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Unified Protector Protection of Civilians? MASTER THESIS Unified Protector protection of civilians? Geert Olthuis University of Twente University of Münster European Studies Student number University of Twente: S1020811 Matrikelnummer University of Münster: 415132 First supervisor: Dr. A.K. Warntjen Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. S.B. Gareis Date: 11-07-2015 Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify the motives of states to participate in armed humanitarian intervention. Previous research mainly focused on the selectivity of the international community with regards to intervention. In addition, most of the case studies analysed intervention through one theoretical lens. This study’s basic assumption was that studying armed humanitarian interventions only from one perspective does not do justice to the causal complexity of mixed motives behind the decision of whether to intervene. In this study, seven conditions were derived from three different theories: realism, constructivism, and liberalism. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) proved to be a suitable method to measure the extent to which these conditions interacted. Eighteen states were selected and analysed to determine the extent of the presence of these conditions in each of these states. Subsequently, the QCA software calculated the interaction effects between the conditions. The findings of the QCA study were checked in three case studies in order to increase the inferential value. For most states, the willingness to intervene in the humanitarian crisis in Libya was determined by their national strategic culture, reinforced by the pressure of public opinion, on key decision-makers that wanted to be re-elected. These results proved that norms do play a significant role in international relations and provided counterevidence to the realist claim that states only intervene when it is in their self-interest. The results also demonstrated that a multi-theoretical approach is needed in future research to explain the phenomenon of armed humanitarian intervention. Keywords: Armed Humanitarian Intervention, Motives, International Relations Theories, Norms, Self-interest, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), post-QCA case study. Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my first supervisor Dr. A.K. Warntjen. His assistance was crucial for completing this thesis. The way he supervised me suits me perfectly. In the earliest phase of writing this thesis he was very actively involved in putting me on the right track. He prevented me from getting lost in a labyrinth of possible topics. Throughout the course of the thesis his guidance was a great support for me. I also want to thank my second supervisor Prof. Dr. S.B. Gareis. He is a person with whom it is very easy to communicate. Things were arranged very quickly when I contacted him. I want to thank my family for their love and support while I was writing this thesis.. I want to thank my sister Marleen for checking spelling and grammar. I want to thank my parents, in particular, for everything they have done for me. They have always instilled in me that life is not about me, but about God and other people. Sometimes I may believe that it is He from who all good things come. July 11th, 2015, Geert Olthuis Table of content Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature review ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 3: Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................ 7 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. Justification for theory selection ................................................................................................... 7 3.3. Realism .......................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.1. In general ............................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.2. Realism and intervention ...................................................................................................... 7 3.3.3. Conditions .............................................................................................................................. 8 3.4. Constructivism ............................................................................................................................... 9 3.4.1. In general ............................................................................................................................... 9 3.4.2. Constructivism and intervention ........................................................................................... 9 3.4.3. Conditions ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.5. Liberalism .................................................................................................................................... 12 3.5.1. In general ............................................................................................................................. 12 3.5.2. Liberalism and intervention ................................................................................................ 13 3.5.3. Conditions ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 4: Research design and operationalization ................................................................................... 15 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 15 4.2. Research strategy ........................................................................................................................ 15 4.3. Sample and case selection .......................................................................................................... 15 4.4. Data analysis ................................................................................................................................ 16 4.5. Data collection method ............................................................................................................... 17 4.6. Validity and Reliability ................................................................................................................. 17 4.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 5: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (Libya) .................................................................................. 19 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 19 5.2. Overview of fsQCA ....................................................................................................................... 19 5.3. Define Outcome .......................................................................................................................... 22 5.4. Case selection .............................................................................................................................. 23 5.5. Operationalization of the conditions .......................................................................................... 23 5.5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 23 5.5.2. Participation in humanitarian military intervention ........................................................... 23 5.5.3. Security interest .................................................................................................................. 24 5.5.4. Energy dependency ............................................................................................................. 25 5.5.5. Economic interdependence................................................................................................. 26 5.5.6. National strategic culture .................................................................................................... 26 5.5.7. Alliance preference.............................................................................................................. 27 5.5.8. Public opinion .....................................................................................................................
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