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Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms in Kabale District

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Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms in Kabale District Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms in Kabale District Murindwa Rutanga Working Paper No.1/1989 ISBN 9970-877-54-9 Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms - CBR Working Paper No.1 2 Table of Contents Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms in Kabale District* Section I Introduction Kabale District is found in the South-Western Uganda. It is part of the former Kigezi District which comprises the present Kabale and Rukungiri districts. Kigezi was created in 1911 through the Anglo-Belgian-German Agreement which divided the Ndorwa region among the three colonial powers. Kigezi District was 2,045 square miles. The pre-colonial societies in the present Kabale area had not been grouped into classes then. Money had not been introduced and wage labour was non-existent. The family was still the basic production and consumption unit. From this mode of peasant production these families derived their livelihood, independence and unity. Socioeconomic conditions later forced individuals to labour for others on an unequal basis. Disasters such as epidemics, drought, floods, locusts or ravages of war for example forced them to work for food, or even pawn their children. And when some families ran short of food, they went to work for food - kucwa encuro. Young men who had no sisters or other sources of bride-wealth went to work for families with daughters. Their services would be rewarded with a daughter for a wife. This was called okutendera. As the Kivu Mission was scrambling for this area against Belgian and German Colonialism which it found there, it began reorganizing the area to serve colonial interests. Examples are necessary. In 1909, Captain Ireland reported how they were reorganizing the area for capital penetration: It is a source of gratification to find yesterday that some seven or eight villages have sprung up within the last six weeks near the British depot at Kumba. The villagers want land ... The Political Of- ficer is most anxious to encourage these people... I am taking several of these natives to Lake Ingezi, at the Political Officer's request, to show them land north of the lake... will cultivate and sow what the Political Officer tells them, and sell their produce to passing convoys.1 After 1911, British colonialists began a systematic policy of reorganizing 1 Report by Captain Ireland of November 1909. N.A. Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms - CBR Working Paper No.1 2 this area to serve British interests. As soon as colonialism took control, it closed down areas infested with tsetse flies. Yet, eager to establish a fishing industry in the area, it was forced to open up some of these areas. Dr. Carpenter recom- mended their habitation in 1922 and the State, without considering the danger to the lives of the peasants, sanctioned opening the Nakisanvu and Chikarara areas in July 1923.2 The district officers discovered in 1930 that the population of Nyarubwiga was not fulfilling the purpose on account of which it was granted special permission to live in the Sleeping Sickness area and the colonial state closed the area. To colonialism, what mattered was capital through com- merce. ... it was found that the Nyarubwiga community was merely a nuisance; considerable efforts had been made earlier to develop the fishery there, but these people entirely failed to co-operate, merely living as an isolated community and in no way justifying the trouble taken to create a regular supply of fish for and elsewhere. The Belgian authorities heartily concurred in getting rid of this settlement ... many went back to the Congo, others moved to at the mouth of where they are easier of access and control.3 While maintaining pre-capitalist forms of production, it used political force to transform the peasants into wage labourers for both the district and other parts of Uganda. This deliberate policy created Kigezi into a labour reser- voir with adverse consequences on the local economy. These colonial policies disintegrated this economy, undermined its self-sufficiency and independence. Gradually, this political force changed into a socioeconomic force. Labour migration continued until Amin's rule in the early 70s when many employment ventures closed, and employment capacity of others fell. Coupled with inflation that persistently lowered real wages, unbearable working conditions, lack of in- centives, etc., labour migration halted. As such, while over 60,000 people were being recruited annually from Kigezi by 1946, a total of 6,112 people were re- cruited from 1974 to August 1987.4 No productive enterprises or employment ventures were created in Kigezi by the colonial state and the neocolonial state after it. The new enterprises in this area todate draw their wage labour from this reservoir where: 2 K.D.A.R. 1922 & K.D.A.R. 1933. 3 K.D.A.R. 1933. 4 Letter of 12/1/1987 reported that 31 workers had deserted Sugar Corporation of Uganda Ltd with company property. File No. A3: “Recruiting Sugar Estates Employment,” 1972. Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms - CBR Working Paper No.1 3 These people feel very much perturbed due to land scarcity and as a result they are ... failing to support their families financially including payment of school fees... find it difficult to raise money for payment of government tax. A good number of people are dying because they cannot afford treatment charges when they fall sick. Mortality rate is increasing highly due to poor feeding especially in infants ... are generally poor and cannot even get money to buy themselves clothes.5 In 1987, Kabale District had 115 recorded private farms with over 3,340 head of cattle and other enterprises. This research focuses on wage labour on these farms. Among these are Batuma's four farms which cover about 600 hectares of land with a capacity of about 700 head of exotic and crossed cattle. There are also other production processes on his main farm at Bubare. These have generated employment opportunities for children, women and men. This research project applied various methods. These included inter- views with workers and ex-workers, peasants, teachers, farm managers, businessmen, employees in district administration departments, and others. Observation was also made to study the reality on these enterprises and the surroundings. Due to the strictness of dairy farm owners to avoid any outside interferences, we tried to interview all workers we could locate at their place of work, in bars and in their hostels. In addition, library-based research was carried out mainly at Makerere University. An intensive study of the documents in the district departmental offices, Kabale was carried out. These included the District Administration Office, Treasurer's Office and Kigezi Resettlement Office. Studies were also carried out in the departments of Vet- erinary, Agriculture, Labour, Education and, Lands and Surveys. To reconstruct the history of labour in Kigezi, it became imperative to carry out research in the District Archives, Kabale, and at the National Archives, Entebbe. Various meth- ods of sampling were used to get respondents in the peasantry outside the dairy farms and questionnaires were used. Section One of this paper reviews the history and development of wage labour in this area and the consequences. Section Two reviews briefly some forms of accumulation that have led to commercial dairy farming. Section Three deals with the forms and conditions of labour in this area and ends with a few suggestions. 5 .Letter of Kigezi Resettlement Officer of 2nd October, 1987 to the Permanent Secretary, Local Government. Conditions of Labour on Commercial Dairy Farms - CBR Working Paper No.1 4 Forced Labour In Kigezi District (RUHARO) The Western Province Sub-Commissioner had submitted in 1904 a view that became instrumental both in formulation and implementation of major colonial policies. ... with improved cultivation and knowledge the natives will find no difficulty in paying the Hut Tax in kind either in cotton, fibre or any other commodity that is easily grown. You will then have the labour question as the price of labour naturally rises with the demand, this means that labour will gradually rise, from Rupees 3 to say Rupees 10 per month in a short time and the development of the country, which is entirely dependent on cheap labour will be retarded. To obviate this, the taxes will have to be raised in proportions to the prosperity of the country or the exports will drop away... unless the natives are taxed to at least the equivalent of two months work at present rates that export trade will not increase as it should do, the natives being naturally lazy and accustomed to live on the products of land cultivated by the women.6 From its inception in Kigezi, this new colonial power imposed forced labour on men below 45 years for a month annually or by payment of the commutation fee.7 Forced labour was exacted in form of luwalo, kasanvu and tax defaulting inter alia to build and maintain, modify and expand public projects like communication, administration centres, patrols, agricultural projects, etc.8 Colonial administrators took steps to ameliorate, control and supervise forced labour in the district in 1919. A large number of tax labourers were employed on public works at Kabale as before. Previous to 1919, such labour was neither housed nor fed and the colonialists transferred the blame to Baganda headmen who had fallen out of colonial favour due to peasants' resistance. 64 Colonial agents, for instance, had been murdered at Nyakishenyi in 1917. It accused them of incompetence and for not providing this labour force with houses. They were of all low type Baganda of dubious antecedents etc. Labourers lived in squalid shelters and unsanitary conditions in the bush below the station.
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