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Current and Future Goat Production in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province

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Current and Future Goat Production in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Current and future goat production in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province To cite this article: L Doloksaribu et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 207 012027 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 139.86.9.85 on 30/03/2021 at 02:23 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2018 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 207 (2018) 012027 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/207/1/012027 Current and future goat production in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province. L Doloksaribu1, B P McLachlan2, R S Copland2 and P J Murray2 1 Faculty of Animal and Husbandry, Udayana University, Jimbaran Campus Badung- Bali, Indonesia 2 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland 4343, Australia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. This study was undertaken to establish a database for improving goat production in Bali. A survey was conducted from January to June 2014 on 68 farmers integrated with farm commodities, owning a total of 258 goats in Mendoyo District. Data on flock dynamics were 49 kidding occurrences in 2014 delivered 67 kids; 67% were single born, 29% were twins and 4% were triplets/quadruplets. The kids were a mixture of Gembrong, Benggala, Kacang, Etawah, and PE that had a 24% mortality rate. Litter size was on average 1.37 kids from does with 1st to 6th parity. Kids were housed in battery systems and fed fresh roughages with cut and carry feeding systems. The average bodyweights of female weaners 22.9±1.6 kg were significantly lower (P<0.01) than of male weaners 29.8±1.9 kg at day 135. This growth was supported by the abundance of available feed, and the housing used meant low incidence of parasites as indicated by FAMACHA© scores which were generally low (P<0.01). Fourteen goats were sold for IDR 22 M. Smallholder farmers in Mendoyo District reared goats in small flocks as the farmers had just re-started rearing goats again resulting in inefficient goat production, particularly when labour costs were included. 1. Introduction Mendoyo District was selected as the sampling area as it had the largest goat population among the districts in Jembrana Regency [1]. Although Jembrana was designation regency for improvement of goat farming that was officially promulgated by the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture [2], this regency has had a large reduction in the number of goat farmers as well as goats, over the last 25 years. Jembrana Regency previously had 42,751 goats or about 45% of the total 95,430 goat population in Bali Province in 1990 [3]. In 1990, this was about double the current number of goats in Buleleng Regency i.e. 24,905 goats or triple that of Karangasem Regency i.e. 13,861 goats. Other villages in Jembrana Regency that previously had large numbers of goats and goat farmers [3] had been visited. However, these villages at the time of this study had none or very few goats and goat farmers. Available literature presented little information on the reasons some smallholder farmers had stopped farming goats years ago or they had just re-started farming goats recently, as well as the current situation of their goat rearing under smallholder production systems in Mendoyo District. Most of the smallholder farmers studied in Mendoyo District apparently re-started rearing goats as they had received Simantri Programmes in October 2013 and April 2014 (Tunas, W. 2014, pers. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2018 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 207 (2018) 012027 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/207/1/012027 comm. 9 June) that motivated them to resume or improve their goat rearing management [4]. The smallholder goat farmers mostly had small flocks; therefore, they were increasing the number of goats in their flocks and apparently would not sell goats prior to Eid Qurban. A case study was conducted from the 3rd to 30th June 2014 to establish a database of current reproductive and productive efficiency of goat farming in Mendoyo District as they contributed about 2.4% of the total 841.8 km² size of Jembrana Regency, and as well they contributed about 11% of the total of 68,457 goats in Bali Province [1]. The objective of this study was to establish a database of the reproductive and productive efficiency of goat farming under smallholder production systems in Mendoyo District in Jembrana Regency, as well as a socioeconomic analysis of these systems. The database was used to set up development strategies for improving goat production, in Bali Province. 2. Materials and Methods The goat farming studied in Jembrana Regency encompassed a village in Mendoyo District. Mendoyo District is located in West Bali National Park, the conservation forest of Jembrana Regency that is located in the western part of Bali. Jembrana Regency is situated 809’58” to 8028’2” south and 114026’28” to 115051’28” east with average ambient temperatures 26.2 0C, and 83% annual average relative humidity, 1,721 mm rainfall and 3 knots wind velocity (www.bmkg.go.id). Most of the people lived in agricultural sectors and their income was derived primarily from soybean, coconut, cacao, coffee, and cloves plantations [1]. All 68 goat-owning families were interviewed, based on structured questionnaires, and 258 goats were observed to obtain data i.e. breed-type, sex, age, dentition status (I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, toothless), FAMACHA© score, bodyweight, chest circumference, body length, height at withers and rump height, birth type (single and multiple), and parity were recorded over a month of direct animal observations. From the 258 goats, 67 kids were born during the data collection. Data was only collected in June 2014; therefore, data on goat reproductive performance was taken from the previous year. Most of the smallholder goat farmers had just re-started rearing goats and housed their goats only in battery housing systems; therefore, average daily gain of goats, kidding intervals as well as the effects of housing systems were not presented. The inputs included feeds, veterinary services, drugs, and labour cost i.e. labourers (from the family). The outputs obtained included sales of live animals, manure or goat products consumed at home which were then converted into cash (IDR million). IDR 1 million was equivalent to AUD$100.00. Age of kids were estimated from their dentition status (I0) while their birth dates were estimated by using the farmer’s data and they were confirmed by looking at the condition and size of the dam’s mammae or date of post-partum mating [5]. Kids were weaned, on average, at about 135 days of age. All 68 goat owning families completed questionnaires on a range of topics i.e. goat feeding and breeding management, income from goats and other sources and the demographics of people living on the farm. The relationships between liveweights and other factors were established using a linear regression analysis while correlations of the goats liveweight with other factors were computed by using SPSS version 22. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Household labourers and their profiles Identifying the roles and the profiles of smallholder farmers involved in goat rearing under smallholder production systems in Mendoyo District could be used to improve their goat production. Ceasing goat rearing for quite some time, for various reasons, smallholder farmers in Mendoyo District re-started rearing goats again in October 2013 and April 2014 when they received Simantri Programmes (Tunas, W. 2014, pers. comm. 9 June). Smallholder farmers faced problems such as having traumatic experiences where their goats got sick and had low performance and/or died due to mouth and foot diseases; lack of capital to restart rearing goats again; low numbers of 2 ± 0.1 household labourers; and not being young anymore (47.3 ± 1.4 years) to manage their crops along 2 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2018 IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 207 (2018) 012027 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/207/1/012027 with rearing goats at the same time. This indicated that the farmers were old and did not have much physical energy necessary to contribute to farming as would be expected from them. On the other hand, farmers who reared small flock sizes produced insufficient goat manure to fertilize the 0.9 ± 0.1 ha of their crops. Strangely farmers that had the highest education level tended to have the lowest labourer ratio, the smallest turn off rate and generated loss in both GM(A-B) IDR (4.661 ± 1.312) million and GM/doe IDR (2.518 ± 0.244) million. Number of 0.2 ± 0.1 children per household also caused the reduction in the number of goats in Mendoyo District. Farmers’ children went to study in Denpasar City or to work on cruise ships overseas. [6] and [7] reported that cruise ship work was an increasingly popular career choice for senior high school graduates in Bali Province. Limitations of the availability of family labourers resulted in a new critical threshold for farm growth strategies in Mendoyo District. Based on its low profitability and the amount of labour required, it is unlikely that the younger generations would be interested in taking up goat husbandry, so it is a trend that is bound to continue.
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