Grid Computing with Freebsd
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A Ballista Retrospective
Software Robustness Testing A Ballista Retrospective Phil Koopman [email protected] http://ballista.org With contributions from: Dan Siewiorek, Kobey DeVale John DeVale, Kim Fernsler, Dave Guttendorf, Nathan Kropp, Jiantao Pan, Charles Shelton, Ying Shi Institute for Complex Engineered Systems Overview Introduction • APIs aren’t robust (and people act as if they don’t want them to be robust!) Top 4 Reasons people give for ignoring robustness improvement • “My API is already robust, especially for easy problems” (it’s probably not) • “Robustness is impractical” (it is practical) • “Robust code will be too slow” (it need not be) • “We already know how to do it, thank you very much” (perhaps they don’t) Conclusions • The big future problem for “near-stationary” robustness isn’t technology -- it is awareness & training 2 Ballista Software Testing Overview SPECIFIED INPUT RESPONSE BEHAVIOR SPACE SPACE ROBUST SHOULD VAL I D OPERATION WORK INPUTS MO DULE REPRODUCIBLE UNDEFINED UNDER FAILURE TEST SHOULD INVALID INPUTS UNREPRODUCIBLE RETURN FAILURE ERROR Abstracts testing to the API/Data type level • Most test cases are exceptional • Test cases based on best-practice SW testing methodology 3 Ballista: Test Generation (fine grain testing) Tests developed per data type/subtype; scalable via composition 4 Initial Results: Most APIs Weren’t Robust Unix & Windows systems had poor robustness scores: • 24% to 48% of intentionally exceptional Unix tests yielded non-robust results • Found simple “system killer” programs in Unix, Win 95/98/ME, and WinCE -
Introduction to UNIX What Is UNIX? Why UNIX? Brief History of UNIX Early UNIX History UNIX Variants
What is UNIX? A modern computer operating system Introduction to UNIX Operating system: “a program that acts as an intermediary between a user of the computer and the computer hardware” CS 2204 Software that manages your computer’s resources (files, programs, disks, network, …) Class meeting 1 e.g. Windows, MacOS Modern: features for stability, flexibility, multiple users and programs, configurability, etc. *Notes by Doug Bowman and other members of the CS faculty at Virginia Tech. Copyright 2001-2003. (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 2 Why UNIX? Brief history of UNIX Used in many scientific and industrial settings Ken Thompson & Dennis Richie Huge number of free and well-written originally developed the earliest software programs versions of UNIX at Bell Labs for Open-source OS internal use in 1970s Internet servers and services run on UNIX Borrowed best ideas from other Oss Largely hardware-independent Meant for programmers and computer Based on standards experts Meant to run on “mini computers” (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 3 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 4 Early UNIX History UNIX variants Thompson also rewrote the operating system Two main threads of development: in high level language of his own design Berkeley software distribution (BSD) which he called B. Unix System Laboratories System V Sun: SunOS, Solaris The B language lacked many features and Ritchie decided to design a successor to B GNU: Linux (many flavors) which he called C. SGI: Irix They then rewrote UNIX in the C FreeBSD programming language to aid in portability. Hewlett-Packard: HP-UX Apple: OS X (Darwin) … (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 5 (C) Doug Bowman, Virginia Tech, 2001- 6 1 Layers in the UNIX System UNIX Structure User Interface The kernel is the core of the UNIX Library Interface Users system, controlling the system Standard Utility Programs hardware and performing various low- (shell, editors, compilers, etc.) System Interface calls User Mode level functions. -
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD............................................................................1 Dedication..........................................................................................................................................3 Foreword............................................................................................................................................4 Introduction........................................................................................................................................5 What Is FreeBSD?...................................................................................................................5 How Did FreeBSD Get Here?..................................................................................................5 The BSD License: BSD Goes Public.......................................................................................6 The Birth of Modern FreeBSD.................................................................................................6 FreeBSD Development............................................................................................................7 Committers.........................................................................................................................7 Contributors........................................................................................................................8 Users..................................................................................................................................8 -
Grid Computing: What Is It, and Why Do I Care?*
Grid Computing: What Is It, and Why Do I Care?* Ken MacInnis <[email protected]> * Or, “Mi caja es su caja!” (c) Ken MacInnis 2004 1 Outline Introduction and Motivation Examples Architecture, Components, Tools Lessons Learned and The Future Questions? (c) Ken MacInnis 2004 2 What is “grid computing”? Many different definitions: Utility computing Cycles for sale Distributed computing distributed.net RC5, SETI@Home High-performance resource sharing Clusters, storage, visualization, networking “We will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities’, which, like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the country.” Len Kleinrock (1969) The word “grid” doesn’t equal Grid Computing: Sun Grid Engine is a mere scheduler! (c) Ken MacInnis 2004 3 Better definitions: Common protocols allowing large problems to be solved in a distributed multi-resource multi-user environment. “A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities.” Kesselman & Foster (1998) “…coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi- institutional virtual organizations.” Kesselman, Foster, Tuecke (2000) (c) Ken MacInnis 2004 4 New Challenges for Computing Grid computing evolved out of a need to share resources Flexible, ever-changing “virtual organizations” High-energy physics, astronomy, more Differing site policies with common needs Disparate computing needs -
Introduction
CS307 Operating Systems Introduction Fan Wu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Spring 2020 Operating Systems Operating Systems 2 Operating Systems UNIX-family: BSD(Berkeley Software Distribution), System-V, GNU/Linux, MINIX, Nachos, OS X, iOS BSD-family: FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD System-V-family: AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris Linux-family: Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, Linux Mint, Google's Android, WebOS, Meego MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Win-CE, WP8 AmigaOS Symbian, MeeGo Google Chrome OS OS/2 XrossMediaBar(XMB) for PS3, Orbis OS for PS4 Input Output System for Wii Tiny-OS, LynxOS, QNX, VxWorks Operating Systems 3 Four Components of a Computer System People, machines, other computers Application programs define the ways in which theSystem system programs resources are arecomputer used to software solve the computingdesigned to problems operate theof thecomputer users hardware and toControls provide and a platformcoordinates for runninguse of hardware application among programsvarious applications and users provides basic computing resources Operating Systems 4 Computer System Structure Hardware – provides basic computing resources CPU, memory, I/O devices Operating system – Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users System programs – are computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application programs BIOS and device drivers Application programs – define the ways in -
GT 4.0 RLS GT 4.0 RLS Table of Contents
GT 4.0 RLS GT 4.0 RLS Table of Contents 1. Key Concepts .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Overview of Data Management in GT4 ........................................................................................ 1 2. Data movement ........................................................................................................................ 1 3. Data replication ....................................................................................................................... 2 4. Higher level data services .......................................................................................................... 4 2. 4.0.0 Release Note ............................................................................................................................ 5 1. Component Overview ............................................................................................................... 5 2. Feature Summary ..................................................................................................................... 5 3. Bug Fixes ............................................................................................................................... 5 4. Known Problems ...................................................................................................................... 6 5. Technology Dependencies ......................................................................................................... -
A Globus Primer Or, Everything You Wanted to Know About Globus, but Were Afraid to Ask Describing Globus Toolkit Version 4
A Globus Primer Or, Everything You Wanted to Know about Globus, but Were Afraid To Ask Describing Globus Toolkit Version 4 An Early and Incomplete Draft Please send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to: [email protected] Preface The Globus Toolkit (GT) has been developed since the late 1990s to support the development of service-oriented distributed computing applications and infrastructures. Core GT components address basic issues relating to security, resource access and management, data movement and management, resource discovery, and so forth. A broader “Globus universe” comprises numerous tools and components that build on core GT4 functionality to provide many useful application- level functions. These tools have been used to develop many Grid systems and applications. Version 4 of the Globus Toolkit, GT4, released in April 2005, represents a significant advance relative to the GT3 implementation of Web services functionality in terms of the range of components provided, functionality, standards conformance, usability, and quality of documentation. This document is intended to provide a first introduction to key features of both GT4 and associated tools, and the ways in which these components can be used to develop Grid infrastructures and applications. Its focus is on the user’s view of the technology and its application, and the practical techniques that should be employed to develop GT4-based applications. We discuss in turn the applications that motivate the development of GT4 and related tools; the four tasks involved in building Grids: design, deployment, application, operations; GT4 structure, including its Web services (WS) and pre-WS components; the Globus universe and its various components; GT4 performance, scalability, and functionality testing; porting to GT4 from earlier versions of GT; who’s using GT4; likely future directions, and a few words of history. -
Parallelism of Machine Learning Algorithms
10/9/2013 Outline Condor Presented by : Walid Budgaga The Anatomy of the Grid Globus Toolkit CS 655 – Advanced Topics in Distributed Systems Computer Science Department Colorado State University 1 2 Motivation Motivation High Throughput Computing (HTC)? HTC is suitable for scientific research Large amounts of computing capacity over long Example(Parameter sweep): periods of time. Testing parameter combinations to Measured: operations per month or per year High Performance Computing (HPC)? keep temp. at particular level Large amounts of computing capacity for short periods of time op(x,y,z) takes 10 hours, 500(MB) memory, I/O 100(MB) Measured: FLOPS x(100), y(50), z(25)=> 100x50x25=125,000(145 years) 3 4 Motivation HTC Environment Fort Collins Large amounts of processing capacity? Exploiting computers on the network Science Center Utilizing heterogeneous resources Uses Condor for Overcoming differences of the platforms By building portable solution scientific projects Including resource management framework Over long periods of time? System must be reliable and maintainable Surviving failures (software & hardware) Allowing leaving and joining of resources at any time Upgrading and configuring without significant downtimes Source: http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Condor/ComputingTimes.asp 5 6 1 10/9/2013 HTC Environment HTC Also, the system must meet the needs of: Other considerations: Resource owners The distributive owned resources lead to: Rights respected Decentralized maintenance and configuration of resources Policies enforced Resource availability Customers Benefit of additional processing capacity outweigh complexity of Applications preempted at any time usage Adds an additional degree of resource heterogeneity System administrators Real benefit provided to users outweigh the maintenance cost 7 8 Condor Overview Open-source high-throughput computing framework for computing intensive tasks. -
Google Announces Chrome OS, for Release Mid
Google Announces Chrome OS, For Release Mid-... http://tech.slashdot.org/story/09/07/08/0953238/... Slashdot Stories Slash Boxes Comments Search Deals new SlashTV Jobs Newsletter Submit Login Join Slashdot81 Full 19 stories Abbreviated can be 0listened Hidden to in audio form via an RSS feed,/Sea as read by our own robotic overlord. Score: 5 4 3 2 Nickname: 1 0 -1Password: 989 More Login Public Terminal Nickname:Log In Forgot your password? Sign in with Password: Google Public Terminal Twitter Log In Forgot yourFacebook password? Close LinkedIn Close Close Stories Submissions Popular Blog Slashdot Build Ask Slashdot Book Reviews Games Idle YRO Technology Cloud Hardware Linux Management Mobile Science Security Storage 1 of 31 03/01/15 17:19 Google Announces Chrome OS, For Release Mid-... http://tech.slashdot.org/story/09/07/08/0953238/... Announcing: Slashdot Deals - Explore geek apps, games, gadgets and more. (what is this?) Close, and don't show me this again Google Announces Chrome OS, For Release Mid-2010 1089 Posted by timothy on Wednesday July 08, 2009 @07:14AM from the bring-on-the-shiny dept. Zaiff Urgulbunger writes "After years of speculation, Google has announced Google Chrome OS, which should be available mid-2010. Initially targeting netbooks, its main selling points are speed, simplicity and security — which kind of implies that the current No.1 OS doesn't deliver in these areas! The Chrome OS will run on both x86 and ARM architectures, uses a Linux kernel with a new windowing system. According to Google, 'For application developers, the web is the platform. -
SDE 3.0.1 System Requirements
SDE 3.0.1 System Requirements This PDF contains system requirements information, including hardware requirements, best performance configurations, and limitations, for SDE 3.0.1. Compaq/Digital Tru64 UNIX V4.0b o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 Compaq/Digital Tru64 UNIX V4.0c o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 Compaq/Digital Tru64 UNIX V4.0d o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 HP HP-UX 10.20 (700 series, 8x7 series) o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 o Sybase SQL Server 11.0.2 HP HP-UX 11.0 (700 series, 8x7 series) o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 IBM AIX 4.1.5.0 o IBM DB2 Common Server 2.1.2 o IBM DB2 Universal Database (UDB) 5.0 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 o Sybase SQL Server 11.0.2 IBM AIX 4.2.1.0 o IBM DB2 Universal Database (UDB) 5.0 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 IBM AIX 4.3.0.0 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 PC-Intel Windows NT 4.0 o Microsoft SQL Server 6.5 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 SGI IRIX 6.2 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise Server 7.3.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Workgroup Server 7.3.3 o Sybase SQL Server 11.0.2 SGI IRIX 6.3 o Oracle 8 (32 bit) Enterprise -
The Advanced Resource Connector User Guide
NORDUGRID NORDUGRID-MANUAL-6 7/12/2010 The NorduGrid/ARC User Guide Advanced Resource Connector (ARC) usage manual 2 Contents 1 Preface 11 2 Roadmap 13 3 Client Installation 15 3.1 Beginner Installation . 15 3.1.1 Download . 15 3.1.2 Unpack . 15 3.1.3 Configure . 16 3.2 System-wide installation . 16 3.2.1 Installation via repositories . 17 3.2.2 Globus Toolkit . 18 3.2.3 Download the client . 18 3.2.4 Build . 19 3.2.5 Install the client . 20 3.3 Client configuration files . 21 3.3.1 client.conf . 21 3.3.2 srms.conf . 23 3.3.3 Deprecated configuration files . 24 4 Grid Certificates 25 4.1 Quick start with certificates . 25 4.1.1 Certificates in local standalone client . 25 4.1.2 Certificates for system-wide client installation . 27 4.1.3 Obtain a personal certificate . 27 4.2 Grid Authentication And Certificate Authorities . 28 4.2.1 Grid Login, Proxies . 28 4.2.2 Certificate Authorities . 29 4.2.3 Globus Grid certificates . 29 4.2.4 Associating yourself with a proper CA . 30 4.2.5 Friendly CAs . 31 4.2.6 Certificate Request . 32 4.2.7 Working with certificates: examples . 33 3 4 CONTENTS 5 Getting Access to Grid Resources: Virtual Organisations 35 5.1 NorduGrid Virtual Organisation . 35 5.2 Other Virtual Organisations . 36 6 Grid Session 37 6.1 Logging Into The Grid . 37 6.1.1 Proxy Handling Tips . 38 6.2 First Grid test . 38 6.3 Logging Out . -
Reflections on Building a High-Performance Computing Cluster Using Freebsd
Reflections on Building a High-performance Computing Cluster Using FreeBSD NYCBUG March 2008 Brooks Davis The Aerospace Corporation El Segundo, California, USA http://people.freebsd.org/~brooks/pubs/meetbsd2007/ © Copyright 2007 The Aerospace Corporation Outline ● Fellowship Overview ● Evaluation of Design Issues ● Lessons Learned ● Thoughts on Future Clusters ● Conclusions A Brief History of Fellowship ● Started in 2001 ● Primarily motivated by the needs of the GPS program office ● Intended to be a corporate resource – Diverse set of users Fellowship Hardware ● 352 dual-processor nodes – 64 Quad-core Woodcrest Xeons – 288 Opterons (152 dual-core) – 1-4GB RAM, 80-250GB disk ● 6 core systems – fellowship – shell server – fellowship64 – amd64 shell server – arwen – node netboot server, scheduler, NIS, DNS, Mathematica License Server – elrond – /scratch – moria – NetApp FAS250 /home, /usr/aero Fellowship Circa February, 2007 Fellowship Composition by processor count Fellowship Composition by core count Fellowship Network r01n01 r01n02 fellowship r01n03 ... frodo r02n01 10.5.0.0/16 Aerospace gamgee r02n02 r02n03 Network arwen Cat6509 ... elrond r03n01 r03n01 r03n02 moria r03n02 r03n03 r03n03 ... ... Fellowship Software ● FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p8 ● Sun Grid Engine (SGE) 6.0u11 ● Message Passing Interface (MPI) – MPICH – MPICH2 – OpenMPI ● PVM ● Mathematica ● Matlab Design Issues ● The Issue ● What We Did ● How it worked Operating System ● FreeBSD 4.x initially – Many years of service – Userland threading forced some application design choices