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Waluyo Hatmoko Senior Researcher, Research Center for Water

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Waluyo Hatmoko Senior Researcher, Research Center for Water Waluyo Hatmoko Senior Researcher, Research Center for Water Resources Ministry of Public Works Republic of Indonesia No Country km^3/year Country m^3/capita 1Brazil 5,418 Canada 86,752.7 2Russian Federation 4,313 Indonesia 12,440.8 3Canada 2,850 China 2,112.4 4Indonesia 2,838 India 1,110.0 5China 2,812 Egypt 23.4 6United States 2,800 Gaza Strip 11.7 7Colombia 2,112 Bahrain 5.3 8Peru 1,616 9India 1,261 10Congo, Dem Rep 900 Source: World Resources Institute Source: Review of World Water Resources by Country FAO 2003 Indonesia consists of 33 Provinces 33 Provinces 17,508 islands Population 206 million 65% live in Jawa Island Total Indonesia TP: 3221 PC: 16.8 Kalimantan Sulawesi TP: 1008 PC: 98.8 TP: 247 PC: 18.3 Papua & Maluku TP: 981 PC: 251.5 Sumatera TP: 738 PC: 18.4 Java TP: 187 PC: 1.6 Sunda Kecil TP: 60 PC: 5.5 TP = Total Potential Water (billion m3 / year) PC = Potential Water per Capita (1,000 m3/capita) Source: DG Water Resources Indonesia is divided into 133 River Basin Territory (RBT) as basis for Integrated Water Resources Management Each RBT have a Water Resources Strategic Plan and Master Plan River Basin: 5,590 rivers River Basin Territory : 133 (total) National : 69 cross boundaries: 5, cross provinces: 27 strategic : 37 Province : 51, District: 13 KETERANGAN NILAI IPA = > 0.50 NILAI IPA = > 0.20 ~ 0.50 NILAI IPA = > 0.05 ~ 0.20 NILAI IPA = > 0.01 ~ 0.05 NILAI IPA = < 0.01 KETERANGAN NILAI CV = > 0.50 NILAI CV = > 0.30 ~ 0.50 NILAI CV = > 0.20 ~ 0.30 NILAI CV = < 20 WILAYAH TIM-TIM River Basin Organization (RBO) in Indonesia Public‐utility type RBO structural development, rehabilitation and public‐ obligation services 31 RBO under Central Government 59 RBO under Provincial Government. Corporate‐type RBO cost‐recovery activities and conduct operation‐ maintenance , and water services Jasa Tirta I (Brantas and Bengawan Solo River Basin) and Jasa Tirta II (Citarum River Basin) Meteorological Drought Indonesian Meteorological, Climate and Geophysics Agency, (Erwin Makmur, 2009) Drought Indices Percent of Normal (Operationally) > 115 % Above Normal 85 – 115 % Normal < 85% Below Normal Palmer Drought Severity Index (Research) Normalized Multi‐band Drought Index (other Institutional) Meteorological Drought Ministry of Public Works (Wanny Adhidarma, 2006) Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) Has been applied in the Northern part of Central Java: Pemali‐Comal River Basin Will be applied for the whole Java Island SPI Values Drought Category Time in Category 0 to -0.99 mild drought 34.1% -1.00 to -1.49 moderate 9.2% -1.50 to -1.99 severe 4.4% <-2.00 extreme 2.3% Potential Drought Monitoring over Agriculture Area in Java Island, Indonesia, Orbita Roswintiarti , Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), 2010 Meteorological drought: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI); Agricultural droughts: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) anomaly, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) anomaly, Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) Acquiring, processing, and analyzing meteorological drought index from daily and monthly rainfall from TRMM and GSMap data for some sample areas. Acquiring, processing, and analyzing agricultural drought indices from sixteen‐day or monthly MODIS data for some sample areas. Identifying the origin and its associated land cover change through the time series analysis of NDVI or EVI overlaid with land cover map from ALOS and Landsat data for some sample areas. Our way of thinking about Hydrological Drought Based on available surface water in the Alokasi Air Sungai Cisadane pada Bendung Pasarbaru 0,05 2 3 3,25 , 4 DI Cisadane Utara PDAM Mauk 2 8,88 3.255 ha 0 , 5 0 2 5 8 , , 3 DI Cisadane Barat Laut 88 water bodies: rivers, lakes, reservoirs 8.885 ha 0 0 0,05 0,05 PDAM Bojongrenged a 1,82 r a 1.818 ha t 2 U 8 3 , , k 9 4 3 u 2 d 1 n , I 8 ,3 . 2 Bd. Pasarbaru 3 l a S S. Induk Barat Laut 9,93 9,93 9,94 18,87 18,88 Sek Kedaung 20,69 20,69 20,72 0,01 0,02 0 S. Induk Barat 0 , 1 DI Cisadane Barat 0 ,0 2 0 0 9.930 ha 0 Tng , 0 Strongly related with water allocation 0 0,03 1 0,02 4,16 0,86 0,86 0,84 0,82 0,8 0,79 0,79 0 0 1 , Sal. Induk Timur DI Cisadane Timur 0 0,01 0 0,35 0,35 , 0 2 0 787 ha 0,02 PDAM Rajeg 0,01 0,21 0,21 0 0,02 PDAM Kota Tng 0,02 0,01 50 0,01 0 0,05 0,01 5 0 1 0 , 0 , 0 0,01 How much water is available to be 0,08 0,03 0,020 0,01 Mookervaart Penggelontoran 0,14 0,14 143 ha Sal. Induk Tanah Tinggi S. Cisadane allocated to: 50 Various water users: agriculture, domestic, municipal, industry, fisheries, animal husbandry, maintenance flow In different geographical area: upstream and downstream In different administrative boundaries Water allocation in Indonesia Strategic water allocation for the next 20 years For each river basin territory, as a basis for water resources strategic master plan Based on simulation of monthly or half‐ monthly long time‐series of runoff Annual water allocation Based on dependable flow Q80% Historically, for rice‐field agriculture Real‐time water allocation For next week, next 10‐days, next half‐ month Success indicator: k‐factor K‐factor = supply / demand Hydrological Drought Monitoring • Executed By Directorate General for Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works (based on the decree of The Minister of Public Works) • Data from 33 River Basin Organizations – Reservoir and lake normal and actual water level water utilization, reservoir operation status – Water allocation status, river discharges, planned and actual diverted flow Hydrological Drought Monitoring – Data from 33 River Basin Organizations (cont.) – the irrigation k‐factor = supply/demand – Safe: k > 70% – Potential prone: k between 30% ‐ 70%, – Severe prone: k < 30% – Irrigation areal affected by drought – Drought anticipation and mitigation – water tank truck , and – water pump distribution Hydrological flow monitoring Daily flow is recorded for all river gauging stations, some gauging stations use telemetering real‐time data acquisition Real‐time water allocation has been executed during the dry season in some river basins Hydrological Drought Indeces • Mild Drought • River discharges between dependable flow Q90% and Q80% • Lake and reservoir level in the drought operating level • Moderate Drought – River discharge between Q95% and Q90% – Lake and reservoir level between minimum operating level and drought level • Severe Drought – River discharge less than dependable Q95% – Lake and reservoir level between minimum operating level and the dead storage Concluding Remarks: Proposed hydrological drought indices Based on available surface water in the water bodies: rivers, lakes, reservoirs Strongly related with water allocation In Indonesia water availability is expressed in: Dependable flow Q80% for agriculture (more than 95% of water demand) Dependable flow 90% for domestic, municipal and industrial water demand Water in the lakes and reservoirs .
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