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Illustrations of British Entomology 3^ Y :3TaTI L^ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE LIBRARY St4B Booknumber ^''---^-i^^ui^ta. v.i PRESENTBD BY •» Biireau of Zntomolo-ry and Plant •iuarantine (Barnes Ccl lection) — — ; GIS ^ I ILLUSTRATIONS 5" I/, BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY; OR, A CONTAINING THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR METAMORPHOSES, TIMES OF APPEARANCE, LOCALITIES, FOOD, AND ECONOMY, AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC. EMBELLISHED WITH COLOURED FIGURES OF THE RARER AND MORE INTERESTING SPECIES. MANDIBULATA. VOL. I. " In his tarn parvis tamque fere nullis quae ratio ! quanta vis ! quam inextricabilis perfectio !" Plln. " Finis Creationis Telluris est gloria Dei, ex opera Naturje, per Hominem solum.", LinnL LONDON: PKINTED FOR THE AUTHOR ; PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN AND CRADOCK; SOLD BY J. CHURCHILL, SAVILLE-HOUSE, LEICESTER-SQUARE, AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1828. : .v.^ ^: 111980 ^' LOiNDON J'UINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WUITEFUIAUS. : 268419 ILLUSTKATIONS OP BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. These are thy glorious works. Parent of Good." Millon. Insects have ever been justly ranked amongst the most sur- prising productions of the animal creation, and whether we contem- plate their wonderful metamorphoses— their ever-varying economy —their extraordinary and frequently grotesque structure—their prodigious numbers—the effulgent brilliancy of colouring with which many of them are adorned— or the atomical dimensions of others, the mind is equally lost in admiration of the infinite power dis- played by the Creator, and gratified by the reflection that His supreme beneficence has willed to call them into existence for the use and advantage of mankind. Who, therefore, that meditates upon these things, and upon the parental kindness of the " First Great Cause," towards these, and all His other creatures, is not urged fervently to exclaim with Stillingfleet " Almighty Being, " Caus^ and support of all things, can I view " These objects of my wonder ; can I feel " These fine sensations, and not think of Thee?" Systematic writers divide these interesting objects of our curiosity into orders, sections, and other subordinate groups; but, previously to defining the characters of these, it is necessary to observe that Mantdibulata : Vol. T. 1st May, 1827. b : MANDIBULATA. INSECTS Are included in the subkingdom Annulosa* : they have usually a distinct head;, furnished with two antennae, or horns ; six articulated legs ; and breathe by means of tracheae : they undergo several metamorphoses. Clairviile divides insects into two great tribes, which he terms Mandibulata and Haustellata, from the structure of the ap- paratus employed in obtaining their food; the former being charac- terised by possessing jaws, or mandibles as they are technically denominated, and the latter by having a variously modified tubular tongue, or haiisteUum, for the purpose. As this appears to be a very natural division, I have adopted it; though it is worthy of ob- servation, that the transition from one tribe, or rather sub-class, to the other is nearly imperceptible—thus beautifully illustrating the position of my friend Mr. Mac Leay, that nature in leaving one form gradually assimilates its structure with the succeeding—the Trichoptera being so closely allied to the Lepidoptera, that authors differ as to which of the sub-classes they truly belong : —the man- dibles in the Trichoptera being nearly obsolete as in the Lepi- doptera, and the structure of the wings and legs being similar in both*—Again, the Hymenoptera are in many instances furnished with a kind of tongue, their mandibles being solely of use in their economy ; and some of the Aptera possess rudimentary mandibles. The MANDIBULATA, Clairviile, comprehend seven orders, which may be discriminated by cha- racters drawn from the wings, as briefly exhibited in the following table Alas supcriores I covnoxtss: 2. Strepstptera. plus < niinusve i transversim r • ,• « /^ ^^Plic^s : 3. Coleoptera- coriacec-e, (baud : contort^E \ plicatiles : murw [ (radiate: 4. Dermaptera. lores i, ,., alwinfe,'' ._. ^ longitudinaliter plicatae : , 5. Orthoptera. Neuroptera. yfte07««^.membranacecE,l'^'''="^^f =., 6. ^ = • Trichoptera. ^ venosa;, P'^f ' • ' 7- '^nud£E: .... 1. Htbienoptera. As the above series, to use the expression of Mr. Mac Leay, " returns into itself," it is of little consequence where I commence. * Annulosa are invertebrate, oviparous, white-blooded animals : having an imperfect circulation : the external integument of a firmer consistence than the internal substance: the sexes distinct, the body divided into segments, or rings. : COLEOPTERA. 3 I shall therefore first treat upon that order which has chiefly engaged the attention of the scientific world, or Order I. COLEOPTERA. Distinguished by having usually two membranaceous virings * longitudinally and transversely folded, and covered by two horny or coriaceous elytra, or wing- cases, united generally with a straight suture. Metamorphoses incomplete. This order is usually subdivided into groups agreeably to the number of joints of which the tarsi are composed, as pentamera, or five-jointed, &c. : but as the numerous anomalies presented by this method—which was proposed by Geoifroy—materially disturb the succession of natural affinities, I shall not adopt it ; and, with reference to the more philosophical views of Mr. Mac Leay, of arranging insects in accordance with their metamorphoses, I can- not venture, as he proposes, to employ his terms of chilopodomorpha, &c. as primary divisions, from the ignorance we labour under with respect to the larvse of several of the groups. I shall therefore con- sider these and the tarsal characters as subsidiary, and proceed with the descriptions of the various groups as they are apparently con- nected with each other by affinity and habits, commencing with those beetles whose oral organization appears to be the most per- fect, or Section I. A defhaga, Clairville. Palpi sex —with six palpi ; one pair attached to the mandibles ; two to the maxillae : the superior portion of the maaillw scaly, the internal side ciliated, its apex armed with an articulated, or simple clawf : mcntum large, horny, nearly semicircular, deeply notched, and frequently armed with a tooth in the middle of the superior margin. The larvae of this section, as far as ascertained, are in general long, large, and semicylindric, and subpyramidal ; with the head very in the armed with extremely strong falciform jaws : the terminal (or Cicindelida, and some of the Scaritida ? the eighth) joint of the body is furnished with two appendages, and the three primary joints with six scaly legs : from their form being analogous to that of the Chi- lopoda, or Scolopendrce of Linne, Mr. Mac Leay terms these larrcs * Many genera among the Carabidw, CurcuUohidcc, Cantharidcc, <S;c. have no wings :— some, as Cychrus, Blaps, Lipariis, Sec. have the elytra soldered to- gether .-—other exceptions to the characters of the order likewise occur. t Or, as Mr. Mac Leay analytically expresses it, tlie ?uax'illcc furnished in- ternally with a lobe, and externally with a biarticulate palpiform process. : : 4 MANDIBULATA.—COLEOPTERA. cliilopodlfoi-mes. They voraciously devour worms and the larvae of all other insects, as well as perfect insects ; though the larvae of Zabrus gibbus are said to destroy young wheat, and a long account of their devastations, in the canton of Seeburg, near Halle in Ger- many, is given in the first volume of Germar's Magazine der En- tomologie, wherein it is stated that they were accompanied with a large proportion of the herbivorous larvae of Melolontha ruficornis*. When ready to effect their metamorphoses they construct an oval cell under ground, and change therein to a pupa, in which state they remain about three weeks. The perfect insects live either on the ground, or in the water; the former constitute the Subsection Geodephaga, Mac T.eay. Whose characters^ as laid down by him, are: legs formed for running; the hinder capable of horizontal and vertical motions, and the pectoral lamina into which they are inserted being of moderate size: the hoSy oblong, or ovate: —to which may be added, antennce fiUform, or setaceous: internal maxillary palpi with two joints, exteriial with four: labial palpi vfixh. ^hree or four joints: tarsi invariably with five articulations: the hinder thighs furnished with appendages at the base, termed trochanters. The individuals of this extensive group in their perfect state are fully as rapacious as their larvae, and they feed indiscriminately upon all other insects, and their larvae, which they can overpower thus, being extremely beneficial in the economy of nature, by diminishing the numbers of noxious species, and forcibly exempli- fying the superintendency of Divine Providence over the interests of mankind. They lurk beneath stones, clods of earth, or the refuse materials of gardens, fields, &c. ; the rejectamenta of the ocean and rivers. Most of the species undergo their final meta- morphoses in the autumn ; hybernate in plenty beneath mosses, under the bark of trees, &c. and appear abundantly in the spring and early summer months, when they may be frequently observed running in pathways and roads in search of their prey ; whence they have obtained the appellation of ground-heetlcs : nearly 400 species occur in this country, which may be subdivided into the following apparently natural families * May not these herbivorous larvit have been the principal cause of the mis- chief to the wheat, while
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