Pa Vei Mot Av-Leninisering?

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Pa Vei Mot Av-Leninisering? f'orsvarsstudier 4/1989 Pa vei mot av-leninisering? Sovjetisk lhlistoroerevosjon under Gorlbatsjov Pal Kolstg Institutt for forsvarss!udier (IFS) Tollbug!. 10, 0152 Oslo I, Norge INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER- IFS - (tidligere Forsvarshistorisk forskningssenter) er en faglig uavhengig institusjon som driver forskning med et samtidshistorisk perspektiv innenfor omnidene norsk forsvars- og sikker­ hetspolitikk, Sovjetstudier og strategiske studier. IFS er administrativt tilknyttet Forsvarets hogskole, og virksomheten st;:1r under tilsyn av Rt'tdet for forsvars­ studier med representasjon fra Forsvarets overkommando, Forsvarsdeparte­ mentet, Forsvarets hogskole og Universitetet i Oslo. Forskningssjef: professor Olav Riste FORSVARSSTUDIER tar sikte pa ii vrere et forum for forskningsarbeider innenfor institusjonens arbeidsomnider. De synspunkter sam kornrner til ut­ trykk i Forsvarsstudier star for forfatterens egen regning. Hel eller delvis gjengivelse av innholdet kan bare skje med forfatterens samtykke. Redaktor: Ro[f Tamnes INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER - IFS - NORWEGIAN INSTI­ TUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES (formerly Forsvarshistorisk forskoingssen­ ter - Research Centre for Defence History) conducts independent research from a contemporary history perspective on defence and security issues, Soviet studies, and strategic studies. lFS is administratively attached to the National Defence College, and its activities are supervised by the Council for Defence Studies, composed of representatives from the Defence Command, the Mi­ nistry of Defence, the National Defence College, and the University of Oslo. Director: Professor Olm• Riste, D. Phil. (Omn) FORSVARSSTUDIER - Defence Studies - aims lo provide a forum lor re­ search papers within the fields of activity of the Nonvegian Institute for De­ fence Studies. The viewpoints expressed are those of the authors. The author's permission is required for any reproduction, wholly or in part, of the contents. Editor: Rolf Tanmes Sars: Conrad Fotosats. Trykk: Hammerstad .A/S. Distdbuen gjemwm Forsvarets overkon1mando Distribu~'jonssenrralen. ISSN 0333- 2470 INNHOlD I HVITE FLEKKER.................................................. 5 2 PERIODER ................................................................ 11 2.1 Stagnasjonstiden .................................................... 11 2.2 Khrusjtsjov-tiden ................................................... 17 2.3 Stalin-tiden ............................................................... 19 2.4 Lenin-tiden ............................................................... 28 3 AKT0RER I HISTORIEREVISJONEN ...... 36 3.1 Partiledelsen ............................................................ 36 3.2 Forfatterne ................................................................ 47 3.3 Folkelige holdninger til historien .................. 52 3.4 Faghistorikerne....................................................... 58 4 SP0RSMALET ETTER ALTERNATIVER. ................................. 65 5 NOTER .................................................................... 76 6 NAVNEREGISTER ............................................ 88 7 ENGLISH SUMMARY .................................... 91 1. HVITE FLEKKER Pi\ den smjetiske l(1rltltterforening:ens kong:ress i desember !985 for­ dmnte den kjente poeten Jevgcnij Jevtusjenko det han l.::alte «hvitc flel\.kcm i landets historie, og hcvdet at bare (<en fryktlos holdning oved-Or fortiden» vii kunne Jose de problemenc landet star ovcrfor i dag. 1 Dettc var oyensynlig forste gang bcgrepet «hvite 11ckkem ble brukt som stikkord lor nodvendigheten av i1 ta et oppgjor med den tradisjonelle sovjetiske historieskrivingen. Uttrykket ble senere overtatt av Gorbatsjov og har fiitl n<rrmest oflisiell status.' I de fire i1rene som er gatt, er det skrevet hundrevis av kritiske og refonnistiske a11iklcr on1 smjetisk historic i USSR. I den forste tiden var de rdati\1 Cii og tam me. men etter llVert presset en veritabel tlodbolge av nyc avsloringer seg gjcnnom demningen av fortielser og forvrengninger. De fa-rreste i dag tor lremsta apent og si at <<IJVite llekker» ikke linnes eller at de ikke bor fjernes. men det hersker stor uenighct om hvor store og alvorlige de er. Oct raser en innbilt kamp i det sovjctiske samfunn om utfor­ mingen av den n:rre fortid. tiden etter 1917. hvor ikke bare faghisto­ rikere, men ogsii forfattere, kulturskribenter og alminnelige mennesker tar akti\·1 del. V~lren 1988 ble det opplyst at avgangselevene ved den smjctiskc gnmn­ skolen skulle ta eksamen uten ~ bli hort i sine historiekunnskaper. I stedet skulk de bli underkastet en muntlig eksaminasjon om perestroj­ ka. Denne pensumforandringen hie begrunnet med at de gamic here­ bokene avspeilet et foreldet og feilaktig syn pa historien. og nyc boker var ennil ikke skrevet. En kanseiJering av historiecksamenen med en slik begrunnelse er et meget drastisk skritt som gir grunn til a tro at begrepet <<hvite tlekkCn) i virkeligheten er en eufCmisme. Det oflisielle Sovjenmionen er for tiden na:rmest t!len historic. uten et alment aner­ kjent syn pa sin n:rre lortid. En slik situasjon er i lengden uholdbar. Sovjetunionens kommunis­ tiske parti Jegitimerer sin rett til a styre Iande! nettopp ut Ira historien. Partiet er den rette forvalter av en historistisk ideologi som hevdes cl gi en vitenskapelig korrekt analyse av fortiden. Av denne analysen er det itolge regimets ideologer mulig a utlede historiske lover sam kan ekstm­ poleres inn i fremtiden. slik at partiet til enhver tid kan stake ut den rette kurs for landet. Mer konkret bygger partiet sitt politiske makt­ monopol pU en historisk begivenhet, Oktoberrevolusjonen. som sies {l 5 ha frigjort Russland fra ilrhundrers trelldom og apnet opp en ny, lysende rera i landets utvikling. Hvor mye historien betyr for sovjetregimets legitimeringsgrunnlag fremgar tydelig av Pmtiprogrammet. Det innledes med et lengre historie­ kapittel som presenterer partieL' innsats i et verdcnshistorisk perspektiv. Det sli\s fast at under ledelse av Kommunistpartiet har Sovjetunionen feiret «verdenshistoriske scire)>. Menneskehetens marsj mot sosialis~ men, som begynte med Oktoberrevolusjonen, er et <<lovmessig resultat av samfunnsutviklingem> og en «verdenshistorisk)) begivenhet. Dan­ nelsen av bolsjevikpartiet var et uttrykk for «samfunnsutviklingcns objektive kraV>>. Partiet tar hele det sovjetiske folks historic til inntekt for seg. Det sm:jetiske folks lu:wmiske lu•dn'jrer under byggingen m• det nye SW1?(lllm, seieren under Den srore fedreland~·kn"gen (... ) er u!tJselig forhundet med Kom­ munistpaniets virksomhet. Paniet er inspirawren og orgcmisatoren bak massenes histariske skape11'irksomhet, den ledende og styrende krafi i win san?fwm. Ut­ mstet med mao.:i.l·tisk-leninistisk teori definerer paniel lwvedperspt.>ktiw!lle for landets wvikling. For ii sikre at dagens partiledelse far full uttelling for tidligere gc­ nerasjoners bedriftcr, harman utviklet en lrere om suksesjon - preemst­ wmnost - som sies a lope gjennom hele partihistorien: Partiet prokla­ meres som en «Verdig arvtakcn1 (preemnitsa) av de vesteuropeiske revo­ lusjonrere tradisjoner i forrige arhundre, og har siden 1917 vrert holdt sammen av en ubrutt suksesjonslenke. Denne forestillingen er ikke ulik den kristne tanke om apostolisk suksesjon, som forlener dagens episkopat med den myndighet som Jesus gav til sine disipler. I forhold til dogmet om den objektive historiske lovmessighet gir suksesjons­ tanken en mer lleksibel form for legitimering: En an1aker er ikke et passivt redskap for historiens lover, men kan forvalte fortidens tradi­ sjoner etter sitt eget skjonn. Han konserverer ikke arven for dens egen sh:yld, men tilpasser den tidens behov. Slik kan t:eks. den umarx'ske tankc om at kommunistpartiet er «hele folkets parti» i Partiprogram- 111<1 forsvares som et utslag av SUKPs «revolusjonrere preemsn·ennost».' Suksesjonslrerens svake punkt er at for'' fil del i den kraft og myn­ dighet som strommer fra Marx og Lenin, ma dagens arvtakere gi sitt godkjennelsesstempel ogsii til de mellomliggende generasjoner av parti­ ledere, for det er gjennom dem legitimiteten er blitt fom1idlet. Ryker suksesjonslenken i ett ledd, er kraftoverforingen brutt. De partiidco- 6 lager sam konsekvent forfekter suksesjonslxren. blir derfor lett total­ apologeter p<l hele partihistoriens vegne. I en tid med dyptgripende historierevisjon har denne i<eren derfor trangere kiu. Like fullt har man kunnet stotc p;l den ogsa under glasnost. sa sent som i januar 1988 hevdet Pravda i en lederartikkel at partiet all tid har verdsatl hoyt den oppdragende rolle fedrelanclets historic kan spille: Et studie av denne historien sikrer det iindeligc blind mellom generasjonene, deres preemsn·ennosr. Samtidig bemerket avisen at historien er slagmark for en krass ideologisk kamp. «Ogsa i dag forsoker vtue fiender a utnytte hver data i den historiske kalender og ethvert piiskudcl for a trekke sosialismens livskraft og lanclevinninger i Lvil.>> For a sla til bake clette angrepet mil [ienden motes «ofTensivt)>, ved ;;) utnytte glasnost sann­ hetens vapen. hevdet avisen. Dette rna skje ved at de historiske fakta fremlcgges med «OVerbevisning, levende og interessant}). 4 Her mr man inntrykk av at det forst og fremst er den pedagogiske tilretteleggingen av partiets historic som har sviktet til net Den har v<.:ert for torr og kjedelig, men i hovedsak korrekt. Det antydes samtidig at de som tar til orde lor en dyptgripende revisjon av selve innholdet, leverer ammu­ nisjon til partiets ideologiske liender.
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