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GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project Report

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GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project Report GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project (2010) Page 1 of 323 GUINEA CURRENT LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM PROJECT REGIONAL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT ON PRODUCTIVITY Productivity Patterns in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem with regard to its Carrying Capacity for Living Resources GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project (2010) Page 2 of 323 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 5 General Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Productivity Demonstration Project in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem ................................. 7 Terms of Reference for Consultants: 2009 - 2010 ........................................................................................ 8 (a) Regional Productivity Demo Consultant ....................................................................................... 8 (b) Plankton Analyst ........................................................................................................................... 9 (c) Remote Sensing Analyst .............................................................................................................. 11 (d) Benthic Analyst ........................................................................................................................... 12 Expected Outputs.................................................................................................................................... 12 Extent to which TOR was met ................................................................................................................. 14 Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the Gulf of Guinea .................................................................... 15 Zooplankton Survey in the GCLME ........................................................................................................... 50 Macrobenthic Faunal Communities of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem ............................... 70 Productivity Assessment in the GCLME using Remote Sensing ............................................................. 120 Manual for Identification of Marine Zooplankton .................................................................................... 211 Zooplankton Ecology ............................................................................................................................. 211 Classification ......................................................................................................................................... 211 Diversity ................................................................................................................................................ 212 Vertical migration ................................................................................................................................. 213 Nutrition ................................................................................................................................................ 214 How to use this guide ........................................................................................................................... 217 General Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................................... 257 Regional Workshop Reports ..................................................................................................................... 299 GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project (2010) Page 3 of 323 Executive Summary The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem encompasses sixteen countries from Guinea Bissau in the north to Angola in the south, including the island states of Sao Tome and Principe1. These countries embarked on a project to combat living resources depletion and coastal area degradation of the region by employing the LME approach (Sherman and Anderson, 2002), which involved assessment of productivity, fish and fisheries, ecosystem health, governance and socio-economics. Nine demonstration projects, made up of three regional and six national projects, were designed to be carried out from August, 2004 to December, 2009. Evaluation of marine productivity of the GCLME with regards to its capacity to sustain living marine resources was one of the regional demonstration project. In March, 2007 a mid-term review of the GCLME project was undertaken and a 5-member team was contracted to carry out prioritized activities in order to achieve the objectives set out in the regional demonstration project on productivity. These activities involved analyses of plankton samples collected with Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) from December, 1996 to November, 1999. This was the first time a survey using this technology was ever carried out in Africa, although it is very common in other parts of Europe and America. The team put in place to carry out the activities also processed benthic fauna samples and zooplankton samples collected by the Norwegian vessel RV Fridtjof Nansen between 2005 and 2007. Remote sensing data was also used to support assessment of primary productivity in the region. The GCLME is characterised by a unique coastal upwelling off the coast of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire from July to September. A minor upwelling also takes place over different time intervals between December and March. It was observed from the assessment that the intensity of the upwelling appears to be declining as a result of global climate change. Temperature was observed to play a key role in the composition and distribution of marine plankton. This was noted particularly for the copepod Calanoides carinatus which appears in the coastal waters only during the cold major upwelling season. Spatial variation in the distribution pattern of zooplankton was driven mostly by phytoplankton abundance in all seasons except the major upwelling, during which period water temperature governed most of the distribution. From the CPR data, it was noticed that highest primary and secondary productivity shifted from Ghana and Cote d‘Ivoire to Nigeria and Cameroun during thermal stratification of the water (i.e. October to December) from 1998 to 1999. Longer time series data could validate this observation. The species list of phytoplankton and zooplankton identified formed the basis for future assessment in the region. In view of this a user-friendly manual for identification of common zooplankton species was produced. 1 Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo GCLME Productivity Demonstration Project (2010) Page 4 of 323 The macrobenthic faunal biomass data that was used as surrogate for benthic productivity showed a general high productivity for Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau and Ghana in that sequence. The highest productivity generally occurred with polychates except Ghana where crustacean ranked highest at Sao Tome and Principe where productivity was associated with echinoderms. Baseline information for the region has been provided in this study, however, there is still some knowledge gap of macrobenthic fauna in the GCLME. This calls for pragmatic measures that will lead to increased research on basic biology (feeding, habitat preference etc.), species composition, taxonomy, abundance, community structure and also training to stimulate interest in the discipline. Collection of voucher specimens to be kept at the Regional Centre for Productivity and Biodiversity formed part of the project, and also serve as reference for scientists in the region. Estimation of primary productivity from satellite remote sensing (i.e. MODIS and a MERIS) for the period July, 2002 to April, 2007, using depth integrated, vertically generalized model to complement in-situ assessment of phytoplankton revealed that mean monthly estimates of primary productivity ranged between 110-310 gC/m2/month. The rate was obviously highest during the major upwelling period (i.e. July to September), quantifying the level of productivity for the first time in the region. On a spatial scale the shallow waters around Bijagos Islands in the Sierra Leone Guinea Plateau (SLGP) was relatively more productive all year round. Sea surface temperature was observed to be the primary controlling factor for spatial variation in primary productivity. Changes in water temperature from the Canary and the North Equatorial Counter Currents in the north, as well as the Benguela and the South Equatorial Currents in the south were also contributory to the spatio-temporal patterns in primary production. From the short-term data analysed, it could not be ascertained whether primary and secondary production had reached the carrying capacity to support living resources. However, the results pointed to the fact that the current trend in global climate change would definitely affect the composition and distribution of marine plankton, as well as the strength of the major seasonal upwelling in the GCMLE. This is expected to negatively impact on abundance and distribution of fishery resources. Despite limitations such as large mesh size, small entrance aperture and limited sampling depth of the CPR,
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