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Factors Determining the Linguistic and Cultural Outcomes of Language Contact Among Two Caucasian Ethnic Communities in Jordan: a Comparative Sociolinguistic Study

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Factors Determining the Linguistic and Cultural Outcomes of Language Contact Among Two Caucasian Ethnic Communities in Jordan: a Comparative Sociolinguistic Study I Factors Determining the Linguistic and Cultural Outcomes of Language Contact among Two Caucasian Ethnic Communities in Jordan: A Comparative Sociolinguistic Study العوامل التي تحدد النتائج اللغوية والثقافية للتماس اللغوي بين مجموعتين عرقيتين قوقازيتين في اﻷردن: دراسة مقارنة لغوية اجتماعية Prepared by Marwan Abu-Shanab Supervised by Dr. Abdel AL Rahman Abu Helal A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in English Language Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts and Sciences Middle East University June, 2020 II Authorization III Examination Committee Decision IV Acknowledgment First and foremost, I am indebted to Allah, Almighty, whose blessings overwhelmed me and are increasing day after day. I am grateful to my supervisor Dr. Abdul Rahman for supporting me through this study. I owe a big time to Mohammad Zoghanah for his relentless efforts in helping me while conducting this study. I am indebted to the jurors who validated my questionnaire for their help and support. I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to Professor Bader Dweik, and extend my deep gratitude to all respondents who participated in this study, and thus, helped in the achievement of this work. V Dedication With great pleasure, I would love to dedicate my thesis to my precious daughter Kenda Abu Shanab and to my beloved wife Reem Mohammad for their endless support and patience and for bearing my absence while working on my thesis. I dedicate my work to my mother Raja Zeidan and my father Haroun Abu Shanab who had supported me through my whole life. I would like also to dedicate it to my beloved brothers and sisters. VI Table of Contents Title .......................................................................................................................... I Authorization ........................................................................................................... II Examination Committee Decision ........................................................................... III Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................... IV Dedication................................................................................................................. V Table of Contents .................................................................................................... VI List of Figures ......................................................................................................... VIII List of Tables ........................................................................................................... IX List of Appendices ................................................................................................... X English Abstract ....................................................................................................... XI Arabic Abstract ........................................................................................................ XIII Chapter One: Introduction 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 2 1.3 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Questions of the Study ....................................................................................... 3 1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 4 1.6 limits .................................................................................................................. 4 1.7 Limitations ......................................................................................................... 4 1.8 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two: Review of Literature 2.0. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Review of Theoretical Literature Related to Languages in Contact and 10 Language Situation. ................................................................................................. 2.2 Review of Theoretical Literature Related to the Linguistic Outcomes of 14 Languages in Contact ............................................................................................... 2.2.1 Borrowing, Code Switching and Language Interference ................................ 14 2.2.2 Language Loyalty, Language Maintenance and Language Shift .................... 20 2.2.3 Language Choice and Language Use .............................................................. 24 2.3 Review of Theoretical Literature Related Culture, Biculturalism and 28 Acculturation. ........................................................................................................... 2.4 Review of Empirical Studies ............................................................................. 33 2.4.1 Review of Empirical Literature Related to Linguistic Outcomes of 33 Languages in Contact ............................................................................................... 2.4.2 Review of Empirical Literature Related Cultural Outcome of Cultures in 43 Contact ..................................................................................................................... Chapter Three: Method and Procedures 3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 47 3.1 Population and Sample of the Study .................................................................. 47 3.2 The Instruments of the Study ............................................................................. 54 3.2.1 The Community Profile .................................................................................. 55 3.2.2 Open-Ended Interviews .................................................................................. 56 VII 3.2.3 The Sociolinguistic Questionnaire .................................................................. 57 3.3 Validity of the Sociolinguistic Questionnaire .................................................... 57 3.4 Reliability of the Sociolinguistic Questionnaire ................................................ 58 3.5 Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment ............................................................ 58 3.6 Procedures of The Study .................................................................................. 59 Chapter Four: Result of the Study 4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 60 4.1 Results ............................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1 Results of the Interviews with Circassians ..................................................... 61 4.1.2 Results of the Interviews with Chechens ....................................................... 75 4.2 Results of the Sociolinguistic Questionnaire .................................................. 86 4.2.1 First Section. Results of the Circassians Sociolinguistic Questionnaire ......... 86 4.2.1.1 Result of Question One for Circassians ....................................................... 86 4.2.1.2 Results of Question Two for Circassians ..................................................... 89 Results of Question Three for Circassians ............................................................... 92 4.2.2 Second Section. Results of the Chechens Sociolinguistic Questionnaire ... 95 4.2.2.1 Results of Question One for Chechens......................................................... 95 4.2.2.2 Results of Question Two for Chechens ....................................................... 98 4.2.2.3 Results of Question Three for Chechens ..................................................... 101 Chapter Five: Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations 5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 104 5.1 Discussion Related to Findings of Question One .............................................. 104 5.2 Discussion Related to Findings of Question Two .............................................. 108 5.3 Discussion Related to Findings of Question Three ............................................ 111 5.4 Discussion Related to Findings of the Interviews .............................................. 113 5.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 115 5.6 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 117 References 118 VIII List of Figures Chapter Figure Content Page No No. 3 1 Language Background of Circassian Participants 49 3 2 Language Background of Chechen Participants 50 Represents the Languages that Family Members of Circassian 51 3 3 Participants Are Familiar with. Represents the Languages that Family Members of Chechen 52 3 4 Participants Are Familiar with. Represents How Did Participant’s Family Members Acquired 53 3 5 Circassian? Represents How Did Participant’s
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