Policy Transformation in Canada: Is the Past Prologue?
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A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hughes Tuohy, Carolyn (Ed.); Borwein, Sophie (Ed.); Loewen, Peter John (Ed.); Potter, Andrew (Ed.) Book — Published Version Policy transformation in Canada: Is the past prologue? Provided in Cooperation with: University of Toronto Press Suggested Citation: Hughes Tuohy, Carolyn (Ed.); Borwein, Sophie (Ed.); Loewen, Peter John (Ed.); Potter, Andrew (Ed.) (2019) : Policy transformation in Canada: Is the past prologue?, ISBN 978-1-4875-2324-4, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, http://hdl.handle.net/1807/94443 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/213907 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Canada’s centennial anniversary in 1967 coincided with a period of transformative public policymaking. This period saw the establish- ment of the modern welfare state, as well as significant growth in the area of cultural diversity, including multiculturalism and bilingualism. Meanwhile, the rising commitment to the protection of individual and collective rights was captured in the project of a “just society.” Tracing the past, present, and future of Canadian policymaking, Pol- icy Transformation in Canada examines the country’s current and most critical challenges: the renewal of the federation, managing diversity, Canada’s relations with Indigenous peoples, the environment, inter- generational equity, global economic integration, and Canada’s role in the world. Scrutinizing various public policy issues through the prism of Canada’s sesquicentennial, the contributors consider the transforma- tion of policy and present an accessible portrait of how the Canadian view of policymaking has been reshaped, and where it may be heading in the next fifty years. carolyn hughes tuohy is a professor emeritus of political science and founding fellow in public policy at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. sophie borwein is a PhD candidate in political science at the Univer- sity of Toronto. peter john loewen is a professor of political science, global affairs, and public policy at the University of Toronto. andrew potter is an associate professor at the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. Policy Transformation in Canada Is the Past Prologue? Edited by CAROLYN HUGHES TUOHY, SOPHIE BORWEIN, PETER JOHN LOEWEN, AND ANDREW POTTER UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2019 Toronto Buffalo London utorontopress.com Printed in Canada ISBN 978-1-4875-0430-4 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4875-2324-4 (paper) Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable- based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Policy transformation in Canada : is the past prologue? / edited by Carolyn Hughes Tuohy, Sophie Borwein, Peter John Loewen, and Andrew Potter. Names: Tuohy, Carolyn Hughes, 1945- editor. | Borwein, Sophie, 1989- editor. | Loewen, Peter John, 1979- editor. | Potter, Andrew, editor. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana 20190057440 | ISBN 9781487523244 (softcover) | ISBN 9781487504304 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Policy sciences – Canada. | LCSH: Political planning – Canada. | LCSH: Canada – Politics and government. Classification: LCC JL86.P64 P65 2019 | DDC 320.60971 – dc23 CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Toronto Press. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support from the University of Toronto Libraries in making the open access version of this title available. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario. Contents Preface ix 1 Downstream from the Centennial: Navigating Fifty Years of Policy Change 3 sophie borwein and carolyn hughes tuohy Part One: Generational Prospects, Then and Now 2 Dreams along a Journey 15 michael valpy 3 Discounting Now and Then 23 joseph heath 4 Postponed Adulthood, the Inequality Surge, and the Millennial Burden 31 john myles 5 Half a Century of Pension Reform in Canada 39 daniel béland Part Two: The Economy, the Environment, and the Federation 6 The Economy: From Innovation to Policy 49 michelle alexopoulos and jon cohen vi Contents 7 Natural Resources, Federalism, and the Canadian Economy 59 kathryn harrison 8 Environmental Policy Transformations and Canada at 150 68 jennifer winter 9 The Environment as an Urban Policy Issue in Canada 79 matti siemiatycki 10 Canada’s Radical Fiscal Federation: The Next Fifty Years 87 kevin milligan Part Three: Rethinking Sovereignty, Allegiance, and Rights 11 Reasonable Accommodation, Diversity, and the Supreme Court of Canada 99 emmett macfarlane 12 Invisibility, Wilful Blindness, and Impending Doom: The Future (if Any) of Canadian Federalism 106 jean leclair 13 Canadian Federalism, Canadian Allegiance, and Economic Inequality 117 jeremy webber 14 Indigenous-Canadian Relations at the Sesquicentennial: An Opportunity for Real and Lasting Transformation 124 sheryl lightfoot 15 Reconciliation with a Question Mark: Three Moments 132 christa scholtz 16 Reconciliation, Colonization, and Climate Futures 139 deborah mcgregor Part Four: Canada’s Borders and Beyond 17 Fifty Years of Canadian Immigration Policy 151 antje ellermann Contents vii 18 From Gérin-Lajoie to USMCA: The Role of the Canadian Provinces in Trade Negotiation 159 stéphane paquin 19 Canada and the World: Managing Insecurity in a Changing Global Order 167 aisha ahmad 20 Has Canada Reached Policy Gridlock? 177 peter john loewen and andrew potter Contributors 185 Preface As significant anniversaries are wont to do, Canada’s sesquicentenary inspired a number of projects of stock-taking and forecasting along the country’s evolutionary path. This volume is the product of one such project. In November 2017, members of the Canadian policy commu- nity gathered at a two-day conference at the University of Toronto to reflect on public policymaking in Canada – to look both back at what the country has accomplished in the fifty years since its centennial, and forward at what it can hope to achieve in the decades to come. The conference was guided by an appreciation of the legacy of the burst of policymaking that characterized the centennial era, and by recognition of the magnitude of the country’s contemporary challenges. It was an- imated by the idea that the challenges facing Canada today require a rethinking of public policy akin to what occurred five decades earlier, but tailored to the country’s current demographic, economic, and so- cial realities. How do the policy paths established in the centennial era, and shaped over subsequent decades, position us to address neglected and emerging policy problems? Which policies need to be built upon, which discarded, and which created anew? This volume presents the policy agenda that emerged from this conference. It opens with an assessment of Canada’s experience with innovative public policymaking in the last fifty years. In each of the following sections, policy experts address a core challenge for Cana- dian policymaking. Although the conference sessions from which these papers are drawn were organized around specific areas of public policy, certain themes emerged across sessions. This volume is organized to re- flect these unanticipated but serendipitous synergies. Part One explores the different experiences and outlooks of successive generational co- horts as they confronted questions of investing for the future. Part Two x Preface recognizes the inextricable interconnections across issues of economic development and growth, environmental impacts and federalism in Canada’s regionalized economy. Part Three shows how, perhaps un- expectedly, debates over “reasonable accommodation,” environmental protection, and reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples might intersect to drive a fundamental rethinking of concepts of rights and sovereignty that seemed much clearer in the mid- twentieth century. Finally, Part Four explores Canada’s role as one nation among many in a world in flux. Key insights from these chapters