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Kabale Wetlands, Uganda: ALTER Project Site Description

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Kabale Wetlands, Uganda: ALTER Project Site Description Kabale wetlands, Uganda: ALTER project site description Charlie Langan (Carbon Foundation of East Africa) & Jenny Farmer (University of Aberdeen) June 2014 Table of Contents Ruhumma Wetland System ...................................................................................................... 3 Wetland location ...................................................................................................................... 3 Project site ................................................................................................................................. 3 Soil uses and management ................................................................................................... 4 Land management ................................................................................................................... 5 Site history ................................................................................................................................. 6 Wetland Values ......................................................................................................................... 6 Kanyabaha- Rushoma Wetlands ............................................................................................. 8 Wetland location ...................................................................................................................... 8 Project site ................................................................................................................................. 8 Soil uses and management ................................................................................................... 9 Land management ................................................................................................................... 9 Site history ...............................................................................................................................10 Wetland Values .......................................................................................................................10 Ruhumma Wetland System Wetland location The Ruhumma wetland system is located in Rubanda county in the northwest area of Kabale District, about 35 km southwest of Kabale town along the Kabale – Kisoro road. The wetland starts at where the river Ruhumma flows out of Lake Bunyonyi, under the Kabale-Kisoro road near to Muko trading centre. It runs northwards, through a valley bottom before opening up at the confluence with Kigeyo river and wetland system (heavily degraded) from the northeast. The river continues to the northwest, passing into the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, globally renown for the mountain gorillas; a number of which have been habituated and provide a major source of income to Uganda Wildlife Authority from international tourism. The wetland covers 5.47 km2 at an altitude of 1,930m above sea level and is surrounded by rural communities who cultivate the upland slopes. There islittle development in the area apart from a wolfram mine at Nyamuliro. The wetland has experienced significant degradation, especially within the last 20 years. Between 2007-2010, Ruhumma was the location of efforts made by Nature Uganda to restore parts of the wetland and the results are still evident. The major threats to the wetland are encroachment and drainage for cultivation as farmers search for alternative agricultural land, hunting, burning, silting, and over exploitation of products. Deforestation and poor agricultural and land management practices in the hills have resulted into erosion and run-off that finds its way into the wetland. Silting is one of the threats and is mainly due to deforestation and unsustainable cultivation methods on the hills in the catchment areas and the mining activities. Project site The ALTER sites are located at either end of the Ruhumma wetland complex in Muko and Nyamuliro, in Muko sub county. The site at Muko remains heavily degraded, while at Nyamuliro there has been extensive restoration of the wetland vegetation. The wetland borders three of the six parish within Muko sub county; Butare, Kaara and Nyarurambi. In Butare 2 of the 12 villages are in close proximity to the wetland; Mukibungo and Habutobere. In Kaara parish, 7 of the 16 villages are in close proximity to the wetland; Rwamurindwa, Nshanjare, Rushebeya, Bisizi, Kakangaga, Kabindi and Kivunga (although only 2 border the Ruhumma wetland). In Nyarurambi parish, five of the thirteen villages are in close proximity to the wetland; Kagoye, Bicerere, Bugunga, Rushambya, Rushunga and Katasya (although only three border the Ruhumma wetland). At Muko there is a large trading centre and market due to its proximity to the main road, and other smaller trading centres are located at Kagogye, Begunga and Mukibungo/Rwamurinda. Parish Village No of Households Population Butare Mukibungo 147 675 Habutobere 201 1035 Kaara Rwamurindwa 52 286 Kakangaga 122 Nyarurambi Bicerere 204 910 Bugunga 239 1194 Kagoye 122 561 Table 1: Village size and population in villages surrounding the Ruhumma wetland. Source: ALTER field research Soil uses and management The population is predominantly comprised of members of the Bakiga tribe who are generally subsistence cultivators. The wetland soil in Ruhumma is highly organic, peat soil. Field surveys show that the organic soil is over 10 m deep, even at the wetland edge. The wetland has been heavily encroached upon for cultivation, which mainly takes between May and October for potato growing on a small scale commercial basis. Outwith this principle growing season, small scale cultivation of maize, sweet potatoes, cabbages and beans continues, but much of the wetland is left fallow when weeds and some wetland grasses and vegetation grow. When new beds are prepared, this fallow vegetation is incorporated into the soil. The wetland is divided up into a number of cooperative societies that manage the wetland; Rurigita Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Mukibungo Kanwyoora Swamp Growers Cooperative Society, Bukombe-Ruhita Beekeepers Cooperative Society, Bugunga Multipurpose Cooperative Society and Nyarurambi Growers (clockwise order from Muko). There are also a small number of affluent, private growers and the Catholic church that have plots on the edge of the wetland. Potato beds are prepared in May at the end of the short rainy season. Beds are approximately 80 cm wide and 60 cm high above the trench bottom. Beds are approximately 40-150 cm apart. The size of Irish potatoes from wetland soils are much larger compared to those from the slopes, and wetlands are commonly believed to be much more productive than mineral soils, although there is widespread acknowledgement of declining yields and fertility. The government supplies subsidised seed potatoes through the NAADS extension workers at the sub-county offices in Muko. Insecticide is commonly used to protect potato crops as well as spraying for protection against potato wilt. Fertilizers are used, although not systematically and are either applied as spray or into the ground at time of planting. A recent development has been the use of weed killer that is applied to clear weeds prior to preparing potato beds. Due to a number of diseases, seed potatoes are best sourced from higher, cooler climes, and wetland seed potato are widely recognised as being contaminated with wilt. Between 2007 – 2010, Nature Uganda worked in the area to encourage the communities to restore some of the wetland function. Throughout the whole Ruhumma system a 50 ft riparian strip of papyrus has been re-established along the edge of the central drainage channel. In some management blocks, beekeepers have restored some papyrus to encourage the bees, and have their beehives located around the newly grown stands. The Bugunga Society has undertaken extensive restoration with replanting large areas of papyrus and designating zones for cultivation and conservation. Cultivation is extensive along the slopes surrounding the wetland, as well as eucalyptus planting. The main upland crops here include potato growing (February to April) and subsistence crops like beans, maize and sorghum. Small-scale commercial crops like tobacco and tea are occasionally cultivated, and are increasingly being encouraged by the local government extension workers. Soil erosion from the slopes into the wetland is an issue; an initial soil core found over 70cm of mineral soil had been deposited on top of the organic wetland soils near the wetland edge at Nyamuliro. Soil and water conservation demonstration activities have been implemented on surrounding hill slopes, although the continuation of their uptake is uncertain. Land management At the top end of the wetland, the Rurigita Farming Cooperative Society manage most of the wetland, although the edges are privately managed by one farmer on the west side and the Catholic Church Parish on the east who have planted eucalyptus as well. The next block down is managed by the Muchibungo Cooperative Society on the majority of the wetland, with the Nyarurambe Growers managing the eastern part, to the east of the main drainage channel. The next block is managed by the Rukombe Ruhita Beekeepers Society. At the downstream end of the wetland, the Bugongo Multipurpose Cooperative Society manage the full width of the wetland, from Rushebeya village in Kaara, to Bicherere village and across to Rwamulindwa village in Kaara again. Management Organisation Area No of Members Rurigita Farmer’s Cooperative 34.4 ha 102 Society Mukibungo Kanwyoora Swamp 49.8 ha
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