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Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998
FLOW STUDIES FOR RECYCLING METAL COMMODITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998 By Deborah A. Kramer Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Global geologic occurrence of magnesium.........................................................................................................................................3 Production technology ........................................................................................................................................................................3 Uses.....................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Prices...................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Sources of magnesium scrap......................................................................................................................................................................6 Disposition of magnesium scrap ................................................................................................................................................................7 -
Superplastic Forming, Electromagnetic Forming, Age Forming, Warm Forming, and Hydroforming
ANL-07/31 Innovative Forming and Fabrication Technologies: New Opportunities Final Report Energy Systems Division About Argonne National Laboratory Argonne is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The Laboratory’s main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439. For information about Argonne, see www.anl.gov. Availability of This Report This report is available, at no cost, at http://www.osti.gov/bridge. It is also available on paper to the U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, for a processing fee, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone (865) 576-8401 fax (865) 576-5728 [email protected] Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor UChicago Argonne, LLC, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of document authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, Argonne National Laboratory, or UChicago Argonne, LLC. -
Magnesium: Where Have We Been, Where Are We Going?
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Distribution of Impurities in Magnesium Via Silicothermic Reduction
Distribution of impurities in magnesium production via silicothermic reduction Distribution of impurities in magnesium via silicothermic reduction Winny Wulandari1, M. Akbar Rhamdhani1, Geoffrey Brooks1, and Brian J. Monaghan2 1Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne VIC, 3122, Australia 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong Northfield Ave, Wollongong NSW, 2522, Australia Abstract The desire for light weight materials, particularly in the automotive field, is fuelling greater magne- sium production. The Pidgeon process is currently the most widely used process for the production of magnesium. This batch process involves reduction of dolomite by ferro-silicon, carried out at temperature between 1100-1200oC under vacuum in a retort, producing magnesium vapour which is then cooled and collected as a condensate. The major attractions of the process are its simplicity and low capital cost; however, the process is also labour and energy intensive. The Magnetherm process is also a vacuum batch process based on similar chemistry but operates at higher tempera- tures with magnesia dissolved in a slag. Various operational issues relating to the batch and vacuum nature of the process have limited its development. Higher temperatures will improve the kinetics of the silicothermic reduction but will also promote greater impurities into the vapour. Thermody- namic analysis of the distribution of impurities during condensation of magnesium vapour has been carried using FactSage thermodynamic package. The results from the multi-stage equilibrium model show that at equilibrium it should be possible to condense solid impurities before the major- ity of the magnesium vapour is condensed below 750oC, depending on the operating pressure of the system and the particular chemistry of the process. -
Updated 1/07/2015 the Premier Magazine of the Aluminum Industry
Automotive Engineered Sheet AMAG 2020 Increases Capacity & Capabilities Pushing the Limits of Design with Extrusions Aluminum Paves the Way for Electric Vehicles Light Metal Age - Updated 1/07/2015 The premier magazine of the aluminum industry Consistently delivering high quality content, Light Metal Age is the premier magazine of the aluminum industry. Recycling Throughout its 78 years, the magazine has followed the Homogenization Heat Treatment evolution of technology and advances in the aluminum Alloying industry. Today, aluminum is experiencing a surge in Aerospace growth. The automotive industry is the driving impetus Metallurgy for this growth, with OEMs seeking to reduce weight in B&C Lifecycle their vehicles in order to meet international standards and customer demand as awareness of sustainability Extrusion Automotive and the environment have become front and center concerns. These developments—along with significant advances in aerospace, building and construction, ma- AluminumRolling rine, solar, and other industries—point to a strong future for the aluminum industry. Casthouse Magnesium As the aluminum industry prospers and continues to Die Design evolve, Light Metal Age is a significant resource for exec- Smelting Remelt utives, general managers, plant managers, technicians, Billet Supply Anodizing metallurgists, and engineers for production and opera- tions in manufacturing facilities around the world. Sustainability Furnace Technology Available in both print and digital format, Light Metal Age is a bi-monthly magazine that covers the entire value chain of the aluminum industry—from primary production to extrusion, rolling, and associated downstream fabri- cation, such as finishing, machining, and joining. Other major topics include the integration and opti- mization of aluminum products in final applications, such as automotive, aerospace, and building and construction. -
Titanium Production for Aerospace Applications
DOI: 10.5028/jatm.2009.01010717 Vinicius A. R. Henriques* Institute of Aeronautics and Space Titanium production for São José dos Campos - Brazil [email protected] aerospace applications *author for correspondence Abstract: Titanium parts are ideally suited for advanced aerospace systems because of their unique combination of high specific strength at both room temperature and moderately elevated temperature, in addition to excellent general corrosion resistance. The objective of this work is to present a review of titanium metallurgy focused on aerospace applications, including developments in the Brazilian production of titanium aimed at aerospace applications. The article includes an account of the evolution of titanium research in the Brazilian Institute (IAE/CTA) and the current state-of-art of titanium production in Brazil. Key words: Titanium, Aerospace industry, Powder metallurgy. INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, the focus of titanium alloys Titanium could also replace aluminum when the operating development has shifted from aerospace to industrial temperature exceeds around 130C, which is the normal applications. However, the titanium industry continues to maximum operating temperature for conventional depend on the aerospace market and this sector will aluminum. These conditions exist, for example, in the constitute a significant percentage of total consumption for nacelle and auxiliary power unity (APU) areas and wing years to come. The metallurgy of titanium and Ti-base anti-icing system for airframe structures. Steel and nickel- alloys has been intensely researched over the last 50 years. based alloys are obvious alternatives, but they have a Titanium has unique properties such as its high strength-to- density about 1.7 times that of titanium (Andersen, 1980, weight ratio, good resistance to many corrosive Donachie, 1988). -
Indcor Limited
INDCOR LIMITED TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM METAL BY THE CARBOTHERMERIC ROUTE AND A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE MTL TECHNOLOGY CONFIDENTIAL AUGUST 2003 PREPARED BY PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD ABN 82 315 791 707 PO Box 210, Deloraine, Tasmania 7304, Australia Tel: (03) 63 623 202 Fax: (03) 63 623 437 Mob: 0419 553 256 [email protected] DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared for Indcor Limited (Indcor) by Process Technologies Australia Pty Ltd (PTA) based on information supplied by Indcor, information supplied by Magnesium Technologies Limited (MTL), and additional information that is in the public domain in the form of technical papers, reports, patents and patent applications. PTA is not in a position to, and does not, verify the accuracy of, or adopt as its own, the information and data supplied by or sourced from others. PTA does not accept any legal responsibility to any person, organisation or company for any loss or damage suffered resulting from reliance on this report however caused, and whether by breach of contract, negligence or otherwise. CONTENTS DISCLAIMER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SCOPE OF WORK 3 INFORMATION SOURCES 4 THERMAL REDUCTION OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE 4.1 Basic Principles 4.2 Current Status of the Carbothermic Route 5 THE MTL TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Background 5.2 Process Proving at the Laboratory Scale 5.3 Process Proving at the Demonstration Scale 5.4 Independent Review of Testwork Data and Proposed Development Strategy 5.5 MTL Propriety Know-How 5.6 Comparison with Alternative -
2020-LMA-Media-Kit-V2
Automotive Engineered Sheet AMAG 2020 Increases Capacity & Capabilities Pushing the Limits of Design with Extrusions Aluminum Paves the Way for Electric Vehicles Light Metal Age - Updated 1/07/2015 The premier magazine of the aluminum industry Consistently delivering high quality content, Light Metal Age is the premier magazine of the aluminum industry. Recycling Throughout its 78 years, the magazine has followed the Homogenization Heat Treatment evolution of technology and advances in the aluminum Alloying industry. Today, aluminum is experiencing a surge in Aerospace growth. The automotive industry is the driving impetus Metallurgy for this growth, with OEMs seeking to reduce weight in B&C Lifecycle their vehicles in order to meet international standards and customer demand as awareness of sustainability Extrusion Automotive and the environment have become front and center concerns. These developments—along with significant advances in aerospace, building and construction, ma- AluminumRolling rine, solar, and other industries—point to a strong future for the aluminum industry. Casthouse Magnesium As the aluminum industry prospers and continues to Die Design evolve, Light Metal Age is a significant resource for exec- Smelting Remelt utives, general managers, plant managers, technicians, Billet Supply Anodizing metallurgists, and engineers for production and opera- tions in manufacturing facilities around the world. Sustainability Furnace Technology Available in both print and digital format, Light Metal Age is a bi-monthly magazine that covers the entire value chain of the aluminum industry—from primary production to extrusion, rolling, and associated downstream fabri- cation, such as finishing, machining, and joining. Other major topics include the integration and opti- mization of aluminum products in final applications, such as automotive, aerospace, and building and construction. -
Magsonic™ Carbothermal Technology Compared with the Electrolytic and Pidgeon Processes
Magnesium Technology 2012 Edited by: Suveen N. Mathaudhu, Wim H. Sillekens, Neale ft Neelameggham, and Norbert Hort TMS (The Minerals, Metals Λ Materlab Society), 2012 MAGSONIC™ CARBOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY COMPARED WITH THE ELECTROLYTIC AND PIDGEON PROCESSES Leon H. Prentice1; Nawshad Haque1 'CSIRO Process Science and Engineering; Box 312; Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia Keywords: Carbothermal Magnesium, Carbothermic Reduction, Pidgeon Process, Silicothermic Magnesium, Electrolysis, Technology Comparison, Techno-Economic Evaluation, Environmental Impact, Life Cycle Analysis Abstract Magnesium Production Technologies A broad technology comparison of carbothermal magnesium production with present technologies has not been previously Electrolytic Production presented. In this paper a comparative analysis of CSlRO"s MagSonic™ process is made with the electrolytic and Pidgeon Historically, the electrolytic process was dominant from the start processes. The comparison covers energy intensity (GJ/tonne of commercial production up until the 1990s. Significant Mg), labor intensity (person-hours/tonne Mg), capital intensity production facilities were constructed around the world, the (USD/tonne annual Mg installed capacity), and Global Warming largest of which was Dow's plant at Freeport, TX. Presently, Potential (GWP, tonnes C02-equivalent/tonne Mg). Carbothermal magnesium is produced using the electrolytic process in the technology is advantageous on all measures except capital United States, Russia, Ukraine, and Israel, with potential start-up intensity (where it is roughly twice the capital cost of a similarly- in China. sized Pidgeon plant). Carbothermal and electrolytic production can have comparatively low environmental impacts, with typical While there are a number of variations of the electrolytic process, emissions one-sixth those of the Pidgeon process. Despite recent all now electrolyze anhydrous magnesium chloride or carnallite. -
For Production of Magnesium Via the Pidgeon Process
Mineral Processing & Extractive Metall. Rev., 33: 316–326, 2012 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0882-7508 print=1547-7401 online DOI: 10.1080/08827508.2011.601478 EVALUATION OF ZEFREH DOLOMITE (CENTRAL IRAN) FOR PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM VIA THE PIDGEON PROCESS Behzad Mehrabi1, Masud Abdellatif2, and Fariborz Masoudi3 1Geology Department, Tehran Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran 2Mintek Corporate, Randburg, South Africa 3Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran This study evaluates the production of magnesium metal from the Zefreh dolomite ore of Central Iran using the Pidgeon process. The investigation consisted of mineralogical and chemical characterization of the dolomite ore, calcining, chemical characterization, LOI (loss on ignition) determination, reduction tests on the calcined dolomite (dolime), using Iranian (Semnan) ferrosilicon and mineralogical, and chemical characterization of the reactants and products. Calcining of dolomite samples was carried out at approximately 1400 C in order to remove CO2, moisture, and other easily volatilized impurities. The dolime was then milled, along with ferrosilicon, thoroughly mixed, and briquetted. The briquettes were heated at 1125C–1150C and 500 Pa in a tube reactor for 10–12 hours to extract the magnesium. The ferrosilicon to dolime ratio was determined based on the chemical analyses of the two reactants, using as a guide, and Mintek’s Pyrosim software package. Magnesium extraction varied with ferrosilicon addition and with the dolime used, -
Distribution of Impurities in Magnesium Via Silicothermic Reduction
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering and Information Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive) Sciences 1-1-2009 Distribution of impurities in magnesium via silicothermic reduction Winny Wulandari Swinburne University of Technology Akbar Rhamdhani Swinburne University of Technology Geoff Brooks Swinburne University of Technology Brian J. Monaghan University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers Part of the Engineering Commons https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/1242 Recommended Citation Wulandari, Winny; Rhamdhani, Akbar; Brooks, Geoff; and Monaghan, Brian J.: Distribution of impurities in magnesium via silicothermic reduction 2009, 1401-1415. https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/1242 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Distribution of impurities in magnesium production via silicothermic reduction Distribution of impurities in magnesium via silicothermic reduction Winny Wulandari1, M. Akbar Rhamdhani1, Geoffrey Brooks1, and Brian J. Monaghan2 1Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne VIC, 3122, Australia 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong Northfield Ave, Wollongong NSW, 2522, Australia Abstract The desire for light weight materials, particularly in the automotive field, is fuelling greater magne- sium production. The Pidgeon process is currently the most widely used process for the production of magnesium. This batch process involves reduction of dolomite by ferro-silicon, carried out at temperature between 1100-1200oC under vacuum in a retort, producing magnesium vapour which is then cooled and collected as a condensate. The major attractions of the process are its simplicity and low capital cost; however, the process is also labour and energy intensive. -
Magnesium – in Indian Context Jithu Jayaraja1,2, Prasanth M.1, 3, A
Magnesium – in Indian Context Jithu Jayaraja1,2, Prasanth M.1, 3, A. Srinivasan1, U. T. S. Pillai1, B. C. Pai1 1Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India, 2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India, 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, India, Corresponding Author : E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest of all structural metals in Magnesium, because of its good mechanical, physical practical use, with a density of 1.74g/cc. There are over and chemical properties can be considered as an 80 different minerals known to have magnesium content awesome light metal for the future. Electrolysis and of 20% or greater such as dolomite (MgCO .CaCO ), thermal reduction are the principal magnesium 3 3 extraction processes. China continues to dominate magnesite (MgCO ), olivine, carnalite (KMgCl .6H O), etc, 3 3 2 magnesium production across the globe for the past making it the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s 20 years. Commercial magnesium extraction in India [1] crust . Also magnesium is the second most abundant is still in an infancy stage. Global magnesium research metal in seawater, after sodium. Hence magnesium can is increasing gradually whereas the situation in India be considered as an inexhaustible resource. However, only is still snail-paced. India is one of the most energy dolomite and magnetite form the predominant ingredient starving countries that has to depend on oil imports for magnesium extraction processes. for satisfying its needs. Automobile sector is one of the principal consumers of oil.