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Restoring Glory: , 1980s CRISIS DIRECTORS | Josh Meaders & Arthur Ji SPRING 2021 COPYRIGHT NOTICE The contents of this document and any supplementary material are the sole intellectual property of Central Texas Model United Nations.

It may not be reproduced, republished, or used without the express written permission of Central Texas Model United Nations.

Please email [email protected] with any questions. GLOBAL SIMULATION RULES & PROCEDURES

WHAT IS THE GLOBAL SIMULATION The Global Simulation is a collection of committees that all occur during the same time period and in the same crisis world. Crisis directors and The crisis staff work together across committees to develop an immersive experience that truly gives delegates a holistic crisis experience. This experience, pioneered by and unique to CTMUN, has been adapted to meet the digital format. Eightie

Though these committees are set in distinct regions of the world, they have the ability to interact with one another, and the decisions made in CRISIS DIRECTOR | SAAMIA one committee affect the global course of events in all of the global IMTIAZs simulation committees. EAST GERMANY Committees will be expected to concentrate on the issues facing CRISIS DIRECTOR | JP REPPETO their own respective committee, as any crisis committee, but their decisions will also have global consequences across all committees. REAGAN’S CABINET Delegates will have the opportunity to communicate with other CRISIS DIRECTOR | EMILY committees through official channels as well as take part in global BARTON & MARYAM NASEER summits, negotiations, and UN Security Council meetings that bring the committees together in order to sue for peace. UNITED KINGDOM CRISIS DIRECTOR | ALEX HOLSINGER HOW DO DELEGATES COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER COMMITTEES CRISIS DIRECTOR | MIMI Delegates can send a message to another committee by passing an MARTINEZ & MARIO DEPAVIA official committee communique or by sending a secret crisis note on Discord. WARSAW PACT CRISIS DIRECTOR | JOSH Be aware, sending a crisis note can leave delegates exposed if MEADERS 7 ARTHUR JI someone discovers that they are communicating with a foreign nation in secrecy! LEBANESE CIVIL WAR HOW DO DELEGATES CALL FOR SUMMITS CRISIS DIRECTOR | ALEXANDRA BETWEEN NATIONS SABA & MIA WEISSBLUTH Global Summit Committees can call for a summit where two or more committees send representatives to meet on a Zoom call. Committees must pass a ESPIONAGE communique to request or accept an invitation for a global summit, CRISIS DIRECTOR | JACKIE followed by a vote to elect two delegates as representatives. CHENG & FINLAY SCANLON NOTE TO DELEGATES FROM THE CHIEF OF CRISIS

Dear Delegates,

On behalf of the entire Office of the Secretary General, I would like to welcome you to our Digital Spring Crisis Conference. My name is Nick Eastwood and I have the distinct pleasure of serving as the Chief of Crisis this year. I attended my first CTMUN conference as a freshman in high school nearly 7 years ago, and I continue to look back fondly on every conference since.

This past year has certainly been unusual, but because of the immense dedication of our crisis directors and crisis staff CTMUN continues to deliver the most exceptional conference in the South. We are immensely grateful for the time each and every member of our staff puts into this conference and are indebted to them for their continued efforts in this newfound environment.

I hope that during your brief time with us at CTMUN that you may immerse yourself into your role and have the same opportunity to experience breakthrough moments as I did nearly seven years ago. As the future leaders of tomorrow, I hope you take this conference as an opportunity to learn about foreign affairs not though a textbook but by experiencing diplomacy in practice.

Hook’em,

Nick Eastwood Chief of Crisis [email protected] NOTE TO DELEGATES FROM THE CRISIS DIRECTOR

Dear Delegates,

Welcome comrades to Restoring Glory: Warsaw Pact during the 1980s! My name is Josh Meaders, and I am a second-year Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies and and Global Studies dual major. I first got involved with Model United Nations in high school by attending a conference at the University of Oklahoma (yeah, I know… sad…). I had a lot of fun and tried to start a Model UN club at my school, but it did not really pan out. After coming to UT in the fall 2019, I joined CTMUN and had so much fun with crisis committees. I am excited to have the opportunity to serve as your Crisis Director this spring! I want this to be a memorable, enjoyable, and educational experience for all of you! Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions about the guide or UT in general.

Hook’em,

Josh Meaders Crisis Director [email protected] NOTE TO DELEGATES FROM THE CRISIS DIRECTOR

Dear Delegates,

Excited to have you all onboard for our exciting Warsaw Pact committee of the CTMUN 1980s Simulation! My name is Arthur Ji, and I am a freshman Computer Science and Business Honors dual major here at UT Austin. I’m actually from the Bay Area in California, so let me know if you have any questions about Silicon Valley. I was deeply involved in Model UN throughout high school, and served as a training officer for my high school team. I hope that I can use this experience to bring you an engaging and dynamic experience! Especially if you haven’t had as much experience with crisis, I hope that this is a chance to learn the tricks and tips of being a powerful leader in a crisis committee. Let me know if you have any questions for me about developing your Model UN skills or my college experience!

Hook’em,

Arthur Ji Crisis Director [email protected] BACKGROUND INFORMATION

OVERVIEW OF THE COLD WAR With the conclusion of World War II, the world found its power dynamics completely shifted. Western Europe, previously the centerpiece of geopolitics, had its economies destroyed, its governments shaken, and its power and influence diminished. Now, all attention turned to the two core global powers: the and the United States. While an uneasy alliance between the two powers existed to fend off Nazi aggression, the United States and United Kingdom grew increasingly worried that Soviet influence would spread quickly across Eastern and Central Europe. In response, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed as a collective defense alliance spanning across Europe and North America. Threatened by NATO, in 1955, the USSR and 7 Eastern Bloc members signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, effectively forming the Warsaw Pact. Members included Albania (withdrew in 1968), Bulgaria, , East Germany, , Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

NUCLEAR ARMS RACE In 1945, the United Nations was founded to maintain international peace and security. In 1946, the United Nations General Assembly discussed the future of nuclear weapons, establishing the UN Atomic Energy Commission. The USSR proposed universal nuclear disarmament, while the United States proposed the Baruch Plan, in which an international authority would control all dangerous atomic activities. Both the USSR and the U.S. disagreed with each other’s plans, furthering tensions between the two powers. By the 1950s, both the Soviet Union and the United States had enough nuclear technology and power to destroy the other side. This situation became known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), in which both sides knew any attack on the other would be devastating not only to the other side but also to themselves. Similarly, both nations had second-strike capabilities, or the ability to respond to a nuclear attack with an equally powerful nuclear attack. This prevented one side from attacking the other, signifying the tensions as a “Cold” War, in which the war was waged on political, economic, and propaganda fronts instead of through direct military confrontation. After the death of Stalin in 1953, the leadership of ushered in an era of improved foreign relations and economic reforms within the USSR, referred to as the “.” He began reducing the Soviet military while still increasing its missile arsenal and advancing its space program. Khrushchev visited the United States and engaged in multiple informal debates over the merits of the different economic systems, as well as meeting with American leaders. The issue of Berlin’s division, which previously had been a source of great contention, was postponed for resolution over a summit. CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN7 Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Initially after WWII, Hungary started with a multi-party system controlled by the Communist Party but transitioned into the People’s Republic of Hungary. The new government quickly radicalized the economy towards socialism and the Soviet economic model. Under the leadership of First Secretary Mátyás Rákosi, the government of Hungary became incredibly authoritarian. With Stalin’s death in 1953, repressed resentments led to renewed hope for liberalization. Rákosi’s resignation emboldening students and intellectuals to gather in the thousands in “Petőfi circles” to discuss pressing social problems in Hungary. In October 1956, a small group of 12 students heard that the Hungarian Writers' Union planned on expressing solidarity with pro- reform movements in Poland by organizing a parallel demonstration. While their protest started at a mere 20,000 people, the crowd soon swelled to over 200,000 protestors.

The angry mob then proceeded to topple a statue of Stalin, and then fought their way into the headquarters of the Hungarian Radio to voice their resentment. With things out of control, Hungarian First Secretary Ernő Gerő turned to the Soviet government, requesting military backup. Within two hours, tanks rolled into the streets of Budapest. Armed revolutionaries set up barricades in response. Rioting continued for days until Soviet forces reached a standstill. At the end, the new Prime Minister, Imre Nagy, made several commitments, including the dissolution of the Hungarian Secret Police and full amnesty for the protesters. He also initiated Hungary’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.

While the Soviet Union initially agreed to recognize the change, the news of Hungary’s withdrawal from the Pact made the change their mind. Within days, Soviet forces were once again rolling into Hungary. Within ten days, all holdouts by the resistance forces had been shattered, and the new government had been completely defeated. The Hungarian Revolution effectively was over, and a precedent of intervention was established when revolutionary activity occurs within the Eastern Bloc. Within tree days, Hungary re-entered the Pact.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN8 Ousting of Nikita Khrushchev As Khrushchev’s leadership of the Soviet Union stretched on, discontent grew within the ranks of his conservative opponents. The First Secretary continually overruled other members of the party, his behavior became increasingly erratic, and the liberal reforms he had pushed through were criticized for undermining the stability of Soviet society. In 1964, , , and Vladimir Semichastny began organizing a faction of anti-Khrushchev conspirators within the Central Committee while Khrushchev was out of . Semichastny, head of the KGB, was a crucial component of the plan as it was his job to find and report any plots against the First Secretary. Khrushchev was called back to Moscow from on holiday for a “special session” of the Presidium and was met at the airport by Semichastny who informed him of the ousting. Khrushchev did not resist and agreed to go quietly. He voluntarily resigned for reasons of “advanced age and ill health,” and on October 14, 1964, the Central Committee voted to accept his resignation and remove him from office.

Since this took place while the CC was in session, Leonid Brezhnev was appointed as the interim First Secretary of the Central Committee on the same day Khrushchev was removed. His appointment was accompanied by that of as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Together with as head of state, soon replaced by due to Mikoyan’s advanced age, the three formed a . This was held up as an ideal government of Soviet values while Khrushchev’s one-man reign was demonized as being in contempt of Leninist ideals as it grew so like Stalin’s autocratic rule.

Prague Spring The was a period of political liberalization and mass protest in Czechslovakia in 1968. It began when Alexander Dubcek was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and began to enact reforms. These reforms were an attempt to grant new rights to citizens, effectively decentralizing the government. Newly granted freedoms included loosening of restrictions on speech, media, and travel. These reforms were not well received by Soviet leaders in Moscow, especially hardliner General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. Other Warsaw Pact leaders voiced their concerns too. Immediately, a negotiation team was sent to the Czechoslovak-Soviet border. These talks proved to be ineffective, and the Soviets began to explore other options. On August 20, 1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops from the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland invaded Czechoslovakia. This invasion effectively established the , the Soviet policy of compelling governments of satellite states to subordinate their national interests to those of the Eastern Bloc through all means, including military action. By 1969, Dubcek had been replaced by Gustav Husak.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN9 The Brezhnev era was marked by extreme stagnation of the Soviet economy and many political blunders. Political stagnation occurred in the country following the reversal of many reformist policies enacted by Khrushchev. Suppression began to rise after the Prague Spring and continued through the regime. As the 1970s progressed, the weapons industries were prioritized while consumer goods were neglected, leading to a decrease in overall economic output. Furthermore, several major political blunders occurred like the invasion of . This war proved disastrous for the Soviet economy and psyche. Like the War, there was much public opposition to the war with many viewing Afghanistan as far off and a waste of money. Other failures included the strengthening of the by promoting aging officials into the upper echelons of the party. This led to constant turnover due to death and a lack of innovation within the party.

MAP OF EASTERN & WESTERN BLOC

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 10 BACKGROUND INFORMATION GLOSSARY • USSR — Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also the Soviet Union • CPSU — Communist Party of the Soviet Union • RSFSR — Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic • ____ SSR — Soviet Socialist Republic, ex. Ukrainian SSR, UzSSR-Uzbek SSR • Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) — the gathering of Party delegates every five years which acts as an oversight body • Central Committee (CC) — the governing body of the Party between each Congress. Conducted the day-to-day business of the Party and the government. • Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee — The Political Bureau of the Central Committee, one of the leading bodies (along with Secretariat) of the CC. Its purpose was to make policy and it was headed by the First Secretary. • Presidium — Politburo under Khrushchev • Secretariat — One of the leading bodies (along with Politburo) within the CC. It is responsible for party administration. Headed by the First Secretary. • General Secretary — the executive who oversees the Central Committee, and by extension the Politburo and Secretariat. The position was initially an administrative position, but Stalin used the position to become the Party leader and later leader of the Soviet Union. • First Secretary — General Secretary, position renamed under Khrushchev • Supreme Soviet — a legislative body both for the entire union and individual republics. Composed of two chambers, which were equal and could sit both jointly and separately. All decisions were taken unanimously, however some representatives would occasionally vote against proposed actions. The two chambers are: • Council of the Union — like the US House of Representatives, made up of representatives from every region of the Soviet Union, the number decided according to the population of that region. • Council of Nationalities — like the US Senate, made up of a set number of representatives from every region in the Soviet Union.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 11 Dear Comrades, I, as the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, am writing today to urge you to convene to discuss several topics plaguing the Eastern Bloc. As you all well know, the East has experienced several years of stagnation. It is your job to unite the power of the worker and help bring the Eastern Bloc into the next decade, ensuring the ideals of Marx and Lenin prosper throughout the world.

The goals for this emergency meeting of the Warsaw Pact are as follows: • Enact economic reforms to bolster the economies of the Eastern Bloc • Support all forms of proletarian revolutions, spreading the ideals of and Leninism throughout the world • Ensure American capitalist ideals do not continue to spread • Stop the spread of revolutionary ideas and actions in member states • Continue to strengthen member states’ military prowess in the face of Western imperialist impression • Maintain an image of strength and prosperity on the international stage • Consider strategies for stabilizing public discontent regarding economic and political circumstances

This will not be an easy task, but I have faith that you all will bring glory to the motherland!

Маршал Виктор Георгиевич Куликов Marshal Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov CHARACTERS ANACHRONISMS There have been changes made in order to make this committee work better within our conference.

For crisis purposes this committee will take place in 1980. All delegates listed can vote and participate fully in this session, regardless of position or country of origin. All delegates will hold a single vote. Votes will be counted by delegates, not by delegation (i.e., one vote for each Warsaw Pact member).

YURI ANDROPOV Andropov is a stalwart in the CPSU. As former General Secretary of the Central ambassador to Hungary, Andropov was directly involved in the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Committee Uprising. As Chairman of the KGB, Andropov oversaw a large crackdown on dissent via mass arrests. After Brezhnev suffered his stroke in 1975, Andropov effectively led the USSR along with A. Gromyko, A. Grechko, and D. Ustinov. Initially, Andropov may seem like a conservative, but he is liberal, hoping to incorporate a new generation of reformers into the party leadership.

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV A young reformer, Gorbachev’s position in the Secretary of the Central party is all thanks to . Gorbachev is critical of the country’s agricultural system. He Committee of the CPSU views it as incredibly bloated and inefficient, along with most other industries. The youngest member of the Politburo, Gorbachev is out to make a name for himself. While he usually sticks by the ideals of his close ally, Andropov, he is not afraid to raise his voice and push for a more liberal agenda.

KONSTANTIN CHERNENKO Originally, trained as a party propagandist, Second Secretary of the CPSU Chernenko was Head of Agitation and Propaganda in Moldavia from 1948 to 1956. In Moldovia, he was noticed by Leonid Brezhnev and brought to Moscow. When Brezhnev took over the party in 1964, he named Chernenko his chief of staff. A staunch conservative, Chernenko was seen as a likely successor to Brezhnev. Much to Chernenko’s chagrin, Andropov received the nomination for General Secretary.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 13 CHARACTERS

ANDREI GROMYKO Lauded for his negotiation skills, Gromyko was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the directly involved in diffusing the and helped broker a peace treaty that USSR effectively ended the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. A career diplomat, Gromyko previously served as Representative to the United Nations and Soviet Ambassador to the United Kingdom. His experience and success often are his downfall. Known to be inflexible and unimaginative, he is seen as one of the party hardliners.

DMITRY USTINOV At only 32 years old during WWII, Ustinov played Minister of Defence of the USSR a crucial role in saving the Russian defence industry from the besieged city of Leningrad and later requisitioning German armament technology after the end of the war to bolster Soviet missile programs. He is recognized and respected as a solid man who works hard. A hardliner, Ustinov deeply respects the work of Foreign Minister .

WOJCIECH JARUZELSKI Born to Polish nobility, Jaruzelski was deported to First Secretary of the Polish at a young age. During WWII, he served alongside Soviet troops. Jaruzelski remained in the United Workers' Party military, eventually becoming Minister of Defence in 1968. In this position, he oversaw the Polish Armed Forces’ invasion of northern Czechoslovakia after the Prague Spring. Jaruzelski became First Secretary in 1981, inheriting a debt-stricken, nearly insolvent country. A conservative, Jaruzelski is slow to respond to criticism and act when facing crises.

NICOLAE CEAUȘESCU Upon Ceausescu’s rise to power, he eased General Secretary of the censorship and openly condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. These actions Romanian Communist Party resulted in a surge in popularity, but his regime quickly shifted to totalitarianism and is considered the most repressive of the Eastern Bloc. He relies on the secret police, the Securitate, to surveil the whole Romanian population. His cult of personality, poor economic decisions, and nepotism have led to economic disaster for Romania and a reputation that precedes him.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 14 CHARACTERS

ERICH HONECKER Honecker was the main organizer of the General Secretary of the Socialist construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and the “order to fire” rule. In 1970, with the support of Unity Party of Germany Brezhnev, he initiated an internal power struggle that led to his ascension to power. Under his command, the German Democratic Republic has normalized relations with the West and has joined the United Nations. While his “consumer socialism” policies may seem liberal, he is notoriously conservative and slow to enact change.

TODOR ZHIVKOV After the end of WWII, Zhivkov rose within the General Secretary of the Central party, eventually joining the Bulgarian Central Committee. After the denunciation of Stalin, Committee of the Bulgarian Zhivkov was chosen as part of the collective Communist Party leadership of Bulgaria. Under Zhivkov, Bulgaria experienced liberalization, allowing market reforms and ending the persecution of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Zhivkov’s rule saw economic stagnation in the 1970s. Overall, Zhivkov can be seen as a moderate, walking the fine line between liberal and regressive policies.

GUSTAV HUSAK After World War II, Husak’s talent for body politics First Secretary of the Communist and a ruthless approach to opponents contributed to the crushing of dissent in the country. In 1950, Party of Czechoslovakia he fell victim to the Stalinist purges. Following Stalin’s death, his party membership was restored, and conviction overturned. Originally an ally of Dubcek, Husak became increasingly alarmed at Dubcek’s liberalization policies. Supported by Moscow, Husak took power following the Prague Spring. Husak leans more conservative but is open to reform policies.

JANOS KADAR A lifelong Communist, Kadar was a leader in the General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist movement before World War II. After the of Hungary, Kadar rose Hungarian Socialist Workers' in the the Soviet-backed government. Following Party false imprisonment in 1951, Kadar was “rehabilitated” after the death of Stalin. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Kadar found himself leading Hungary. Adopting “Goulash Communism”, Kadar sought to raise living standards in Hungary through economic reforms. He is known for his relatively modest lifestyle.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 15 CHARACTERS

BORIS SHCHERBINA Born in the Ukrainian SSR to a working family, Deputy Chairman of USSR Council Shcherbina joined the Communist Party in his teenage years to serve in the Winter War of 1939. of Ministers, Head of Bureau of Fuel Shcherbina is credited with forming the oil and & Energy gas industry of Western Siberia while serving as the CPSU Secretary for Tyumen Oblast. Due to his success and leadership in Tyumen Oblast, he was named the Minister of Construction of Oil and Gas Industry. He later became a member of the Council of Ministers. A man of morals, Shcherbina is not afraid to raise his voice.

DINMUKHAMED KUNAEV Kunaev is a vocal proponent of the “Virgin Lands” First Secretary of the Communist campaign which opened central , previously steppe, to a large increase in Russian Party of Kazakhstan immigration and agricultural development. He is a conservative moderate and was a close friend of Leonid Brezhnev. Under Kunaev, Kazakhstan has experienced an increase in agriculture and industry, as well as support for more ethnic occupying roles in Soviet institutions. Kunaev is an advocate for the advancement of Kazakh national art and culture.

GRIGORY ROMANOV An ally of Andropov, Romanov is a powerhouse. Military Industry Secretary of the Setting himself up for future leadership positions, Romanov follows the party line and is seen as a Communist Party of the Soviet staunch hardliner. A good organizer, Romanov Union won multiple defense investments for the Leningrad region as leader of the CPSU in the region.

HEYDAR ALIYEV Aliyev’s career in Soviet politics began in the First Deputy Premier of the Soviet NKGB, the predecessor to the KGB. In 1969, Aliyev was elected to the Central Committee of the Union Azerbaijani Communist Party (ACP) and was named First Secretary of the ACP. In his early years, he tried to fight corruption within the party, increase economic opportunities in Azerbaijan SSR, and increase cultural development. Somewhat liberal, Aliyev has ties to Andropov but is willing to work with both sides of the party.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 16 CHARACTERS Formerly a national party secretary responsible for Chairman of the Party Control heavy industry and former Chairman of the Russsian SFSR, Solomentsov is slowly moving up Committee of the Central the political ladder. Solomentsev owes much of his Committee rise to General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. A staunch conservative, Solomentsev has a promising career ahead of him.

NIKOLAI TIKHONOV Born to a family of farmers in , Tikhonov Chairman of the Council of began his career in the party in local industry. Working his way up the hierarchy of industrial Ministers of the Soviet Union ministries, Tikhonov was named Deputy Chairman of in 1963, the state planning committee. In this position, he refrained from taking large- scale action to reform the economy, thus leading to the current economic situation. Tikhonov is a staunch conservative and friend of Chernenko. He is convinced that Andropov is out to replace him.

EDUARD SHEVARDNADZE Initially a star in Georgia, Shevardnadze found First Secretary of the Georgian himself demoted after insulting a higher official in the early but has made a comeback. Under Communist Party his leadership, the Georgian SSR has seen tremendous economic growth, one of the few republics that did not experience stagnation under Brezhnev. A staunch opponent to Georgian nationalism, Shevardnadze has enacted some unpopular policies that have decreased the use of the Georgian language. Shevardnadze can be seen as liberal, hoping for change for the USSR.

PYOTR DEMICHEV A communist ideologue with little sympathy for Minister of Culture, First Deputy liberals. He was one of the initiators for the Chairman of the Presidium of the removal of Stalin’s body from the mausoleum where it lay near Lenin’s body, which he called Supreme Soviet “blasphemy.” He is a strict Leninist and wants to remove all remaining “hidden Stalinists” in the government.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 17 CHARACTERS Grishin was born into a working-class family in an First Secretary of the Moscow industrial town just outside of Moscow. He became involved in the Communist party early and has City Committee of the CPSU become well respected for his work in the CPSU. He is a leader in the Communist party and has represented the Soviet Union at global trade events. A ‘hardliner” and conservative, Grishin has a reputation for being intimidating and unsympathetic to the opposition. He is passionate about his work and his home--an outspoken patriot.

VOLODYMYR SHCHERBYTSKY An extremely conservative Ukrainian politician First Secretary of the Communist who is a champion of the Soviet identity and the “merging of nations”. Shcherbytsky is an ardent Party of Ukraine defender of Soviet ideology and therefore actively works to remove nationalists and dissidents in Ukraine. He is known as a close friend and ally of Brezhnev.

BORIS PONOMAREV As Head of the International Department of the Head of the International Central Committee, Ponomarev is essentially in control of the policy of the World Communist Department of the Central Movement. A historian, Ponomarev is well versed Committee in his Soviet history and recently rewrote The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the Khrushchev era. Ponomarev is considered one of the more conservative members of the Politburo.

SHAROF RASHIDOV Rashidov is a long-time member of Soviet politics First Secretary of the Communist as well as international. He believes in talking to find solutions rather than violence. He pushed for Party of the Ukrainian SSR the release and rehabilitation of Uzbek intelligentsia who had been wrongfully imprisoned under Stalin. Rashidov led the 1962 Soviet delegation to Cuba that engaged in negotiations with . He is concerned with rebuilding and modernizing Central Asia and is supportive of Uzbek national culture and spirit.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 18 CHARACTERS VITALY VOROTNIKOV The highest official in the Russian SFSR, Chairman of the Council of Vorotnikov is a strong proponent of Russianization. Previously, Vorotnikov served as Ministers of the Russian SFSR Ambassador to Cuba, exiled to the position by Leonid Brezhnev. Returning after Brezhnev’s death, Vorotnikov was called to lead the Communist Party in Krasnodar Krai for a short period before moving to Moscow. Vorotnikov is concerned with the advancement of the Russian SFSR, regardless of the impacts on other regions and republics.

VASILI KUZNETSOV A bright man and engineer by trade, Kuznetsov Chairman of the Presidium of the quickly rose in the ranks. By 1944, Kuznetsov had become Chairman of the All-Union Central Council Supreme Soviet of Trade Unions. By 1953, he was tapped to be Soviet Ambassador to . After 2 years, he was promoted to Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He served in this role until 1977. One of the oldest members of the Politburo, is seen as a foreign policy genius. He will always have creative ideas to solve international crises involving the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc.

VIKTOR CHEBRIKOV Chebrikov, a World War II veteran, is a strong Chairman for the Committee for man of Ukrainian background. Initially turned down for further military service after World War State Security (KGB) II, Chebrikov turned to the party. He rose to fame in his native Ukraine and was called to Moscow in 1967. In 1968, he began his position as Deputy Chairman for the Committee for State Security (KGB) serving with then-Chairman Andropov. A staunch ally of Andropov, they both share a unique hatred for party corruption.

YEGOR LIGACHEV A native of Siberia, Ligachyov is a hard-working Head of the Organizational-Party man. While in Siberia, Ligachyov led several cover-ups of Soviet atrocities and has a knack for Work Dept. of the Central averting public relations disasters. Recently Committee discovered by Andropov, Ligachyov is new to Moscow and the upper echelon of the Soviet government. He has much to prove to both Andropov and his fellow delegates.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 19 CHARACTERS A former factory director, Ryzhkov was moved to Head of the Economic Dept. of Moscow in 1975 to serve as First Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine the Central Committee Building. Andropov appointed Ryzhkov head of the Economic Department of the Central Committee where he was responsible for overseeing major planning and financial organs. As head of the department, he reports directly to Gorbachev. He views Andropov as an innovator and supports the actions of the more liberal faction of the party.

TIKHON KISELYOV Kisileyov is an ethnic Belarussian and current First Secretary of the Communist leader of the Communist Party of Byelorussia. Relatively unknown in Moscow, Kisileyov has much Party of Byelorussia to prove. Given his ethnicity, Kisileyov will fight for his people and work towards economic progress within the Byelorussian SSR.

VLADIMIR DOLGIKH Dolgikh’s early career included positions in Head of the Metallurgical Dept. and , both important sites of steel and heavy metal production. As a member of the of the Central Committee Central Committee, he is in charge of forming the Party’s policy around heavy metal and steel production. Dolgikh is a known ally of Gorbachev and shares similar views.

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 20 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND RESOURCES ● More about the inner workings of the Soviet government and U.S.-Soviet Union relations. This Library of Congress site corresponds to an exhibition and includes good information about some of the events discussed in this background guide. ○ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intn.html ○ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sovi.html ● If you want to learn more about your character, search for your character with the Cyrillic spelling of their name. This may produce sources originating from their homeland and give you a better understanding of how the person was perceived by their own people. It may be necessary to use Google Translate to translate the website. ○ Online Cyrillic keyboard: https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/russian.htm ● A very good resource about the USSR under Khrushchev, up to the time our committee takes place. This video is part of a longer series. ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qz5v47rD9Cw ● Some YouTube videos which give a short overview about events mentioned in this Background Guide: ○ Hungarian Uprising - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPXi4DDLqLo ○ Cuban Missile Crisis - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbKCyQn5oTc ● The LBJ Presidential Library and UT Austin Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies has an extensive archive of Prague Spring. Contents include pictures, telegrams, CIA cables, and much more. o https://scalar.usc.edu/works/prague-spring-archive/home?path=index ● The Cold War Museum has pages about several events that will be encountered during the conference. Feel free to read the events that occur up to 1980. ○ http://www.coldwar.org/articles/70s/index.asp ● The Woodrow Wilson Center provides a helpful timeline of Soviet Foreign Policy on its website. Please only look up to 1980. ○ https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/75/soviet-foreign-policy

CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN 21

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CHARACTER Paragraph text (Verdana 11) (VERANDA BOLD 14) SUBHEADING (VERANDA ITALIC 14)

IMAGES IMAGES Grayscale when possible If you would like to use a gradient for an image, place the gradient below the image and then set the image to 65% transparency

DELETE PAGE ONCE DONE CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UN5