 Month 8 888887777 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2001 2001 2001 2001 Altitude 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 750 750 750 750 Time 7:15 8:30 10:00 7:15 8:30 10:00 10:15 10:15 10:15 10:15 Temperature in air (herb. Layer) 14 23 21.8 À1.6 À7.4 À3.8 27 À3.3 À3.6 À5.2 Humidity rel. (%) 96 94 92 À11 À10 0 PAR in the full sun 770 1120 1403 PAR in shadow À770 À1100 À1360 nryFo n Vegetation and Flow Energy ymtyBekadSl-raiain(cTbe1.4 469 14.14) (EcoTable Self-Organisation and Break Symmetry PAST PAST PAST PAST PAST PAST PRUN PRUN PRUN PRUN PRUN PRUN FRAX FRAX FRAX PAST PRUN FRAX ARRH ARRH ARRH ARRH ARRH ARRH LIG LIG LIG LIG LIG LIG ACER ACER ACER ARRH LIG ACER Locality Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Lienz Day 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Month 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Year 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 Altitude 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 660 Time 8:30 10:00 11:00 12:00 15:15 18:00 8:30 10:00 11:00 12:00 15:15 18:00 8:30 11:00 15:15 Media Media Media giorno giorno giorno Temperature in air (herb. Layer) Humidity rel. (%) 23.6 25.9 29.6 31 31.9 26.1 0.8 2.3 À1.2 0 À0.4 À0.5 À4.6 À2.3 À1.2 28 0.2 À2.7 PAR in the full sun 83 84 67 70 60 81 À5 À11 9 À10 2 10121274À17 PAR in shadow 1265 1565 1805 1950 1552 60 0 À61 À215 À1460 À1444 0 1366 836 PAR all’ombra À1250 À1610 À1444 106 Temperatura Time 10:15 10:30 Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum 27 Arrhenatherum elatius À1.3 Dactylis glomerata 4.2 Heracleum sphondylium À4.2 Leontodon hispidus 1.3 Ranunculus acris 4.1 Taraxacum officinale 2.3 Trifolium pratense 0.3 470 Energy Flow and Vegetation EcoTable 14.14 Comparison of leaf temperature measurements in different plant communities—The “Awakening of a boulder” (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 329) Time Altitude, T leaves T leaves T 150 (shade), Species Locality Date (solar) m (sun) (shade) cm Diff. Saxifraga oppositifolia P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2300 19.8 14.2 5.6 Carex mucronata P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2300 14.2 14.2 0.0 Potentilla nitida P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2300 17.7 14.2 3.5 Leontopodium alpinum P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2300 17.9 14.2 3.7 Potentilletum nitidae Med. 3.2 moss Tortella ? P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 13.7 14.2 À0.5 Caloplaca P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 15.3 14.2 1.1 Sesleria sphaeroc.base P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 16.8 14.2 2.6 Saxifraga squarrosa P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 18.5 14.2 4.3 pulv. Cotoneaster integerr. f. P.Sella 2.7.87 7:00 2213 14.9 14.2 0.7 Polygonum viviparum f. P.Sella 2.7.87 7:30 2213 13.5 14.2 À0.7 Alchemilla glabra f. P.Sella 2.7.87 7:30 2213 13.2 14.2 À1.0 Erigeron uniflorus P.Sella 2.7.87 7:30 2213 17.4 14.2 3.2 Dryas octopetala fi. P.Sella 2.7.87 7:30 2213 15.8 14.2 1.6 Sesleria P.Sella 2.7.87 7:30 2213 16.6 14.2 2.4 sphaerocephala Draba aizoides fr. P.Sella 2.7.87 8:00 2213 18.3 14.2 4.1 Draba aizoides cuscino P.Sella 2.7.87 8:00 2213 19.1 14.2 4.9 Arabis alpina f. P.Sella 2.7.87 8:00 2213 11.7 14.2 À2.5 Dryas octopetala fg. P.Sella 2.7.87 8:00 2213 14.8 14.2 0.6 Draba dubia pulvino P.Sella 2.7.87 8:00 2213 17.1 14.2 2.9 Potentilletum nitidae Med. 1.6 Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem (Refers to Vol. 1, Chap. 20, A New Paradigm: The Approach to Complexity) The ecological tables, EcoTables 20.1 and 20.2, con- of the elaborations based on the measurements of tain the numerical data for Figs. 20.4–20.14 in variance and on the statistical function χ2, see the Chap. 20, Vol. 1, Sections Data Analysis (p. 700) section Chi-Square measurements of Difference and Indices of Diversity and Dominance (p. 701–704). (p. 700–701). Of particular significance are the results E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 471 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_18, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 EcoTable 20.1 DATA FOR BIODIVERSITY ELABORATIONS—species number (average), indexes, chi-square and other data (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, Chap. 20, 472 p. 700–701) N of N of Berger/ Elaborazioni Ord. rel. in rel. N of Sp/ril. Similarity Index of abc/ Margalef Parker L Â M/ Chapter EVS tab. elabor. species average Variance average Shannon χ2 sum de no repet all layers M/L K Â LKÂ M 1000 02.1 63 Pastinaco- 23 23 89 38.5 4.876 84.1 1.51 2053.0 0.35 45.33 7.19 0.16 15.72 2.49 0.33 Arrhenatheretum 02.2 64 Deschampsio- 17 17 53 21.9 2.417 87.7 1.28 745.6 0.34 28.61 10.24 0.36 9.60 3.44 0.29 Agrostetum tenuis 02.3 65 Trisetetum 8 8 94 40.5 2.966 84.1 1.52 1309.8 1.26 48.41 6.83 0.14 61.17 8.64 0.33 flavescentis 02.4 66 Agrostio- 8 6 11 4.5 8.545 91.3 0.57 765.7 0.01 8.80 47.64 5.41 0.13 0.70 0.42 Ranunculetum repentis 02.5 67 Molinietum 7 6 57 22.2 5.26 86.5 1.26 1337.5 0.14 32.86 12.83 0.39 4.46 1.74 0.42 caeruleae 02.6 68 Adonidi- 5 5 39 16 3.006 84.7 1.08 1275.8 Delphinietum consolidae 02.7 69 Alchemillo-Poetum 6 6 14 6.2 4.503 93.4 0.72 816.5 2.59 10.97 32.68 2.98 28.39 84.57 0.36 supinae 02.8 70 Lolio- 15 15 17 7.6 3.359 91.6 0.75 636.3 0.06 12.36 30.96 2.50 0.73 1.83 0.38 Plantaginetum 02.9 71 Hackelio- 8 8 19 7.9 2.441 91.9 0.69 739.3 0.41 15.58 35.44 2.27 6.34 14.42 0.55 Chenopodietum foliosi 02.10 72 Tanaceto- 9 9 75 29.2 2.961 84.9 1.35 1723.5 0.02 41.32 9.12 0.22 0.78 0.17 0.38 Artemisietum Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 02.11 73 Senecio- 10 10 48 26 2.185 89.2 1.16 726.1 0.18 28.73 18.01 0.63 5.24 3.28 0.52 Epilobietum angustifolii 02.12 74 Rubetum idaei 9 9 41 33.1 2.969 89.5 1.02 799.3 0.12 20.86 28.75 1.38 2.57 3.54 0.60 02.13 75 Rumicetum alpini 16 16 47 21.2 6.09 86.6 1.12 728.3 0.29 27.83 17.28 0.62 7.93 4.93 0.48 03.1 83 Pruno-Ligustretum 13 10 83 28.5 4.986 84.3 1.28 721.1 0.18 37.37 39.73 1.06 6.56 6.97 1.48 03.2 84 Berberidi-Rosetum 10 10 61 30 4.049 87.1 1.25 696.3 0.07 36.04 38.24 1.06 2.41 2.55 1.38 03.3 85 Astragalo- 13 13 63 25.5 3.651 88 1.14 1505.2 0.19 39.56 17.60 0.44 7.44 3.31 0.70 Juniperetum sabinae idvriya ucino Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 03.4 86 Buglossoidi- 7 7 98 35.1 3.604 81.9 1.33 732.0 0.08 50.61 43.14 0.85 4.19 3.57 2.18 Ostryetum 03.5 87 Ostryo-Fraxinetum 9 9 87 31.8 2.86 84 1.36 529.0 0.07 51.11 81.23 1.59 3.71 5.89 4.15 orni 03.6 88 Galio-Carpinetum 10 9 92 43.8 7.109 79 1.45 843.4 0.07 60.65 71.17 1.17 3.97 4.66 4.32 03.7 89 Alnetum incanae 17 13 60 34.8 3.844 85.3 1.27 997.0 0.03 31.55 49.35 1.56 1.02 1.59 1.56 03.8 90 Erisithali-Ulmetum 10 10 77 36 3.536 84.3 1.34 440.8 0.04 40.94 83.40 2.04 1.75 3.57 3.41 03.9 91 Carici albae- 7 5 67 32.7 2.049 88.1 1.37 0.27 38.04 117.30 3.08 10.27 31.67 4.46 Fagetum 03.10 92 Cardamini 12 10 84 43.8 5.47 85.5 1.47 658.3 0.21 52.53 105.42 2.01 11.02 22.11 5.54 pentaphyllae- Fagetum 03.11 93 Cardamini trifoliae- 11 11 98 42.5 8.839 83.2 1.51 959.4 0.27 48.78 89.28 1.83 13.29 24.32 4.36 Fagetum 03.12 94 Luzulo-Fagetum 8 8 76 28.9 4.247 86.6 1.3 381.6 0.14 42.58 173.87 4.08 6.16 25.15 7.40 03.13 95 Oxalidi-Abietetum 15 14 107 40.8 6.98 84.3 1.54 856.4 0.30 51.72 95.23 1.84 15.35 28.27 4.93 04.1 56 Laserpitio- 13 13 72 21.9 3.034 84.5 1.10 461.5 6.57 41.47 14.32 0.35 272.33 94.04 0.59 Festucetum alpestris 04.2 57 Euphrasio- 23 8 41 33.0 3.617 87.9 1.36 672.5 0.88 57.45 8.23 0.14 50.58 7.24 0.47 Globularietum 04.3 58 Bromo-Stipetum 7 6 89 54.5 11.896 82.2 1.61 1012.4 1.61 76.79 7.41 0.10 123.79 11.94 0.57 04.4 59 Thlaspidi- 19 100 46.4 11.267 85.2 1.60 1491.6 0.62 50.07 5.38 0.11 30.95 3.32 0.27 Trifolietum 04.5 60 Petrorhagio- 16 13 77 25.2 3.484 85.3 1.31 794.0 0.35 42.80 13.09 0.31 15.01 4.59 0.56 Koelerietum 04.6 61 Sedetum montani 16 14 48 16.0 4.477 88.9 0.97 529.1 0.68 15.43 13.33 0.86 10.49 9.07 0.21 04.7 62 Peucedanetum 14 14 100 33.1 4.195 85.4 1.33 1061.3 0.17 56.77 9.68 0.17 9.72 1.66 0.55 cervariae 05.1 97 Rhododendro 21 21 64 27.9 5.717 86.1 1.27 513.4 1.86 35.01 12.88 0.37 65.06 23.94 0.45 hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae 05.2 98 Erico-Pinetum 20 20 98 40.5 5.867 89.7 1.42 2914.5 1.54 53.97 107.63 1.99 83.07 165.67 5.81 sylvestris 05.3 99 Vaccinio vitis- 11 10 25 13.7 4.165 89.9 1.04 409.4 0.09 14.30 166.06 11.61 1.24 14.44 2.38 ideae-Pinetum (continued) 473 EcoTable 20.1 (continued) 474 N of N of Berger/ Elaborazioni Ord. rel. in rel. N of Sp/ril. Similarity Index of abc/ Margalef Parker L Â M/ Chapter EVS tab. elabor. species average Variance average Shannon χ2 sum de no repet all layers M/L K Â LKÂ M 1000 05.4 100 Listero-Piceetum 51 27 59 28.1 4.212 87.5 1.32 1168.6 0.32 28.86 104.62 3.63 9.35 33.91 3.02 05.5 101 Veronico-Piceetum 20 14 57 35.0 2.853 87.3 1.34 980.8 0.37 31.21 131.05 4.20 11.67 48.99 4.09 05.6 102 Laricetum deciduae 17 17 85 40.8 5.738 84.5 1.36 1076.6 0.70 44.61 118.16 2.65 31.33 83.00 5.27 05.7 103 Larici-Pinetum 32 25 62 34.3 4.008 86 1.37 1385.6 0.95 32.51 106.03 3.26 30.75 100.28 3.45 cembrae 05.8 104 Vaccinio- 21 16 53 27.6 3.621 88.6 1.19 402.2 0.73 35.85 13.81 0.39 26.15 10.07 0.50 Rhododendretum ferruginei 05.9 105 Junipero- 16 14 53 24.9 6.468 87.9 1.16 1175.3 1.99 31.84 16.69 0.52 63.33 33.19 0.53 Arctostaphyletum 05.10 106 Loiseleurio- 17 17 50 19.4 3.393 89.1 1.16 1904.3 8.13 29.67 16.08 0.54 241.20 130.72 0.48 Cetrarietum 06.1 76 Adenostyli- 15 11 67 40.1 3.522 83.6 1.42 886.0 0.60 34.77 9.08 0.26 21.03 5.49 0.32 Cicerbitetum 06.2 77 Peucedanetum 10 10 32 18.3 3.427 89.4 1.01 336.5 0.81 35.59 12.49 0.35 28.81 10.11 0.44 ostruthii 06.3 78 Alnetum viridis 15 15 66 36.5 4.376 85.5 1.34 567.4 0.73 35.59 64.78 1.82 26.05 47.42 2.31 06.4 79 Salicetum 14 10 87 27.7 9.19 83.6 1.21 262.5 1.21 44.39 58.31 1.31 53.54 70.33 2.59 waldsteinianae 06.5 80 Salicetum 4 4 47 31 – – 1.19 530.3 2.04 26.13 55.07 2.11 53.20 112.12 1.44 helveticae 06.6 81 Salici-Betuletum 8 6 46 37.2 6.115 83.8 1.32 618.7 0.35 39.69 131.71 3.32 13.97 46.37 5.23 pendulae Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 06.7 82 Salicetum eleagno- 22 20 44 20.8 6.117 87.1 1.02 817.1 0.24 27.32 72.32 2.65 6.52 17.25 1.98 purpureae 07.1 50 Cratoneuretum 24 24 55 14.6 3.749 88.5 0.99 528.8 2.16 35.45 22.71 0.64 76.50 49.00 0.80 falcati 07.2 51 Caricetum rostratae 12 9 25 8.9 7.26 90.5 0.72 176.8 0.10 18.88 42.15 2.23 1.81 4.04 0.80 07.3 52 Eriophoretum 10 7 13 5.9 13.820 91.5 0.54 164.6 0.64 10.39 52.47 5.05 6.61 33.38 0.55 scheuchzeri 07.4 53 Caricetum fuscae 11 11 44 19.0 4.150 86.4 1.00 139.6 0.21 27.82 19.57 0.70 5.81 4.08 0.54 idvriya ucino Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 07.5 54 Caricetum 10 10 46 21.5 12.700 85.7 1.21 412.8 0.30 26.49 13.78 0.52 8.07 4.20 0.36 davallianae 07.6 55 Sphagnetum 13 13 49 15.9 7.690 88.1 0.98 278.8 0.40 31.56 24.81 0.79 12.63 9.93 0.78 magellanici 08.1 41 Danthonio- 14 14 96 50.2 2.874 84.3 1.57 1863.7 1.32 48.43 5.88 0.12 63.89 7.76 0.28 Nardetum 08.2 42 Geo-Nardetum 22 21 104 42.1 3.742 84.5 1.50 779.1 2.07 53.05 8.60 0.16 109.91 17.82 0.46 08.3 43 Hypochoerido- 13 13 138 53.5 2.647 83.6 1.69 790.8 2.25 65.77 5.77 0.09 147.91 12.98 0.38 Festucetum paniculatae. 08.4 44 Knautio-Trifolietum 44 44 147 60.7 2.729 83.2 1.68 1640.6 2.84 70.04 4.57 0.07 199.27 13.01 0.32 nivalis 08.5 45 Anthoxantho- 6 6 100 49.5 4.102 83.1 1.59 806.6 2.06 50.57 5.41 0.11 104.07 11.13 0.27 Poetum violaceae 08.6 46 Gentianello- 18 18 90 45.6 1.863 86.4 1.51 768.6 5.70 46.69 9.06 0.19 266.23 51.65 0.42 Festucetum variae 08.7 47 Seslerio- 5 5 58 46.2 2.859 87.6 1.53 499.1 2.90 Festucetum variae 08.8 48 Senecioni- 7 7 78 41.8 2.408 88.4 1.54 493.0 4.12 39.91 6.20 0.16 164.46 25.54 0.25 Festucetum halleri 08.9 49 Caricetum curvulae 13 13 62 24.8 3.344 93.1 1.27 1085.3 9.46 35.82 12.31 0.34 338.87 116.50 0.44 09.1 12 Drabetum 24 24 28 10.5 3.773 91.0 0.96 1133.1 22.81 17.29 11.59 0.67 394.41 264.31 0.20 hoppeanae 09.2 13 Saxifragetum 15 15 20 8.0 2.571 93.7 0.75 385.3 12.97 15.93 32.08 2.01 206.65 416.13 0.51 sedoidis 09.3 14 Leontodontetum 39 31 49 11.8 2.871 92.7 0.92 868.4 20.28 39.24 19.67 0.50 795.59 398.76 0.77 montani 09.4 15 Papaveretum 47 47 51 12.9 2.327 91.4 0.84 1097.0 14.33 26.89 37.70 1.40 385.23 540.10 1.01 rhaetici 09.5 16 Adenostylo- 15 15 56 20.6 2.512 88.0 1.16 1335.5 5.42 34.43 14.01 0.41 186.73 75.97 0.48 Heracleetum polliniani 09.6 17 Cortusetum 10 11 37 20.3 1.982 88.8 1.05 1220.3 1.88 23.95 17.94 0.75 44.94 33.66 0.43 matthiolii 09.7 18 Alyssetum ovirensis 20 20 46 13.6 3.212 90.1 1.07 936.1 5.07 30.74 14.89 0.48 155.87 75.51 0.46 09.8 19 Festucetum 8 8 30 12.5 3.438 88.9 0.98 1140.2 9.84 25.14 16.52 0.66 247.47 162.60 0.42 pulchellae 475 (continued) EcoTable 20.1 (continued) 476 N of N of Berger/ Elaborazioni Ord. rel. in rel. N of Sp/ril. Similarity Index of abc/ Margalef Parker L Â M/ Chapter EVS tab. elabor. species average Variance average Shannon χ2 sum de no repet all layers M/L K Â LKÂ M 1000 09.9 20 Adenostyletum 14 8 48 23.0 5.049 88.1 1.16 1046.8 5.07 34.18 15.72 0.46 173.17 79.65 0.54 glabrae 09.10 21 Petasitetum 27 6 36 22.0 2.665 90.1 1.04 1064.8 6.85 25.33 13.05 0.52 173.55 89.43 0.33 paradoxi 09.11 22 Leontodonti berinii- 21 8 46 23 6.430 88.6 1.16 2227.5 2.25 31.81 13.00 0.41 71.73 29.31 0.41 Chondrilletum 09.12 23 Festucetum 6 6 37 22 2.665 90.1 1.04 1263.3 5.87 24.26 17.24 0.71 142.28 101.13 0.42 spectabilis 09.13 24 Vitaliano- 37 37 63 18.5 2.662 89.5 1.12 2166.2 9.84 41.75 13.24 0.32 410.95 130.28 0.55 Eritrichietum 09.14 25 Geo-Artemisietum 10 10 29 16.0 1.707 91.5 1.06 1072.8 17.69 19.62 14.72 0.75 347.15 260.41 0.29 genipi 10.1 33 Seslerio-Caricetum 39 39 131 52.3 2.823 84.8 1.63 854.1 7.88 64.16 5.92 0.09 505.42 46.66 0.38 semperv. euphrasietosum 10.1 33 Seslerio-Caric. 26 26 129 48.4 2.728 85.2 1.58 1054.6 7.51 63.88 6.58 0.10 479.83 49.39 0.42 senza diff. 10.1 33 Seslerio-Caricetum 25 25 112 45.8 3.131 85.7 1.56 666.5 6.54 64.57 6.14 0.10 422.39 40.14 0.40 semperv. var. Linum cath. 10.1 33 Seslerio-Caricetun 16 16 132 54.2 – – 1.63 544.9 6.54 56.71 6.75 0.12 370.77 44.11 0.38 semperv. var. Carex mucronata Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 10.2 34 Caricetum 11 9 48 19.7 2.978 88.1 1.1 1283.5 3.93 40.54 17.95 0.44 159.30 70.54 0.73 brachystachydis 10.3 35 Genista radiata 17 17 72 32.5 4.676 85.9 1.29 1795.6 5.13 41.28 12.05 0.29 211.81 61.82 0.50 aggr. 10.4 36 Pimpinellidi- 37 37 104 43.9 3.44 84.8 1.56 1136.2 4.86 71.65 6.91 0.10 347.93 33.55 0.49 Seslerietum 10.5 37 Seslerio- 12 12 105 37 3.184 84.8 1.46 830.2 8.50 54.99 8.93 0.16 467.42 75.86 0.49 Helictotrichetum parlatorei 10.6 38 Laserpitio- 11 11 66 35.2 4.623 86.5 1.21 1391.2 3.66 41.47 14.32 0.35 151.96 52.47 0.59 Calamagrostidetum idvriya ucino Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity 10.7 39 Caricetum 15 15 76 36.2 1.798 89.3 1.39 1086.8 3.18 41.55 10.19 0.25 132.12 32.41 0.42 ferrugineae 10.8 40 Festuco-Trifolietum 7 7 97 43.3 2.922 84.7 1.35 1593.8 5.73 48.78 6.04 0.12 279.43 34.61 0.29 thalii 11.1 29 Seslerio- 19 19 63 22.1 4.288 88.8 1.2 Geranietum argentei (tot.) 11.1 29 Seslerio- 12 12 56 21.7 – – 1.23 537.5 13.45 35.48 13.28 0.37 477.31 178.63 0.47 Geranietum argentei typicum 11.1 29 Seslerio- 17 17 43 22.9 – – 1.18 496.3 10.89 26.39 10.36 0.39 287.44 112.85 0.27 Geranietum caricetosum mucronatae 11.2 30 Caricetum firmae 54 27 67 22.5 2.405 88.8 1.25 433.5 16.79 48.33 13.25 0.27 811.54 222.48 0.64 senza diff. 11.2 30 Caricetum firmae 38 38 83 24.0 1.585 89.3 1.27 468.6 15.94 48.37 12.29 0.25 770.79 195.78 0.59 dryadetosum 11.2 30 Caricetum firmae 17 13 60 25.7 1.645 88.8 1.28 639.4 13.95 34.81 12.18 0.35 485.69 169.95 0.42 varicetosum mucronatae 11.3 96 Dryado- 13 11 62 22.2 3.119 88 1.21 1646.8 6.60 Rhodothamnetum 11.4 31 Caricetum rupestris 38 38 59 13.2 2.192 90.8 1.04 917.0 32.19 41.12 17.28 0.42 1323.73 556.34 0.71 11.5 32 Elynetum 18 18 69 33.7 2.849 86.8 1.32 1654.8 9.82 11.40 39.12 3.43 111.92 384.20 0.45 myosuroidis 12.1 26 Arabidetum 17 17 40 16 3.927 89.9 1.11 204.7 10.66 25.78 15.21 0.59 274.76 162.11 0.39 caeruleae 12.2 27 Salicetum retusae- 26 26 56 19.3 3.222 89.8 1.12 185.4 14.50 35.37 17.42 0.49 512.71 252.46 0.62 reticulatae 12.3 28 Salicetum 10 10 42 19.8 3.635 88.0 1.12 161.0 30.37 25.38 16.32 0.64 770.95 495.64 0.41 herbaceae 13.1 1 Androsacetum 22 22 27 9.6 1.375 93.9 0.78 648.3 10.85 23.59 22.36 0.95 255.87 242.52 0.53 helveticae 13.2 2 Campanuletum 38 38 47 10.3 2.037 92.6 0.93 733.2 26.23 36.81 16.89 0.46 965.40 443.08 0.62 morettianae 477 (continued) EcoTable 20.1 (continued) 478 N of N of Berger/ Elaborazioni Ord. rel. in rel. N of Sp/ril. Similarity Index of abc/ Margalef Parker L Â M/ Chapter EVS tab. elabor. species average Variance average Shannon χ2 sum de no repet all layers M/L K Â LKÂ M 1000 13.3 3 Potentilletum 50 50 36 8.7 1.671 93.6 0.88 748.6 40.72 28.30 19.43 0.69 1152.62 791.37 0.55 nitidae 13.4 4 Potentilletum 38 38 31 9.1 1.716 93.3 0.87 639.3 5.03 24.57 18.69 0.76 123.56 94.00 0.46 caulescentis 13.5 5 Saxifragetum 14 14 31 14.2 1.619 92.9 0.90 528.2 2.82 24.43 18.35 0.75 68.78 51.67 0.45 mutatae 13.6 6 Saxifragetum 23 23 50 12.2 2.772 90.4 1.04 968.1 4.24 34.34 13.89 0.40 145.68 58.95 0.48 burseranae 13.7 7 Physoplexido- 22 18 31 9.9 0.878 93.3 0.89 438.7 5.01 24.62 17.11 0.70 123.33 85.72 0.42 Asplenietum seelosii 13.8 8 Valeriano- 20 13 25 8.3 1.376 93.8 0.80 571.7 3.51 20.64 22.32 1.08 72.50 78.41 0.46 Asplenietum viridis 13.9 9 Saxifragetum 8 8 48 11.1 5.666 91.2 0.97 878.1 2.86 35.88 15.67 0.44 102.68 44.85 0.56 bryoidis 13.10 10 Saxifrago- 11 11 38 11.5 1.713 92.1 0.95 1056.7 1.81 28.56 16.08 0.56 51.82 29.17 0.46 Artemisetum umbelliformis 13.11 11 Asplenietum 9 9 34 10.6 4.881 91.3 0.82 819.0 0.32 20.78 27.84 1.34 6.64 8.89 0.58 trichomano- rutaemurariae idvriya ucino Ecosystem of Function a as Biodiversity Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem 479 EcoTable 20.2 Values of the ratio abc/de in all associations (Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 706, Figs. 20.7–20.14) Index (χ2 sum/average Index of Berger-P. χ2 sum/(average spec. N./ rel.) (abc/de) Â abc/de Margalef tot layers χ2 sum spec. N./rel.) Â (abc/de) Margalef Figures in Vol. Fig. 20.11 Fig. 20.7 Fig. 20.8 Fig. 20.9 Fig. 20.14 1, Chap. 20 02.1 Pastinaco- 0.35 45.33 7.19 2053.0 53.3 18.5 0.33 Arrhenatheretum 02.2 Deschampsio- 0.34 28.61 10.24 745.6 34.0 11.4 0.29 Agrostetum tenuis 02.3 Trisetetum 1.26 48.41 6.83 1309.8 32.3 40.9 0.33 flavescentis 02.4 Agrostio- 0.01 8.80 47.64 765.7 170.2 2.5 0.42 Ranunculetum repentis 02.5 Molinietum 0.14 32.86 12.83 1337.5 60.2 8.2 0.42 caeruleae 02.6 Adonidi- 1275.8 79.7 Delphinietum consolidae 02.7 Alchemillo-Poetum 2.59 10.97 32.68 816.5 131.7 340.8 0.36 supinae 02.8 Lolio- 0.06 12.36 30.96 636.3 83.7 5.0 0.38 Plantaginetum 02.9 Hackelio- 0.41 15.58 35.44 739.3 93.6 38.1 0.55 Chenopodietum foliosi 02.10 Tanaceto- 0.02 41.32 9.12 1723.5 59.0 1.1 0.38 Artemisietum 02.11 Senecio- 0.18 28.73 18.01 726.1 27.9 5.1 0.52 Epilobietum angustifolii 02.12 Rubetum idaei 0.12 20.86 28.75 799.3 24.1 3.0 0.60 02.13 Rumicetum alpini 0.29 27.83 17.28 728.3 34.4 9.8 0.48 03.1 Pruno-Ligustretum 0.18 37.37 39.73 721.1 25.3 4.4 1.48 03.2 Berberidi-Rosetum 0.07 36.04 38.24 696.3 23.2 1.6 1.38 03.3 Astragalo- 0.19 39.56 17.60 1505.2 59.0 11.1 0.70 Juniperetum sabinae 03.4 Buglossoidi- 0.08 50.61 43.14 732.0 20.9 1.7 2.18 Ostryetum 03.5 Ostryo-Fraxinetum 0.07 51.11 81.23 529.0 16.6 1.2 4.15 orni 03.6 Galio-Carpinetum 0.07 60.65 71.17 843.4 19.3 1.3 4.32 03.7 Alnetum incanae 0.03 31.55 49.35 997.0 28.6 1.56 03.8 Erisithali-Ulmetum 0.04 40.94 83.40 440.8 12.2 3.41 03.9 Carici albae- 0.27 38.04 117.30 – 4.46 Fagetum 03.10 Cardamini 0.21 52.53 105.42 658.3 15.0 3.2 5.54 pentaphyllae- Fagetum (continued) 480 Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem EcoTable 20.2 (continued) Index (χ2 sum/average Index of Berger-P. χ2 sum/(average spec. N./ rel.) (abc/de) Â abc/de Margalef tot layers χ2 sum spec. N./rel.) Â (abc/de) Margalef 03.11 Cardamini 0.27 48.78 89.28 959.4 22.6 6.1 4.36 trifoliae-Fagetum 03.12 Luzulo-Fagetum 0.14 42.58 173.87 381.6 13.2 1.9 7.40 03.13 Oxalidi-Abietetum 0.30 51.72 95.23 856.4 21.0 6.2 4.93 04.1 Laserpitio- 6.57 41.47 14.32 461.5 21.1 138.4 Festucetum alpestris 04.2 Euphrasio- 0.88 57.45 8.23 672.5 20.4 17.9 0.47 Globularietum 04.3 Bromo-Stipetum 1.61 76.79 7.41 1012.4 18.6 29.9 0.57 04.4 Thlaspidi- 0.62 50.07 5.38 1491.6 32.1 19.9 0.27 Trifolietum 04.5 Petrorhagio- 0.35 42.80 13.09 794.0 31.5 11.1 0.56 Koelerietum 04.6 Sedetum montani 0.68 15.43 13.33 529.1 33.1 22.5 0.21 04.7 Peucedanetum 0.17 56.77 9.68 1061.3 32.1 5.5 0.55 cervariae 05.1 Rhododendro 1.86 35.01 12.88 513.4 18.4 34.2 0.45 hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae 05.2 Erico-Pinetum 1.54 53.97 107.63 2914.5 72.0 110.8 5.81 sylvestris 05.3 Vaccinio vitis- 0.09 14.30 166.06 409.4 29.9 2.6 2.38 ideae-Pinetum 05.4 Listero-Piceetum 0.32 28.86 104.62 1168.6 41.6 13.5 3.02 05.5 Veronico-Piceetum 0.37 31.21 131.05 980.8 28.0 10.5 4.09 05.6 Laricetum deciduae 0.70 44.61 118.16 1076.6 26.4 18.5 5.27 05.7 Larici-Pinetum 0.95 32.51 106.03 1385.6 40.4 38.2 3.45 cembrae 05.8 Vaccinio- 0.73 35.85 13.81 402.2 14.6 10.6 0.50 Rhododendretum ferruginei 05.9 Junipero- 1.99 31.84 16.69 1175.3 47.2 93.9 0.53 Arctostaphyletum 05.10 Loiseleurio- 8.13 29.67 16.08 1904.3 98.2 797.9 0.48 Cetrarietum 06.1 Adenostyli- 0.60 34.77 9.08 886.0 22.1 13.4 0.32 Cicerbitetum 06.2 Peucedanetum 0.81 35.59 12.49 336.5 18.4 14.9 0.44 ostruthii 06.3 Alnetum viridis 0.73 35.59 64.78 567.4 15.5 11.4 2.31 06.4 Salicetum 1.21 44.39 58.31 262.5 9.5 11.4 2.59 waldsteinianae 06.5 Salicetum 2.04 26.13 55.07 530.3 17.1 34.8 1.44 helveticae (continued) Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem 481 EcoTable 20.2 (continued) Index (χ2 sum/average Index of Berger-P. χ2 sum/(average spec. N./ rel.) (abc/de) Â abc/de Margalef tot layers χ2 sum spec. N./rel.) Â (abc/de) Margalef 06.6 Salici-Betuletum 0.35 39.69 131.71 618.7 16.6 5.9 5.23 pendulae 06.7 Salicetum eleagno- 0.24 27.32 72.32 817.1 39.3 9.4 1.98 purpureae 07.1 Cratoneuretum 2.16 35.45 22.71 528.8 36.2 78.2 0.80 falcati 07.2 Caricetum 0.10 18.88 42.15 176.8 19.9 1.9 0.80 rostratae 07.3 Eriophoretum 0.64 10.39 52.47 164.6 27.9 17.7 0.55 scheuchzeri 07.4 Caricetum fuscae 0.21 27.82 19.57 139.6 7.3 1.5 0.54 07.5 Caricetum 0.30 26.49 13.78 412.8 19.2 5.8 0.36 davallianae 07.6 Sphagnetum 0.40 31.56 24.81 278.8 17.5 7.0 0.78 magellanici 08.1 Danthonio- 1.32 48.43 5.88 1863.7 37.1 49.0 0.28 Nardetum 08.2 Geo-Nardetum 2.07 53.05 8.60 779.1 18.5 38.3 0.46 08.3 Hypochoerido- 2.25 65.77 5.77 790.8 14.8 33.2 0.38 Festucetum paniculatae. 08.4 Knautio- 2.84 70.04 4.57 1640.6 27.0 76.9 0.32 Trifolietum nivalis 08.5 Anthoxantho- 2.06 50.57 5.41 806.6 16.3 33.5 0.27 Poetum violaceae 08.6 Gentianello- 5.70 46.69 9.06 768.6 16.9 96.1 0.42 Festucetum variae 08.7 Seslerio- 2.90 499.1 10.8 31.3 Festucetum variae 08.8 Senecioni- 4.12 39.91 6.20 493.0 11.8 48.6 0.25 Festucetum halleri 08.9 Caricetum curvulae 9.46 35.82 12.31 1085.3 43.8 414.0 0.44 09.1 Drabetum 22.81 17.29 11.59 1133.1 107.9 2461.7 0.20 hoppeanae 09.2 Saxifragetum 12.97 15.93 32.08 385.3 48.2 624.7 0.51 sedoidis 09.3 Leontodontetum 20.28 39.24 19.67 868.4 73.6 1492.1 0.77 montani 09.4 Papaveretum 14.33 26.89 37.70 1097.0 85.0 1218.4 1.01 rhaetici 09.5 Adenostylo- 5.42 34.43 14.01 1335.5 64.8 351.6 0.48 Heracleetum polliniani 09.6 Cortusetum 1.88 23.95 17.94 1220.3 60.1 112.8 0.43 matthiolii 09.7 Alyssetum ovirensis 5.07 30.74 14.89 936.1 68.8 349.0 0.46 09.8 Festucetum 9.84 25.14 16.52 1140.2 91.2 897.8 0.42 pulchellae (continued) 482 Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem EcoTable 20.2 (continued) Index (χ2 sum/average Index of Berger-P. χ2 sum/(average spec. N./ rel.) (abc/de) Â abc/de Margalef tot layers χ2 sum spec. N./rel.) Â (abc/de) Margalef 09.9 Adenostyletum 5.07 34.18 15.72 1046.8 45.5 230.6 0.54 glabrae 09.10 Petasitetum 6.85 25.33 13.05 1064.8 48.4 331.6 0.33 paradoxi 09.11 Leontodonti 2.25 31.81 13.00 2227.5 96.8 218.4 0.41 berinii- Chondrilletum 09.12 Festucetum 5.87 24.26 17.24 1263.3 57.4 336.8 0.42 spectabilis 09.13 Vitaliano- 9.84 41.75 13.24 2166.2 117.1 1152.6 0.55 Eritrichietum 09.14 Geo-Artemisietum 17.69 19.62 14.72 1072.8 67.1 1186.5 0.29 genipi 10.1 Seslerio-Caricetum 7.88 64.16 5.92 854.1 16.3 128.6 0.38 semperv. euphrasietosum 10.1 Seslerio-Caric. 7.51 63.88 6.58 1054.6 21.8 163.7 0.42 senza diff. 10.1 Seslerio-Caricetum 6.54 64.57 6.14 666.5 14.6 95.2 0.40 semperv. var. Linum cath. 10.1 Seslerio-Caricetun 6.54 56.71 6.75 544.9 10.1 65.7 0.38 semperv. var. Carex mucronata 10.2 Caricetum 3.93 40.54 17.95 1283.5 65.2 256.0 0.73 brachystachydis 10.3 Genista radiata 5.13 41.28 12.05 1795.6 55.2 283.5 0.50 aggr. 10.4 Pimpinellidi- 4.86 71.65 6.91 1136.2 25.9 125.7 0.49 Seslerietum 10.5 Seslerio- 8.50 54.99 8.93 830.2 22.4 190.7 0.49 Helictotrichetum parlatorei 10.6 Laserpitio- 3.66 41.47 14.32 1391.2 39.5 144.8 0.59 Calamagrostidetum 10.7 Caricetum 3.18 41.55 10.19 1086.8 30.0 95.5 0.42 ferrugineae 10.8 Festuco- 5.73 48.78 6.04 1593.8 36.8 210.9 0.29 Trifolietum thalii 11.1 Seslerio- Geranietum argentei (tot.) 11.1 Seslerio- 13.45 35.48 13.28 537.5 24.8 333.8 0.47 Geranietum argentei typicum 11.1 Seslerio- 10.89 26.39 10.36 496.3 21.7 236.5 0.27 Geranietum caricetosum mucronatae (continued) Biodiversity as a Function of Ecosystem 483 EcoTable 20.2 (continued) Index (χ2 sum/average Index of Berger-P. χ2 sum/(average spec. N./ rel.) (abc/de) Â abc/de Margalef tot layers χ2 sum spec. N./rel.) Â (abc/de) Margalef 11.2 Caricetum firmae 16.79 48.33 13.25 433.5 19.3 323.5 0.64 senza diff. 11.2 Caricetum firmae 15.94 48.37 12.29 468.6 19.5 311.1 0.59 dryadetosum 11.2 Caricetum firmae 13.95 34.81 12.18 639.4 24.9 347.1 0.42 varicetosum mucronatae 11.3 Dryado- 6.60 1646.8 74.2 489.4 Rhodothamnetum 11.4 Caricetum 32.19 41.12 17.28 917.0 69.5 2236.5 0.71 rupestris 11.5 Elynetum 9.82 11.40 39.12 1654.8 49.1 482.3 0.45 myosuroidis 12.1 Arabidetum 10.66 25.78 15.21 204.7 12.8 136.4 0.39 caeruleae 12.2 Salicetum retusae- 14.50 35.37 17.42 185.4 9.6 139.2 0.62 reticulatae 12.3 Salicetum 30.37 25.38 16.32 161.0 8.1 246.9 0.41 herbaceae 13.1 Androsacetum 10.85 23.59 22.36 648.3 67.5 732.4 0.53 helveticae 13.2 Campanuletum 26.23 36.81 16.89 733.2 71.2 1867.1 0.62 morettianae 13.3 Potentilletum 40.72 28.30 19.43 748.6 86.0 3503.8 0.55 nitidae 13.4 Potentilletum 5.03 24.57 18.69 639.3 70.3 353.3 0.46 caulescentis 13.5 Saxifragetum 2.82 24.43 18.35 528.2 37.2 104.7 0.45 mutatae 13.6 Saxifragetum 4.24 34.34 13.89 968.1 79.4 336.7 0.48 burseranae 13.7 Physoplexido- 5.01 24.62 17.11 438.7 44.3 221.9 0.42 Asplenietum seelosii 13.8 Valeriano- 3.51 20.64 22.32 571.7 68.9 242.0 0.46 Asplenietum viridis 13.9 Saxifragetum 2.86 35.88 15.67 878.1 79.1 226.4 0.56 bryoidis 13.10 Saxifrago- 1.81 28.56 16.08 1056.7 91.9 166.7 0.46 Artemisetum umbelliformis 13.11 Asplenietum 0.32 20.78 27.84 819.0 77.3 24.7 0.58 trichomano- rutaemurariae Part IV Vegetation Complexes, Landscape Tables The Landscape of the Dolomites (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1) In the first volume of Plant Life of the Dolomites, Karst near Trieste, the Campagna Romana and other Chap. 19 is dedicated to “The landscapes of the landscapes gave comparable results, so it seemed pos- Dolomites”. It is a long text (45 pages), starting with sible to extend this method of analysis to the whole a general overview of the most relevant concepts of territory of the Dolomites. landscape ecology, and then discussing the particular A further difficulty arose after the analysis: the problems of the mountain territory in the south-eastern synthesis. Much experience exists within the releve´s: Alps and some results of theoretic significance. a first synthesis (quite subjective) was proposed in the Indeed, in Chap. 19, it was impossible to give a “Prodromus” by Braun-Blanquet and collaborators in detailed description of the single components of the the 1930s, with the classification at four levels: asso- celebrated dolomitic landscape. In fact, the field ciation, alliance, order and class. These data are suit- research produced 437 surveys for which we do not able for further treatment and, in 1969, one of us (S.P.) have a previous example of treatment for data convened the Working Group for Data Processing and resulting from a similar detailed investigation. In this for the successive large application of methods of Part V, we provide the results obtained in form of a automatic treatment of ecological data. Consequently, synoptic overview. the classification of plant communities today can be The elaboration is inspired by the general criteria considered as based on a correct application of used for the treatment of phytosociological dates. methods leading to objective results. Nothing similar Indeed, there is a fundamental difference between exists to elaborate the rough data obtained from field the normal vegetation releve´s and the surveys of surveys based on the methods of landscape ecology. landscapes. A releve´ is carried out on a definite surface The 437 surveys carried out in the Dolomites were and consists of a list of the species occurring in this submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) area. This is the standard method for an objective (Vol. 1, Chap. 19, Figs. 19.12 and 19.13), which led testing of the studied surface and can be compared to the distinction of 29 units, each operatively with any other result obtained with the same method: indicated as ‘complex’. The elaboration of a system- another observer, investigating the same surface, will atic classification on this basis seems an artefact, and obtain an identical result. The survey, on the other consequently they are divided here based on the altitu- hand, contains what was seen at a particular moment dinal belts (the complexes attributed to the alpine belt on an arbitrarily defined surface, and consequently the were so numerous that a further division into acid and result depends on the observer and on the time of the basic substrates was necessary). observation; this result is largely subjective. In other The data presented here are to be considered a words, the result of a survey is not a matter of fact, but primer for a landscape investigation on a territorial only the record of what was observed in a single dimension, even if it is also possible that these arid moment by a single observer. methodological notes appear to be a boring computa- Despite this bias, in our experience, previous tion, a way to banalize the fascinating beauty of the investigations carried out in the Venice Lagoon, the Dolomite landscape. E. Pignatti and S. Pignatti, Plant Life of the Dolomites, 487 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-48032-8_19, # Naturmuseum Su¨dtirol 2016 488 The Landscape of the Dolomites The following sections are to be considered an Sagron and re-ascending again to the Sass de Mura: introduction to the landscape tables 1–29, which sunny days in the morning, but often cloudy or even summarize the more than 400 surveys carried out in rainy in the afternoon. The hiking naturalist can feel the Dolomites. that the climate is becoming more oceanic: the effect of the humid currents from the Adriatic Sea. Finally arriving at the Feltrine Dolomites, the south- Observations Along the Dolomite Trail ern margin of the alpine chain, we found great news, for No. 2 (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1, Sect. example on rocks and screes Adenophora liliifolia, The Dolomite Trail No. 2, p. 650) Thlaspi minimum, Alyssum ovirense, Androsace villosa, Cortusa matthiolii, Delphinium dubium, Pedicularis Hiking up from Bressanone to the Plose, one finds gyroflexa, while the well-known species of the dolo- oneself surrounded by an environment with siliceous mitic flora, like Carex firma, Papaver rhaeticum and rocks: the dolomitic massifs start further on, with the Potentilla nitida, quite diffuse in the northern massifs, majestic pyramid of the Peitler Kofel (Sass de Putia) and became very rare or even disappeared completely. continuing with the Odle Group (Sass Rigais). The Alta Via always remains along the water sheds, at Continuing on these paths, the dolomitic flora at first the highest elevations, avoiding crossing the deep valleys, seems to remain the same, with repetitions without in which one is not surprised to observe species growing important variations as far as the valley of the Piave in low altitudes, as the vegetation of the valley bottom river, the southern limit of the Dolomites. Aster and even the plain. Indeed, even in the flora of forests, of bellidiastrum, Biscutella laevigata, Carex firma, Erica rocks and meadows of lowest elevations, many conspic- carnea, Pinus mugo and Sesleria caerulea are the most uous plants appear, e.g. Allium ursinum, Asphodelus frequent species of flowering plants, widespread in the albus, Laburnum alpinum, very rare or completely alpine vegetation and accompany the journey as the only lacking in the northern valleys of the Dolomites. stable elements in a continuously changing landscape. It is evident that the north-south gradient from the However, a careful observation of the plant cover easily Su¨dtiroler Eisacktal and Pustertal to the deep Piave demonstrates that this is a very superficial impression. Valley near Feltre and Belluno consists of continuous Further on, towards the Puez and Sella, one variations from a continental climate to more oceanic becomes aware that unusual species occur there, like conditions, with parallel increases in rainfall and obvi- Androsace helvetica, Androsace obtusifolia, Carex ously increasing temperatures. The vegetation at the ericetorum, Elyna myosuroides, Juniperus sabina, upper forest limit in the most northern belt is invari- Minuartia recurva, Salix helvetica, Saxifraga stellaris, ably the larch-arolla pine community (Larici-Pinetum Saxifraga moschata and also rare species such as cembrae), but its distribution area also finishes at Saxifraga adscendens. Many of these species are Fedaia, and towards the south this open woodland is widely distributed in the Alps, but in the Dolomites substituted by sub-alpine heath composed of low the distribution range is limited to the northern groups, shrubs with scattered dwarf (1–3 m high) individuals becoming rare or disappearing completely south of the of Larix (Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum) line Val Gardena–Rosengarten–Buffaure—Costabel- substituted in the most southern chains (with lower la–Fedaia–Livinallongo–Passo Giau–Cortina. This elevation) by beech forests. This evidence is the does not depend on the substrate, which remains basis for the distinction of “The Three Landscape unchanged, and can be interpreted rather as a conse- Systems” (Vol. 1, Chap. 19, p. 655–658). In the area quence of a gradient in continentality. of the Dolomites, the three climatic variables are com- Moving southward, species more connected with bined in such a way that three distinct areas, each with humid and foggy habitats of rock walls appear a relatively uniform climate, can be recognized. From (e.g. Asplenium seelosii); tall herbs of the open the continuous variations, a condition of discontinuity woodlands (Aconitum paniculatum, Circaea alpina) arises. This discontinuity can also be observed through and species of stable meadows like Carduus carduelis, frequency variations in the distribution of species, Geranium phaeum, Myrrhis odorata and Paradisia even of those that are quite diffused, and the same liliastrum are widespread, with them even the rare experience can be obtained, even clearer, when instead Cypripedium calceolus. This condition continues fur- of single species we observe plant communities in ther on, as far as the Pale di S. Martino, descending at their complex. The Vegetation Complex as an Expression of Order... 489 The north-south transect of the Dolomites can be Landscape Table 17—Vegetation complexes in experienced by the acute observer as not only a deep creeks and marshes human experience, but also a full immersion in the • Alpine Landscape Units on Acid Substrates ecological conditions of this mountain area, with the Landscape Table 18—Complex of Festuca varia opportunity to understand the basic conditions for the siliceous slopes elevated biodiversity that is characteristic of this Landscape Table 19—Complex of subalpine highly diversified territory. grasslands on mildly acid substrates Landscape Table 20—Complex of the Festuca halleri carpets The Most Significant Vegetation Landscape Table 21—Complex of peaks and Complexes in the Dolomites (Refers exposed slopes on silicate to Chap. 19 in Vol. 1, Sect. The Vegetation • Alpine Landscape Units on Basic Substrates Complexes, p. 653) Landscape Table 22—Complex of fresh valleys with long-lasting snow Landscape Tables 23a and 23b—Complex of These vegetation complexes, i.e. landscape units, are Sesleria grasslands on sunny slopes (rel. 1–27 presented in 29 landscape tables: and 28–47) • Colline Landscape Units Landscape Table 24—Complex of pioneer Landscape Table 1—Complex of deciduous associations colonizing limestone slopes woodlands with Ostrya Landscape Table 25—Complex of the pioneer • Montane Landscape Units settlements on mobile screes and moraines Landscape Table 2—Complex of beech forests (limestone) Landscape Table 3—Complex of meadows (exte- Landscape Table 26—Complex of dolomite rocks rior dolomites) in the alpine belt Landscape Table 4—Complex of meadows (inte- Landscape Table 27—Complex on clayey slopes in rior Dolomites) solifluxion Landscape Table 5—Complex of beech - fir forests Landscape Table 28—Complexes of gravel with Landscape Table 6—Complexes on open habitats lengthy snow cover in the prealpine landscape system Landscape Table 29—Complex of barren habitats Landscape Table 7—Different complexes of in the nival belt rupestrian vegetation Landscape Table 8—Complex of the montane spruce forest The Vegetation Complex as an Expression • Subalpine Landscape Units of Order (Refers to Chap. 19 in Vol. Landscape Table 9—Complex of the spruce forest 1, p. 675–681, Fig. 19.19) (alpine taiga) Landscape Table 10—Complex of Pinus cembra The composition and distribution of the vegetation woodlands complexes that occur in the landscape of the Landscape Table 11—Complex of Pinus sylvestris Dolomites have been investigated with over woodlands 400 surveys carried out in the second period of field Landscape Table 12—Complex of the Rhododen- investigation (approximately during the years dron heath with larch 1979–1995), while the analysis of the flora and of the Landscape Table 13—Complex of the Rhododen- plant communities occurring in this territory was rela- dron heath without trees tively advanced. About half of the surveys were taken Landscape Table 14—Complex of the Rhododen- along the north-south gradient from Val d’Isarco and dron heath with Pinus mugo the Puster Valley to the Feltre and Belluno Dolomites Landscape Table 15—Complex of Pinus mugo (Dolomite Trail No. 2, see Vol. 1, Chap. 19, p. 650). krummholz This is a huge amount of information; at the time, no Landscape Table 16—Complex of green maple and similar analysis of landscapes with such detailed field willows on humid slopes information existed. 490 The Landscape of the Dolomites The first elaboration of these surveys was species, which in the Linnean sense can be considered conducted on the general table, which in this case as a crystal (the vegetative or genetical differences are was composed of 429 surveys (from the gross total generally neglected, one important bias of the phytoso- of 437), in which every association was entered with ciological method); in the survey of vegetation the cover value, as is explained further in Vol. complexes, conversely, the result is itself a complex 1, Chap. 19. The material dealt with is little adapt for where each component (association) interacts with the this type of analysis, because the surveys generally other components, so that the emphasis is in the have a small number of associations (generally only interactions instead of the bare species composition. three to five); therefore, the information derives Two different models of territorial units were obtained mostly from the cover of the prevailing association. based on the results of the phytosociological and eco- These dates were treated with multivariate analysis, logical analysis. Can these models also be applied to the and 29 more diffused types were defined (see distribution of vegetation complexes? Tables 19.2 and 19.3, Vol. 1, p. 660–666). Altitudinal belts—The growth conditions for plants These types result from the combination of different are generally defined based on study of solar radiation (mostly rather heterogeneous) associations that were and temperatures in the vegetation layer. For the observed as occurring in immediate spatial contiguity Dolomites (and in general for the Alps and other on the survey (the tested surfaces of the field major mountain systems in temperate Europe), four observations, each mostly 1–5 ha). This procedure is vegetation belts are recognized: colline, montane, sub- analogous to the definition of the vegetation units alpine and alpine (see Vol. 1, Table 14.9, p. 540; (associations) based on releve´s (in general each further Table 19.11 and Fig. 19.27). 100 m2 in surface); further on, the associations can be Landscape systems—In the extended mountain organized in units of superior levels (alliance, order, systems (and in general in the Eastern Alps), an impor- classes) based on the species composition of the releve´s. tant gradient of continentality can be recognized: from The attempt to obtain a similar ordination of the 29 land- the southern slopes with elevated rainfall in summer to scape types in an hierarchical system was soon aban- the central valleys with sunny summer and deep doned because such a system would correspond only to temperatures in winter. This gradient can also be our individual perception of the landscape forms and recognized in the Dolomites as a consequence of not to a reality with an objective existence. humid currents from the Adriatic. Three systems are Then the problem arose, how should the landscape recognized: pre-alps, exterior Dolomites, interior units be ordered (the ‘three syndromes’ highlighted at Dolomites (see Vol. 1, Tables 19.1 and 19.2, p. 648). The successive elaborations have been p. 657–658). conducted on a reduced table in which the columns, To test this hypothesis, the main table of vegetation instead of surveys, contain the percentage frequencies complexes (429 surv.) was submitted to multivariate of associations in the various complexes, which are in analysis: approximately 40 different models of vege- this case only 29 columns with a gross total of over tation complexes were obtained, some of them present 100 associations. The number of associations does not in only one survey, and were aggregated to the most exactly correspond to the total of Table 16.3 because, similar groups. Finally, the total was reduced to 29 dif- on one side, associations with frequencies less than ferent landscape units (see Vol. 1, Table 19.4). Each 1 % have not been considered. Instead, on the other unit includes at least five surveys, mostly 10–20 and side, several denominations have been added, without up to 47 with the Seslerietum complex. being plant associations (e.g. ‘rocks, vineyards, Further elaboration was carried out on the 29 previ- glaciers’) although they correspond to well-defined ously defined units to obtain a classification of the landscape units. landscape units: the results are provided in Vol. Both approaches are similar: sampling in the field 1, Figs. 19.12 and 19.13. Here, a further difference and then definition of units. Indeed, important between the phytosociological association table and differences exist between both. In fact, the survey of the table of association complexes must be vegetation complexes is carried out on very large highlighted. In the first, only the presence of a species surfaces, generally at least 100 times larger than a is indicated, and consequently all data together are normal phytosociological releve´. Further on, in the comparable. Conversely, in the upper half of the elaboration of releve´s, the basic unit considered is the table of association complexes, the cover percentages Landscape Units 491 of associations are indicated, but in the lower half are The Colline (Prealpine) Landscape Unit the general landscape traits of the surrounding area (indicated only as “present or “absent”). Conse- With this name, we indicate the mountains northwards quently, both series of data are not reciprocally com- of the Belluna Valley and from there to the venetian parable. For this reason, two different results were plain, which are the Vette di Feltre, Pizzocco, carried out: first on the cover values of associations M. Serva (Vol. 1, Figs. 19.26 and 19.27) and and then for the landscape traits. In Vol. 1, Fig. 19.12, M. Cavallo, joined by the mountain chains of the Col the results of the elaborations based on the frequency Visentin-Cesen system and the hilly landscape east- of vegetation complexes are shown; in Fig. 19.13, the wards of Sedico. The natural vegetation in this area results of the elaborations based on the observation of was probably a mixed oak forest (mainly Quercus general landscape traits are presented. There are minor robur and Q. pubescens), which, after a millenary differences between the two results. exploitation, is presently reduced to Ostrya The ordination of the 29 Landscape Tables is based carpinifolia-Fraxinus ornus dense woodlands or sta- on the five groups described by the first elaboration ble meadows and cultivations. (Vol. 1, Table 19.12), indeed with some minor The landscape system of the pre-alps corresponds changes between the second and third group to the warmest among the landscape units of the (suggested by the second elaboration). The five groups Dolomites (thermofilic scenario). This is also the largely correspond to the altitudinal belts, as previ- most densely populated area in the Dolomites and ously indicated. Only Landscape Table 6 (open the two most important towns (Belluno and Feltre) habitats in the pre-alpine landscape system) falls are of pre-roman origin. At night, in a panoramic among the montane vegetation belt; in fact, this is a view, the landscape appears as spangled by villages rather heterogeneous table where distinct elements and larger inhabited centres. Nevertheless, it cannot be from the colline and montane belts are together said that the presence of man, industrial activity and because they occur on similar ecotopes. The sequence mining mean that the landscape quality has been of the five groups corresponds to an ecological gradi- lowered, as it is here that pre-alpine endemism are ent, from the higher to the lower temperatures. concentrated and it can be pointed out that the In conclusion, the vegetation complexes can be Dolomites surrounding Belluno are the only area of ordered in regional units (landscape systems) or in the south-eastern Italian Alps under protection as a ecological units (altitudinal belts). In front of this National Park. dichotomy, the computer selected a midway, with Within the pre-alpine system, wide differences can be five regional units and 24 ecological units. observed in respect to the following described landscape systems: all endemic communities taken into consider- ation (Saxifragetum burseranae, Seslerio-Brometum, Landscape Units Leontodonti berinii-Chondrilletum, Bromo-Stipetum, Festucetum alpestris, Alyssetum ovirensis, Adenostyli- The analysis of the landscapes of the study area under Heracleetum, Seslerio-Festucetum variae, Pimpinellidi- application of the procedure indicated in the previous Seslerietum) belong just to the pre-alps and do not not page allows the distinction of an elevate number of proceed further northwards towards the centre of the vegetation complexes (approximately 50), some of Dolomites. On the contrary, the endemic vegetation at them represented with only one or few surveys. These the southern edge of the Dolomites is strictly connected surveys are ordered in the Landscape Tables; in some to the vegetation of other pre-alpine mountain groups cases (with only one or few surveys for one complex), further westward like the Grappa, a mountain group for more than one complex is united in the same table, which an excellent treatment by Busnardo and Lasen e.g. Landscape Table 7 (rupestrian vegetation) gives (1994) was published, and the Piccole Dolomiti or east- an overview on five different complexes forming a ward (Carnia and Giulian Alps). The true boreal group with elevate affinity. In this way, the whole elements are lacking in the pre-alps or are rather rare information can be summarized in the 29 Landscape and occurring in limited locations. Tables, which are distributed in five groups based on The series of vegetation, as a whole, in the pre-alps vegetation belts: colline, montane, subalpine, alpine on is parallel to that described for the inner Dolomites. acid substrates and alpine on basic substrates. The training factors here are also the accumulation of 492 The Landscape of the Dolomites organic matter and, in a successive stage, the washing Peucedanetum cervariae at the forest edges. The gen- away and acidification of the soil. But it has to be eral vegetation traits in a panoramic view from the pointed out that here it is possible to observe traces surveyed area are similar: deciduous woodland and of acidification much more progressed than in the cultivated soil (meadows and vineyards), whereas the inner Dolomites (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.29), as, for example, spectacular view on dolomite crags and screes is the presence of the Seslerio-Festucetum variae (see almost lacking. Vol. 1, Chap. 8) and even traces of Curvuletum in the In the lower vegetation belts, the presence of the Vette di Feltre. This is to date, a little documented Leontodonti-Chondrilletum (a further connection condition (C. Lasen, unpublished) that can probably with the Carnic vegetation) must be pointed out. be explained by the fact that the pre-alpine pastures This community, limited to the pebbly riverbed of have been outside the ice cap. Therefore, it can be the Piave, is bound to a complex series of hypothesized that the acidification processes on the colonisation, followed by periods of erosion due to pre-alps lasted for a much longer period than in the flood; in undisturbed conditions, vegetation develops true alpine pastures, which were covered by the here to a shrubby stage with willows (Salicetum Wurmian ice sheet until 10,000 years ago or less; purpureae-elaeagni), followed by a woodland with this also means that the acidification of soil in the Alnus incana and finally towards a formation of a inner Dolomites is relatively recent. broadleaf forest like beech and mixed oak forest (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.30). The exploitation of these forests Landscape Table 1–Complex of Deciduous leads to secondary Ostrya woodlands (Vol. Woodlands with Ostrya 1, Fig. 19.31) that resist coppice quite well. Also in this case, secondary series of reconstitution of beech STRUCTURE Deciduous woodland with dense and mixed oak forests may follow. This area also layer of low treelets and scattered includes large extensions of pastures, either steppic high trees of old growth meadows with Bromus erectus or stable grasslands ECOLOGY Thermophilic scenario with Arrhenatherum elatius, which here are quite ALTITUDINAL BELT Colline widespread and productive. The forest, limited to LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Pre-alps steeper slopes or in northern expositions, does not DYNAMICS Predominant associations in show the prevalence of conifers that are otherwise a general connected by means of constant character of the Dolomites. serial relationships Note—The treatment of the landscapes units occurring in the colline belt is not limited to the deciduous woodlands This vegetation complex is characterized by the with Ostrya. In fact, many other vegetation complexes woodland of Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus, can be distinguished, e.g. in the Piave valley the dense largely prevailing, with average cover values of forest of Quercus robur, dry grasslands, aquatic vegeta- approximately two-thirds of the surface. Here, only tion (Santa Croce, Vedana, Vincheto di Cellarda, etc.) and a largely diversified agro-ecosystem. Indeed, these the southern asset of this woodland (Buglossoidi- environmental units do not belong to the Dolomites sensu Ostryetum) is considered, whereas in the stricto and for this reason are not treated here. An exam- corresponding landscapes on the Adige and Eisack ple of mixed Ostrya/Quercus landscape: valleys, the closely related Orno-Ostryetum (more adapted to continental conditions) occurs. Other Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 40 types of arboreal vegetation as fragments of Quercetum pubescentis 40 Quercetum pubescentis and Erico-Pinetum are wide- spread (together with Salicetum purpureae-elaeagni Peucedanetum cervariae 1 along the creeks). Other frequently occurring herba- Robinia woodlands 5 ceous communities are the xero- and thermophilic Mesobrometum 1 grasslands (Seslerio-Brometum, Bromo-Stipetum, Vineyards 10 sometimes collectively indicated as Mesobrometum), Potentilletum caulescentis on rocks and Beech forests, woodlands + Landscape Units 493 Landscape Table 1 COMPLEX OF DECIDUOUS WOODLANDS WITH OSTRYA (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 93–95) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Freq. (%) Cover (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 60 90 60 80 60 70 90 90 70 60 90 50 50 60 60 100 69.3 Quercetum pubescentis 10 7 0.7 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Peucedanetum cervariae 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 47 0.6 Robinia woodlands 10 15 5 20 2.0 Pinetum nigrae 3 20 13 1.5 Pruno-Ligustretum 5 7 0.3 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii 1 7 0.1 Berberidi-Rosetum 1 7 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Mesobrometum 341152053310110201093 6.4 Potentilletum caulescentis 5 5 1 5 4 25 1 1 10 3 67 4.0 vineyards 10 5 1 1 1 1 40 1.3 Past.-Arrhenatheretum 20 10 10 5 27 3.0 Tanaceto-Artemisietum 1112 27 0.3 Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 10 15 1 20 1.7 Seslerio-Brometum 1 1 5 20 0.5 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 20 10 13 2.0 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 10 20 13 2.0 Stipion calamagrostidis 3 3 13 0.4 Eriophoretum angustifolii 20 7 1.3 Bromo-Stipetum 20 7 1.3 Fields 10 7 0.7 Leontodonti berinii-Chondrilletum 5 7 0.3 Castanea sativa woodlands 5 7 0.3 Festucetum alpestris 3 7 0.2 General traits of the landscape Beech forests, woodlands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 93 Meadows + + + 20 Rocks and gorges with rupestrian ++ + 20 vegetation Beech and fir forests + + 13 Dolomite crags and slopes + 7 Pinus mugo krummholz + 7 Montane Landscape Units Cadore, most of the valleys of Piave, Cordevole and Cismon up to Val di Cembra and in the slopes of The montane vegetation belt is characterized by the several dolomite groups (Civetta, Agner, the southern large diffusion of beech (Fagus sylvatica) as the main edge of Pale di S. Martino, Talvena, Schiara, Vette), component of the final forest, alone or together with whereas the beech forest is almost lacking along the needle-leaved trees (Abies alba, Picea abies), at an Adige and Eisack valleys as well as in Pustertal elevation of 900–1500 m. The area forms the external (continentality gradient). zone surrounding the Dolomites, from Comelico to 494 The Landscape of the Dolomites The geological substrates at the bottom of the exter- Landscape Table 2—Complex of the Beech nal valleys are extremely varied, with different lime- Forests stone types or often acid rocks, whereas dolomite is restricted to few localities. The climate of the external STRUCTURE Dense forest of high deciduous valleys is distinctly warmer than the central core area trees of old growth, with of the Dolomites, and for this reason also this area can scattered shrubs and discontinu- be ascribed to the thermophilic scenario. Indeed, the ous herb layer. pedogenetic processes are not very different from ECOLOGY The beech forest develops in those of the inner Dolomites, and are characterized correspondence with a fresh by a general tendency to increasing acidity of the and humid mountain climate, substrate. with abundant rain in summer In the environment of broad-leaved forests, three and long snow cover in winter. complexes are distinguished (Landscape Tables 2, The dependent herbaceous 5, 8), characterized by Fagus alone or as Abies- communities are well adapted Fagus community, bound to the landscape of the to reduced intensity of solar external Dolomites, often together with the Ostrya radiation under the dense can- woodland (also present in the pre-alpine landscape). opy of the trees; the substrate is In these environments, forest communities have a a well-developed rendzina or a conspicuous cover that can exceed 80 % of the surface. brown earth. This area is sparsely populated at the bottom of the ALTITUDINAL BELT Colline and montane belt. valleys, with scattered villages and major centres, LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Exterior Dolomites some of them populated for one millennium and DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- more (exploitation of mines). Today, the local econ- ally connected by means of omy is based on agriculture, forestry, some specialized serial relationships industries (Cadore, Agordino) and tourism. For these reasons, the broad-leaved forest is strictly connected to The most frequent associations in contact with the the environment of stable meadows (Landscape beech forest are those that develop depending on forest Tables 3 and 4); in fact, the Arrhenateretum has been management, like the Pruno-Ligustretum, Adenostyli- mostly developed on surfaces that previously were Cicerbitetum and Epilobietum angustifolii. However, occupied by deciduous forest. Further data deal with under natural conditions, they incline to transform herbaceous communities of open habitats and on rocks themselves again into the previous forest community. (Landscape Tables 6 and 7), some with plant Among the listed associations in Vol. 1, Table 19.1, communities irradiating from the contiguous areas of p. 657, a dozen is represented by broad-leaf species the colline belt. and only three by needle-shaped trees (Scotch pine, The following units are described: black pine, and Pinus mugo), only rather incompletely Landscape Table 2—Complex of the beech forests depicting the actual situation because nowadays Landscape Table 3—Complex of meadows (exterior spruce forests are widely diffused throughout the dolomites) whole area. Nevertheless, in these areas in general Landscape Table 4—Complex of meadows (interior their presence is due to human action (except in the dolomites) Cansiglio Forest, where the presence of spruce within Landscape Table 5—Complex of beech-fir forests the beech belt is a massive and constant phenomenon). Landscape Table 6—Complexes on open habitats in For closely related forest types where Fagus is the the pre-alpine landscape system dominant element of the arboreal layer or grows under Landscape Table 7—Different complexes of the cover of evergreen conifers, see Landscape rupestrian vegetation Tables 5 and 8. Landscape Table 8—Complex of the montane spruce forest Landscape Units 495 Landscape Table 2 COMPLEX OF BEECH FORESTS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 107–109) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Carici albae-Fagetum 70 70 60 80 80 50 70 95 70 90 64.5 Galio-Carpinetum 80 10 8 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 5 5 20 30 3 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustif. 5 1 20 0.6 Petasitetum hybridi 1 10 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Past.-Arrhenatheretum 3 1 3 10 40 1.7 Salicetum appendiculatae 20 20 10 30 5 Pruno-Ligustretum 5 20 10 30 3.5 Mesobrometum 2 1 20 30 2.3 Valeriano-Asplenietum 1 1 20 0.2 Berberidi-Rosetum 5 10 20 1.5 Rubetum idaei 2 10 20 1.2 Peucedanetum cervariae 2 5 20 0.7 Petasitetum paradoxi 10 10 1 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 15 10 1.5 Trisetetum flavescentis 10 10 1 Seslerio-Caricetum semperv. 5 10 0.5 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 5 10 0.5 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + 100 Beech and fir forests + + + + 40 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 30 Beech forests, woodlands + + + + + + + + + 90 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + 10 Rhododendron-heath + + + 30 Alpine grasslands + 10 Slopes with Alnus viridis +10 Meadows + 10 Dry temperate grasslands (steppe) + 10 Woodlands with Ostrya +10 Veg. of rocks and gorges + 10 Landscape Table 3—Complex of Meadows rendzina or brown earth), regu- (Exterior Dolomites) larly manured, and well provided with water. STRUCTURE Continuous and dense herb layer ALTITUDINAL BELT In the colline and montane belt. surrounded by scattered trees LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Pre-alps and in the exterior and shrubs. Dolomites. ECOLOGY On plain or gently sloping DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- surfaces, with favourable orienta- ally connected by means of tion; substrate deriving from well- serial relationships. humified forest soils (mature 496 The Landscape of the Dolomites The permanent meadows at the lower altitudes maize), whereas on higher elevations or on soils are in strict contact with the major inhabited centres with low fertility it is substituted by the lesser pro- and villages. The Arrhenatheretum is a plant com- ductive Trisetetum flavescentis,andnearthe munity created by man, as a source of food for cattlesheds and stables the Rumicetum alpini cattle, regularly mown and manured; the most pro- expands. Of the natural vegetation, only traces of ductive surfaces are cultivated with cereals (tradi- dry grasslands (Mesobrometum) and of prealpine tionally barley or oat, presently substituted by woodland (Buglossoidi-Ostryetum)remain. Landscape Table 3 COMPLEX OF MEADOWS (EXTERIOR DOLOMITES) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 35–38) 1234567891011121314Freq. (%) Cover (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Past.-Arrhenatheretum 40 60 50 80 50 30 50 70 57 30.7 Trisetetum flavescentis 70 60 50 60 29 17.1 Rumicetum alpini 53080 50 29 11.8 Frequently occurring near the meadows Fields of Mais 1 1 10 15 5 36 2.3 Pruno-Ligustretum 1 1 14 0.1 Urtico-Sambucetum 1 1 14 0.1 Tanaceto-Artemisietum 1 7 0.1 Vineyards 1 7 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Mesobrometum 51520103040438.6 Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 50 30 30 30 20 36 11.4 Potentilletum caulescentis 5 1 5 1 29 0.9 Carici albae-Fagetum 10 20 5 21 2.5 Peucedanetum cervariae 1 1 1 21 0.2 Castanea sativa woodland 1 1 1 21 0.2 Alnetum incanae 5 5 14 0.7 Petasitetum paradoxi 5 1 14 0.4 Alnetum viridis 10 20 14 2.1 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 10 5 14 1.1 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 5 7 0.4 Danthonio-Nardetum 30 7 2.1 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 5 7 0.4 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 30 7 2.1 Bromo-Stipetum 15 7 1.1 Oxalidi-Abietetum 10 7 0.7 Phragmitetum 10 7 0.7 Alnetum glutinosae 5 7 0.4 Caricetum firmae 1 7 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++++++++++100 Pinus mugo krummholz ++++ + +++ 57 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + 43 Beech forests, woodlands ++++++++ +++ 79 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + 7 Meadows + + + + 29 Rhododendron-heath + + + + 29 Alpine grasslands + + 14 Landscape Units 497 Landscape Table 4—Complex of Meadows these stable meadows generally cover only part of the (Interior Dolomites) surface (about one-half), leaving vast space to forest vegetation, either with Picea or with Pinus sylvestris or broadleaves. Areas inhabited by people or cultivated are STRUCTURE Continuous and dense herb layer generally in the valley bottoms; the vegetation along surrounded by scattered trees water courses (Alnetum incanae) also occupies an impor- and shrubs. tant place. The diffusion of stable meadows allows the ECOLOGY See Landscape Table 3. permanent settlement of population within the alpine ALTITUDINAL BELT In the montane belt, and under landscape, which occurred in proto-historic times, favourable conditions also in the generally 3000–4000 years ago. The human caretaking subalpine. of these surfaces represents an ideal model for land use: the plant biomass permits the feeding of animal stock, LANDSCAPE SYSTEM In the interior Dolomites. and the biomass taken off by means of pasture and hay DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- for the major part is given back to the ecosystem in the ally connected by means of form of manure; forest species (herbaceous or woody) serial relationships. that could invade pastures are controlled by mowing. However, the forest surfaces in-between meadows also have a key function: they produce wood used for con- The composition, structure and ecology of the struction as well as firewood and are of undoubted impor- permanent meadows remain the same as described tance in order to maintain the slopes and avoid land- and for the Arrhenatheretum of the exterior Dolomites snow-slides and soil erosion. The people living in the mountains have understood that brown forest soils of (Landscape table 3), but the surrounding plant broadleaf oak and beech woods are the most adept for communities are quite different because of the cultivation and here they developed meadows and fields, continentality of the climate, longer snow cover during and the soil’s fertility has been utilized as the principal winter and different agricultural activities of the resource that sustains the ecosystem. This fertility generally becomes provided continuously by manuring inhabitants. In general, no other cultures or strictly and does not show tendencies of depletion; the system anthropogenous plant communities are present, so itself can practically remain productive for an undefined that these meadows are embedded in a semi-natural period of time. From stock-farming, people gain nutrition vegetation (shrubs as the Berberidi-Rosetum and dry (meat, dairy, edible vegetables), the necessary substances for clothing, shoes and for many other domestic purposes. grasslands: Mesobrometum); conversely, the natural The presence of humans in the Alps has made this forest communities (Listero-Piceetum, Alnetum territory habitable, permitting the development of farm incanae, Erico-Pinetum sylvestris) are present, at culture, which in the Middle Age led to original forms of least in a fragmentary form. associated life (the communities of Cadore and Fiemme, the cantons in Switzerland) and to the formation of an Rare Landscape units in the following surveys: Echio- autochthonous culture. Plant life has offered the basis for Melilotetum (21), Cratoneuro-Arabidetum (24), this development, but it, too, has itself become Molinietum (25), Caricetum davallianae (28), transformed by introducing species coming from Petasitetum hybridi (31). different areas and giving way to particular aspects of Note to Landscape Tables 3 and 4—In the landscape vegetation. In this way, an inimitable landscape has of the Dolomites changed by man, the most meaningful developed in which the natural dynamic of the environ- aspect is the presence of the complex regarding stable ment is in harmony with the requirements of human meadows centred around the Arrhenatheretum. But society. 498 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 4 COMPLEX OF MEADOWS (INTERIOR DOLOMITES) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 35–38) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Past.-Arrhenatheretum 40 50 60 50 50 60 60 60 60 40 45 40 50 60 40 100 51.0 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Listero-Piceetum 30 45 10 10 45 40 40 10 40 60 18.0 Fields of Mais 20 1 10 30 1 33 4.1 Tanaceto-Artemisietum 1111 3 33 0.5 Lolio-Plantaginetum majoris 21111 33 0.4 Picea (reforestation) 10 5 30 15 27 4.0 Urtico-Sambucetum 1 7 0.1 Hackelio-Chenopodietum 2 7 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Alnetum incanae 20 30 5 1 2 5 10 47 4.9 Berberidi-Rosetum 1 5 3 1 1 5 1 47 1.1 Mesobrometum 6 1 1 1 20 5 40 2.3 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 110 5 5520 40 3.1 Pruno-Ligustretum 5 10 5 20 1.3 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 2 1 1 20 0.3 Potentilletum caulescentis 1 1 13 0.1 Petasitetum paradoxi 1 5 13 0.4 Sedetum montani 1 1 13 0.1 Carici albae-Fagetum 40 7 2.7 Danthonio-Nardetum 20 7 1.3 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 3 7 0.2 Peucedanetum ostruthii 15 7 1.0 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 7 0.3 Carici-Pinetum sylvestris 5 7 0.3 Salici-Betuletum 5 7 0.3 Helianthus/Solidago canadensis 2 7 0.1 Valeriano-Asplenietum 1 7 0.1 Galio-Carpinetum 1 7 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + + + + 47 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ ++ 27 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 100 Pine woodlands + + + + + + 40 Beech and fir forests + + + + 27 Beech forests woodlands + + 13 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + 27 Meadows + 7 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++++27 Rhododendron-heath 0 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++20 Landscape Units 499 Landscape Table 5—Complex of Beech-Fir elevations in the pre-alps, as in Forests the Cansiglio Forest. DYNAMICS Generally connected to the con- STRUCTURE Dense forest of high trees (mixed tiguous associations by means of stands of deciduous and ever- serial relationships. green) of old growth with shrubs and well-developed herb layer. In this forestry landscape, secondary plant ECOLOGY The mixed forest of beech and fir communities often occur, such as Adenostyli- develops in the transitional area Cicerbitetum and Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii, between the colline-montane in clearings or near the margins of the woodland, as beech forest (landscape table 2) well as wild grasslands of acid substrates, mainly the and the alpine taiga (landscape Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum and Geo-Nardetum; table 9), under intermediate eco- on limestone outcrops, even Valeriano-Asplenietum logical conditions, at the bound- and Petasitetum paradoxi can be observed. ary between the oceanic and the Some examples of open woodlands continental climate; the substrate is a markedly leached brown Oxalidi-Abietetum 41 50 earth, i.e. an intermediate condi- Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 50 48 tion between rendzina or a brown Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 5 earth (beech forest) and podsol Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 5 (taiga). Alnetum viridis 2 ALTITUDINAL BELT Occurs at (800)1000–1300 (1500) m altitude, i.e. the upper Dolomite crags and slopes + portion of the montane belt. Beech and fir forests + LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Mainly in the exterior Pinus mugo krummholz + + Dolomites, but also at higher Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + 500 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 5 COMPLEX OF BEECH - FIR FORESTS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 117–119) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Oxalidi-Abietetum 90 90 80 70 60 95 99 95 70 75 70 90 70 30 100 77.4 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 10 25 10 5 1 3 10 5 5 10 71 6.0 Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 5 5 10 1 1 36 1.6 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustif. 10 20 14 2.1 Geo-Nardetum 5 7 0.4 0 0.0 More or less ubiquitous 0 0.0 Valeriano-Asplenietum 1 5 1 1 29 0.6 Petasitetum paradoxi 5 5 20 21 2.1 Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 20 7 1.4 Alnetum incanae 20 5 14 1.8 Salicetum waldsteinianae 5 5 14 0.7 Salicetum appendiculatae 2 7 0.1 Pruno-Ligustretum 5 7 0.4 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 15 7 1.1 Trisetetum flavescentis 5 7 0.4 Salicetum nigricantis 20 7 1.4 Caricetum davallianae 20 7 1.4 Petasitetum officinalis 5 7 0.4 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + + 93 88 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + + + + + + + + 93 88 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + + + + + + + + 79 81 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + 43 44 Rhododendron-heath + + + 21 19 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum + + 14 13 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +713 Beech forests, woodlands + 7 6 Landscape Units 501 Landscape Table 6—Complexes on Open whereas Danthonio-Nardetum Habitats in the Pre-alpine Landscape System occurs in the exterior as well as in the interior Dolomites. STRUCTURE Vegetation of sunny and arid DYNAMICS Generally connected with serial slopes on basic or on acid relationships to the contiguous substrates. association. ECOLOGY Both complexes occur on open, warm slopes where the forest The structure of both complexes is clearly diver- has long since been destroyed: gent: Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum is connected with plant Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum on cal- communities pioneering on limestone rocks careous and dry substrates (ren- (Potentilletum caulescentis, Campanuletum dzina), whereas Danthonio- morettianae) or gravel (Festucetum alpestris) and on Nardetum is diffused on acid exposed habitats (Genista radiata comm.), whereas and relatively humid soils Danthonio-Nardetum is connected with forest (Carici derived from a degraded podsol albae-Fagetum, Listero-Piceetum) and with as a relict of a previous forest anthropogenous communities: Pastinaco- cover. Arrhenatheretum and Rubetum idaei. ALTITUDINAL BELT In the colline and nontane belt. Danthonio-Nardetum may also Rare Landscape units in the following surveys: Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum (8), Vaccinio-Rhododendretum occur in warmer slopes of the laricetosum (9). subalpine belt. LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum is strictly limited to the pre-alps, 502 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 6 COMPLEXES ON OPEN HABITATS IN THE PREALPINE LANDSCAPE SYSTEM (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 389 and 421) Prealpine pastures on limestone Prealpine acidocline pastures Freq. Cop. Freq. Cop. 1234567(%) (%) 8 9 10111213(%) (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum 70 70 50 50 70 15 40 100 52.1 Danthonio-Nardetum 50 70 25 60 90 70 100 60.8 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Potentilletum caulescentis 5 30 45 5 5 10 86 14.3 Genista radiata comm 20 30 29 7.1 Campanuletum morettianae 1 14 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Festucetum alpestris 5 10 10 43 3.6 Saxifragetum burseranae 3 14 0.4 Aden.-Heracleetum polliniani 20 14 2.9 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum 1 14 0.1 seelosii Thlaspidi-Trifolietum 3 14 0.4 Bupleurum petraeum comm. 3 14 0.4 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 60 14 8.6 Valeriano-Asplenietum 3 14 0.4 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum 10 5 1 43 2.3 extrasylv. Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 10 25 29 5.0 Potentilletum nitidae 3 14 0.4 Salicetum waldsteinianae 10 14 1.4 Geo-Nardetum 10 14 1.4 vineyards 2 14 0.3 Listero-Piceetum 3 14 0.4 30 17 5.0 Carici albae-Fagetum 20 10 33 5.0 Past.-Arrhenatheretum 10 20 33 5.0 Rubetum idaei 5 1 33 1.0 Oxalidi-Abietetum 20 17 3.3 Alnetum incanae 10 17 1.7 Pruno-Ligustretum 10 17 1.7 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes +++++++100 +++ 50 Beech forests, woodlands + + + + 57 + + + + 67 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + 29 + + 33 Rhododendron-heath + + + 43 + + 33 Beech and fir forests ++++ +71 ++ 33 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 43 + 17 Alpine grasslands + 14 + 17 Veg. of rocks and gorges + + + 43 Woodland with Pinus cembra +17 Alpine tundra with Carex +17 curvula Slopes with Alnus viridis +17 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + 17 Landscape Units 503 Landscape Table 7—Different Complexes Most of these plant communities are very rare and of Rupestrian Vegetation occur in particular niches: rupestrian habitats: on blocks and gravel: STRUCTURE An heterogeneous list of plant communities consisting of Saxifragetum burseranae Adenostyli-Heracleetum polliniani endemic species living on lime- Festucetum alpestris Alyssetum ovirensis stone and dolomite rocks and Physoplexidi-Asplenietum Cortusetum matthiolii screes. seelosii ECOLOGY Very variable (see below). Potentilletum caulescentis ALTITUDINAL BELT Colline and montane belt. Valeriano-Asplenietum LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Most of these associations are endemic on a small area at the southern margin of the Most of the endemic flora of the Dolomites is Dolomites (pre-alps and south- concentrated in the rupestrian habitats of the pre-alps, ern massifs of the exterior probably as a relict of tertiary flora, which survived the Dolomites); only Potentilletum cold periods of the Pleistocene glaciations just in this caulescentis occurs on the area. This is an exceptional reservoir of alpine biodiver- whole territory (although very sity. In addition, other rare communities occur, as in the rare in the interior Dolomites) Bupleurum petraeum populations (a further endemic DYNAMICS A conservative niche with very element, but very rare and incompletely studied) or rare plant communities, mostly Hackelio-Chenopodietum, a nitrophilous community of connected with the surrounding repairs for the wild herbivores (chamois). In this ‘botani- vegetation by means of serial cal garden’ of rare endemism, only one widespread relationships. association occurs: Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum, the xero- phytic grassland of the surrounding slopes. 504 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 7 DIFFERENT COMPLEXES OF RUPESTRIAN VEGETATION (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 483–523) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Altitude 2050 2300 2200 2100 2670 2400 2400 2670 600 480 Exclusive or diagnostic communities Saxifragetum burseranae 70 2 20 7.2 Aden.-Heracleetum polliniani 50 60 25 30 13.5 Festucetum alpestris 215 30 15 30 50 9.2 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 20 10 2.0 Potentilletum caulescentis 51580 30 40 20 60 19.0 Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 53020 3.5 Pimpinellidi-Seslerietum 525 60 30 9.0 Alyssetum ovirensis 25 30 20 5.5 Valeriano-Asplenietum 2 5 20 0.7 Cortusetum matthiolii 5 10 0.5 aggr. a Bupleurum petraeum 3 10 0.3 Hackelio-Chenopodietum 1 10 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Alnetum incanae 10 5 5 30 2.0 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 25 20 20 4.5 Sesl.-Helictotrichetum parlatorei 20 25 20 4.5 Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 20 30 20 5.0 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 10 10 1.0 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 5 10 0.5 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 5 10 0.5 Potentilletum nitidae 2 10 0.2 Arabidetum coeruleae 2 10 0.2 Caricetum ferrugineae 2 10 0.2 Salicetum waldsteinianae 2 10 0.2 Petasitetum paradoxi 3 10 0.3 Stipion calamagrostidis 1 10 0.1 Caricetum firmae 10 10 1.0 Caricetum flavae 1 10 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + 70 Beech forests, woodlands + + + 30 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + 40 Rhododendron-heath + + + + 40 Beech and fir forests + + 20 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 30 Alpine grasslands + 10 Veg. of rocks and gorges Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++ 20 Woodland with Pinus cembra +10 Landscape Units 505 Landscape Table 8—Complex of the Montane LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Limited to the exterior Spruce Forest Dolomites. DYNAMICS The most diffuse associations of STRUCTURE Dense Picea forest with high trees this complex are generally (mainly evergreen and needle connected by means of serial leaved) of old growth, but some- relationships. times with beech in the inferior layer; shrubs and herbs very vital. The spruce forests of the exterior mountain groups ECOLOGY Elevated rainfall, long snow surrounding the core area of the Dolomites belong cover and tendency to fog in mostly to Veronico-Piceetum, whereas the true the morning are the bioclimatic Listero-Piceetum here is mostly absent or rare and traits of this montane-subalpine localized; in many of these forests, the presence of spruce forest; the soil is acid and Picea has been favoured as an important source of poor on nutrients, a mature timber. Other forest types occurring in the same con- ranker or podsol. text are Erico-Pinetum sylvestris, Carici-Pinetum ALTITUDINAL BELT The range of the Veronico- sylvestris, Carici albae-Fagetum and the dependent Piceetum extends over the upper herbaceous associations Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum and montane and the lower subalpine Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii. belt (900)1000–1500(1630) Landscape Table 8 COMPLEX OF THE MONTANE SPRUCE FOREST (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 196–198) 1234Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Veronico-Piceetum 60 90 90 80 100 80.0 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 10 8 50 4.5 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii 5 25 1.3 Callunetum 5 25 1.3 More or less ubiquitous Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 5 25 1.3 Carici albae-Fagetum 5 25 1.3 Pruno-Ligustretum 5 25 1.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 2 25 0.5 Carici-Pinetum sylvestris 20 25 5.0 Salici-Betuletum 15 25 3.8 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + 75 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ + 75 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 50 Rhododendron-heath + + 50 Pinus mugo krummholz + 25 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + 25 Beech and fir forests + 25 Meadows + 25 Woodlands with Ostrya +25 Pine woodlands + 25 506 The Landscape of the Dolomites Subalpine Landscape Units Other coniferous forests are different types of pine communities: Pinus sylvestris (red pine), Pinus nigra The subalpine vegetation is composed of the forest (a south-oriental element, reaching the Piave valley communities that under natural conditions are above Perarolo at the south-east margin on the adapted to the highest elevations in the mountains: Dolomites) and Pinus mugo, a widespread typical in the Dolomites (and generally in the temperate and feature of the Dolomites (landmark), distributed from cold zone of the northern hemisphere), these are the higher peaks to the bottom of the valleys. The only evergreen forests of needle-leaved conifers, in the deciduous conifer is Larix decidua, widespread, but Alps Picea abies and Pinus cembra. The upper limit rarely growing in compact populations. of the compact forest vegetation in the Dolomites is The subalpine area is widely populated, the highest generally at 1700–1800 m, but open woodlands with mountain villages being near Canazei (Penia, 1555 m), regularly scattered trees can, under favourable Selva in Valgardena (Wolkenstein in Gro¨den, conditions, reach 2150 m. Single individuals of 1563 m), Arabba (1601 m) and Corvara (1568 m), Pinus cembra or Larix decidua have been observed and this is where the resident population still speaks growing in particularly protected niches up to the ladin language (rhaeto-romance, e.g. 90 % of the 2400m,oftenreducedtoindividuals3–5dmhigh. habitants in Selva). Today, ladin is currently spoken These growth conditions are natural in the core area only in a few valleys in the Dolomites, but the of the Dolomites, from the Rosengarten group to toponomastic is preminently based on this language. Marmolada, Sella, Tofane and Antelao and further The local economy in ancient times was based chiefly on to Fanes, Pragser Dolomites, Odle and Plose (here on cattle raising and timber, so the villages are on silicate substrates). surrounded by beautiful meadows on sunny slopes. Most of these mountain groups consist of dolomite Tourist activity is now prevalent, in summer as well (dolomia principale, Hauptdolomit), only a few of as in winter for sport, and the subalpine area is the them of limestone (e.g. the Latemar). Indeed, the centre of tourist activities, which have a heavy impact subalpine forest communities also occur on siliceous on the landscape. substrates, e.g. in the volcanic area of Predazzo, Monzoni, Cima di Bocche. The contradiction is Note—The coniferous forest with dominant evergreen needle-leaved species is largely diffused in the whole only apparent because of the pedogenesis processes Dolomite area; nevertheless, as often remarked, in its that independent of the rocky substrates lead to the natural conditions it would be concentrated within the acidification of soil and invariably end with a podsol. landscape system of the inner Dolomites (Table 19.3); The whole of the subalpine vegetation belt occurs its present diffusion is the effect of the work of people, who have greatly extended the distribution area of under oligotrophic conditions. The subalpine belt conifers (mostly spruce—Picea abies and red-pine— develops mostly in the area with elevated Pinus sylvestris) as these are species of great value in continentality, in the climate with sunny summers forestry. Therefore, it must be remarked that in order to and rainfall concentrated in the intermediate seasons: define complexes and vegetation series, only natural forests were considered, and those with zonal character the ideal climate for extended hiking and enjoying are the Pinus cembra forests (Larici-Pinetum cembrae, theuniquelandscape. Fig. 19.24) and subalpine spruce forests (Listero- In the subalpine vegetation belt, the most diffused Piceetum), which are present on acidic substrates as forest types are the Listero-Piceetum (dense forest of well as on limestone and on dolomite. Among the associations that accompany them quite always, even spruce, at lower altitudes) and the Larici-Cembretum just with low cover values, Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum and (open woodland of Pinus cembra, at the upper levels). Nardetum can be recorded: the first develops in open Landscape Units 507 places connected with coppices or caused by often with fog in the morning natural facts like windbreaks and slides, while the and rain in the afternoon: solar Nardus stricta grassland expands where the forest with needle-leaved species has been transformed to irradiation in the understory is pasture. mostly reduced; the soil of the well-developed forests is of the The following units are described: podsol type, acid and poor in Landscape Table 9—Complex of the spruce forest nutrients. (alpine taiga) ALTITUDINAL BELT The typical element of the infe- Landscape Table 10—Complex of Pinus cembra rior subalpine belt (generally woodlands from 1400 to 1800 m). Landscape Table 11—Complex of Pinus sylvestris LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Under natural conditions, only woodlands in the interior Dolomites: forest Landscape Table 12—Complex of the Rhododendron types with abundant spruce are heath with larch also present in the external Landscape Table 13—Complex of the Rhododendron Dolomites but mostly derive heath without trees from human action on deciduous Landscape Table 14—Complex of the Rhododendron forests (beech, maple). heath with Pinus mugo DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- Landscape Table 15—Complex of Pinus mugo ally connected by means of krummholz on basic substrates serial relationships, because of Landscape Table 16—Complex of green maple and human impact or natural factors willows on humid slopes (age, wind, rarely fire) that regu- Landscape Table 17—Vegetation complexes in creeks late in the long term the neces- and marshes sary turnover in the tree layer. Landscape Table 9—Complex of the Spruce The spruce (Picea abies) is the most widely dif- Forest (Alpine Taiga) fused tree in the Dolomites and covers extended areas, but this is the effect of human action, because it was STRUCTURE Dense forest of high trees (ever- expanded, as a source of timber, over the whole green and needle leaved), of old mountains, from the valley bottom to the tree line. growth; in the understory, a For this reason, it is often considered as a symbol of dense and continuous layer of naturality of the alpine landscape, even for areas dwarf shrubs and a moss layer where its presence is not natural at all. The Listero- are always present. Piceetum is strictly limited to habitats where the natu- ECOLOGY The optimum context for spruce ral pedogensis leads to a deep ferric podsol. For a list forests is relatively fresh and of monumental forest complexes in the Dolomites, see humid, during the summer Vol. 1, p. 193. 508 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 9a COMPLEX OF THE SPRUCE FOREST (ALPINE TAIGA) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 191–194) 12345678911121314 Exclusive or preferent in this complex Listero-Piceetum 70 70 75 50 80 80 95 95 90 90 95 90 95 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 1015151015555 1 Geo-Nardetum 24 40 6 6 4 More or less ubiquitous Petasitetum paradoxi 513 252 Alnetum viridis 10 2 2 Potentilletum caulescentis 11 111 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum Salicetum waldsteinianae 10 1 Caricetum fuscae 10 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 11 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii 1 Caricetum ferrugineae 1 Knautio-Trifolietum Trisetetum flavescentis Caricetum davallianae Mesobrometum Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 2 Peucedanetum ostruthii General traits of the landscape Spruce forest (alpine taiga) ++++++++ ++++ Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++++ + ++ Woodland with Pinus cembra + +++++++++ + Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++++ Rhododendron-heath + + + + Alpine grasslands + + + Pinus mugo krummholz + Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + Landscape Units 509 Landscape Table 9b COMPLEX OF THE SPRUCE FOREST (ALPINE TAIGA) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 191–194) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Listero-Piceetum 95 97 97 98 95 98 99 95 95 80 60 70 100 82.8 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 69 3.35 Geo-Nardetum 1 2 10 31 3.58 More or less ubiquitous Petasitetum paradoxi 6 28 0.92 Alnetum viridis 4 5 19 0.88 Potentilletum caulescentis 19 0.19 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 3 2 12 0.23 Salicetum waldsteinianae 8 0.42 Caricetum fuscae 1 8 0.42 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 8 0.08 Senecioni-Epilobietum angustifolii 4 Caricetum ferrugineae 4 Knautio-Trifolietum 30 4 1.15 Trisetetum flavescentis 20 4 0.77 Caricetum davallianae 6 4 0.23 Mesobrometum 3 4 0.12 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 4 0.08 Peucedanetum ostruthii 14 General traits of the landscape Spruce forest (alpine taiga) + + + +++++++++ 92 Dolomite crags and slopes + + +++++++ + 81 Woodland with Pinus cembra + +++ ++++ + 77 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +++ + ++ 38 Rhododendron-heath + + + + + 35 Alpine grasslands 12 Pinus mugo krummholz 4 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands 4 510 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 10—Complex of Pinus relative stability persists and cembra Woodlands predominant associations are generally connected by means STRUCTURE Discontinuous layer of high of serial relationships. trees (evergreen and needle leaved), of old growth; in the The Landscape Table 10 illustrates the forms of understory, a dense and continu- arboreal vegetation occurring at the higher elevation ous layer of low shrubs and in the Dolomites (and generally in the Alps): Larici- dwarf shrubs and a moss layer Pinetum cembrae and Laricetum europeae. The larch are always present. (Larix decidua) has a wide ecological range and ECOLOGY Pinus cembra is strictly bound to occurs in many types of the conifer forests, sometimes the cold-temperate climate of as a pioneer or mixed with other conifers and even in the continental type the subalpine heath (see Landscape Table 12). Pinus (eurosibirian distribution cembra, conversely, is the symbol of the conifer forest range); diffused on acid, oligo- reaching maximal altitudes. Near the treeline, it occurs trophic substrates: a podsol mostly as isolated individuals; at lower levels, near the when it grows on silicate upper limit of the Piceetum, it can grow as a dense mountains, in the true forest. Very few examples are seen in the Dolomites, Dolomites, the podsolisation is e.g. from Lavaze´ northwards. In fact, it is possible that often incomplete. such forest has previously been cut down because of ALTITUDINAL BELT The typical element of the supe- the very valuable timber. The Pinus cembra woodland rior subalpine belt (generally is often in contact with subalpine vegetation, as from 1800 to 2100 m). Rhododendro-Pinetum mugo and Caricetum LANDSCAPE SYSTEM This is the emblematic indicator ferrugineae; Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum and Petasitetum of the interior Dolomites. paradoxi often occur as dependent associations. Most DYNAMICS A vegetation well adapted to the of the classic itineraries in the Dolomites develop in environmental stress factors of the frame of the Larici-Cembretum. the high mountains, so that a Landscape Units 511 Landscape Table 10a COMPLEX OF PINUS CEMBRA WOODLANDS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 201–204) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Larici-Pinetum cembrae 40 50 95 97 95 80 60 70 80 80 70 50 100 72.3 Laricetum europeae Frequently occurring in the same habitat Caricetum ferrugineae 30 20 1 10 5 42 5.5 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 3 2 1 15 10 42 2.6 More or less ubiquitous Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 55 51 120 50 3.1 Petasitetum paradoxi 5 10 1 2 5 42 1.9 Geo-Nardetum 5 10 15 10 33 3.3 Papaveretum rhaetici 1 5 4 30 33 3.3 Potentilletum caulescentis 1 10 17 0.9 Peucedanetum ostruthii 3 10 17 1.1 Campanuletum morettianae 1 1 17 0.2 Salicetum waldsteinianae 1 1 17 0.2 Festucetum intercedentis 1 8 0.1 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 10 8 0.8 Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 10 8 0.8 Berberidi-Rosetum 2 8 0.2 Potentilletum nitidae 5 8 0.4 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 8 0.1 Saxifragetum bryoidis 1 8 0.1 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 1 8 0.1 Caricetum firmae 1 8 0.1 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum Danthonio-Nardetum Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum Listero-Piceetum General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + 100 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++++ +++++ 92 Spruce forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + + 50 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + 42 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 25 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +++ + 33 Alpine grasslands + + + + 33 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++17 Rhododendron-heath + 8 Fir and beech forest 512 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 10b COMPLEX OF LARCH a dense layer of shrubs and WOODLANDS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. herbs. 1, p. 199–201) ECOLOGY Natural forests of Pinus Freq. Cop. sylvestris (Erico-Pinetum 13 14 15 16 (%) (%) sylvestris) are widespread in the Exclusive or preferent in this complex valleys with dry climate on cal- Laricetum europeae 45 50 95 60 100 65 careous substrates, mostly on More or less ubiquitous soils with a primitive rendzina Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 1 25 0.3 profile; on acid substrate the Petasitetum paradoxi 1 25 0.3 Vaccinio vitis-idaeae-Pinetum Geo-Nardetum 45 25 11.3 sylvestris occurs towards the Papaveretum rhaetici 2 25 0.5 northern limit of the Dolomites, Seslerio-Caricetum 5 25 1.3 in the Pustertal, on oligotrophic sempervirentis primitive ranker. Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 20 25 5.0 ALTITUDINAL BELT In the inferior portion of the sub- Caricetum firmae 3 25 0.8 alpine belt, often descending in Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 30 25 7.5 the valleys to the montane belt. Laserpitio- 10 25 2.5 LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Internal and external Dolomites Calamagrostidetum and in the pre-alps (here, often Danthonio-Nardetum 10 25 2.5 cultivated). Vaccinio-Rhododendretum 5 25 1.3 laricetosum DYNAMICS The pine forest is an unstable Listero-Piceetum 5 25 1.3 vegetation, often with cata- strophic events: fire during win- General traits of the landscape ter periods without rain and Dolomite crags and slopes + + + 75 action of parasitic agents (con- Woodland with Pinus ++ 50 versely is relatively resistant to cembra the action of strong wind): Spruce forest (alpine taiga) + 25 prevailing serial relationships to Pinus mugo krummholz + + 50 the dependent plant Alpine grasslands + 25 communities. Rhododendron-heath + 25 Fir and beech forest + 25 Most of the Pinus sylvestris forests in the Dolomites occur on limestone, in valleys with a warm continental climate, oriented more or less in the sense of the parallel, even if larger Pinus sylvestris Landscape Table 11—Complex of Pinus valleys (e.g. Val di Susa or Wallis) do not occur in the sylvestris Woodlands Dolomites; in this habitat, dry steppe-like grasslands are mostly widely diffused. Conversely, the Vaccinio- STRUCTURE Dense layer of high trees (ever- Pinetum occurs only in a very limited area near Luns green and needle leaved), of (Pustertal), on extremely acid soil. old growth; in the understory, Landscape Units 513 Landscape Table 11 COMPLEX OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS WOODLANDS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 184–186) 123467Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 95 95 90 15 67 49.2 Carici-Pinetum sylvestris 10 50 33 10.0 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 1 17 0.1 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Mesobrometum 70 17 11.7 More or less ubiquitous Caricetum ferrugineae 3 8 33 1.8 Orno-Ostryetum 30 30 33 10.0 Past.-Arrhenatheretum 30 10 33 6.7 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 17 0.8 Potentilletum caulescentis 2 17 0.3 Vineyards 20 17 3.3 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 10 17 1.7 Trisetetum flavescentis 10 17 1.7 Galio-Carpinetum 10 17 1.7 Trifolio montani-Brachypodietum rupestris 1 17 0.2 Pruno-Ligustretum 1 0.2 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + 33 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ 33 Subalpine Picea-forest + +++++100 Pine woodlands + + 33 Group of the Rhododendron-Complexes The general character of the Rhododendron (Landscape Tables 12–15) complexes is the particular ecology at the limit conditions of the arboreal vegetation: these are the GENERAL INTRODUCTION—Rhododendrons are among conditions at the superior limit of the subalpine belt, the most significant and symbolic plants of the alpine generally at about 1700–2000 m altitude. Indeed this flora. In the Alps, only two species of Rhododendron vegetation can also be observed at the inferior level, in occur—R. ferrugineum and R. hirsutum—two dwarf the Dolomites at 1500 m or lower, where environmen- shrubs of similar aspect, differing by little evident tal conditions are particularly severe (long persistence characteristics, but with a distinct ecology: of snow). Furthermore, at the basis of Mt. Mottarone R. ferrugineum grows on acid substrates, whereas (Lago Maggiore district with insubrian climate), we R. hirsutum occurs on the basic ones. The genus Rho- observed Rh. ferrugineum at 500 m, and similarly, dodendron (Ericaceae) includes over 1000 species, Martini et al. (2013) indicate Rh. ferrugineum and many of them with arboreal growth, with worldwide Rh. hirsutum in the valleys with oceanic climate distribution but centred in the Himalayan-Malaysian from Bergamo to the Garda Lake at 340–400 m In area (the crucal point for the origins of biodiversity in fact, Rh. ferrugineum can also be observed at the plants and animals). The two species present in the maximal altitude of 2800 m, an extraordinary altitudi- Dolomites are not only beautiful ornaments to be nal range. At lower elevations, the Rhododendron enjoyed during excursions, but are also important species grows as erect shrubs (1 m and more) in the indicators of ecological and evolutionary relationships. understory of the oak forest and also appear 514 The Landscape of the Dolomites comparable with Rhododendron species of North with herbs and mosses and America or South-East Asia. These populations scattered evergreen needle- occur in areas at the margin of the quaternary glacier leaved treelets (Larix decidua). and can be interpreted as relics of conditions during ECOLOGY See Introduction. the post-glacial period, fixed as a particular ecotype. ALTITUDINAL BELT At the superior limit of the As to the ecological adaptation of the two species, subalpine belt. both grow on soils well provided of humus: Rh. LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Exterior Dolomites. ferrugineum on acid substrates as a mature ranker DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- with a tendency to podsol, Rh. hirsutum on neutro- ally connected by means of basic soil of the rendzina type. serial relationships The flowering period of both Rhododendron spe- cies extends over most of the short alpine summer, and This is the specific landscape complex widespread a single plant produces a large quantity of flowers, on acid substrates in the humid and foggy climate of often with spectacular effects. For this reason, these the exterior Dolomites at the limits of the arboreal plants of subtropical origin are now considered a vegetation and characterized by Rhododendron beloved symbol of the alpine landscape. ferrugineum. Larix decidua is regularly present, always with dwarf individuals (erect stem rarely Landscape Table 12—Complex more than 1–2 m long), scattered among the low of the Rhododendron Heath with Larch shrub and herb layer. This open settlement, often com- bined with Alnetum viridis, Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum, STRUCTURE Dense layer of mostly dwarf Geo-Nardetum, is a final vegetation without tendency shrubs (Vaccinio- to further development. Rhododendretum laricetosum), Landscape Units 515 Landscape Table 12 COMPLEX OF THE RHODODENDRON HEATH WITH LARCH (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 204–207) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Vaccinio-Rhododendr. laricetosum 70 70 80 80 90 90 99 60 50 60 75 50 55 100 71.5 Vaccinio-Rhododendr. extrasylv. 10 8 0.8 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum muget. 10 8 0.8 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 11 22213025152011 92 7.8 Geo-Nardetum 20 18 2 10 20 50 46 9.2 More or less ubiquitous Alnetum viridis 25 25 1 5 31 4.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 5 2 30 23 2.8 Petasitetum paradoxi 2 1 15 0.2 Potentilletum caulescentis 5 5 15 0.8 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 5 8 0.4 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 8 0.4 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 8 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + 85 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + + + 62 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ + ++ + + 54 Alpine grasslands + + + + + + + 54 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + 46 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 23 Rhododendron-heath + + + + + 38 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++ + + 31 Picea-forest alpine taiga) + 8 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +8 Landscape Table 13—Complex of the Rhododendron Heath Without Trees This landscape complex, characterized by Rhodo- dendron ferrugineum, is widespread on acid substrates STRUCTURE Dense layer of dwarf shrubs with the sunny and dry climates of the interior (Vaccinio-Rhododendretum Dolomites at the limits of the arboreal vegetation. No extrasylvaticum), with herbs and tree species are present (rarely, single dwarf mosses. individuals of Picea or Larix, with trunks not exceed- ECOLOGY See Introduction. ing the herb layer). This open environment, often ALTITUDINAL BELT At the superior limit of the combined with Geo-Nardetum and Larici-Pinetum subalpine belt. cembrae is a final vegetation without tendency to LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Interior Dolomites. further development. DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- ally connected by means of serial relationships 516 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 13 COMPLEX OF THE RHODODENDRON HEATH WITHOUT TREES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 204–207) 12345678Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Vaccinio-Rhododendr. laricetosum Vaccinio-Rhododendr. extrasylv. 60 70 80 75 60 60 50 65 100 65.0 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum muget. Frequently occurring in the same habitat Geo-Nardetum 20 20 40 30 2 63 14.0 Festucetum halleri/intercedentis 5 13 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Larici-Pinetum cembrae 15 15 30 38 7.5 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 3 5 25 1.0 Junipero-Arctostaphyletum 5 30 25 4.4 Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 1 1 25 0.3 Alnetum viridis 15 13 1.9 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 10 13 1.3 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 10 13 1.3 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 13 0.1 Caricetum fuscae 5 13 0.6 Caricetum curvulae 2 13 0.3 Alnetum incanae 2 13 0.3 Saxifragetum bryoidis 1 13 0.1 Oxyrietum 1 13 0.1 Salicetum herbaceae 1 13 0.1 Caricetum firmae 1 13 0.1 Peucedanetum ostruthii 1 13 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++ + 63 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + 38 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++ 50 Alpine grasslands + + 25 Rhododendron-heath + 13 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +13 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + 50 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++ 25 Landscape Units 517 Landscape Table 14—Complex DYNAMICS The components of this complex of the Rhododendron Heath with Pinus mugo are connected by means of serial or catenal relationships. STRUCTURE Dense layer of procumbent treelets, growing on a layer of Pinus mugo is generally considered a species mostly evergreen dwarf shrubs and growing on basic (calcareous or dolomitic) soil, and its mosses: Rhododendro hirsuti- presence in association with clearly acidophil species Pinetum prostratae subass. with appears to be a contradiction, indeed this was observed Rh. ferrugineum (see Associa- on several occasions. A possible explanation may be tion Table 5.1 surv. 1–10). that in these cases the soil consists of a superficial layer ECOLOGY Occurs on acid soil (see GEN- of acidified humus, and P. mugo would develop deep ERAL INTRODUCTION to Landscape roots reaching the basic rocky substrate of dolomite, Tables 12–15). but this remains an hypothesis. Other associations ALTITUDINAL BELT In the superior range of the sub- participating in this complex are Petasitetum paradoxi, alpine belt (1800–2100 m). Caricetum ferrugineae, Salicetum waldsteinianae and LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Exterior and interior Dolomites. Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis. Landscape Table 14 COMPLEX OF THE RHODODENDRON HEATH WITH PINUS MUGO (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 204–207) 1 2 3 4 5 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Vaccinio-Rhododendr. laricetosum Vaccinio-Rhododendr. extrasylv. Vaccinio-Rhododendretum muget. 70 70 40 40 50 100 54.0 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Petasitetum paradoxi 1 1 30 60 6.4 Caricetum ferrugineae 30 10 40 8.0 Salicetum waldsteinianae 5 15 40 4.0 More or less ubiquitous Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 40 1 40 8.2 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 1 20 0.2 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 40 20 8.0 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 20 20 4.0 Potentilletum caulescentis 10 20 2.0 Laserpitio-Calamgrostidetum 15 20 3.0 Papaveretum rhaetici 1 20 0.2 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 1 20 0.2 Oxalidi-Abietetum 1 20 0.2 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + 100 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + 40 Woodland with Pinus cembra +20 Alpine grasslands + 20 Beech and fir forests + + + 60 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + 80 Beech forests, woodlands + 20 518 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 15—Complex of Pinus mugo LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Exterior Dolomites. Krummholz on Basic Substrates DYNAMICS The associations of this complex are generally connected by serial STRUCTURE Dense layer of procumbent relationships treelets, growing within a layer of dwarf evergreen shrubs and This is the widespread aspect of the Pinus mugo mosses: Rhododendro hirsuti- woodland as a major component of the landscape in Pinetum prostratae subass. with the Dolomites, in narrow contact with vegetation of Rhododendron. hirsutum-Erica dolomite substrates, as Potentilletum nitidae, carnea (Association Table 5.1, Potentilletum caulescentis, Petasitetum paradoxi, surv. 11–21). Caricetum firmae and Seslerio-Caricetum ECOLOGY Occurs on dolomite and lime- sempervirentis; rarely, Larici-Pinetum cembrae also stone substrates (see GENERAL appears at a certain distance. Most of the well-known INTRODUCTION to Landscape itineraries in the Dolomites develop in the frame of the Tables 12–15). Larici-Cembretum. ALTITUDINAL BELT All above the subalpine belt (1500–2100 m). Landscape Units 519 Landscape Table 15a COMPLEX OF PINUS MUGO KRUMMHOLZ (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 179–183) (montane and subalpine aspect) Surv. 1–10 Surv. 10–19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 60 50 40 40 40 40 65 25 80 70 10 51 100 61.3 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Petasitetum paradoxi 35 30 40 40 5 4 6 15.4 63 9.6 Salicetum waldsteinianae 5 1 2 0.6 26 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 3 5 2 0.8 47 3.2 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 50 40 30 10 4 13 37 7.1 Potentilletum nitidae 2 1 3 5 4 1.1 37 0.9 Potentilletum caulescentis 1 1 0.1 26 2.9 Caricetum firmae 1 1 0.1 21 1.4 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 5 1 0.5 11 1.6 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 0 0 11 0.2 Seslerio-Brometum 20 20 2 4 11 2.1 Papaveretum rhaetici 15 15 2 3 11 1.6 Valeriano-Asplenietum 1 1 0.1 11 0.2 aggr. a Calamagrostis varia 5 1 0.5 5 0.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 0 0 5 0.1 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 2 1 0.2 5 0.1 Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 0 0 5 1.1 Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 0 0 5 0.3 Salicetum appendiculatae 0 0 5 0.2 Campanuletum morettianae 0 0 5 0.1 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 2 1 0.2 5 0.1 Stipion calamagrostidis 0 0 5 0.1 Caricetum rupestris 0 0 5 0.1 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 1 1 0.1 5 0.1 Caricetum flavae 0 0 5 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + 100 95 Woodland with Pinus cembra + + + + + 50 58 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + + + 60 42 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 20 37 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + 20 26 Beech and fir forests + + + 30 21 Rhododendron-heath + + 20 16 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +1011 Beech forests, woodlands + + 20 11 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum 11 Dry temperate grasslands (steppe) + + 20 11 520 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 15b COMPLEX OF PINUS MUGO KRUMMHOLZ (alpine context) Surv. 11–19 Surv. 1–19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 90 90 90 95 70 70 70 60 20 9 72.8 100 61.3 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Petasitetum paradoxi 1 3 3 9 10 3 6 3.2 63 9.6 Salicetum waldsteinianae 2 1 3 3 0.7 26 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 5 3 3 1 20 10 10 7 5.8 47 3.2 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 1 1 3 3 0.6 37 7.1 Potentilletum nitidae 1 5 1 3 0.8 37 0.9 Potentilletum caulescentis 1 10 3 40 4 6.0 26 2.9 Caricetum firmae 10 5 10 3 2.8 21 1.4 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 25 1 2.8 11 1.6 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 3 2 0.4 11 0.2 Seslerio-Brometum 0 0.0 11 2.1 Papaveretum rhaetici 0 0.0 11 1.6 Valeriano-Asplenietum 3 1 0.3 11 0.2 aggr. a Calamagrostis varia 0 0.0 5 0.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 2 1 0.2 5 0.1 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 0 0.0 5 0.1 Buglossoidi-Ostryetum 20 1 2.2 5 1.1 Laserpitio-Calamagrostidetum 5 1 0.6 5 0.3 Salicetum appendiculatae 3 1 0.3 5 0.2 Campanuletum morettianae 2 1 0.2 5 0.1 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 0 0.0 5 0.1 Stipion calamagrostidis 1 1 0.1 5 0.1 Caricetum rupestris 1 1 0.1 5 0.1 Salicetum purpureae-eleagni 0 0.0 5 0.1 Caricetum flavae 1 1 0.1 5 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + 100 95 Woodland with Pinus cembra +++++ + 67 58 Pinus mugo krummholz + + 22 42 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + 56 37 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + 33 26 Beech and fir forests + 11 21 Rhododendron-heath + 11 16 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +1111 Beech forests, woodlands 0 11 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum + + 22 11 Dry temperate grasslands (steppe) 11 Landscape Units 521 Landscape Table 16—Complex of Green present in the interior Maple and Willows on Humid Slopes Dolomites. DYNAMICS A most unstable habitat where STRUCTURE A rather discontinuous layer of the Alnetum viridis is generally deciduous shrubs (with scattered connected to other associations treelets) alternating with tall by means of serial relationships. herbs (megaphorbs). ECOLOGY On silicate substrates as well as Alnus viridis, a vigorous shrub, is the dominant on calcareous ones on inclined element in the vegetation, together with several Salix slopes, often subject to species. In this complex, other communities landslides and avalanches. specialized on unstable substrates occur, particularly ALTITUDINAL BELT Mainly in the subalpine belt but Salicetum waldsteinianae, Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum, often expanding to the montane Petasitetum paradoxi, and the Calamagrostis varia belt along humid and foggy community together with other widespread elements slopes. such as Knautio-Trifolietum, Vaccinio-Rhododendr. LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Very common in the pre-alps extrasylvaticum and Larici-Pinetum cembrae. and exterior Dolomites but also 522 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 16 COMPLEX OF GREEN MAPLE AND WILLOWS ON HUMID SLOPES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 230–232) 12345678Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Alnetum viridis 50 50 60 70 95 40 20 88 48.1 Salicetum waldsteinianae 3 50 25 6.6 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 30 10 3 2 50 5.6 Petasitetum paradoxi 5 13 0.6 Calamagrostis varia comm. 50 13 6.3 More or less ubiquitous Knautio-Trifolietum 10 25 15 5 50 6.9 Vaccinio-Rhododendr. extrasylv. 30 5 2 38 4.6 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 30 5 25 4.4 Potentilletum caulescentis 1 13 0.1 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 2 13 0.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 20 13 2.5 Vaccinio-Rhododendr. laricetosum 20 13 2.5 Festucetum alpestris 10 13 1.3 Geo-Nardetum 10 13 1.3 Listero-Piceetum 10 13 1.3 Caricetum fuscae 10 13 1.3 Peucedanetum ostruthii 5 13 0.6 Rubetum idaei 5 13 0.6 Eriophoretum angustifolii 5 13 0.6 Vitaliano-Eritrichietum framm. 1 13 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++ +88 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++50 Pinus mugo krummholz + + 25 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 25 Beech and fir forests + + + 38 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands Alpine grasslands + + + + + 63 Rhododendron-heath + + 25 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++25 Beech forests, woodlands + + 25 Landscape Units 523 Landscape Table 17—Vegetation Complexes in Creeks and Marshes In Landscape Table 17, the surveys 1–16 are ordered from Petasitetum paradoxi to Salicetum STRUCTURE Various forms of herbaceous purpureae-eleagni and Alnetum incanae to visualize vegetation, shrubs and small the natural succession along rivers; the following trees. surveys are examples of diffused communities ECOLOGY Here we summarize different observed near springs (Cratoneuro-Arabidetum)orat types of vegetation along the the shores of lakes such as Pragser Wildsee, Karersee valleys of the major rivers (L. di Carezza), L. di Misurina (Phragmitetum) and in (Piave, Avisio, Boite, Cismon) marshes (Caricetum fuscae). The surrounding and in the last columns some communities are forests (Listero-Piceetum, Erico- examples of other complexes Pinetum sylvestris, Oxalidi-Abietetum) or belong to that are strictly bound to water, the synanthropic vegetation (Pastinaco- from lakes to creeks, springs, Arrhenatheretum, Tanaceto-Artemisietum). and marshes. ALTITUDINAL BELT In the whole area of the Rare Landscape units in the surveys of Landscape Dolomites, from the valleys to Table 17: Caricetum firmae a Dryas (3), Salicetum high altitudes. waldsteinianae (9), Fields (14), Berberidi-Rosetum (15). LANDSCAPE SYSTEM id. DYNAMICS The associations are generally connected by means of catenal relationships 524 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 17 VEGETATION COMPLEXES IN CREECKS AND MARSHES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 243–269) Freq. Cop. 123456789101112131415161718192021(%) (%) Exclusive or preferent in these habitats Petasitetum paradoxi 40 30 80 60 60 60 40 40 30 5 1 46 18.6 Salicetum purpureae- 365203030 40 30 30 60 5 46 10.8 eleagni Alnetum incanae 51015 20 30 20 60 10 33 7.1 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 30 4 1.3 Phragmitetum 1 70 8 3.0 Caricetum fuscae 20 40 50 13 4.6 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Geo-Nardetum 20 1 30 30 5 21 3.6 Eriophoretum 10 2 8 0.5 angustifolii Caricetum davallianae 10 4 0.4 Eriophoretum 10 4 0.4 scheuchzeri Nymphaeetum albae 10 4 0.4 Molinietum 5 4 0.2 Sphagnetum magellanici 1 4 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Listero-Piceetum 15 60 40 10 17 5.2 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 3 1 1 40 17 1.9 Past.-Arrhenatheretum 15 50 60 10 17 5.6 Erico-Pinetum sylvestris 30 10 1 10 17 2.1 Tanaceto-Artemisietum 5 1 1 10 17 0.7 Valeriano-Asplenietum 135130.4 Oxalidi-Abietetum 5 5 15 10 70 21 4.4 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 40 25 10 13 3.1 Senecioni-Epilobietum 5 5 10 13 0.8 angustifolii Potentilletum 2 1 1 13 0.2 caulescentis Lolio-Plantaginetum 1 1 2 13 0.2 majoris Papaveretum rhaetici 15 20 8 1.5 Picea reforestation 5 10 8 0.6 Calamagrostidi- 1 10 8 0.5 Laricetum Vaccinio-Rhodod. 6 1 8 0.3 Mugetosum Seslerio-Brometum 1 6 8 0.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 2 2 8 0.2 Sedetum montani 1 1 8 0.1 Salicetum retusae- 30 4 1.3 reticulatae Larici-Pinetum cembrae 30 4 1.3 Veronico-Piceetum 30 4 1.3 (continued) Landscape Units 525 Landscape Table 17 (continued) Freq. Cop. 123456789101112131415161718192021(%) (%) Drabetum hoppeanae 10 4 0.4 Pruno-Ligustretum 10 4 0.4 Salicetum 6 4 0.3 appendiculatae Adenostyletum glabrae 5 4 0.2 Arabidetum coeruleae 5 4 0.2 Salicetum nigricantis 5 4 0.2 Peucedanetum 3 4 0.1 cervariae aggr. a Tussilago 2 4 0.1 farfara General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and + ++++++++ ++++++ ++ 89 slopes Picea-forest (alpine + + ++ + ++ +++++63 taiga) Woodland with Pinus ++ + ++ + + +++53 cembra Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + + + + + + 47 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + + + 42 Alpine Sesleria- ++++21 grasslands Rhododendron-heath + + + 16 Pine woodlands + + + 16 Beech forests, +++16 woodlands Screes with Papaver ++ 11 rhaeticum Alpine grasslands + + 11 Alpine tundra with +5 Carex curvula Slopes with Alnus viridis +5 Meadows + 5 Woodlands with Ostrya +5 Alpine Landscape Units on Acid Substrates In the interior Dolomites, the lower limit of the alpine landscapes is at about 2150–2200 m; a superior The alpine vegetation belt is defined as the upper limit is not considered (in fact, this superior limit in the portion of high mountains, where the trees have no Dolomites can be observed only for very high possibility of growing. In the Dolomites, this herba- mountains where a nival belt develops over the alpine ceous vegetation essentially develops on basic belt). The most important ecological factor for the substrates (limestone and dolomite), whereas acid alpine vegetation is the short period without snow substrates are limited to the area of the triassic “Vol- cover, generally reduced to 4–5 months (see Vol. cano of Predazzo” and the eastern limits of the “Trento 1, p. 466). During this period, the intensity of solar Plateau”, the lower Fiemme and Gardena valley up to radiation is elevated, i.e. PAR exceeding by 20 % the Odle, Puez and Plose. intensity in the upper subalpine belt and by 40 % the 526 The Landscape of the Dolomites intensity in the montane belt (see Vol. 1, p. 529, those of Nardetum and Knautio-Trifolietum are wide- Table 14.1). For this reason, the alpine landscape is spread complexes and, in both cases, this is due to interpreted in the frame of a photophilic scenario (see human influence using them as pastures. Vol. 1, p. 682, Fig. 19.26). All plants living in the The environment of the Nardetum is nearly always alpine belt are adapted to concentrate the photosyn- modified by people through intense cattle grazing thetic activity in a short period seldom exceeding either in areas that would normally be covered by 3 months. herbaceous vegetation, but also where previously In the Dolomites, a nival belt has been clearly conifer forest existed. The Knautio-Trifolietum instead recognized only in the Marmolada peak, which is has without doubt a proper niche in natural vegetation, completely covered by an ice cap, so that in terms of but it is likely that in many cases it has been obtained effects on plant life it can be neglected, as well as in from former subalpine shrubby heather (Calluna or some surfaces along the slopes of Piz Boe´ (Sella other Ericaceae). Among the various associations group) and Pale di S. Martino. that accompany this vegetation there are several natu- Dealing with landscape and vegetation, a clear dis- ral associations of acidocline pastures; generally, these tinction has to be made between acid substrates and are plant communities covering limited areas that calcareous substrates (see next section “Alpine Land- rarely assume a real importance in landscape. The scape Units on Basic Substrates”). Seslerietum instead is quite regularly associated with Alpine vegetation on acid substrates in the southern the Knautio-Trifolietum, which in effect can often be chains of the Eastern Alps is widespread in Trentino found in the interface between siliceous and calcare- (Cima d’Asta-Lagorai) and in Su¨dtirol (Riesenferner ous substrates. Gruppe, Ahrntal, etc., up to the Plose). In more eastern directions, other releve´s were carried out on Mt. Helm, Landscape Table 18—Complex of Festuca Villgraten and within the Schobergruppe near Lienz. pseudovaria Siliceous Slopes In the area of the Dolomites, acid substrates are concentrated in the area of the Predazzo volcano STRUCTURE Discontinuous cover of the sur- (Monzoni, Buffaure, Crepa Negra, Cima di Bocche). face with dense patches of tall Pedogenetic processes under these conditions are very graminoid species (Festuca slow, but also in this case they are in the sense of the pseudovaria and Carex progressive acidification of soil and this is particularly semprevirens). evident on the acid rocks, where basic components are ECOLOGY On more or less consolidated rare or completely absent. Consequently, the vegeta- siliceous screes and stony tion consists of plant communities that are highly slopes, with general southern specialized to this barren environment, where photo- exposition, where acid humus synthetic energy is reduced to a short period of the (moder) accumulates and forms year and nutrients in the soil are scarce. a primitive soil (alpine The following units are described: Rasenbraunerde). Landscape Table 18—Complex of Festuca ALTITUDINAL BELT In the alpine belt, at higher pseudovaria siliceous slopes altitudes and up to the nival belt. Landscape Table 19—Complex of subalpine LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Mainly in the interior grasslands on mildly acid substrates Dolomites. Landscape Table 20—Complex of the Festuca halleri DYNAMICS At this altitude, the natural suc- carpets cession in the vegetation is Landscape Table 21—Complex of peaks and exposed reduced to a minimum and slopes on silicate relationships with other plant The vegetation of the alpine acidocline pastures communities are mostly of reaches a condition of elevated diversity as catenal character. highlighted in Vol. 1, Chap. 8; nevertheless, only Landscape Units 527 The barren surfaces of screes and peaks are always Dolomites of the Festuca varia group), often with the dominant trait of this landscape. In the vicinity of other alpine elements (Knautio-Trifolietum, Elynetum) the observer, the prevailing plant community is the and at a lower elevation, some marginal aspects of the Gentianello-Festucetum variae (Festuca pseudovaria Larici-Pinetum cembrae are also present. is the recently described representative in the Landscape Table 18 COMPLEX OF FESTUCA VARIA SILICEOUS SLOPES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 303–305) 12345678Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Gent.-Festucetum variae 80 95 50 60 60 50 80 70 100 68.1 Caricetum curvulae 2 13 0.3 Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 5 13 0.6 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Junipero-Arctostaphyletum 15 13 1.9 aggr. with Saxifraga paniculata 10 13 1.3 More or less ubiquitous Knautio-Trifolietum 5 10 5 30 50 6.3 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 10 5 20 38 4.4 Elynetum 5 20 25 3.1 Festucetum halleri/intercedentis 5 13 0.6 Papaveretum rhaetici 30 13 3.8 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 20 13 2.5 Alnetum viridis 15 13 1.9 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 10 13 1.3 Geo-Nardetum 10 13 1.3 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 10 13 1.3 Caricetum firmae Dryas subass. 5 13 0.6 Peucedanetum ostruthii 1 13 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++++100 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++++++100 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + + + 88 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++ + ++ 63 Alpine grasslands + + 25 Glacier + 13 Slopes with Festuca sp. pl. + 13 Pinus mugo krummholz + 13 528 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 19—Complex of Subalpine DYNAMICS The predominant associations Grasslands on Mildly Acid Substrates are generally connected by means of catenal relationships. STRUCTURE A dense and generally continu- ous layer of very diversified The Knautio-Trifolietum generally occurs in open herbs (erect, creeping, etc.) landscapes, with mostly flat or gently undulated extended on large flat surfaces. surfaces, where subalpine elements are often present, ECOLOGY This complex can be observed at least with reduced tendency to expand, as Vaccinio- where the soil is in a condition Rhododendretum laricetosum, Adenostyli- of moderate acidity: where vol- Cicerbitetum and Larici-Pinetum cembrae. In the canic and limestone substrates more distant scenario, Seslerio-Caricetum are in contact, or also on lime- sempervirentis and Gentianello-Festucetum variae, stone where the natural process together with cliffs and screes of the Dolomites domi- of acidification is advanced. nate the landscape. ALTITUDINAL BELT In the alpine belt at lower In general, it develops at the boundary between acid altitudes and from there some- and basic substrates; for this reason, the soil is often a times also penetrates in the mix of both components so that acidophilic species subalpine belt. can grow in the immediate vicinity of species adapted LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Widespread in the interior as to the dolomitic substrate (microniches), and the spe- well as in the exterior Dolomites cies density reaches the maximal values (up to 80 spe- but lacking in the pre-alps. cies and more in 100 m2). Landscape Units 529 Landscape Table 19 COMPLEX OF SUBALPINE GRASSLANDS ON MILDLY ACID SUBSTRATES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 297–299) 123456789101112131415Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Knautio-Trifolietum 50 45 50 43 40 90 90 90 90 70 70 70 60 60 70 100 64.9 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Gentiano-Festucetum variae 30 45 5 5 10 5 20 44 7.5 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 10 10 13 1.3 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylv. 10 6 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 25 52 253 44 1.5 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 30 50 50 1 5 38 8.6 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 10 10 2 25 3.3 Alnetum viridis 10 10 10 2 25 2.0 Geo-Nardetum 3 20 20 19 2.7 Potentilletum nitidae 5 5 1 19 0.7 Trisetetum flavescentis 3 10 13 0.8 Peucedanetum ostruthii 1 10 13 0.7 Petasitetum paradoxi 1 13 0.4 Caricetum ferrugineae 5 1 13 0.4 Listero-Piceetum 25 6 1.6 Festucetum halleri/intercedentis 10 6 0.6 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 6 0.6 Caricetum firmae 5 6 0.3 Saxifragetum bryoidis 3 6 0.2 Valeriano-Asplenietum 2 6 0.1 Sempervivum arachnoideum aggr. 2 6 0.1 Rumicetum alpini 2 6 0.1 aggr. a Saxifraga paniculata 1 6 0.1 Caricetum curvulae 1 6 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++++++++++ 94 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++++++++++ + 88 Alpine grasslands + + + + + + + + 50 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + 31 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + 31 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 25 Glacier + + + 19 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++ + 19 Rhododendron-heath + + 13 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +6 Slopes with Alnus viridis +6 Pine woodlands +6 Beech and fir forests +6 530 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 20—Complex of the Festuca LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Mainly in the exterior halleri Carpets Dolomites, in the area of the Predazzo volcano; absent in the STRUCTURE A dense and continuous layer of pre-alps. caespitose herbs (Carex, DYNAMICS Equilibrium among serial and Festuca), generally limited to catenal relationships. small, stable patches. ECOLOGY Occurs in protected alpine The Senecioni-Festucetum halleri is generally in habitats, with relatively contact with herbaceous plant communities of acid favourable conditions, on acid substrates, like Gentianello-Festucetum variae and substrates (mostly of volcanic dwarf shrubs, Vaccinio-Rhododendretum origin), on inclined or level extrasylvaticum and Cetrario-Loiseleurietum. Some- surfaces; soil with ranker profile, times the Caricetum curvulae can also be observed on with a well-developed and rela- the upper slopes of the surrounding elevations. tively fertile moder. Rare Landscape units in the following surveys: ALTITUDINAL BELT In the alpine belt, at the lower Caricetum davallianae (7), Caricetum fuscae (7). altitudes. Salicetum herbaceae (11). Landscape Table 20 COMPLEX OF THE FESTUCA HALLERI CARPETS (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 308–311) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Festucetum halleri/interced. 60 60 40 75 80 70 70 50 60 70 70 80 99 70 50 100 66.9 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 2 1 10 3 1 20 10 10 1 30 67 5.9 Gentiano-Festucetum variae 35 39 40 5 30 19 1 20 53 12.6 Caricetum curvulae 5 20 25 1 27 3.4 More or less ubiquitous Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylv. 3 20 1 10 27 2.3 id. nardetosum 5 7 0.3 Geo-Nardetum 10 25 13 2.3 Peucedanetum ostruthii 3 10 13 0.9 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 1 5 13 0.4 Vitaliano-Eritrichietum framm. 2 2 13 0.3 Knautio-Trifolietum 3 1 13 0.3 Caricetum ferrugineae 20 7 1.3 Alnetum viridis 10 7 0.7 Sempervivum arachnoideum popul. 5 7 0.3 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 100 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++++++ +++ ++ 73 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +++ +++ + 47 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + + + + + 47 Alpine grasslands + + + + + + 40 Rhododendron-heath + + + + 27 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++ 20 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + 20 Glacier +7 Slopes with Alnus viridis +7 Landscape Units 531 Landscape Table 21—Complex of Peaks here the higher elevations are and Exposed Slopes on Silicate calcareous mountains. DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- STRUCTURE Communities of pioneer vegeta- ally connected by means of tion on more elevate and catenal relationships. exposed habitats. ECOLOGY Extreme conditions for plant A very heterogeneous landscape but a stable one: life: maximal solar radiation the surveys are ordered from the pioneer landscapes of and barren substrate; generally the barren peaks (Androsacetum alpinae, Vitaliano- long snow cover, but in marginal Eritrichietum fragm., Luzuletum alpino-pilosae)to locations strong wind action and the final stage of the vegetation (Caricetum curvulae), wide daily deviations of temper- which develops only rarely and on small surfaces. On ature and humidity. windy points of observation (survey no. 7–8), the ALTITUDINAL BELT On the upper alpine belt and few Cetrario-Loiseleurietum occurs. examples of nival habitats. LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Rarely observed in the interior and exterior Dolomites, because 532 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 21 COMPLEX OF PEAKS AND EXPOSED SLOPES ON SILICATE (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 312–314) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Vitaliano-Eritrichietum framm. 10 50 1150 7.8 Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 55 70 40 50 15.0 Caricetum curvulae 90 90 80 38 32.5 Androsacetum alpinae 50 5 25 6.9 Gentiano-Festucetum variae 1 1 25 0.3 Luzuletum alpino-pilosae 30 13 3.8 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Oxyrietum 10 30 15 4 50 7.4 Salicetum herbaceae 20 1 3 38 3.0 Junipero-Arctostaphyletum 30 30 25 7.5 rocks or barren gravel, snow fields 25 13 3.1 aggr. a Sempervivum arachnoideum 10 13 1.3 Saxifragetum bryoidis 2 13 0.3 More or less ubiquitous Festucetum halleri/intercedentis 1 10 1 28 50 5.0 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylv. 5 15 4 38 3.0 Knautio-Trifolietum 5 15 25 2.5 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 10 13 1.3 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + 75 Woodland with Pinus cembra +++ + 50 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula ++++ 50 Alpine grasslands + + + + 50 Glacier + + + 38 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + 38 Rhododendron-heath + + 25 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + 13 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +13 Alpine Landscape Units on Basic Substrates of the Edelweiss (Stella Alpina—Leontopodium alpinum), the emblem of the Dolomites’ plant life. The communities of orophytes growing on the basic As discussed under the section “Alpine Landscape substrates (limestone and dolomite) are the central com- units on acid substrates”, these are communities com- ponent of the plant cover at the higher levels in the posed mainly of perennial herbs, together with a few Dolomites. The sum of these plant associations is the dwarf shrubs, whereas erect shrubs and trees are environmental aspect in the Dolomites that is directly completely absent. The exposition towards sunny radi- perceived from the researcher studying the natural ation is almost complete, so that the intensive flow of conditions of these mountains, but also from the tourist solar energy at this altitude is the prevailing ecological during unforgettable excursions in these fascinating factor (photophilic scenario). landscapes. Only here during the summer can we enjoy The pioneer plants grow rooting directly on the the full blossom of this specialized flora and, in particular, rocks, and penetrate with the roots in fractures, or Landscape Units 533 colonizing the barren sand and gravel in the screes. aesthetic value of the landscape, but also by the ele- Processes of pedogenesis are based on the fragmenta- vated species density (Vol. 1, Chap. 16, p. 580–590). tion to fine sand of the weak limestone (or the In fact, we recorded examples of alpine grasslands limestone-like dolomite), deposition of organic matter (in the Knautio-Trifolietum as well as in the Seslerio- and formation of a humus layer: the result is a soil with Caricetum sempervirentis) with up to 80–84 species in different horizons, more stable and richer in water and 100 m2, a very elevated number rarely observed in the nutrients than bare sand, and this can become the mediterranean or in the alpine vegetation. substrate for a richer flora. The follow-on effect is Concluding, we can say that the plant life of the that the limestone and dolomite components are pro- alpine belt on limestone and dolomite is a clear exam- gressively washed out with a final acidification of the ple of what has been defined as a soil–vegetation soil. The active portion of the soil (rhizosphere) is continuum, which means that the action of the vegeta- progressively becoming deeper, from a few tion (accumulation of organic matter) provokes centimetres to 1–2 dm; in this soil, not only can the variations in the chemical–physical characteristics of pioneer plants strongly adapted to limestone grow, but the soil and these provoke reciprocal variations in the a richer vegetation with many components, assuring a vegetation: on this basis, it is possible to explain plant stable settlement and the definitive greening on the succession as a phenomenon of self-organisation. surface. Evolution of the soil and the contemporane- The following units are described: ous colonization of the surface are natural processes Landscape Table 22—Complex of fresh valleys with requiring a long time, probably up to a century or long lasting snow more, but experimental observations in this sense Landscape Tables 23a and 23b—Complex of Sesleria until now are scarce. grasslands on sunny slopes (rel. 1–27 and 28–47) The wonderful alpine grasslands surrounding the Landscape Table 24—Complex of pioneer dolomite towers of Langkofel (Sassolungo), Sella, associations colonizing limestone slopes Tofane, Drei Zinnen (Cime di Lavaredo) and many Landscape Table 25—Complex of the pioneer other peaks of the Dolomites are the result of the settlements on mobile screes and moraines long-lasting synergy between soil and vegetation dur- (limestone) ing the period after the definitive melting of the alpine Landscape Table 26—Complex of dolomite rocks in ice cap (Holocene). The regular turnover in plant cover the alpine belt was studied and initially interpreted by Josias Braun- Landscape Table 27—Complex on clayey slopes in Banquet, the master of plant sociology, in collabora- solifluxion tion with the pedologist H. Jenny-Lips, and published Landscape Table 28—Complexes of gravel with in 1926. The analysis of the process at the physical and lengthy snow cover chemical level was based on the critical study of the Landscape Table 29—Complex of barren habitats in plant cover in the mountains of Grisons in Switzerland. the nival belt The result was the first explanation proposed for the All these vegetation complexes develop within the changes in time of the vegetation, interpreted as a alpine belt, that is generally from 2400 to 2600 m linear sequence from a pioneer condition to the climax: above sea level (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.28), often also the theory of the succession. Today, we know that this descending up to 2100–2200 m (but, conversely, the linear model gives a simplified vision of the process complexes of Landscape Tables 28 and 29 in some that in the systemic view has to be interpreted as a cases can reach up to approximately 3000 m). complex phenomenon of self-organisation (Vol. The vegetation complexes within the alpine belt on 1, Chap. 17, p, 616–629). Nevertheless, the linear limestone (Vol. 1, Table 19.6) are without doubt the model of successions is still widely applied, at least most frequent and representative for the landscape of as a first approximation. The analysis of composition the Dolomites and form a highly integrated system, so and structure of vegetation complexes in the Dolomites much so that they can be presented together. There are is the adequate approach to the systemic interpretation five components with variable cover values present in of changes in time of the vegetation. (more or less) all complexes: The exceptional significance of the alpine environ- ment in the Dolomites is reflected not only by the 534 The Landscape of the Dolomites the extended pastures on dolomite and limestone inclined, with elevated humidity (Landscape Tables 23a and 23b: Seslerio- both atmospheric and in the soil. Caricetum sempervirentis), ECOLOGY In general, with northern exposi- the pioneer dense herbaceous patches colonizing tion or where the topography stabilized gravel (Landscape Table 24: Caricetum determines prolonged snow firmae), cover and a humid microcli- the vegetation on screes (Landscape Table 25: mate, also in the summer period; Papaveretum rhaetici), substrate of dolomite gravel the rupestrian vegetation (Landscape Table 26: with good water supply; soil Potentilletum nitidae). profile of the rendzina type, These widespread plant communities evidently rich in organic matter. have a general distribution on all mountain systems ALTITUDINAL BELT From the lower alpine belt of the Dolomites, and are lacking only in the (2200–2300 m) descending pre-alpine belt because of the insufficient altitude of along fresh slopes and small the mountain peaks in that area. Also, the Pinus mugo valleys up to 1800 (1700) m. communities are frequently combined with these LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Present in the whole territory of complexes although they usually occur on inferior the Dolomites, widespread in the altitudinal levels (subalpine belt: Landscape Tables 14 outer Dolomites (effect of the and 15). oceanic climate) and reaching The elevated diversity at the species and commu- the pre-alpine range, but becom- nity level demonstrates that the crags, mountain cliffs, ing progressively rare in the screes and alpine grasslands, also under the most northern Dolomites. severe environmental stress (short vegetative period, DYNAMICS The predominant associations low temperature, maximal solar radiation), are a are generally connected by highpoint, not only in the topographical sense but means of catenal relationships. also for the development of plant life and for the unique landscape. The Caricetum ferrugineae mostly covers a large portion (over 50 %) of the surface, often in the vicinity Landscape Table 22—Complex of Fresh of vegetation of low shrubs (Rhododendron, Pinus Valleys with Long-Lasting Snow mugo) or located under screes or in the trajectory of avalanches (cold water filtering in the soil!) as shown STRUCTURE A continuous and dense herba- in the photo at p. 430 of Vol. 1. This is a stable ceous layer, on consolidated complex, where the components do not seem to have surfaces, generally slightly the tendency towards a further succession. Landscape Units 535 Landscape Table 22 COMPLEX OF FRESH VALLEYS WITH LONG LASTING SNOW (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 430–433) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Caricetum ferrugineae 70 70 70 60 50 30 86 58 Sesl.-Helictotrichetum parlatorei 70 14 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 530 296 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum extrasylv. 50 14 8 Vaccinio-Rhododendretum laricetosum 20 14 3 More or less ubiquitous Potentilletum nitidae 15 1 1 1 2 71 1 Rumicetum alpini v.Senecio alpinus 820295 Caricetum firmae 15 2 29 3 Geo-Nardetum 30 14 5 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 25 14 4 Papaveretum rhaetici 20 14 3 Caricetum firmae with Dryas 5141 Peucedanetum ostruthii 5141 Oxalidi-Abietetum 1140 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 1140 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + 67 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + 83 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++ 33 Rhododendron-heath + + + + + + 83 Beech and fir forests + + + + + 67 Alpine grasslands + + 33 Pinus mugo krummholz + + 33 536 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Tables 23a and 23b—Complex the necessary altitude for the of Sesleria Grasslands on Sunny Slopes (rel. development of this vegetation. 1–27 and 28–47) DYNAMICS In general, an equilibrium exists among the components STRUCTURE Dense and continuous cover of connected with serial and with perennial herbs on softly sloping catenal relationships. or steep surfaces, and in this case often with a terraced Prevalence of graminoid herbs (Carex, Sesleria, structure. Festuca etc.). The Seslerietum grows where the scree ECOLOGY Prevalent with sunny exposition, has progressively stabilized and where fine earth and on relatively warm and dry organic material accumulates and soil has formed able habitats, with relatively early to host a herbaceous vegetation with a continuous melting of the snow; the soil is cover of the surface; there, some chamois will be of the rendzina type, with con- grazing and sometimes sheep and even cattle sistent organic layer, often with (Fig. 10.1). Landscape Table 23a consists of the traces of beginning acidification. surveys where the Sesleria grassland is completely ALTITUDINAL BELT In the typical aspect in the alpine prevalent (over 80 % of the surface), whereas in Land- belt; secondary Sesleria scape Table 23b examples are shown where other grasslands develop at lower complexes (the Firmetum pioneer complex and altitudes (often 2000–2200 m) Potentilletum nitidae stands on barren dolomite) as substitution community after rocks are widely diffused. This is the final stage with- cutting for fuel of the Pinus out further succession because the climatic conditions mugo krummholz. do not allow woody species to establish at this LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Well-developed and widespread elevation. in the interior Dolomites as well as in the exterior Dolomites, it Rare Landscape units in the following surveys: Salicetum herbaceae (9, 40), Gent.-Festucetum variae (11), becomes rare in the pre-alps, Caricetum rupestris (11, 34), Arabidetum coeruleae where only a few massifs reach (43), Carici albae-Fagetum (45),. Landscape Table 23a COMPLEX OF SESLERIA GRASSLANDS ON SONNY SLOPES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 93–95) Units Landscape Freq. (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1–27 Exclusive or preferent in this complex Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 60 90 80 70 70 90 90 80 80 80 95 95 95 90 90 90 95 85 85 90 80 70 75 70 50 85 90 82 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Caricetum firmae 12 1 5 1 551 1051 51 2 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 20 10 5 2 5 2 20 2 More or less ubiquitous Potentilletum nitidae 1051010153112112111 512 3 Potentilletum caulescentis 10 15 5 5 5 1 2 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 2 5 21 51 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 610105 2 1 Knautio-Trifolietum 120101 Seslerio-Brometum 10 20 1 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 1 1 3 1 20 1 Leontodontetum montani 55<1 Caricetum ferrugineae 21 <1 Petasitetum paradoxi 15 5<1 Festucetum alpestris 10 <1 Geo-Nardetum 2 1 <1 Festuco-Trifolietum thalii 2 10 <1 Valeriano-Asplenietum 25 1 <1 rocks or barren gravel, snow fields 9 <1 Peucedanetum ostruthii 12 5 <1 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 1 <1 Danthonio-Nardetum 5 <1 Campanuletum morettianae 1 <1 Caricetum rupestris 1 <1 Carici albae-Fagetum 2 <1 Gent.-Festucetum variae 1 <1 General traits of the landscape Tot. Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 26 96 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15 56 537 (continued) Landscape Table 23a (continued) 538 Freq. (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1–27 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ ++++++++ +++++1556 Alpine grasslands + + + + + + + + + + + 11 41 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++311 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + + 7 26 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + + + + + + 8 30 Rhododendron-heath + +2 7 Glacier ++ 27 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 2 7 Beech forests, woodlands ++27 Woodlands with Ostrya ++ + 3 11 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +14 h adcp fteDolomites the of Landscape The Landscape Table 23b COMPLEX OF SESLERIA GRASSLANDS ON SONNY SLOPES Units Landscape Cop. (%) Freq. (%) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 1–27 28–47 1–47 1–47 Exclusive or preferent in this complex Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 70 70 70 40 70 70 70 60 70 60 60 50 60 50 25 40 40 45 30 60 82 56 70.9 100 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Caricetum firmae 1 1 15 10 15 9 5 5 10 25 23 20 20 20 40 45 30 20 2 16 7.6 66 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 20 30 10 1 1 2 3 2.7 26 More or less ubiquitous Potentilletum nitidae 5 101015151010302530202517205405 5 5 3 15 8.0 79 Potentilletum caulescentis 2 – 0.9 13 Papaveretum rhaetici 5 1 10 30 – 2 1.0 9 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 10 10 10 1 2 1.0 17 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 21<1 0.7 13 Knautio-Trifolietum 1 – 0.7 6 Seslerio-Brometum 1 – 0.6 4 Larici-Pinetum cembrae 1 1 <1 0.6 13 Leontodontetum montani 10 <1 1 0.4 6 Caricetum ferrugineae 15 <1 1 0.4 6 Petasitetum paradoxi 4 <1 <1 0.3 9 Festucetum alpestris <1 – 0.2 2 Geo-Nardetum <1 – 0.1 4 Festuco-Trifolietum thalii <1 – 0.3 4 Valeriano-Asplenietum <1 – 0.2 6 Vaccinio-Rhod. mugetosum 10 – 1 0.2 2 rocks or barren gravel, snow fields 50 <1 3 0.2 2 Peucedanetum ostruthii <1 – 0.2 6 Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 51–<1 0.1 4 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 5 <1 <1 0.1 4 Elynetum 5 – – 0.1 2 Danthonio-Nardetum <1 – 0.1 2 Campanuletum morettianae 1 <1 <1 0.1 4 Salicetum herbaceae 2–<1 0.1 2 Caricetum rupestris 1 <1 <1 0.1 4 Carici albae-Fagetum <1 – 0.1 2 539 (continued) Landscape Table 23b (continued) 540 Cop. (%) Freq. (%) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 1–27 28–47 1–47 1–47 Arabidetum coeruleae 1–<1 0.1 2 Gent.-Festucetum variae <1 – 0.1 2 General traits of the landscape Freq. (%) 1–27 28–47 1–47 Dolomite crags and slopes + +++++++++++++++++++ 9610098 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + +++++ ++++++++ ++ + 568568 Woodland with Pinus cembra +++++++++ ++ 566057 Alpine grasslands + ++++ + + + + + 415045 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum + + +++++ ++++ 115530 Beech and fir forests + + + + + + 26 30 26 Pinus mugo krummholz + + 30 10 21 Rhododendron-heath + + + 7 15 11 Glacier ++ 7109 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 7109 Beech forests, woodlands + + 7 10 9 Woodlands with Ostrya 11 0 6 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula 40 2 h adcp fteDolomites the of Landscape The Landscape Units 541 Landscape Table 24—Complex of Pioneer in catenal sequence, where a Associations Colonizing Limestone Slopes possible succession to more evolved vegetation STRUCTURE Dense patches of graminoid (Seslerietum) would need a herbs (Carex firma, together very long time. with species of Sesleria and Festuca) growing rocks and The cover of the surface is mostly discontinuous, stabilized gravel, incompletely with clumps of Carex firma and Sesleria, together or in covering the surface (60 %) at separate groups, rooting between stones in the screes the superior limit of vegetation. (here with dense populations of Dryas octopetala). In ECOLOGY Pioneer in exposed situations, the immediate vicinity, surfaces with Potentilletum with strong effects of wind ero- nitidae and Salicetum retusae-reticulatae often occur sion on gravelly or stony sub- and, at a wider distance, the surfaces covered by strate; the roots maintain Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis and Papaveretum together the mineral rhaetici are visible, together with dolomite rocks or components and dry organic barren gravel, sometimes also with permanent snow material that can evolve to a patches. The Caricetum firmae generally (Landscape primitive renzina Table 24, columns 1–13) corresponds to the phase of (Polsterrendzina), the organic population on rocky substrates and often it also covers horizon mostly limited to a compact rock. A separate discussion is worthwhile on few cm. the variant with Dryas in the Caricetum firmae (Land- ALTITUDINAL BELT Mostly in the upper portion of scape Table 24, columns 14–22). It colonizes the the alpine belt (2300–2500 m), screes in habitats where snow lasts for a longer time rarely at lower altitudes in on northern exposed slopes and can be observed nearly exposed conditions or where only in the inner Dolomites; Dryas octopetala is an snow accumulates, remaining arctic-alpine element, and it is no wonder that this for a long time during spring. species shows a clear preference for areas with a LANDSCAPE SYSTEM In the whole territory (interior as continental climate. The variants with Dryas well as exterior Dolomites), but octopetala are a transitory phase. The succession pro- rare in the pre-alps because of ceeds with the colonization of larger surfaces, soils the insufficient elevation of become increasingly deeper and with a rendzina char- peaks. acter, and the Carex firma community progressively DYNAMICS A stable complex of develops to a Seslerietum. communities regularly disposed Landscape Table 24 COMPLEX OF PIONEER ASSOCIATIONS COLONIZING LIMESTONE SLOPES (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 449–454) 542 14–22 1–22 Freq. Cop. Freq. Cop. Freq. Cop. 12345678910111213(%) (%) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 (%) (%) (%) (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Caricetum firmae 40 30 40 30 50 70 60 60 60 60 80 90 80 100 57.7 5 10 30 33 5.0 91 36.1 Caricetum firmae with 60 70 70 30 50 50 30 45 30 100 48.3 59 19.8 Dryas Frequently occurring in the same habitat Potentilletum nitidae 1 5 20 1 25 20 15 30 5 3 77 9.6 1 5 15 5 5 56 3.4 86 7.1 Salicetum retusae- 7 10 40 25 1 1 46 6.5 5 10 30 20 30 30 45 78 18.9 77 11.5 reticulatae More or less ubiquitous Papaveretum rhaetici 20 2 10 5 1 18 5 3 62 4.9 20 20 20 40 10 56 12.2 77 7.9 Seslerio-Caricetum 40 5 1 15 20 20 5 10 62 8.9 1 30 5 33 4.0 68 6.9 sempervirentis rocks or barren gravel, 50 40 20 23 8.5 32 5.0 snow Caricetum rupestris 1 1 15 0.2 27 0.1 Saxifragetum sedoidis 1 8 0.1 5 1 22 0.7 32 0.3 Arabidetum coeruleae 2 8 0.2 1 1 22 0.2 32 0.2 Peucedanetum ostruthii 3 8 0.2 30 11 3.3 27 1.5 Festuco-Trifolietum thalii 12 8 0.9 23 0.5 Potentilletum caulescentis 10 8 0.8 23 0.5 Knautio-Trifolietum 5 8 0.4 23 0.2 Salicetum herbaceae 2 8 0.2 23 0.1 Cratoneuro-Arabidetum 1 8 0.1 23 0.1 Dolomites the of Landscape The Cetrario-Loiseleurietum 10 11 1.1 23 0.5 Valeriano-Asplenietum 5 11 0.6 23 0.2 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 11 0.6 23 0.2 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + ++++++ +++++ 92 +++++++++100 95 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + ++++++ 69 ++++++ 67 68 Screes with Papaver + ++++ +++ 62 +++ + 44 55 rhaeticum adcp Units Landscape Woodland with Pinus + + + + + + 46 + + 22 36 cembra Alpine grasslands + + + + 31 + + 22 27 Glacier + + 15 + + + 33 23 Pinus mugo krummholz + + 15 + 11 14 Rhododendron-heath + 8 + + 22 14 Beech and fir forests + 8 + + 22 14 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) +11 5 Beech forests, woodlands +115 543 544 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 25—Complex of the Pioneer ALTITUDINAL BELT Widely diffused in the alpine Settlements on Mobile Screes and Moraines belt and from there often (Limestone) descending at the subalpine range. STRUCTURE Isolated individuals of Papaver LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Very common in the interior rhaeticum or groups of plants Dolomites and exterior forming small colonies (cover Dolomites, but rarely present in 5–20 % of the surface or even the pre-alps. less), on occasional deposits of DYNAMICS The natural succession is sand in the middle of unstable towards a stabilisation of the gravel or stones. substrate and expansion of ECOLOGY The scree is an open habitat, Firmetum and Seslerietum, but exposed in summer to drastic generally is blocked (landslides variations of light and tempera- and avalanches). ture during the day; on crum- bling dolomite rocks, where the The screes (germ. Schutthalden, ital. ghiaioni) are fragmentation has reached the one of the most diffused aspects of the Dolomites, maximum; the substrate is a bar- surrounded by rocks (here in catenal contact with ren stratum of small quantities Potentilletum nitidae) or barren gravel (Salicetum of sand and only the few species retusae-reticulatae); for the variant with Dryas occurring in the Papaveretum octopetala, see Landscape Table 24. can survive under such harsh conditions. Landscape Units 545 Landscape Table 25a COMPLEX OF THE PIONEER SETTLEMENTS ON MOBILE SCREES AND MORAINES (LIME- STONE) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 348–351) 12345678910111213 Exclusive or preferent in this complex Papaveretum rhaetici 60 50 70 70 60 70 70 80 95 90 80 90 90 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Potentilletum nitidae 5105225151 103 Caricetum firmae 15 5 1 555 Caricetum firmae with Dryas 30 30 10 10 15 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 10 10 5 5 Saxifragetum sedoidis Caricetum rupestris 1 rocks, barren gravel, snow fields Leontodontetum montani Arabidetum coeruleae 1 More or less ubiquitous Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 20 15 30 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 112 Adenostyletum glabrae 555 Petasitetum paradoxi 15 Salicetum waldsteinianae Campanuletum morettianae 1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++ +++++ Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + + Woodland with Pinus cembra +++++++ Alpine grasslands + + + + + + Glacier ++ Pinus mugo krummholz + + Rhododendron-heath + + + Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + Beech and fir forests + + + Alpine tundra with Carex curvula + 546 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 25b COMPLEX OF THE PIONEER SETTLEMENTS ON MOBILE SCREES AND MORAINES (LIME- STONE) (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 348–351) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Papaveretum rhaetici 98 95 95 95 95 90 95 80 75 70 70 70 80 60 100 79.4 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Potentilletum nitidae 115 19 12015 1 70 4.1 Caricetum firmae 1 21310 44 1.6 Caricetum firmae with Dryas 1 5 26 3.7 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 10 5 5 26 1.9 Saxifragetum sedoidis 1 1 3 11 0.2 Caricetum rupestris 1 7 0.1 rocks, barren gravel, snow fields 30 4 1.1 Leontodontetum montani 15 4 0.6 Arabidetum coeruleae 4 0.1 More or less ubiquitous Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 2 19 2.7 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 5 15 19 0.9 Adenostyletum glabrae 30 15 1.7 Petasitetum paradoxi 8 11 0.5 Salicetum waldsteinianae 2 4 0.1 Campanuletum morettianae 4 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + + + + +++++++ 96 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++++++ + + 59 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands ++++ +++++ 59 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ + ++ ++ 52 Alpine grasslands + + + + 37 Glacier + + + 19 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 19 Rhododendron-heath + + 19 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + 15 Beech and fir forests + 15 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +7 Landscape Units 547 Landscape Table 26—Complex of Dolomite ALTITUDINAL BELT In the alpine belt, mostly over Rocks in the Alpine Belt 2000 m and up to the limit of phanerogamic vegetation. STRUCTURE Isolated individuals of LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Widespread in the internal and rupestrian species colonizing external Dolomites, and present crevices in the barren rock, at in the pre-alps also at lower the basis of (mostly vertical) altitudes. compact dolomite, or on slopes DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- covered with stable gravel. ally connected by means of ECOLOGY Extreme ecological conditions: catenal relationships strong solar radiation and high temperatures at midday and In more exposed situations, this is the habitat of the absence of a water reserve in Potentilletum nitidae: only specialized plants, rooting the soil, limited to a small in the fissures of dolomite rocks, are adapted to the amount of sand in the crevices; extreme conditions of this environment. At lower in northern exposition, this veg- altitudes (and often in northern exposition), the similar etation is mostly absent. vegetation of Potentilletum caulescentis is diffused in the valleys, from the bottom to the subalpine belt. Landscape Table 26 COMPLEX OF DOLOMITE ROCKS IN THE ALPINE BELT (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 508–510) 12345678Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Potentilletum nitidae 99 95 97 80 70 60 80 60 100 80.1 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Caricetum firmae 15110251 755.4 Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis 1 5 1 2 50 1.1 Papaveretum rhaetici 30 20 25 6.3 Physoplexidi-Asplenietum seelosii 10 13 1.3 Campanuletum morettianae 5 13 0.6 Caricetum rupestris 1 13 0.1 Caricetum ferrugineae 5 13 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 1 5 25 0.8 Caricetum firmae with Dryas 5 5 25 1.3 Adenostyletum glabrae 5 13 0.6 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 5 13 0.6 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + ++++ 88 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + 75 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum ++++ + + 75 Rhododendron-heath + 13 Beech and fir forests + + 25 Woodland with Pinus cembra +++38 Glacier + + 25 Alpine grasslands + + 25 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + 13 548 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 27—Complex on Clayey exteriors; few records from the Slopes in Solifluxion pre-alps. DYNAMICS Predominant associations gener- STRUCTURE Scattered individuals of ally connected by means of Leontodon montanus or other catenal relationships species forming open pioneer settlements on clayey slopes, The Leontidetum montani is relatively rare and often in solifluction. occurs in limited areas surrounded by barren gravel, ECOLOGY Unstable conditions on the slopes often near sources or snow fields. In the vicinity, where the plants are rooting on a pioneer associations of the rocks and on screes and humid substrate, basic and poor Potentilletum nitidae, Papaveretum rhaetici, on nutrients, often in erosion. Caricetum firmae are frequent, but the examples of ALTITUDINAL BELT In the upper zone of the further succession to alpine grasslands can rarely be alpine belt. observed. Indeed, these are often the points from LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Always rare, in the interior which a synthetic overview on the alpine and nival Dolomites as well as in the vegetation is possible. Landscape Table 27 COMPLEX ON CLAYEY SLOPES IN SOLIFLUXION (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 345–347) 12345678Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in this complex Leontidetum montani 60 30 29 70 70 40 40 60 100 49.9 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 20 50 20 38 11.3 rocks, barren gravel, snow fields 20 20 25 5.0 Adenostyletum glabrae 5 13 0.6 More or less ubiquitous Caricetum firmae 40 10 10 5 10 63 9.4 Potentilletum nitidae 5 5 30 10 50 6.3 Seslerio-Caricetum semperv. 20 1 20 38 5.1 Papaveretum rhaetici 20 10 15 38 5.6 Caricetum firmae with Dryas 1 10 25 1.4 id. with Trisetum distichophyllum 25 25 25 6.3 Petasitetum paradoxi 10 10 25 2.5 Saxifragetum sedoidis 5 13 0.6 Adenostyli-Cicerbitetum 5 13 0.6 Caricetum rupestris 1 13 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes + + + +++++100 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + ++++ 75 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum +++ + 50 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ + 38 Alpine grasslands + + + + 50 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + 25 Pine woodlands + + 25 Beech and fir forests + 13 Alpine tundra with Carex curvula +13 Rhododendron-heath + 13 Landscape Units 549 Landscape Table 28—Complexes of Gravel DYNAMICS Predominant associations with Lengthy Snow Cover strongly connected with catenal relationships. STRUCTURE Communities of creeping dwarf shrubs in alpine snowbeds. The best examples are on the higher plateau of the ECOLOGY A dense and continuous layer of Sella group, and further on Fanes, Marmolada, creeping shrubs (dwarf Salix), Giralba, Val Civetta, Pale di S.Martino, Schlern and generally limited to small in the Rosengarten group, where often the largest patches with long snow cover, portion of the surface is without vegetation cover, and surrounded with barren and with patches of permanent snow. Salicetum surfaces. retusae-reticulatae and Arabidetum caeruleae are the ALTITUDINAL BELT In the nival belt, where large most significant communities, occurring together with areas with flat or gently inclined Potentilletum nitidae, Caricetum firmae and surfaces occur, rarely also in the Papaveretum rhaetici. A further succession to the upper alpine belt. alpine grassland under these conditions seems mostly LANDSCAPE SYSTEM Widespread in the interior and impossible. exterior Dolomites, and on the higher peaks of the pre-alps. 550 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 28 COMPLEXES OF GRAVEL WITH LENGTHY SNOW COVER (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 477–479) 1234567891011121314Freq. (%) Cop. (%) Exclusive or preferent in these complexes Drabetum hoppeanae 60 7 4.3 Arabidetum coeruleae 40 20 55 20 3 36 9.9 Salicetum retusae-reticulatae 5 40501050 70 80 70 40 50 50 40 20 93 41.1 Adenostyletum glabrae 10 35 60 21 7.5 Frequently occurring in the same habitat Caricetum firmae Dryas subass. 10 5 10 3 25 10 10 50 5.2 rocks, barren gravel, snow fields 25 25 25 30 20 10 43 9.6 Saxifragetum sedoidis 5 5 5 21 1.1 More or less ubiquitous Potentilletum nitidae 10 15 10 1 15 1 10 50 4.4 Seslerio-Caricetum semperv. 5 1 40 45 20 36 7.9 Caricetum firmae 1 1 1 10 29 0.9 Papaveretum rhaetici 5 3 30 21 2.7 Rhodod.-Pinetum mugo 10 5 14 1.1 Physopl.-Asplenietum seelosii 10 7 0.7 Geo-Nardetum 10 7 0.7 Festuco-Trifolietum thalii 5 7 0.4 Rumicetum alpini 1 7 0.1 Peucedanetum ostruthii 1 7 0.1 General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and slopes ++++++++++++++100 Alpine Sesleria-grasslands + + + + + + 43 Screes with Papaver rhaeticum + +++ ++ 43 Woodland with Pinus cembra ++ + ++ ++ 50 Alpine grasslands + + 14 Picea-forest (alpine taiga) + + + 21 Glacier + + + + 29 Pinus mugo krummholz + + + 21 Beech and fir forests + 7 Landscape Units 551 Landscape Table 29—Complex of Barren and the scarce traces of plant life are small spots of Habitats in the Nival Belt Saxifragetum sedoidis and Arabidetum coeruleae, often reduced to single individuals of the STRUCTURE The landscape of peaks, vertical characterizing species. Only at a progressively rocks, glaciers and increasing distance, the widespread communities of perennial snow. alpine vegetation enter in the visual, such as Salicetum ECOLOGY Absence of a soil as substrate retusae-reticulatae, Papaveretum rhaetici, and negative microclimatic Potentilletum nitidae, Caricetum rupestris, whereas a conditions (temperatures near short stop on a panoramic point is marked by the the freezing point also in sum- presence of Cetrario-Loiseleurietum. The scene is mer, strong solar radiation and occupied by the Dolomites, with, during clear days, wind) are near the limit of toler- the higher peaks of the silicate Alps (Gross Glockner, ance for plant life. Gross Venediger and sometimes Adamello). ALTITUDINAL BELT Only in the nival belt, mostly These landscape traits compose the visual sensation over 2700 m. of the naturalist climbing to the summits of the highest LANDSCAPE SYSTEM On the highest elevations of the mountains in the Dolomites: Marmolada, Antelao, interior and exterior Dolomites. Tofana, Rosengarten, Piz Boe, with the surrounding DYNAMICS In this landscape, plant life is highlands of the Sella-massif, Langkofel (Sasso present only in traces (if any), Piatto), Du¨rrenstein. On clear days, an unforgettable limited to particularly protected experience that cannot be adequately expressed with niches, often single individuals, the impersonal rationality of scientific language. without the possibility to expand or to start a succession to higher Rare Landscape units in the following surveys: Caricetum curvulae (5), Caricetum firmae with Dryas organized vegetation forms. (14), Oxyrietum (18). Above the limits of the alpine vegetation, only barren gravel, stones, rocks and snow are present, 552 The Landscape of the Dolomites Landscape Table 29 COMPLEX OF BARREN HABITATS IN THE NIVAL BELT (see Plant Life of the Dolomites Vol. 1, p. 474–477) Freq. Cop. 12345678910111213141516171819202122(%) (%) Barren moraines, ravelly slopes and rocks rocks, barren gravel, 80 85 50 70 50 60 70 94 94 98 99 99 99 95 85 80 85 65 70 80 80 50 100 79.0 snow fields Frequently occurring in the same habitat Saxifragetum sedoidis 151010 1111 52 412.1 Arabidetum coeruleae 5 5 5 1 1 8 27 1.1 Salicetum retusae- 30 3 2 14 1.6 reticulatae More or less ubiquitous Papaveretum rhaetici 5 1 10 1 1 10 20 2 20 15 2 50 3.9 Potentilletum nitidae 58 1122 1 2 361.0 Caricetum rupestris 521111 21 360.6 Cetrario- 10 2 5 5 18 1.0 Loiseleurietum Caricetum firmae 25 20 10 14 2.5 Vitaliano- 10 10 30 14 2.3 Eritrichietum framm. Gent.-Festucetum 5 10 5 14 0.9 variae Vaccinio- 20 5 0.9 Rhododendretum extrasylv. Festucetum 10 5 0.5 intercedentis Androsacetum 6 5 0.3 helveticae General traits of the landscape Dolomite crags and +++ ++++++++++++ ++++ 86 slopes Glacier + + ++++++++ + + 55 Woodland with Pinus ++ +++ + + +++ 45 cembra Alpine Sesleria- ++++++27 grasslands Picea-forest (alpine ++++++27 taiga) Screes with Papaver ++ + + 18 rhaeticum Pinus mugo ++10 krummholz Alpine grasslands + + 5 Rhododendron-heath + 5 Beech and fir forests + 5 Three Landscape Systems (Refer to Vol. 1, p. 655, 674) 553 regions, is the distinctive factor of this system) and Three Landscape Systems (Refer to Vol. these mountains just for their peripheral condition, 1, p. 655, 674) reach a maximum of diversity as to the flora as well as vegetation and landscape components. On the other The vegetation complexes of the Dolomites described hand, in the pre-alps, the climatic conditions are quite here follow the altitudinal gradient from the lowest to particular because of the foggy belt in the morning the highest level. Indeed, the possibility of a different (Vol. 1, Chap. 14, p. 551), which produces low approach also exists: the continentality gradient, from temperatures and a sensible lowering of the altitudinal the oceanic climate to a more continental condition. distribution of plant communities. In fact, the upper This second possibility was briefly treated in Vol. limit of the forest in general reaches no more than 1, Chap. 19, p. 673–675, where three landscape 1700 m in this area, sometimes even lower due to a systems are described: pre-alps, exterior Dolomites summit effect. The pre-alps remained at the southern and interior Dolomites. limit of the quaternary ice covering the entire Alps: the The gradient of continentality in the south-east main glacier was limited to the bottom of the Piave Alps is the effect of the humid currents with origins valley with the terminal moraines, at the maximal in the Adriatic, which condensate on the marginal expansion reaching Quero and the proximity of mountains, producing an abundant rainfall in all Ceneda (Vittorio Veneto), whereas higher peaks seasons (in winter, snowfall). At the other extreme is (Vette, M, Serva, M. Cavallo) were probably the continental climate of the dry valleys oriented nunatakker (see Vol. 1, Chap. 17, p. 604–605). The along the parallel (Trockenta¨ler, the so-called “Pinus traces of these dramatic events are still evident in the sylvestris-valleys”) with deep temperatures in winter, composition of the flora and local distribution of plant warm summers and rainfall concentrated in the inter- communities. mediate seasons. The Pustertal, at the northern edge of the Dolomites, is an example of a continental climate. The relationships of vegetation complexes to Landscape System of the Exterior continentality were indicated in the short diagnosis Dolomites of the 29 complexes. The environment referring to this landscape system extends from the Adige-Valley, up to Val Ciamin, Landscape System of the Prealps Eggental (Val d’Ega) and Zimmerstal (Val di Cembra), Karerpass (Passo Costalunga) to the lower The southern areas of the Dolomites, the valleys at the Fiemme Valley as far as Predazzo, the Pale di limit of the Venetian Plain and the surrounding hills S. Martino. Agner, Civetta, Pelmo, Antelao, and lower mountains (es. Vette di Feltre, M. Serva) Marmarole and Val Ansiei until below Misurina in belong to this landscape. Since in this case only a Comelico, Sappada and Val Visdende where it joins single landscape unit is described for this system, the landscape of Carnia; towards the North it extends and both concepts (vegetation complex and landscape into the Boite Valley as far as S. Vito and to the system) are coincident, for further details of the plant southern limit of the Cortina valley, and reappears as communities occurring in this landscape system see 8 far as Fiammes and Poitelstein (Podestagno), towards (a) the Prealpine Landscape unit and Vol. 1, Chap. 19, the South it reaches as far as the Sasso di Bosconero, Fig. 19.23. Pramper, Tamer (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.20), Talvena, down to Because of the low elevations and the general Sass de Mura and Schiara. The most significant indi- south-exposition of the slopes, this is the warmest cator is the presence of the beech and Abies alba, both among the landscape systems in the Dolomites. The once upon a time surely built extensive mixed forests, high mountains in the north of the pre-alps protect this but nowadays most of them are substituted to the more area from the action of the northern currents. For these productive Picea abies forests. The climate of this area reasons, the vegetation here has to be interpreted as is more oceanic, with abundant rain also in summer, growing in a thermophilic scenario (in the sense that and winter less rigid; the upper limit of the forest is the climate, not as cold as in the more elevated generally from 2000 to 2200 m. 554 The Landscape of the Dolomites Under these conditions, in the alpine and subalpine temperatures and precipitations concentrated within belt there exists the largest extension of the typical the intermediate seasons. In this area, the forest vegetation on basic substrates: limestone and dolomite reaches the highest altitudes, as far as 2200 m and (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.22). The alpine series is more or less with single trees up to 2400 m (es. Sassolungo, Fanes). equal to one of the inner Dolomites with the Here, the maximum diversification in the alpine Potentilletum nitidae and Papaveretum rhaetici as and subalpine belts is reached (see also Vol. pioneer communities and the following development 1, Fig. 19.21), which as a result are fairly connected to Firmetum and Seslerietum; but here the Seslerietum to one another; this can be explained by the vast represents the final stage, and further passages to presence of silicate mountains, be it towards the Puster Elynetum and Curvuletum are rare and quite excep- Valley and Eisack (Kronplatz/Plan de Corones, Plose), tional. In the subalpine belt, there is a parallel evolu- or be it referable to the volcanic complex of Predazzo. tion from the Petasitetum paradoxi that accompanies The principal series on dolomite starts with the riverbeds in the mountains to Pinus mugo Potentilletum nitidae (on rock) or with the communities or to a Seslerietum of low altitudes and Papaveretum rhaetici (on screes); this pioneer vegeta- at the end to a heath with Rhododendron. Also, in this tion produces organic matter that accumulates in the case at the beginning the process is towed by the soil and consequently the vegetation develops, accumulation of organic matter in the soil and succes- forming the compact carpet of the Caricetum firmae, sively by progressive acidification caused by washing improving still more the soil fertility that the away the carbonate particles. The soil on which the Seslerietum will stabilize. shrubby heathland grows is definitely acid; in these On acid rocks, a parallel series can be observed environments, the constant presence of small Larix starting from the Saxifragetum bryoides and trees (generally not more than 3–5 m and with cover Oxyrietum to the Festucetum variae and Curvuletum. values inferior to 20 %) can be observed that build a Between the two series there are contact points, mostly heathland with trees (Vaccinio-Rhodoretum when a further process of acidification is taking place laricetosum), while in the inner Dolomites the forma- in the Seslerietum that leads to an Elynetum and (very tion of Rhododendron is without tree species rarely) to a Curvuletum. At lower, inferior levels, the intermingled (Vaccinio-Rhododendretum monotonous formation of Pinus mugo is developing. extrasylvaticum). Some elements of the alpine and The subalpine belt is characterized by a large exten- subalpine vegetation descend down to low altitudes, sion of coniferous forests, principally Scotch Pine for example Sesleria albicans in Serrai di Sottoguda (Picea) and Pinus sylvestris. In spite of the uniformity (Vol. 1, Fig. 19.24), Carex firma at Ponte della Muda of the forest cover, the vegetation is much articulated, near Agordo and Rhizobotrya alpina in the lower Ardo with three climax associations in overlying belts: Valley. Piceetum, Larici-Cembretum and Rhododendron heath. This being a less cold environment than the alpine one, the vegetation is, for the major part, in a Landscape System of the Interior mature state like forest, woodland or heath, and it Dolomites seems difficult to distinguish the vegetation series. In fact, the pioneer stages can only be recognized on The habitats belonging to this landscape system are rocks (Asplenietum) or in torrential riverbeds distributed on the mountain chains that divide the left (Petasitetum paradoxi). On prevailing pebbly soils, orographic side of the Puster Valley and Eisack poor in organic material, pioneer forests with Pinus (Isarco) and the mountains in front as far as the Cortina sylvestris start to develop like Erico-Pinetum valley, Livinallongo and Fassa, the Sextner- and sylvestris on limestone and Vaccinio-Pinetum Pragser-Dolomiten, Drei Zinnen (Lavaredo), Cristallo, sylvestris on acidic soil; in this environment, the Tofane, Fanes, Sennes, Odle, Sella, Sassolungo, Pinus mugo woodland also develops, a permanent Schlern and as far as the Rosengarten, Crepa Neigra, woody vegetation, much diffused on humid and cool Buffaure, Monzoni, Marnolada and Nuvolau. This is slopes, covered with snow for a long time. Under such the realm of Pinus cembra, a true indicator of a conti- conditions, the soil develops by accumulating organic nental climate with hot summers and low winter matter and progressively eliminating carbonates; in Three Landscape Systems (Refer to Vol. 1, p. 655, 674) 555 this way, deep acid soils are forming on which develop Nardetum, which may also expand in an alpine envi- the series of final stable associations: Piceetum, ronment by modifying the Sesleria grasslands at lower Cembretum and Rhododendron heath, forming the altitudes or associations on acid soils. Nowadays, climax. Therefore, under natural conditions, there is pastures are often reduced or abandoned for socio- no further evolutionary tendency. economic reasons and, in these cases, one can observe Secondary series can develop as a consequence of a vigorous expansion of conifers. In this way, dense catastrophic events like land and snow slides. 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