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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT in the OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY West Bank Including East Jerusalem & Gaza Strip

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT in the OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY West Bank Including East Jerusalem & Gaza Strip SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY West Bank including East Jerusalem & Gaza Strip OVERVIEW REPORT Valérie Thöni & Samir K.I. Matar SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY West Bank including East Jerusalem & Gaza Strip OVERVIEW REPORT Valérie Thöni & Samir K.I. Matar September 2019 2 THE AUTHORS Valérie Thöni holds a double Master in International Law and Environmental Studies from Geneva and Tel Aviv Universities. She has worked for the United Nations (UNHCR, UNDP, UNHCHR), the Swiss non-governmental organisation CIMERA and international federation UIAA and has 16 years’ experience in project management, public relations and fund raising. She has been working on environmental projects for the past 6 years, related to waste collection and environment protection awareness. Samir Matar is a researcher and practitioner in the field of Environmental Engineering. He holds a bachelor degree of Environmental Engineering from the Islamic University of Gaza and a Master degree in Environmental Engineering (Solid and Hazardous Waste Management) from University Sains Malaysia. Samir works as Environmental Specialist at Municipal Development and Lending Fund (MDLF) and has 7 years of experience in the Environmental Safeguards and Environmental Management; he has been working on Waste Management Projects since 2014. Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the assistance of CESVI. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of CESVI. We would like to thank: Mr. Suleiman Abu Muferreh; Eng. Osama Amro; Ms. Ronza O. Abuawwad; Mr. Ahmed Abu Thaher; Mr. Nicolas Gury; Mr. Takaaki Murata; Ms. Mariko Chiba; Ms. Yuko Mitsui; Mr. Roberto Valent; Mr. Husam Tubail; Mr. Abdel Jabbar Abu-Halawa; Mr. Iyad Aburdeineh; Eng. Islam Shabaneh; Mr. Nadeem Tarawa; Mr. Ahmed Sokar; Eng. Mostafa S. Hameed; Mr. Saed Rabee; Eng. Ula Aboudi; Eng. Husein Abuoun, MSC; Eng. Mohammad Al Sadi; Dr. Bassem Khoury; Dr. Abu Mughly; Eng. Malvina M. Aljamal/Shuaibi; Ms. Sawsan Qudsi; Dr. Elena Lovat; Ms. Nuria Botella Mestres; Dr. Marco Caniato and CESVI Team. Mr. Ashraf Shamala; Eng. Noureddin Madhoun; Dr. Ali Barhoum; Eng. Abd Al-Rahim Abu Al- Qomboz, Dr. Yousef Shbeir, Eng. Omar Matar, Eng. Enas Qandeel, Eng. Mohammed Musleh, Eng. Hatem Abu Hamed. Cover: Al Fukhary Sanitary Landfill, June 2019, Gaza Strip SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY ACRONYMS USED EQA Environment Quality Authority FTFP Fixed time fixed pay GS Gaza Strip HCW Healthcare waste HtH Home to home HW Hazardous Waste IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JSC Joint Service Council LF Landfill LGU Local Government Unit M Million MDLF Municipal Development and Lending Fund MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoH Ministry of Health MSW Municipal Solid Waste OPT Occupied Palestinian Territory PA/PNA Palestinian Authority/Palestinian National Authority PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PPE Personal Protective Equipment SW Solid waste SWM Solid waste management TS Transfer Station UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East WB West Bank WHO World Health Organisation Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................7 A/ THE CONTEXT ....................................................................................................9 B/ THE POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK .........................................................10 1. At the strategic level ...............................................................................................................................10 2. At the legislative level ............................................................................................................................12 C/ THE ACTORS (AT THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS) ...............................16 1. At the national level ................................................................................................................................16 2. At the operational level .........................................................................................................................18 D/ SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ........................................................................20 1. Waste Generation ...................................................................................................................................20 2. Waste Collection and Transportation.............................................................................................23 3. Waste Disposal: Transfer Stations, Landfills and Dumpsites ................................................31 Sanitary landfills.........................................................................................................................31 Solid Waste Transfer stations ................................................................................................41 Dumpsites .....................................................................................................................................46 4. Solid Waste Cost and Cost recovery .............................................................................................48 5. Waste Awareness Policies and Campaigns................................................................................50 E/ TYPES OF WASTE AND REUSE/RECYCLING ACTIVITIES ...............................55 1. Biodegradables: Green waste, agricultural waste, food/kitchen waste and composting ..............................................................................................................................................57 2. Recyclables .................................................................................................................................................61 Plastic .............................................................................................................................................61 Paper & Cardboard ..................................................................................................................62 Metal ..............................................................................................................................................63 Glass ...............................................................................................................................................64 3. Industrial and Hazardous Waste ......................................................................................................64 Used Tires .....................................................................................................................................65 Oils and lubricants ....................................................................................................................67 Construction and Demolition waste ....................................................................................67 E-waste ...........................................................................................................................................69 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY Medical waste .............................................................................................................................73 F/ ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR .........................................................................81 G/ CHALLENGES AND NEEDS...............................................................................83 1. Institutional and Organizational Challenges .............................................................................83 2. Technical Challenges .............................................................................................................................84 3. Greenhouse gas emissions from waste management (GHG) ..........................................88 GLOSSARY ...............................................................................................................89 LIST OF TABLES & FiGURES ....................................................................................91 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................94 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report aims to give an overview about the current situation of solid waste management in the West Bank (WB), the Gaza Strip (GS) and, as much as possible, in East Jerusalem, at the legislative, technical, financial and environmental levels. It updates the data of former reports, which date back from 2015. The report examines first municipal solid waste, i.e. the waste collected by or on behalf of municipalities, that is generated by households, and by commercial, industrial and institutional activities, similar in nature and composition of household’s waste1. In addition, the management of some of the hazardous and infectious waste, which can be present mainly in industrial, commercial and health care activities, is described and takes into account the fact that, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), this type of waste is not systematically collected and treated separately. A pragmatic approach was followed to prepare the report, depending on a diverse range of tools and approaches to achieve its objectives. The methodology comprises data collection through desk review of many of previous related studies and reports, conducting interviews
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