GLI ITALIANI SONO BIANCHI? Come L’America Ha Costruito La Razza

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GLI ITALIANI SONO BIANCHI? Come L’America Ha Costruito La Razza «Guinea» li chiamavano e sul documento di identità compariva la dicitura «colore: bianco/carnagione: scura». Quando alla fine dell’Ottocento sbarcarono in America in fuga dalla miseria del Sud Italia, molti nostri connazionali dovettero affrontare un problema a cui non erano preparati: il colore della pelle. Erano davvero bianchi? Già in patria c’era chi ne dubitava. Illustri antropologi avevano sancito con i crismi della scienza la subalternità degli italiani meridionali «di sangue africano inferiore» rispetto a quelli del Nord «di stirpe ariana superiore». Negli Stati Uniti, fondati sulla colonizzazione, sull’espropriazione della terra e sulla schiavitù, dove la società era ordinata secondo rigide gerarchie razziali, la questione diventò centrale. Bianchi di colore ma non di razza, nella nuova patria gli immigrati italiani dovettero dunque reinventare la propria identità: da qui l’impegno all'interno di organizzazioni sindacali e politiche, spesso anarchiche o socialiste, nella lotta per un progressivo riconoscimento da parte della maggioranza bianca. Con la comunità dei neri instaurarono invece un legame ambivalente che a volte fu di solidarietà, più spesso di aspro conflitto, soprattutto nella seconda metà del Novecento. Essere bianchi ma discriminati fece sì che l’integrazione degli italiani non fosse un percorso lineare: nella creazione della loro identità razziale gli italiani di volta in volta affermarono, contestarono, sovvertirono la loro «bianchezza». In queste pagine di storia, sociologia, poesia, cinema e musica affiora un denso spaccato dei conflitti politico-sociali che hanno segnato la società statunitense. Riprende vita una parte della nostra storia che non dovremmo mai dimenticare. «Tutti gli immigrati italiani sono arrivati negli Stati Uniti senza essere consapevoli dell’esistenza della linea del colore. Ma impararono in fretta che essere bianchi significava riuscire a evitare molte forme di violenza e di umiliazione, assicurarsi, tra gli altri privilegi, l’accesso preferenziale alla cittadinanza, al diritto di proprietà, a un’occupazione soddisfacente, a un salario con cui si poteva vivere, ad abitazioni decorose, al potere politico, allo status sociale e a un’istruzione di buon livello. “Bianco” era sia la categoria nella quale erano più frequentemente collocati, sia una consapevolezza che adottarono e respinsero allo stesso tempo.» «Questo libro punta diritto al cuore del rapporto tra italiani americani e africani americani. Illuminante. Merita un applauso.» Spike Lee Gli autori Rosette Capotorto è autrice di una raccolta di poesie dal titolo Bronx Italian. Ha ricevuto due volte la borsa di studio Edward F. Albee Writing Fellowship e sta completando il romanzo Pop Beads, basato sulla sua infanzia nel Bronx. È madre, educatrice e si dedica all’organizzazione di eventi all’interno della sua comunità. È, e sarà sempre, un’autentica newyorkese. Louise DeSalvo insegna Letteratura e scrittura creativa presso lo Hunter College. È autrice di Vertigo (vincitore del premio letterario Gay Talese), Melymbrosia: A Novel by Virginia Woolf e dei memoir Breathless e Adultery. Ha curato, insieme a Edvige Giunta, The Milk of Almonds: Italian American Women Writers on Food and Culture. Ha da poco terminato Crazy in the Kitchen, memoir sui conflitti culturali all’interno della sua famiglia italiana americana. Donna R. Gabaccia insegna Storia dell’immigrazione ed è direttrice dell’Immigration History Research Center presso l’University of Minnesota. Tra le sue opere sulla migrazione italiana internazionale ricordiamo: Women, Gender and Transnational Lives (con Franca Iacovetta), Italian Workers of the World (con Fraser Ottanelli) e Italy’s Many Diasporas e Militants and Migrants: Rural Sicilians Become American Workers. John Gennari insegna Inglese e dirige il programma ALANA U.S. Ethnic Studies presso la University of Vermont. Il suo libro Canonizing Jazz: An American Art and its Critics è in corso di pubblicazione. Edvige Giunta insegna Inglese presso la New Jersey City University. È autrice di Writing with an Accent: Contemporary Italian American Women Authors (2002) e Dire l’indicibile: Memoir di autrici italo americane (2002). Ha curato, con Louise DeSalvo, l’antologia The Milk of Almonds: Italian American Women Writers on Food and Culture (2002) e, con Maria Mazziotti Gillan e Jennifer Gillan, il volume Italian American Writers on New Jersey (2003). Jennifer Guglielmo insegna Storia presso la Smith College. Sta completando un libro sull’attivismo politico e culturale delle donne italiane a New York tra il 1880 e il 1945, e sta lavorando a un volume sulle coalizioni di base delle donne della classe operaia ad Harlem, negli anni trenta e quaranta del Novecento. Thomas A. Guglielmo insegna Studi americani presso la George Washington University ed è autore di White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 (2003). Sta scrivendo sulla storia dell’ordine razziale statunitense durante la Seconda guerra mondiale. Stefano Luconi insegna Storia del Nord America presso le Università di Firenze e Pisa. Tra le sue ultime pubblicazioni: L’ombra lunga del fascio (con Guido Tintori, 2004) e The Italian-American Vote in Providence, Rhode Island, 1916-1948 (2004). Manifest, nato e cresciuto a New York, è un produttore di musica hip-hop. Ha collaborate con Eminem, Mystic, Wu-Tang Clan, Jurassic 5, Dilated Peoples e The Anonymous. Ex rapper, attivo sulla scena della cultura hip- hop dalla fine degli anni ottanta, si è esibito con KRS-One, Rock Steady Crew, Biz Markie, Cutty Ranks, Black Eyed Peas, Medusa e Faith Evans. Sta scrivendo un libro sulla cultura dei minatori immigrati e delle loro famiglie e lavorando a un progetto sulle vedove immigrate negli Stati Uniti. Gerald Meyer insegna Storia presso l’Hostos Community College (CUNY) ed è Visiting Professor presso il John D. Calandra Italian American Institute / Queens College. Ha curato, con Philip Cannistraro, The Lost World of Italian American Radicalism (2003). Ronnie Mae Painter è nata e cresciuta ad Astoria, Queens. È musicista, fotografa e scultrice di metalli. Le sue fotografie sono state esposte al Lincoln Center, le sue sculture al MoCada Museum di Brooklyn, e presso la Gallery One Twenty Eight di Manhattan. Sta lavorando a una serie di croci in metallo e legno ispirata alle sue radici nere, italiane e cattoliche. Kym Ragusa è scrittrice e regista. I suoi film, compresi i documentari Passing e fuori/outside, si ispirano alle storie della sua famiglia africana americana e italiana americana, ed esplorano le problematiche relative a razza e comunità. Sta lavorando a un memoir The Skin Between Us: A Memoir of Race, Beauty, and Belonging, di prossima pubblicazione presso W.W. Norton & Co. David R. Roediger insegna Storia presso la University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. È autore di Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: Our Own Time: A History of American Labour and the Working Day (1989), The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (1991), Towards the Abolition of Whiteness: Essays on Race, Politics, and Working Class History (1994), Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past (2002) e The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs (2005). Ha curato Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White (1998). Franklin Rosemont è direttore della collana «The Surrealist Revolution» della University of Texas Press. Nel 1998 ha curato Surrealism: Revolution Against Whiteness, numero speciale del periodico Race Traitor. La sua ultima raccolta di poesie si intitola Penelope: A Poem. Salvatore Salerno insegna Sociologia presso il Minneapolis Community and Technical College. È autore di Direct Action and Sabotage: Three Classic I.W.W. Pamphlets e Red November, Black November: Culture and Community in the Industrial Workers of the World. Ha curato, con Archie Green e Franklin Rosement, Big Red Song Book. A Comprehensive Compilation of the Industrial Workers of the World’s Little Red Song Books (2006). Sta scrivendo un libro sul sindacalismo industriale e il radicalismo transnazionale in una comunità anarchica italiana del XX secolo a Paterson, New Jersey. Vincenza Scarpaci insegna presso la University of Oregon. È autrice di A Portrait of Italians in America (1982). Attualmente sta svolgendo ricerche sugli agricoltori italiani a Walla Walla, Washington. Joseph Sciorra è vicedirettore dei programmi accademici e culturali presso il John D. Calandra Italian American Institute del Queens College. Ha curato, con Anna L. Chairetakis, un’edizione bilingue dei versi del poeta siciliano americano Vincenzo Ancona, Malidittu la Lingua / Damned Language. È autore di R.I.P.: Memorial World Art, una raccolta di fotografie di Martha Cooper sui graffiti commemorativi. Sta scrivendo un libro sulla tradizioni di culto italoamericane a New York. Il suo sito personale sull’hip-hop italiano è www.italianrap.com. Michael Miller Topp insegna Storia presso la University of Texas, El Paso. È autore di Those Without a Country: The Political Culture of Italian American Syndicalists (2001) e «That Agony Is Our Triumph»: A Documentary History of the Sacco-Vanzetti Trial (2004). Cultural Studies a cura di Giovanni Leghissa A cura di Jennifer Guglielmo e Salvatore Salerno GLI ITALIANI SONO BIANCHI? Come l’America ha costruito la razza Introduzione all’edizione italiana di Gian Antonio Stella Traduzione di Chiara Midolo Scan e Rielaborazione di Purroso www.saggiatore.it © Taylor & Francis Books, Inc., 2003 Authorized translation
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