Institutional and Regulatory Roles in Maintaining Sustainability of Subak As a World Cultural Heritage in Bali

Full-length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 (245-254) 245

Institutional and Regulatory Roles in Maintaining Sustainability of Subak as a World Cultural Heritage in Bali

I Nyoman Norken, I Ketut Suputra, and I Gusti Ngurah Kerta Arsana

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, Jimbaran, Badung 80361, Bali, Indonesia (email: [email protected])

Date of Acceptance: 4 May 2017

Abstract Subak in Bali is a traditional irrigation system and is thought to have existed before the ninth century. Subak adopts the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana, which means three causes of the creation of harmony: the creation of a harmonious relationship with God/Creator; human relationship with the natural surroundings; and human relationship with other humans, and has been recognised as a World Cultural Heritage in 2012. Subak sustainability is dependent on the institutional and regulatory bodies in realizing the creation of harmonious relationship between man and man. The contribution of the board (Prajuru), especially the leaders (Pekaseh) of Subak in maintaining a tradition is held for many years, which is based on the principle of ngayah (working selessly). The success of maintaining Subak is supported by the internal regulations (awig-awig); additional rules (perarem), and meeting decisions (pasuara). Awig-awig, which was originally just an agreement between the members of Subak, became a tradition called dresta or sima and is based on the belief related to Hinduism. Compliance of the prajuru and krama of Subak in carrying out activities in accordance with awig-awig is an important part in maintaining the Subak.

Subak is a traditional irrigation system in Palemahan).The beauty of the landscape Bali which is thought to have been built and of Subak irrigation in terraces and its operated before the IX century. Subak is implementation philosophy of Tri Hita socio-religious and agrarian in nature, and Karana in performing the activities of is based on the philosophy of Tri Hita agriculture and water management for Karana - the philosophy of the traditional irrigation prompted UNESCO to award village in Bali. Tri Hita Karana philosophy Subak as a World Heritage Property of the includes three causes of harmony: the Cultural Landscape of Bali Province in creation of a harmonious relationship 2012 (Ukirsari, 2012; Yekti et al., 2017). between human and God (called Implementation of Tri Hita Karana in Parahyangan), humans and other humans Subak system includes: Parahyangan (called Pawongan), and humans and the relating to a series of religious ceremonies natural surroundings (called in the rice-growing season ranging from 246 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 247

Subak is a traditional irrigation Methodology characteristics which had historically been water from its source to irrigate rice elds established since long time ago and and manage seasonal crops. But lately, system in Bali which is thought to This study was conducted through in-depth interviews to Pekaseh (Head) of Subak continues to grow as an organization taking Subak organization has been created to have been built and operated care of lands in the eld of water regulate all agricultural crops including before the IX century. Subak is Pulagan at Tampaksiring village in Gianyar Regency and Pekaseh of Subak management and others in an area" plantation known as the "Subak abian" that socio-religious and agrarian in Jatiluwih at Jatiluwih village in Tabanan (Partha, 1972). Furthermore, the Regional manages plantations (Norken et al., 2016). nature, and is based on the Regency which are parts of Subak as Regulation (Perda) of Bali, No. 9 of 2012, Regarding the history and development of philosophy of Tri Hita Karana - World Cultural Heritage; also to Pekaseh denes "Subak is a traditional organization Subak, and its existence, the inscription the philosophy of the traditional of Subak Pecelengan Pedukuan at in the eld of water system and/or planting Sukawana AI, in 882 AD (IX century), village in Bali. Tri Hita Karana Mendoyo Dangin Tukad Village in system at the farm level for traditional which mentioned "huma" means rice- philosophy includes three causes Jembrana Regency. In addition, this study communities in Bali which is socio- eld, while in the inscription Bebetin AI agrarian, religious, and economical in of harmony: the creation of a was supported by a literature review the year 986 AD (X Century) mentioned relating to institutions and awig-awig, and nature which has historically continued to "undagi pangarung" means artisan harmonious relationship between grow and ourish" (Pastika, 2012). human and God (called their roles in maintaining subak building water tunnels or aungan in sustainability as a World Cultural Heritage. Various investigators also give denitions Balinese , further the inscription Pandak Parahyangan), humans and other of Subak each with different points of view, Badung in 1071 and Klungkung 1072 (XI humans (called Pawongan), and Results and discussion such as: Geertz (1980) dened Subak as century), wrote about "kasuwakan" or humans and the natural Subak and its development rice elds that get water from one source. "kasubakan" in Balinese means Subak Grader (1979) described that Subak is a surroundings (called Palemahan). Although Subak is known to have existed organizations, or an irrigation area collection of elds of the same water for a long time, its denition was formally (Purwita, 1993; Pangdjaja. 1998; Sutawan source or from the same branch of a duct. described in the Regional Regulation 2008). It further states that the number of Furthermore Sutha (1978) described that draining water from the river to irrigation (Perda) of Bali Province No. 02 / Subak grew from 1193 in 1971 to 1331 in Subak is a community organization called canals to storing grains in storage (the PD/DPRD/1972. It denes Subak as "the 1991 (Purwita, 1993), and to 1601 in 2013 Seka or Sekehe. Subak is an organized barn) ; Pawongan - the Subak organization organization of indigenous people of Bali (Astawa, 2013). In contrast, the total area social entity whose members are bound to (called Sekehe Subak) and the regulation of which has socio-agrarian and religious of Subak got reduced from 103455 hectares the awig-awig along with additional rules one another because of their common in 1977 to 86911 hectares in 2012 (Sushila, called perarem and pasuara (decisions of interest in relation to irrigation for rice 1987; Astawa, 2013). Rate of decline of rice the meeting), as well as Palemahan- This paper attempts to give a elds, has leadership (board) which could growing area is a serious challenge to act inside and outside the organization and procedures for water distribution or water comprehensive picture of the maintain Subak in future. In the last decade, has both material and immaterial assets management (Norken et al., 2015; Norken existence of the organization and land conversion of rice elds into non-rice (Griadhi et al., 1993). Sutawan (2008) et al., 2016). This paper attempts to give a elds reached to about 1,000 hectares per regulation of water control system dened Subak as a socio-religious comprehensive picture of the existence of year and it seems likely to continue and their role in carrying out the agricultural and irrigarion institution the organization and regulation of water (Finlayson and Paramita, 2013). operation and maintenance as well dealing primarily with water management control system and their role in carrying as preserve the tradition that has for the production of annual crops Organization and organizational out the operation and maintenance as well been practiced from generation to particularly rice based on the Tri Hita as preserve the tradition that has been structure generation and has got a Karana principle. Thus Subak in principle practiced from generation to generation Every Subak in Bali in general has its is an irrigation and agricultural system and has got a recognition as world cultural recognition as world cultural name and organizational structure. which is traditional, religious, and heritage. heritage. Although the organization structure is autonomous in nature set up to regulate sometimes very simple its quite effective 248 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 249 in regulating the activities carried out by basis of descent, where the son of a farmers who are members of Subak which pekaseh directly replaces the parents in i s c a l l e d Krama Subak , a n d accordance with the traditions that are administrators/boards of Subak called embraced from generation to generation. Prajuru Subak (Sushila 1987; Pitana The main criteria of a pekaseh to be elected 1993). A small Subak is led by only a by members of Subak are: honesty, chairman called Kelian Subak or Pekaseh dedication, and loyalty exhibited by the and assisted by a secretary called attitude and behavior while becoming a Penyarikan or Juru Tulis, while for a large member, as well as having a seless Subak the Prajuru consists of: Pekaseh devotion. Prajuru Subak is often formed (chairman/head), Petajuh (deputy for a longer term due to the trust shown by chairman), Penyarikan or Juru Tulis the members for their sincere and seless (secretary), Patengen or Juru Raksa performance - often called the principle of (Treasurer), Kasinoman or Juru Arah ngayah (Sutawan, 2008; Norken et al., (channel of information) and 2015). Lately, there has been an agreement Saya/Bhaga/Penyade (special assistant or that the position of a Subak prajuru is working groups relating to various types of limited to 5 years and may be re-elected, activities). For a large Subak or multiple develops an election procedure by voting, Subaks which have the same water source and some change in the criteria, such as the is called Subak Gede, and chaired by the candidate to be a prajuru, he must be honest Pekaseh Gede and a deputy of Pekaseh and responsible, and educated enough. Gede (Sushila, 1987; Pitana, 1993; Subak is an autonomous organization and Sutawan 2008; Norken et al., 2015). In the decisions on various issues are taken 1980s Subak organization began to be through mutual agreement among the formed covering a watershed called Subak Subak members of Subak with the board Agung and headed by Pekaseh Subak (paruman krama) as the highest power Agung. Subak also can be divided again by Figure 1. Subak structural organization (Sushila, 1996). (Sushila 1996; Sutawan, 2008; Norken et smaller portions called tempek and led by al., 2015). So it is not surprising that every The obligation of Prajuru and a meeting called paruman or sangkepan; b) kelihan tempek, which is under a pekaseh Subak has its own traditions (called dresta) guide and watch the ordinances and (Pitana, 1993; Sutawan, 2008). Later there Krama that may vary in carrying out various ceremonies (ritual called pengaci) to has been a development that the prajuru of Subak members have their respective maintain the sanctity of the Subak; and c) a Subak is equipped with a working group activities. As for members of Subak, it is duties and obligations in carrying out represent the Subak. While members of called penyade or bhaga which is generally divided into three groups: a) various activities. Prajuru and krama of Subak have the obligations of: a) observe responsible for the implementation of krama pengayah or members having elds Subak have an obligation in accordance and implement all the rules (awig-awig, Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan and work as a farmer; b) krama pangoot or with their position, which can be described perarem and pasuara); b) attend and aspects, tailored to the needs of each pengampel representing the land owners; as follows: Subak management (prajuru): and c) karma leluputan given special tasks, participate in decision-making in the Subak (Norken et al., 2016; Sutama, 2016). a) implement, ensure and lead members of such as bendesa adat (traditional village meeting of members; c) willing to be A pekaseh or prajuru are generally elected Subak in implementing regulations (awig- leader) (Sutawan, 2008; Norken et al., involved in the management in accordance by consensus or acclamation (called awig), agreement (additional rules or 2016). The general organizational structure with the agreement (perarem or pasuara). suryak siu) of the members of the Subak. perarem) as well as the decision of the is given in figure 1. In addition, members of Subak have the In the past, elections were often held on the meeting called pasuara, including chairing 248 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 249 in regulating the activities carried out by basis of descent, where the son of a farmers who are members of Subak which pekaseh directly replaces the parents in i s c a l l e d Krama Subak , a n d accordance with the traditions that are administrators/boards of Subak called embraced from generation to generation. Prajuru Subak (Sushila 1987; Pitana The main criteria of a pekaseh to be elected 1993). A small Subak is led by only a by members of Subak are: honesty, chairman called Kelian Subak or Pekaseh dedication, and loyalty exhibited by the and assisted by a secretary called attitude and behavior while becoming a Penyarikan or Juru Tulis, while for a large member, as well as having a seless Subak the Prajuru consists of: Pekaseh devotion. Prajuru Subak is often formed (chairman/head), Petajuh (deputy for a longer term due to the trust shown by chairman), Penyarikan or Juru Tulis the members for their sincere and seless (secretary), Patengen or Juru Raksa performance - often called the principle of (Treasurer), Kasinoman or Juru Arah ngayah (Sutawan, 2008; Norken et al., (channel of information) and 2015). Lately, there has been an agreement Saya/Bhaga/Penyade (special assistant or that the position of a Subak prajuru is working groups relating to various types of limited to 5 years and may be re-elected, activities). For a large Subak or multiple develops an election procedure by voting, Subaks which have the same water source and some change in the criteria, such as the is called Subak Gede, and chaired by the candidate to be a prajuru, he must be honest Pekaseh Gede and a deputy of Pekaseh and responsible, and educated enough. Gede (Sushila, 1987; Pitana, 1993; Subak is an autonomous organization and Sutawan 2008; Norken et al., 2015). In the decisions on various issues are taken 1980s Subak organization began to be through mutual agreement among the formed covering a watershed called Subak Subak members of Subak with the board Agung and headed by Pekaseh Subak (paruman krama) as the highest power Agung. Subak also can be divided again by Figure 1. Subak structural organization (Sushila, 1996). (Sushila 1996; Sutawan, 2008; Norken et smaller portions called tempek and led by al., 2015). So it is not surprising that every The obligation of Prajuru and a meeting called paruman or sangkepan; b) kelihan tempek, which is under a pekaseh Subak has its own traditions (called dresta) guide and watch the ordinances and (Pitana, 1993; Sutawan, 2008). Later there Krama that may vary in carrying out various ceremonies (ritual called pengaci) to has been a development that the prajuru of Subak members have their respective maintain the sanctity of the Subak; and c) a Subak is equipped with a working group activities. As for members of Subak, it is duties and obligations in carrying out represent the Subak. While members of called penyade or bhaga which is generally divided into three groups: a) various activities. Prajuru and krama of Subak have the obligations of: a) observe responsible for the implementation of krama pengayah or members having elds Subak have an obligation in accordance and implement all the rules (awig-awig, Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan and work as a farmer; b) krama pangoot or with their position, which can be described perarem and pasuara); b) attend and aspects, tailored to the needs of each pengampel representing the land owners; as follows: Subak management (prajuru): and c) karma leluputan given special tasks, participate in decision-making in the Subak (Norken et al., 2016; Sutama, 2016). a) implement, ensure and lead members of such as bendesa adat (traditional village meeting of members; c) willing to be A pekaseh or prajuru are generally elected Subak in implementing regulations (awig- leader) (Sutawan, 2008; Norken et al., involved in the management in accordance by consensus or acclamation (called awig), agreement (additional rules or 2016). The general organizational structure with the agreement (perarem or pasuara). suryak siu) of the members of the Subak. perarem) as well as the decision of the is given in figure 1. In addition, members of Subak have the In the past, elections were often held on the meeting called pasuara, including chairing 250 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 251 task to be carried out including: a) amount of incentive that becomes the respected Subak patrons were Sedahan and In addition to having autonomous maintaining the integrity of the water rights of a prajuru is the remainder of the Sedahan Agung. Sedahan / Sedahan Yeh / and independent management, control system in order to succeed in line sum of all urunan subtracted from the cost Pengelurah is the ofcer of the District with expectations, b) carrying out of implementation of the ritual Government called Kecamatan that Subak also has patrons from development and ceremony on Subak, and (parahyangan) during the growing season regulates and oversees irrigation water in elements outside the Subak c) carry out other obligations, such as (generally every 6 months), and then its territory; while the next higher level of management. paying taxes, dues/urunan (which is also divided in accordance with the portions. Sedahan named Sedahan Agung is the called sarin tahun), carry out farming, Although the management of Subak gets ofcer of Regency Government called coordinating media between Subak and incentives whose amount is generally very Kabupaten/Kota that regulates and keeping law and order in the distribution of Subak patrons and the government. small (around Rp. 300,000- the money at oversees the law and order of the irrigation water and farming, making a report when current value every 6 months), but the system and is an advisor and implementer The role of the organization in the to sell a rice eld. The obligations of managements of Subak always sincerely of the irrigation at the Regency level. Since preservation of Subak management and members of Subak are implement their obligation without the introduction of the Regional Although the Subak system is thousands of generally governed by legislation (awig- rewards based on ngayah principle. While Autonomous Government at the Regency years old, it is still practiced today. Despite awig), any changes or additionals are made the right of members of Subak include: a) Level in the 2000s, the authority of the the rapid urbanization and development of by decisions in the meeting called pasuara getting a share of water equitably, b) elect Regency Government plays a vital role in tourism in Bali, the challenge in (Suanda and Aryana, 1999; Suanda and and be elected as Subak management, c) determining the Work Unit of Local maintaining Subak is very heavy. Various Derken, 1999; Artiya, 2011a; Artiya, raising opinions and proposals, d) ask Apparatus. This has a huge impact on the challenges include: land use, lack of land 2011b; Sutama, 2016; Norken et al., 2016). permission for not participating in existence of Sedahan and Sedahan Agung ownership and low farming income, activities or performing activities through gearing towards the obscurity of the interest of youth in the wetland agricultural Rights of Prajuru and Krama deputation or making excuses, e) reporting existence as government ofcials sector is very low, high risk of crop failure The management of Subak has the right to: a violation, f) getting a share of the wealth, patronizing the Subak. Lately only the due to pests, decreasing quantity and a) obtain incentives from the contributions and g) receiving good care and treatment Tabanan regency which is still functioning quality of water resources, and so on. The of the members whose amount and (Norken et al., 2016). with Sedahan and Sedahan Agung (Norken principle of ngayah (working sincerely portions are in accordance to their without expecting anything in In carrying out the obligations and the et al., 2007; Norken et al., 2010). In position, for example: pekaseh 1000 marks return/prot) as a spirit embraced by the acquisition of rights, both administrators addition, Subak is also fostered by the (marks given for comparison among pekaseh, has given a strong foundation of and members of Subak generally Public Works Department of Regency/ personnel of the board in accordance with devotion to duty-related tasks of Subak implement the principles of togetherness City Government and the Sub Department its position), the deputy/petajuh 600 (Norken et al., 2016). with the motto: sagilik-saguluk of Irrigation that takes care of the marks, secretaries/clerks 600 points, salunglung-sabayantaka (united and development and maintenance of treasurer/juru raksa 600 marks Kelihan Subak regulation (Awig-Awig) mutual respect or mutual assistance). With irrigation structures. As for matters tempek 400 marks and so on; b) exempt Awig-awig are regulations governing these principles intensity of conict in relating to agriculture, it is fostered by the from contributions/dues (urunan) and Subak internally and arranges a variety of general is very small, although sometimes Department of Agriculture, while issues other forms of levies. Incentives earned by activities related to organizations, rights there is a conict but it is soon overcome related to customs are supervised by the prajuru Subak are derived from urunan and obligations of the board and the by the management or by patron.. Department of Culture. Lately various (called sarin tahun in the form of a bundle institutions related to Subak have members. Awig-awig can be expanded and of rice and now in the form of money based Patrons of Subak appeared like - sabhantara pekaseh, supplemented with additional rules called on the ownership area of rice elds, around In addition to having autonomous and forums of Subak, assemblies of Subak or perarem and pasuara (decision of the Rp. 50.000/kecoran, namely unit of water independent management, Subak also has the like which are basically meeting). Perarem and pasuara are usually obtained, equivalent to 0.4 ha). The patrons from elements outside the Subak organizations/associations of Subak aim done to adapt to the changes that occur to management. In the past, the most and serve as a consultative and meet the demands of the farmers as 250 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 251 task to be carried out including: a) amount of incentive that becomes the respected Subak patrons were Sedahan and In addition to having autonomous maintaining the integrity of the water rights of a prajuru is the remainder of the Sedahan Agung. Sedahan / Sedahan Yeh / and independent management, control system in order to succeed in line sum of all urunan subtracted from the cost Pengelurah is the ofcer of the District with expectations, b) carrying out of implementation of the ritual Government called Kecamatan that Subak also has patrons from development and ceremony on Subak, and (parahyangan) during the growing season regulates and oversees irrigation water in elements outside the Subak c) carry out other obligations, such as (generally every 6 months), and then its territory; while the next higher level of management. paying taxes, dues/urunan (which is also divided in accordance with the portions. Sedahan named Sedahan Agung is the called sarin tahun), carry out farming, Although the management of Subak gets ofcer of Regency Government called coordinating media between Subak and incentives whose amount is generally very Kabupaten/Kota that regulates and keeping law and order in the distribution of Subak patrons and the government. small (around Rp. 300,000- the money at oversees the law and order of the irrigation water and farming, making a report when current value every 6 months), but the system and is an advisor and implementer The role of the organization in the to sell a rice eld. The obligations of managements of Subak always sincerely of the irrigation at the Regency level. Since preservation of Subak management and members of Subak are implement their obligation without the introduction of the Regional Although the Subak system is thousands of generally governed by legislation (awig- rewards based on ngayah principle. While Autonomous Government at the Regency years old, it is still practiced today. Despite awig), any changes or additionals are made the right of members of Subak include: a) Level in the 2000s, the authority of the the rapid urbanization and development of by decisions in the meeting called pasuara getting a share of water equitably, b) elect Regency Government plays a vital role in tourism in Bali, the challenge in (Suanda and Aryana, 1999; Suanda and and be elected as Subak management, c) determining the Work Unit of Local maintaining Subak is very heavy. Various Derken, 1999; Artiya, 2011a; Artiya, raising opinions and proposals, d) ask Apparatus. This has a huge impact on the challenges include: land use, lack of land 2011b; Sutama, 2016; Norken et al., 2016). permission for not participating in existence of Sedahan and Sedahan Agung ownership and low farming income, activities or performing activities through gearing towards the obscurity of the interest of youth in the wetland agricultural Rights of Prajuru and Krama deputation or making excuses, e) reporting existence as government ofcials sector is very low, high risk of crop failure The management of Subak has the right to: a violation, f) getting a share of the wealth, patronizing the Subak. Lately only the due to pests, decreasing quantity and a) obtain incentives from the contributions and g) receiving good care and treatment Tabanan regency which is still functioning quality of water resources, and so on. The of the members whose amount and (Norken et al., 2016). with Sedahan and Sedahan Agung (Norken principle of ngayah (working sincerely portions are in accordance to their without expecting anything in In carrying out the obligations and the et al., 2007; Norken et al., 2010). In position, for example: pekaseh 1000 marks return/prot) as a spirit embraced by the acquisition of rights, both administrators addition, Subak is also fostered by the (marks given for comparison among pekaseh, has given a strong foundation of and members of Subak generally Public Works Department of Regency/ personnel of the board in accordance with devotion to duty-related tasks of Subak implement the principles of togetherness City Government and the Sub Department its position), the deputy/petajuh 600 (Norken et al., 2016). with the motto: sagilik-saguluk of Irrigation that takes care of the marks, secretaries/clerks 600 points, salunglung-sabayantaka (united and development and maintenance of treasurer/juru raksa 600 marks Kelihan Subak regulation (Awig-Awig) mutual respect or mutual assistance). With irrigation structures. As for matters tempek 400 marks and so on; b) exempt Awig-awig are regulations governing these principles intensity of conict in relating to agriculture, it is fostered by the from contributions/dues (urunan) and Subak internally and arranges a variety of general is very small, although sometimes Department of Agriculture, while issues other forms of levies. Incentives earned by activities related to organizations, rights there is a conict but it is soon overcome related to customs are supervised by the prajuru Subak are derived from urunan and obligations of the board and the by the management or by patron.. Department of Culture. Lately various (called sarin tahun in the form of a bundle institutions related to Subak have members. Awig-awig can be expanded and of rice and now in the form of money based Patrons of Subak appeared like - sabhantara pekaseh, supplemented with additional rules called on the ownership area of rice elds, around In addition to having autonomous and forums of Subak, assemblies of Subak or perarem and pasuara (decision of the Rp. 50.000/kecoran, namely unit of water independent management, Subak also has the like which are basically meeting). Perarem and pasuara are usually obtained, equivalent to 0.4 ha). The patrons from elements outside the Subak organizations/associations of Subak aim done to adapt to the changes that occur to management. In the past, the most and serve as a consultative and meet the demands of the farmers as 252 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 253 members of Subak. Awig-awig is the rules Awig-awig are regulations Resources (Gatra, 2015). In future References governing the implementation of the regulatory support from the government is governing Subak internally and Artiya IBM. 2011a. Awig-Awig of Subak philosophy Tri Hita Karana in the needed in efforts to preserve the Subak that arranges a variety of activities Pulagan, Tampakiring Village, Gianyar execution of farming activities in the paddy has been recognized as a World Cultural Regency, Bali, Indonesia. pp.122. related to organizations, rights elds. As a rule, awig-awig generally Heritage (Norken et al., 2016). Artiya IBM. 2011b. Pararem Penyacah Awig- consists of a chapter called Sarga and and obligations of the board and Awig (addition rules of Awig-Awig) of Subak Section called Palet, and article called the members. Awig-awig can be Conclusion Pulagan, Tampakiring Village, Gianyar Pawos. 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Accessed February 18, 2015. fairness to assume the rights and relationship between man and God and respect of the members of Subak who (http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/02/18/ obligations of the principle called: sagilik- (Parahyangan) becoming the spirit of follow and obey all policies that have been 23010761/MK.Batalkan.Seluruh.Isi.di.UU.) saguluk salunglung sabayantaka (unity awig-awig of Subak, and has become a agreed and approved together. Each Subak (in Indonesian) and respect of Indonesian - called gotong driving force for Subak to continue various has internal regulations called awig-awig Geertz C. 1980. Organization of the Balinese royong). Not all awig-awig of Subak made activities even today, despite various written or unwritten, are carried from subak. In: Irrigation and Agricultural in writing and approved by the authorities, limitations of modern time. The challenge generation to generation, respected and Development in Asia: Perspective From Social some Subak set simple awig-awig or even faced by Subak is the inconsistent adhered to sincerely by the board (prajuru) Science, (Coward, Jr EW, ed), Cornel unwritten. In the past awig-awig was not regulation of external elements that is and members (krama) of Subak. The role University Press Publ, Ithaca, New York. pp. 7879. written and only set in a custom called supposed to be supporting its existence, of the organization and awig-awig is very dresta. However, awig-awig is always such as regulations or statute laws of the important in maintaining and preserving Graders CJ. 1979. Subak in the Kingdom of Jembrana, (DeranaTR, ed), Bureau of respected, followed, and adhered to by the central government. For example, the the existence of Subak. members and the board of Subak Suanda Documentation and Legal Publ, Faculty of replacement of Bali Provincial Regulation Law, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali and Derken, 1996; (Suanda and Aryana, Acknowledgment No.02 /PD /DPRD /1972 by the Bali Indonesia. 1 pp. 1999; Artiya, 2011a; Artiya, 2011b; We would like to sincerely thank our Provincial Regulation No. 9 of 2012 on Griadhi IKW, Sirtha IN, and Swasthawa IM. Sutama, 2016; Norken et al., 2016). irrigation has not strengthen the presence colleagues in Civil Engineering 1993. Subak in Law Perspective. In: Subak, of Subak. However, at the national level Department, Faculty of Engineering, The role of regulation in the Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, (Pitana I Subak receives recognition through the University of Udayana, as well as the G, ed), Upada Sastra Publ, Denpasar, preservation of Subak Government Regulation (PP) 20 of 2006 ofcials and members of Indonesian Indonesia. pp.65 93. Awig-awig which was originally just an on irrigation, but the regulation is not valid Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Norken IN, Windia IW, Mudina IM, Geria agreement with the members of Subak and does not have a replacement along with (INACID) Branch of Bali who have IW, and Jelantik S. 2007. Enhancing the through meetings ( p a r u m a n o r the repeal of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water provided feedback and encouragement for Effectiveness of Water Resources Management preparing this paper. 252 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 253 members of Subak. Awig-awig is the rules Awig-awig are regulations Resources (Gatra, 2015). In future References governing the implementation of the regulatory support from the government is governing Subak internally and Artiya IBM. 2011a. Awig-Awig of Subak philosophy Tri Hita Karana in the needed in efforts to preserve the Subak that arranges a variety of activities Pulagan, Tampakiring Village, Gianyar execution of farming activities in the paddy has been recognized as a World Cultural Regency, Bali, Indonesia. pp.122. related to organizations, rights elds. As a rule, awig-awig generally Heritage (Norken et al., 2016). Artiya IBM. 2011b. Pararem Penyacah Awig- consists of a chapter called Sarga and and obligations of the board and Awig (addition rules of Awig-Awig) of Subak Section called Palet, and article called the members. Awig-awig can be Conclusion Pulagan, Tampakiring Village, Gianyar Pawos. Scope of awig-awig include: expanded and supplemented with Subak in principle, is a traditional Regency, Bali, Indonesia. pp. 115. names and places, the basic principles, additional rules called perarem irrigation system, which is socio-religious Astawa IP. 2014. Bali Development Data membership rules, the rules of the religious and pasuara (decision of the and agrarian in nature based on the 2013. Government of Bali Province, Denpasar, aspect, the rules of irrigation, setting nes, Indonesia. VIII 9 pp. meeting). philosophy of Tri Hita Karana and is etc. Awig-awig is usually explained and recognized as a World Cultural Heritage of Finlayson R and Paramita E. 2013. Subak, written in Balinese language and UNESCO. Every Subak from a small to Bali Irrigation System, Being on the Verge of Destruction. Accesed August 30, 2013. characters, although lately it is written in sangkepan), then became a tradition large ones has been adapted to the needs of Latin characters as well and approved by the organization, headed by a Chairman (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/suba (dresta) and a culture that is based on the k-sistem-irigasi-khas-bali-berada-di-ambang- the Government. Awig-awig of each Subak called Pekaseh elected with the principle of belief in Hinduism in Bali, and passed on kehancuran). (in Indonesian) is generally not equal because it is deliberation and is very effective in from generation to generation in Gatra S. 2015. The Constitutional Court basically made according to the organizing various activities. Sincerity and conducting paddy farming (irrigation). Cancel Entire Contents on Water Resources agreements based on solidarity and Awareness in maintaining harmonious dedication of the Pekaseh evoke sympathy Law. Accessed February 18, 2015. fairness to assume the rights and relationship between man and God and respect of the members of Subak who (http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/02/18/ obligations of the principle called: sagilik- (Parahyangan) becoming the spirit of follow and obey all policies that have been 23010761/MK.Batalkan.Seluruh.Isi.di.UU.) saguluk salunglung sabayantaka (unity awig-awig of Subak, and has become a agreed and approved together. Each Subak (in Indonesian) and respect of Indonesian - called gotong driving force for Subak to continue various has internal regulations called awig-awig Geertz C. 1980. Organization of the Balinese royong). Not all awig-awig of Subak made activities even today, despite various written or unwritten, are carried from subak. In: Irrigation and Agricultural in writing and approved by the authorities, limitations of modern time. The challenge generation to generation, respected and Development in Asia: Perspective From Social some Subak set simple awig-awig or even faced by Subak is the inconsistent adhered to sincerely by the board (prajuru) Science, (Coward, Jr EW, ed), Cornel unwritten. In the past awig-awig was not regulation of external elements that is and members (krama) of Subak. The role University Press Publ, Ithaca, New York. pp. 7879. written and only set in a custom called supposed to be supporting its existence, of the organization and awig-awig is very dresta. However, awig-awig is always such as regulations or statute laws of the important in maintaining and preserving Graders CJ. 1979. Subak in the Kingdom of Jembrana, (DeranaTR, ed), Bureau of respected, followed, and adhered to by the central government. For example, the the existence of Subak. members and the board of Subak Suanda Documentation and Legal Publ, Faculty of replacement of Bali Provincial Regulation Law, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali and Derken, 1996; (Suanda and Aryana, Acknowledgment No.02 /PD /DPRD /1972 by the Bali Indonesia. 1 pp. 1999; Artiya, 2011a; Artiya, 2011b; We would like to sincerely thank our Provincial Regulation No. 9 of 2012 on Griadhi IKW, Sirtha IN, and Swasthawa IM. Sutama, 2016; Norken et al., 2016). irrigation has not strengthen the presence colleagues in Civil Engineering 1993. Subak in Law Perspective. In: Subak, of Subak. However, at the national level Department, Faculty of Engineering, The role of regulation in the Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, (Pitana I Subak receives recognition through the University of Udayana, as well as the G, ed), Upada Sastra Publ, Denpasar, preservation of Subak Government Regulation (PP) 20 of 2006 ofcials and members of Indonesian Indonesia. pp.65 93. Awig-awig which was originally just an on irrigation, but the regulation is not valid Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Norken IN, Windia IW, Mudina IM, Geria agreement with the members of Subak and does not have a replacement along with (INACID) Branch of Bali who have IW, and Jelantik S. 2007. Enhancing the through meetings ( p a r u m a n o r the repeal of Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water provided feedback and encouragement for Effectiveness of Water Resources Management preparing this paper. 254 Subak as a world cultural heritage in Bali Full-Length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 2, 2017 (255-266) 255

Based on Subak Institutions in Bali. Final Suanda IW and Aryana IK. 1999. Pasuara Traditional Agricultural Tools and Implements Used by Ethnic Report. BAPPEDA: Bali, Indonesia. pp.3974. (Meeting Desicions) of Subak Pecelengan Groups of Farmers in Sikkim Norken IN, Suputra IK, and Arsana IGNK. Pedukuhan, Mendoyo District, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia. pp. 14. 2010. The History and Development of 1 2 3 1 Boniface Lepcha , Ravikant Avasthe , SV Ngachan , and Pallabi Phukan Sedahan as a Coordinator of Water Suanda IW and Derken IW. 1996. Awig-awig Management for Subak in Bali. In: Proceedings of Subak Pecelengan Pedukuhan, Mendoyo of the International Commission on Irrigation District, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia. 1. KVK-East Sikkim, Ranipool 737135, Sikkim; 2. ICAR, Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong 737102, Sikkim; and Drainage (ICID-CIID). Yogyakarta, pp.144. 3. ICAR, Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam 793103, Meghalaya, India Indonesia. 148 pp. Sushila J. 1987. Typical Characteristics of (email: [email protected]) Norken IN, Suputra IK, and Arsana IGNK. Subak Irrigation System in Bali. The Sub- 2015. Water Resources Management of Subak Department of Irrigation, Public Works Date of acceptance: 19 July 2017 Irrigation System in Bali. Journal of Applied Department of Bali Province, Denpasar, Mechanics and Materials 776 (2015): 13944. Indonesia. 2pp. Norken IN, Suputra IK, Arsana IGNK, and Sushila J. 1996. Functions and Roles of Subak Abstract Sari SNI. 2016. Implementation of Tri Hita Gede in Irrigation Management System in Bali, The study was undertaken to identify various traditional tools and implements used for Karana in Subak as World Cultural Heritage a paper presented on Bali Provincial Water agricultural operations by the farmers of Sikkim. A total 28 tools were documented and tools (Case Study on Subak Pulagan in Tampaksiring Management, Bali Irrigation Project, Village, Gianyar Regency). Study Report, Denpasar, Indonesia. 25 pp. like Halo-Juwa, Daatey, Phewri, Kaata/Haatey Kaata, Kodalo, Kodali, Hansia, Khurmi, Kachia, Khukuri, Bamfok, Elaichi Churi, Bancharo, Ramba/Jhyampal, Jaato, Okhlee and Master Program in Civil Engineering, Post Sutawan N. 2008. Organization and Graduate Program Udayana University, Management of Subak in Bali. Pustaka Bali Mushlee, Dhikki, Ankhe Doko/Sipringey Doko, Thunche, Namlo, Chaalni, Nanglo, Denpasar, Indonesia. pp. 2143. Post Publ, Denpasar, Indonesia. pp. 9222. Daalo/Pathee, Bhakari and, Dhekutti were found in every household of the rural farmers. The Pangdjaja IB. 1998. Guidance on Subak in Sutama IN. 2016. Awig-awig of Subak study also revealed that most of the farmers of Sikkim have small and fragmented land Bali. Department of Culture of Province of Jatiluwih, Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan holdings and continue to use indigenous tools and implements as it is considered to be Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia. 13 pp. Regency, Bali, Indonesia. pp. 336. cheaper, economical, and easily available in the local villages Partha IGN. 1972. Regional Regulation Sutha IGK. 1978. Review the Subak System in Sikkim, the small beautiful hill state, north to south and 64 km east to west. The (Perda) of Bali No. 02/PD/DPRD/1972 of the Bali. Bureau of Documentation and Legal Publ, Bali Provincial Irrigation. In: Subak, Faculty of Law, University of Udayana, located in the lap of Eastern Himalayas, state being a part of inner ranges of the Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, (Pitana Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 7 pp. was annexed as the 22nd state of India in Himalayas has no open valley and plains IG, ed), Upada Sastra Publ, Denpasar, Ukirsari, M. 2012. UNESCO Plaque, 1975. It is a multi-ethnic state comprising but with highly undulating steep slopes Indonesia. pp. 210215. Recognition Subak as a World Heritage 2012. of major ethnic groups viz., Nepalis, having topography ranges from 300 m in Pastika MM. 2012. Regional Regulation A c c e s e d S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 2 0 1 2 . Bhutias, and Lepchas. According to the South to 8598 m above msl in west (Mt. (Perda) of Bali No. 9 year 2012 of the Subak. (http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2012/0 2011 census, the total population of Sikkim Khangchendzonga) comprising of lower, Provincial Legislature of Bali, Denpasar, 9/plakat-unesco-pengakuan-subak-sebagai- state stands at 610,577 (Census of India, middle, and high hills, alpine zones and Indonesia. 3pp. warisan-dunia-2012). (in Indonesian). 2011). Sikkim that shares international snow-bound land. Climate varies from Pitana IG. 1993. Subak, Traditional Irrigation Yekti MI, Schultz B, Norken IN, Gany AHA, borders with Tibetan Plateau in the north, subtropical to alpine. It is a high rainfall System in Bali: A General Description. In: and Hayde L. 2017. Learning from Chumbi Valley of Tibet and Bhutan in the region (2000-4000 mm/annum) with cool, Subak, Traditional Irrigation System in Bali, Experiences of Ancient Subak Schemes for (Pitana IG, ed), Upada Sastra Publ, Denpasar, Participatory Irrigation System Management in east and Nepal in the west, is situated cloudy weather and high humidity (>70%). o o Indonesia. pp.132. Bali. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage (2017), between 27 04'46" and 28 07'48 N lat. and At present 81.28 percent (5765.10ha) of Purwita IBP. 1993. The Historical Study of Published online in Wiley Online Library 88o 00'58" and 88 o 55'25 E long. in the the total geographical area of the state with Subak in Bali. In: Subak, Traditional Irrigation (wileyonlinelibrary.com). Version of Record North Eastern Himalayan region covering reserved forest, only about 15.36 percent of System in Bali, (Pitana IG, ed), Upada Sastra online: 30 MAR 2017. DOI: 10.1002/ird.2122. an area of 7096 km2 . It stretches 112 km the total geographical area is devoted to Publ, Denpasar, Indonesia. pp. 3348.