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NEW STATE • by Mary Parker Follett It Can Be Removed http://sunsite.utk.edu/FINS/Mary_Parker_Follett/Fins-MPF-01.html Mary Parker Follett, The New State (1918) Introduction PART I. THE GROUP PRINCIPLE I. The Group and the New Psychology II. The Group Process: the Collective Idea III. The Group Process: the Collective Idea (continued) IV. The Group Process: the Collective Feeling V. The Group Process: the Collective Will VI. The Unity of the Social Process VII. The Individual VIII. Who is the Free Man? IX. The New Individualism X. Society XI. The Self-and-Others Illusion XII. The Crowd Fallacy XIII. The Secret of Progress XIV. The Group Principle at Work XV. From Contract to Community. PART II. THE TRADITIONAL DEMOCRACY XVI. Democracy Not "Liberty" and "Equality" Our Political Dualism XVII. Democracy Not the Majority: Our Political Fallacy XVIII. Democracy Not The Crowd: Our Popular Delusion XIX. The True Democracy XX. The Growth of Democracy in America XXI. After Direct Democracy -- What? PART III. GROUP ORGANIZATION DEMOCRACY'S METHOD 1. The Neighborhood Group XXII. Neighborhood Needs the Basis of Politics XXIII. An Integrated Neighborhood XXIV. Neighborhood Organization vs. Party Organization: The Will of the People XXV. Neighborhood Organization vs. Party Organization: Leaders or Bosses? XXVI. Neighborhood Organization vs. Party Organization: A Responsible Neighborhood XXVII. From Neighborhood to Nation: The Unifying State 2. The Occupational Group XXVIII. Political Pluralism XXIX. Political Pluralism and Sovereignty XXX. Political Pluralism and Functionalism: The Service State vs. The "Sovereign State" XXXI. Political Pluralism and the True Federal State XXXII. Political Pluralism (concluded) XXXIII. Increasing Recognition of the Occupational Group PART IV. THE DUAL ASPECT OF THE GROUP: A UNION OF INDIVIDUALS, AN INDIVIDUAL IN A LARGER UNION XXXIV. The Moral State and Creative Citizenship XXXV. The World State 1 APPENDIX The Training for the New Democracy This page is maintained by Vigdor Schreibman. Questions, comments, and/or suggestions should be directed to [email protected] do this, the people should do that, the THE NEW STATE people must be given control of foreign By Mary Parker Follett policy, etc. etc. But all this is wholly Introduction useless unless we provide the procedure within which the people can do this or that. Our political life is stagnating, capital What does the "sovereign will" of the people and labor are virtually at war, the nations amount to unless it has some way of of Europe are at one another's throats-- operating? Or have we any "sovereign will?" because we have not yet learned how to live There is little yet that is practical in together. The twentieth century must find a "practical politics." new principle of association. Crowd philosophy, crowd government, crowd But method must not connote mechanics to patriotism must go. The herd is no longer any mind. Many of us are more interested in sufficient to enfold us. the mechanisms of life than in anything else. We keep on putting pennies in the slot from Group organization is to be the new method sheer delight in seeing something come out at of politics, the basis of our future the other end. All this must change. industrial system, the foundation of Machines, forms, images, moulds--all must be international order. Group organization will broken up and the way prepared for our create the new world we are now blindly plastic life to find plastic expression. The feeling after, for creative force comes from principle of democracy may be the underlying the group, creative power is evolved through unity of men, the method of democracy must be the activity of the group life. that which allows the quickest response of our daily life to the common faith of men. We talk about the evils of democracy. We have not yet tried democracy. Party or Are we capable of a new method? Can the "interests" govern us with some fiction of inventive faculty of the American people be the "consent of the governed" which we say extended from mechanical things to political means democracy. We have not even a organization? There is no use denying that we conception of what democracy means. That are at a crisis in our history. Whether that conception is yet to be forged out of the crisis is to abound in acute moments which crude ore of life. will largely wreck us, or whether we are We talk about the tragedy of going to be wise enough to make the necessary individualism. The individual we do not yet political and social adjustments--that is the crucial question which faces America to-day. know, for we have no methods to release the powers of the individual. Our particularism- Representative government has failed. It -our *laissez-faire*, our every-man- for- has failed because it was not a method by his-own-interests--has little to do with which men could govern themselves. Direct true individualism, that is, with the government is now being proposed. But direct individual as consciously responsible for government will never succeed if (1) it is the life from which he draws his breath and operated from within the party organization to which he contributes his all. as at present, or (2) if it consists merely Politics do not need to be "purified." in counting all the votes in all the ballot- This thought is leading us astray. Politics boxes. Ballot-box democracy is what this book is written to oppose. must be vitalized by a new method. "Representative government," party No government will be successful, no organization, majority rule, with all their government will endure, which does not rest on excrescences, are dead-wood. In their stead the individual, and no government has yet must appear the organization of non-partisan found the individual. Up to the present groups for the begetting, the bringing into moment, we have never seen the individual. Yet being, of common ideas, a common purpose and the search for him has been the whole long a collective will. striving of our Anglo-Saxon history. We sought Government by the people must be more than him through the method of representation and the phrase. We are told--The people should failed to find him. We sought to reach him by 2 extending the suffrage to every man and then his related life, must express as much of the to every woman and yet he eludes us. Direct whole as these multiple relations have brought government now seeks the individual; but as into existence for him, through him. I find my we have not found him by sending more men to expression of the whole-idea, the whole-will, the ballot-box, so we shall not find him by through my group life. The group must always sending men more often to the ballot-box. Are dictate the modes of activity for the our constitutional conventions to sit and individual. We must put clearly before us the congratulate themselves on their progressive true individual with his infinite relations, ideas while they are condemning us to a new expressing his infinite relations, as the form of the old particularism? The ballot- centre of politics, as the meaning of box! How completely that has failed men, how democracy. The first purpose of genuine completely it will fail women. Direct politics is to make the vote of every man government as at present generally understood express the All at his special coign (sic) of is a mere phantom of democracy. Democracy is outlook. In every man is the potential of such not a sum in addition. Democracy is not brute expression. To call it forth is the aim of all numbers; it is a genuine union of true training, the end sought by all modes of real individuals. The question before the American living. people to-day is--How is that genuine union Thus group organization releases us from to be attained, how is the true individual to the domination of mere numbers. Thus be discovered? The party has always ignored democracy transcends time and space, it can him; it wants merely a crowd, a preponderance never be understood except as a spiritual of votes. The early reform associations had force. Majority rule rests on numbers; the same aim. Both wanted voters not men. It democracy rests on the well-grounded makes little difference whether we follow the assumption that society is neither a boss or follow the good government collection of units nor an organism but a associations, this is all herd life-- network of human relations. Democracy is not "following the herd"--democracy means a worked out at the polling-booths; it is the wholly different kind of existence. To follow bringing forth of a genuine collective will, means to murder the individual, means to kill one to which every single being must the only force in the world which can make contribute the whole of his complex life, as the Perfect Society--democracy depends upon one which every single being must express the the creative power of every man. whole of at one point. Thus the essence of We find the true man only through group democracy is creating. The technique of organization. The potentialities of the democracy is group organization. Many men individual remain potentialities until they despise politics because they see that are released by group life. Man discovers politics manipulate, but make nothing. If his true nature, gains his true freedom only politics are to be the highest activity of through the group. Group organization must man, as they should be, they must be clearly be the new method of politics because the understood as creative. modes by which the individual are brought What is there inherent in the group which forth and made effective are the modes of gives it creative power? The activity which practical politics.
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