Content st yle guide October 5, 2004

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This guide is designed to be used in If the main entry offe rs a choice, as EXCEPTIONS TO CP 2 conjunction with The Canadian it does with crueller and crueler in the Press’s Caps and Spelling and the CP e n t ry for cruel, use the form give n S tylebook. It does not re p l a ce those f i rst. In this way, you’ll find that we SPELLING TIPS guides; it supplements them. us e crueller (not crueler), knitted (not Fo l l ow Caps and Spelling and the knit) and pleaded (not pled). Double trouble 2 CP Stylebook on ca p i ta l i za t i o n , But it bea rs re p eating that the dic- To E or not to E 2 spelling, abbrev i a t i o n s, place names t i o n a ry is a fa l l back, not a primary Accents 3 and French names, apart from the few source for spellings. We turn to it on- exceptions listed below. The entries ly if we fail to find the wo rd in Caps Possessives 3 on these subje c ts at the front of Caps and Spelling. And when yo u ’re look- Homophone horrors 4 and Spelling will answer many fre- ing in Caps and Spelling, re m e m b e r q u e n t ly asked questions about ca p i- that some sports terms appear only talization and spelling. under the heading for the re l eva n t DOS AND DON’TS M o re detailed explanations can be sport. found in the CP Stylebook. The se c- The spell-checking prog ram in our Addresses 5 tions on numbers, possess i ves and com p u te r s can be helpful but it has no Clutter 5 hyphens are especially helpful. au t h o r i t y. Sometimes, as when it says Criminal charges 6 For determining how The Spectato r miniscule is OK, it’s just wrong. spells a wo rd, this is the order of The Canadian Oxfo rd Dictionary Measurements 6 precedence: has no special authority when it Per cent 6 1. This guide. comes to meaning and usag e. Becau s e Profanity and vulgarity 7 2. Caps and Spelling. i ts mandate re q u i res it to include 3. The Canadian Oxfor d Dictionary. w i d e s p read abuses and misuses of Quotations 7 For wo rds not cove red by the list of wo rd s, you cannot assume that a Street names 7 exceptions on page 2, follow Caps and m eaning or usa ge listed in the CO D Spelling. exemplifies careful and correct use of For wo rds that do not appear in the English. If a particular usa ge is fo r- JOURNALESE 8 list of exceptions or Caps and bidden or rec ommended in this guide, Spelling, use the spelling in the dic- that advice takes precedence over the t i o n a ry adopted by The Canadian COD. LINE BY LINE Pre s s, the Canadian Oxfo rd Dictio- Bylines 9 nary. If more than one spelling is liste d Placelines 9 for a wo rd, use the one that heads the Cutlines 10 main entry or, within the main entry, Ledes 10 the first alternative given. For example, the entry for fogy in- PUNCTUATION 11 cludes the note “var[iant] of FOG EY ” GRAMMAR 13 and no definition. So the main entry is under fogey, and that’s the spelling to WORDS TO WATCH 14 u se. In the same way, you can dete r- mine that we use adrenalin (not LOCAL KNOWLEDGE 16 adrenaline) and embed (not imbed). POLITICIANS 23

RECIPES 23 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 SPELLING

Exceptions to CP aesthetic but esthetician (beautician) Heights. Use figures for all numbers, even n o n ex i s tent, prear ra n g e, postg ra d u a te , those under 10: 6-foot-2. re i ssue, reopen, se m iwe e k ly. For exce p- al-Qaeda tions, see under Hyphen on page 12. jeweller y back yar d (like front yard) pretense (not pretence) Kie v, the capital of Ukraine c ad d i e ( p e rson who carries a go l fe r ’s proteg é (not protege or protégé) clubs) Koran R a n ks and titles. Spell out. This does not copter (no apostrophe) ma tzah (not matzo) a p p ly to Dr. or to Rev., which is neve r spelled out and never preceded by the . Co u r ts. Capita l i ze all Ontario co u r ts. See maven (not mavin) Recipes. Use figures for all numbers. Local Knowledge for details. (no periods) Do not convert to km/h mph S h i ra z . Capita l i ze the grape va r i e ty and CT scan (not CAT scan) for com p u te r i ze d in U.S. auto racing stories. the wine. tomography scan Per cent. Use numerals for all numbers, te r raco tta . One wo rd. But Te r ra Co t ta is eBay even under 10: 3 per cent. Never hy p h e n- a village north of Georgetown. ate. See under Hyphen on page 11. Headlines. Ignore the headline style for Tex as. Do not abbreviate. Canadian Pres s files in the CP Style b o o k . P re f i xe s. In ge n e ral, do not use hy p h e n s a f ter pre f i xes: arc h r ival, multipurpose , under w ay . Two words. Spelling tips H a rd labour phabet. CP style generally doubles l, m, p SINGLE L i ke The Canadian Pre ss, we use the and r, but not s and t. So s and t stay sin- S s p e l l i n gs co l o u r, humour, vigo u r, etc. gle, letters ahead of them in the alphabet biased not co l o r, humor, vigo r, etc. There are are doubled: bused, busing about 40 such word s . You will find most DOUBLE focus, focused, focusing of them on page 7 of Caps and Spelling. L ga ses (No b o dy spells ga ssed, ga ss i n g The u is omitted befo re these suffixe s : councillor, counsellor with one s.) - a ry, -ation, -escent, -ific, -ize, -ious, crueller, cruellest T -ous. Thus honorary, coloration, labori- dialled, equalled, fuelled, labelled, to- benefited, benefiting ous, humorous, etc. talled, tasselled, travelled budgeted, budgeting No te also that the -our wo rds do not medallist, panellist targeted, targeting include pallor, squalor, stupor, tremor. panelling, travelling tranquillity, tranquillizer To E or not to E Double tro u b l e traveller In CP spelling style, the letter e is use d Final con so n a n t s of root wor ds are often woollen, woolly be fo r e suffixes like -able when it indi- doubled when endings are added. Fo r (Nobody spells paralleled with four l’s.) cates that the preceding g or c is “soft”: some word s , such as benefiting and M changeable t ravelling, usa ge varies between British programmer, programming knowledgeable and American English, and Canadians ( No b o dy spells acc u s tomed with two manageable are caught in the middle. m’s.) noticeable This note does not deal with the rules P It is not used befo re a suffix beginning for doubling in English, but provides a kidnapper,worshipped with a consonant, such as -ment: trick for remembering which alte r n a t ive (Nobody spells developed with two p’s.) acknowledgment to use in those wo rds where usa ge var i es . R judgment For t u n a te l y, there is a simple mnemonic occurred, occurrence It is also not used befo re suffixes like ba sed on the lette r ’s position in the al- transferred,transferring -able when it indica tes that the pre ce d-

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ing vowel is “long”: the acce n ts on something like Sûreté du Mike Harris’s government likable Québec when you can call it the Quebec the bus’s signal light sizable provincial police. Richard Strauss’s operas unmistakable The Caisse de dépôt manages Quebec’s the witness’s account usable public pension fund. Some people drop the suffix on one- Exception: mileage Q u é b é cois is a French wo rd with two syllable names ending with an s-so u n d . a c u te acce n ts. Quebecer is an English We do not: Ac ce n t s word with no accents. Sheila Copps’s riding It is important to note that, for tec h n i ca l But accents do appear on some English Bill Gates’s billions reasons, copy arriving by wire from The wo rd s. Let the dictionary be your guide. We also keep the -’s on one-syl l a b l e Canadian Press does not conform to CP You’ll find that it gives debris, debut and names ending with a z-sound: s tyle. French acce n ts are missing fro m d e cor without acce n ts. Most of the ac- Prince Charles’s mistress w i re co py, but they appear in Caps and ce n ts in English wo rds are acute acce n ts Jenny Jones’s daughter Spelling and the CP Stylebook. on a final e: café, cliché, co m m u n i q u é , In spoken Canadian English, the pos- We fo l l ow CP in using the English etc. If there’s a choice, use the first alter- se ss ive ending is most like ly to be forms of Montreal, Quebec and Quebec na t i ve, with the exception of prote g e: use d ropped when the final syllable of the C i ty and the French forms of other Que- protegé. This is one example — resumé is singular form is unstre ssed and ends bec cities and tow n s, such as Tro i s - R iv- another — of an English wo rd acce n te d with a z-sound. This usa ge avoids two ières. differently from the French word it is de- s u cce ss ive unstre ssed syllables ending The correct spellings of municipalities r ived from. Fo r t u n a te ly, the Canadian with a z-sound. Like The Canadian in Quebec (and other provinces) are list- Ox fo r d Dictionary doesn’t spell fa ca d e Press, we follow this usage, dropping the ed in the Canadian Almanac and Dire c- with a cedilla. s and keeping the apostrophe in polysyl- tor y. The latest edition is in the Spectato r Finale has no accent. It comes fro m labic names ending with a z-sound: library, but for this purpose, an older one Italian. The same goes for latte. Beau Bridges’ role will do. How to type the French accents: Brussels’ latest ruling The Canadian Almanac also lists the à, è, ù — Option-`, then the letter Robert Gentles’ mother names of all MPPs by prov i n ce, MPs, é — Option-e, then the letter Ann Landers’ columns sen a to r s and members of the Priv y ë, ï — Option-u, then the letter Tennessee Williams’ plays Council, which includes all living former â, ê, î, ô, û — Option- i, then the letter See the pa ges on Posse ss ives in the CP members of the federal cabinet. ç — Option-c. S tylebook and the entry ’S in Caps and Some French given names with ac- Voilà! Spelling. cents: The ç occurs only in front of the letters André, Édouard, Émile, Eugène, a, o and u, and only when the c is pro- P l u ra l s Fra n ç o i s, Fr é d é r i c, Géra rd, Hervé, Hon- no u n c ed /s/. Without a cedilla, a c befor e Nouns ending with an s-sound, a z- oré, Jérôme, Léonard, Réal, Réjean, Ré- a, o or u is pronounced /k/. sound, a ch-sound, a g-sound, a sh- mi, Rémy, René, Ro m é o, Stéphane, sound or a zh-sound add -es for the Théodore. Po s se s s i ve s pl u r al: san dw i c h e s , sixes . This includes Adèle, Agnès, Aimée, Amélie, Andrée, Our spelling of possess i ves re f l e c ts p roper nouns: the Jo n e se s, the Ro b e r t- Angèle, Béatrix, Cécile, Célestine, what people say, beca u se language is se s, the Williamse s, the Ashes. This is Désirée, Dorothée, Élisabeth, Élise, Ém- e sse n t i a l ly a spoken phenomenon. Fo r not optional. ilie, Eugénie, Fra n ç o i se, Gisèle, Hélène, co n s i s te n cy, choices must be made Irène, Renée, Stéphane, Thérèse , when spoken usa ge va r i e s, as it does I befo re E except after C Valérie. with the posse ss ive suffix on singular The old rhyme isn’t quite true. Some- Some common Quebec surnames with nouns that end with an s-sound or a z- times it’s E befo re I with no C in sight. accents: sound. He re ’ s a mnemonic for re m e m b e r i n g Bégin, Bélange r, Côté, Hébert, Lége r, The vast majo r i ty of singular nouns m ost of those problematic word s : Pagé, Sauvé, Séguin, Vézina. add -’s. This majority includes all nouns Sheila had a we i rd se i z u re by the we i r. L i ke CP, we pre fer English ve rsions of ending with an s-sound. With most of And seize is like seizure in this respect. the names of French orga n i zations and these, no one drops the possessive suffix Those who have trouble with siege can titles of books, movies and so on. So in speech, whe r e it is a syllable con s i s t i n g use this one: Soldiers die in sieges. Three there’s no need to scratch your head over of an indistinct vowel and a z-sound: words have “ie” in that sentence.

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(There is no verb spelled wrack!) Guess again! p a l a t e ( roof of mouth, ta s te), p a l l e t Other languages Top 10 spellings that have been Specta- ( p o r table platform), p a l e t t e (pa i n te r ’ s T h e re are seve ral wo rds from Yi d d i s h tor style for years, believe it or not: tool, range of colours) that start with sh-: shnook, shtick and analyse p e a k (pinnacle, brim), p e e k ( p e e p) , shlemiel, for example. Don’t use sc h - , barbecue pique (arouse) which belongs to sta n d a rd German. blond pore over (examine close ly), pour over This applies to pse u d o -Yiddish wo rd s chaperon (maple syrup and pancakes) as in Feelings, shmeelings! cosy peal (bells), peel (skin) I talian for “(Do you) unders tand?” is mould (no matter what it means) pedal (as in soft-pedal), peddle (sell) ca p i sci or ca p i sc ’, not kapeesh or phoney r a i n, r e i g n ( r u l e), r e i n (st ra p , means of capisch! provincewide control, free rein) Al s o Italian is the title of Giacomo Puc- pyjamas sight (view, vision, aiming aid), cini’s opera, Madama Butterfly. tuque site (location), cite (mention) I talian names like Giuseppe and Giu- s t a t i o n a r y ( m o t i o n l e ss), s t a t i o n e r y liani are often misspelled. The i fo l l ows Homophone horro rs (writing materials) the g to show that the g is “soft” — pro- “Sound-alikes,” as one copy editor calls their, there, they’re n o u n ced like an English j. In Italian, a g them, account for many of the spelling toeing (the line), towing (the car) fo l l owed by a u is “hard ,” as in Gucc i , m i s ta kes in the pa p e r, and many that tr o o p e r (m i l i ta r y), tr o u p e r (p e r fo r m e r ) Guido. e d i to rs fix. These are pa r t i c u l a rly dan- vice (badness), vise (grips things) gerous because a spelling checker won’t w a c k y (cra z y ), w h a c k y ( g iven to N u m b e rs trip over them. Some of the most tro u- whacking) In gen e r al, numbers below 10 are spelled blesome homophones: whose (possessive), who’s (who is) out and higher numbers are in figure s, born, borne (carried, tolerated) but there are common exceptions to b r e a c h ( i t ’s spelled with an a, like C o m pa ny names both rules. These are explained in the b reak, beca u se that’s what it mea n s) , Do not write corporate and promotion- CP Stylebook under the heading Num- b r e e c h (an old wo rd for the lower part of al names all ca ps just beca u se they ap- b e rs in the section Some Useful To o l s, the body, the part clothed by breeches; in p ear that way in signs and adve r t i s i n g . and many examples are listed in the a breech birth, the buttocks or legs come Fo l l ow CP in using Fox, Via Rail, Visa , N u m b e rs section at the back of Caps out first) Wal-Mart, etc. (not FOX, VIA Rail, and Spelling. callus (hard skin), callous (unfeeling) V I SA, WA L - M A RT). Visa is upper and c a r a t ( gems: unit of weight), c a r e t lower case on Visa bills and so on. C l eaning up ( p ro o f rea d e r ’s mark), k a r a t ( gold: mea s- Reserve ALL CAPS for acronyms. In CP style, nouns derived from phrasal urement of purity) Similarly, follow CP in using upper and ve rbs such as clean up, pick up, rip off, chord (musical), cord (spinal, vocal) l ower ca se for cor p o ra t e names spelled ta ke out, are written solid: clea n u p, c o m p l e m e n t i n g (completing, se t t i n g without cap i t als in signs and adver t i s i n g : pickup, ripoff, takeout. off), complimenting (praising) Adidas, not adidas. discreet (tactful), discrete (distinct) Do fo l l ow a com pa ny ’ s style when the expatriate (person living outside his or s pa ce between wo rds has been omitte d : her home co u n t ry), e x - p a t r i o t ( m i s- DaimlerChrysler, MasterCard, etc. spelling of expatriate) AG in co m pa ny names such as Da i m- faze (disconcert), phase (stage) l e r C h rysler AG stands for the German hoard (stockpile), horde (crowd) wo rd, Aktienge se l l schaft. This is the its (possessive), it’s (it is, it has) e q u ivalent of the British term, public led (past tense of lead), lead (metal) limited company (PLC), meaning a com- m a n t e l ( for trophies above the fire- pany with shares on the stock market. place), mantle (cloak) S p e c i a l i zed business publica t i o n s m u c u s (noun: slimy substa n c e), m u- must use co m p l e te co m pa ny names, but c o u s ( a d je c t ive: producing or covere d The Specta tor is not such a pa p e r. Since with mucus) AG is mean i n g l e s s to most of our read e r s, n e r v e - r a c k i n g, racking your bra i n s it makes sense to leave it out.

... 4 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 DOS AND DON’TS Dos and Don’ts Abbreviations Check, don’t copy exp re s sion is that, becau s e some people us e it to mean a.m. and others use it to When you type all-cap s abbrevi a t i o n s Do not assume that ever ything that has me an after dawn, it doesn’t tell us wha t such as HEAT or HVAC, don’t put peri- been published in The Spectat or is cor - we usually want to know: Was it dark or ods after the letter s. Spectat or style rect. Rep o r te r s often rec ycle par t s of da ylight? Why not say 2 a.m. or 8 a.m. fo l l ows The Canadian Pre ss, wh i c h s tories written by other re p o r te rs. yes te rd a y in the first place? ) pre s cribes periods only for abbrevi a - When doing this, it’s a good idea to Th u r sda y mo r n i n g at 8 a.m. tions of place names: B.C., N.S ., U.S . check important elements such as A ne w st u d y published tod a y … and so on. All other all-cap i t al abbrevi - na m e s . Otherwi s e, you could be cop y- The council will decide next month ations have no periods. It doesn’t mat- ing mistake s . whether or not the proj ect will go ahead . ter whether the abbreviation is pro- Pr i vatizing the reg i o n ’ s wat er treat - no u n c ed as a wor d or a series of letter s. Clutter ment did nothing to improve drinking wat er qu a l i t y . Red u n d a n c y does have a place in com - Th o m p son said she bedded down with Accidents mu n i c ation. It is especially useful with Mc L e an on four se p a r a t e oc cas i o n s . In Do n ’ t specify makes or models of veh i - what co m m u n i cation theory calls a British Columbia, two buses we re cles invol ved in road acci d e n t s. no i s y channel. An obvious example is i nvo lved in s e p a r a t e a cc i d e n ts. Two D o n ’t say a car suffe red damage . p o l i ce radio co m m u n i ca t i o n s. That’s women wer e killed in se p a r a t e cra s h e s People suffer injuries, inanimate objec t s why police and dispatc h e r s use phrase s on the wee k end. (If the acci d e n t s wer e su s t ain damage. such as “green in colour” wh e n con n e c t ed, then you can tell us, but usu- de s cribing veh i c l e s . Our channel is not al l y such incidents count as one multi- Addresses n o i sy, so phra ses such as “gre e n - vehicle accident.) col o u r ed car” creat e clutter , not clarity. Do n ’ t put people’s exact addres ses in A funeral se r v i c e will be held tom o r - the paper unless there’ s a good reaso n Some common ta u to l ogous ex p re s- row. (A funeral is a serv i ce . ) to do so. The street name is close si o n s , with the unneces sar y wor ds in The hockey player ’ s $1-million con t r i - bo l d fa ce : en o u g h . bution was the si n g l e la r gest donation in But if something happens on Jam e s the ce n t re ’s 29-year histo ry. Many On a da i l y ba s i s . St r eet, for example, do specify whe t h e r exp e r t s consider it the si n g l e best TV Pol i c e said the car crossed the ce n t r e it ’ s James Street South or James Stree t com m e r cial ever . median and collided with an eas tb o u n d North. It’s even better , especially if the T h ree people we re injured in two tr u c k . st r eet is a long one, to indicat e a major u n r e l a t e d a cc i d e n ts yes te rd a y. (If the The robber was wearing a dark- c ross street: King Street East nea r acc i d e n t s wer e rel a t ed, then you can tel l col o u r ed coat . Ot t awa Stree t . the read e r . Most acci d e n t s are unrel a te d He is cu r r e n t l y wor king as a bus driv- If a street is not well known, locat e it to others.) er . with respect to main stree t s or land- He tried un s u c c e s s f u l l y to bar the fire- Th e y are awar e of six di f f e r e n t al i a se s ma r ks. f i g h te rs from his home. us ed by Kop p . Piccolo has played for five ( “ Un s u cce ss f u l ly” is virtually always di f f e r e n t CFL team s . (As opposed to five Capitalization redundant after “try.” If you leave it out, team s , three of which wer e in fact the the reader infer s from the wor d “try” When you ’ re spelling out an exp re ss i o n sam e ? ) that the person did not succeed. If that has an all-cap s abbreviation, do The serv i c es wer e postponed becau s e someone tried success f u l l y, you wou l d - not assume that ever y wor d is cap i ta l - of stor m y weather co n d i t i o n s . (Weat h e r n’ t use the wor d “try”; you ’ d say they ize d . is redundant, to o. The se rv i ces we re did it: he bar r ed firef i g h te r s from his You can ’ t tell what to cap i ta l i z e in an p ostponed beca u se of sto r m s, or a ho m e . ) exp re s sion by looking at its abbrevi a - sto r m . ) Up until yes te rd a y … tion. NATO stands for North Atl a n t i c A man charged with murder in con - Treat y Organ i z ation, but MP stands for nection with the death of another man Other clutter is just wor dy: member of Par liament, AIDS stands for ea r l i e r this month has shot and killed re- l a y charges against him = charge acq u i r ed immune deficiency syn d ro m e , hi m se l f . him agai n and ESL stands for English as a seco n d Th a t ’ s when he pulled the trigger of in a one-week period = in a wee k la n g u a ge . the gun. on a regular basis = reg u l a r ly We don’t cap i ta l i z e histor y or mathe- Crime Stop p e r s’ Most Wan t ed for th e within a 100-kilometre radius = with- matics or physi c s . Why cap i ta l i z e “sec - month of Feb r u a r y. in 100 kilometres ond language”? E a rly yes te rd a y m o r n i n g. (If it wa s C h i l d ren may also have a d d i t i o n a l ear ly, then it must have been morning. symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea . W h a t ’s rea l ly notewo r t hy about this

... 5 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 DOS AND DON’TS

Over a period of time, four di f f e r e n t pe r p e t ra to r s of minor crimes, such as is some sort of com pa r i s on to an amount gi r ls alleged l y par t i c i pa t ed in va r i o u s sex “ two wh i te males, both wearing ski we can picture. The same goes for meas - games he would initiate. (“Over a period ma s k s, jeans and dark jac ke t s.” These ure m e n t s of vol u m e . of time” is so vague that it tells the read - de s criptions are not going to help bring er nothing. If the writer was trying to tel l an yone to justice. In par t i c u l a r , never Minus sign us that four girls par t i c i pa t ed, one at a ref er to their skin colour or ethnicity. Do n ’ t use a hyphen or a dash. The cor - time, at differ ent times, he hasn’t suc- Our policy differ s when the police ask rect way to type it is Option-Hyp h e n . ceeded. And “various” con t r i b u t es as for our help and can supply a more pre- Use this with tem p e ra t u r es below zero : much meaning as “differe n t .” ) c i se description or a photog raph. In –5. Unl i k e a hyphen, it will not break at th o se detailed descr i p t i o n s , skin col o u r the end of a line. Common-law wife, husband or ethnicity should always be included, not just when the suspect is nonwhi te . Do not use these out-of-d a t e exp re s - Nicknames si o n s . If two people live together as hu s b and and wife, then they are hus- Hyphenation En c l o se nicknames in pare n t h e se s , not band and wife, whether they have gon e D o n ’t let the hyphenation prog ra m q u o tation marks: Jo h n ny (Po ps) th r ough a cere m o n y and changed their bo ss you around. There are two ways to Papa l i a . names or not. If the fact that two peo- override the progr am with the invi s i b l e ple are not officially married is impor- ch a ra c te r , (Apple Key)- Hy p h e n . Nonconforming copy tant to the stor y, it can be mentioned. F i rst, to prevent inappro p r i a te Do tak e special car e with cop y that has hyphenation at line-ends (e.g. Andr- not pa ssed through Canadian Pre ss, Cop talk eychuk, outre-bounding, re- a l l y, We- such as cop y from U.S . pap e r s and The s ton), insert a disc re t i o n a ry hy p h e n Do not par r ot cop talk in news stor i e s ; Independent in London, becau s e it is whe r e the wor d should break by typ i n g t ra n s l a te it. Among the ex p re ss i o n s li ke l y to differ from Spectat or style . (Apple Key)- Hyphen. It will re m a i n ch a ra c t eristic of this dialect are “blue Some exam p l e s : in visible unless the wor d needs to be ❚ in colour” and “proc eeding at a high G o t h e n b u rg, Hizbolla, Tiflis, bro k en at the end of a line. This is better Teh e r an instead of Goteb o r g, Hezb o l l a h , rat e of speed.” One of its hallmarks is than inserting an ord i n a ry hy p h e n , the use of “citizen” instead of man, Tbilisi, Teh ra n . which could appear incor re c t l y in the ❚ Titles of books or movies in quota- woman or person for anyone who is middle of a line if the pa ra g raph is tion marks. neither a criminal nor a law enfor ce- ch a n g ed or ref l o wed . ❚ C a p i ta l i zed job desc r i p t i o n s : ment officer : Se c ond, to prevent one-syllable word s A citizen spotted the suspect and such as drive being split at the end of a Pro fe s sor of Medical Physi c s . ❚ al e r t ed police. line (dr i - ve), type (Apple Key)-Hy p h e n No period after some abbrevi a t i o n s : In fact, police officer s are citizen s , too , at the beginning of the word . Dr , Mr, St and so are most criminals — not goo d ❚ Re p ea ted honorifics or ra n ks : on e s , but citizens never t h e l e s s. And it’s Measurements Pro fe s sor , Mr. un l i ke l y the police have made sure that ❚ Use of ae instead of e in wor ds such as the people they call citizens are city- Fol l o w CP in using imperial meas u r e- pe d i a t r i c . dwel l e r s or holders of Canadian citizen - m e n ts for heights (feet, inches) and ❚ Use of -ise instead of -ize in word s wei g h t s (pounds) of people, including sh i p . such as neutral i ze . ba b i e s, for sports such as ba se ba l l , ❚ S exist terms such as “histo ry of foo t ball and gol f . Criminal charges man” and “young girl” for someone old In recipes and stories about food, use enough to be a young wom a n . It is unfair and irresponsible to rep o r t both kinds of meas u re m e n t . that a person has been charged with a Si n c e ever yone invol ved in real estat e crime and not report that he or she has us es squ a r e feet to meas u r e floor spac e Per cent been acqu i t t ed or that the charges have in buildings, it seems silly to con ver t Do not describe a pay increas e of, say, 2 been dropped. For this reas on, we do th e s e figures to squ a r e metres . per cent a year over three year s as a 6 not publish the name of a perso n Use tonnes or ton s , but not both in the per cent rai s e. It is, in fact, slightly ch a r ged unless the supervising editor same stor y. Pref er ton n e s , but if a stor y mo r e than 6 per cen t . decides that The Spectat or will fol l o w d i sc u sses an industry that uses only The sec ond year ’ s increas e is 2 per cen t the cas e through the cou r t s. It is, how- ton s , and all the meas u re m e n t s are in of 102 per cent of the original pay, that is, ever , saf e to assume that all charges of ton s , don’t con vert them. 2. 04 per cent. The third rai s e is 2 per cen t mu r der will be fol l o wed . Ex cept when they are used to com pa r e of (102 + 2.04 =) 104. 04 per cent, that is, am o u n t s, these meas u re m e n t s mean lit- 2. 08 per cent. So the increas e over three Descriptions of suspects tle to the avera g e read e r . What wou l d year s is (2 + 2.04 + 2.08 =) 6.12 per cen t . of t en be more helpful than a con vers i o n Do not include vague descriptions of You don’t have to do all the arithmetic.

... 6 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 DOS AND DON’TS

You can describe it as a rai s e of approxi - word s , don’t write, “said Jon e s .” co n taining mispro n u n c i a t i o n s, minor ma te l y 6 per cent. Just don’t call it a 6 per gra m m a t i c al error s, fal s e star t s, hesita- cent rai se . Qu o t ations of more than one sen te n c e tion noises , fillers and ver bal mannerisms ar e introd u c ed with a col o n : such as “like” and “I mean ” : Profan i t y and vulgarity Joh n s on said: “It’s a pretty big commit- “I was, like, tram p l e d by ever yo n e . The me n t . It’s an exciting commitment. It security guard had, like, his hand in my Do not use, or leave in a stor y, wor ds or would be good for the city of Hamilton.” ch es t .” ph ra s es that are marked “coar se” or Do n ’ t use quotations that don’t make Do cor r ect these mistake s , cut out the “ o f fe n s ive” in the Canadian Oxfo rd sen s e or are otherwi s e difficult to under- cl u t t er and rem o ve casual vulgar i t i e s , Di c t i o n a r y unless their use has been st and. Edit or para p h ra s e quotations like un l e s s there is a compelling reas on to be ap p r oved by your supervising editor . th e se : s t r i c t ly accu ra t e. Possible rea sons fo r Th e r e must be a compelling reas on for “H e ’ s got to be one of the top one or two publishing such lapses include a rec ogn i - publishing such exp re ss i o n s . That the goa l i e s in the leag u e .” tion of the speake r ’ s intent to be ungram - wor d has appear ed in other publicat i o n s “I t ’ s a Catch 22,” Shepherd says. “You ma t i c al, a wish to show the speake r ’ s or even in The Spectat or is not a com - ha v e to have a job to get landed immi- sh o r t com i n g s, and the need to adhere to pelling reas on. As an indication of the gr ant status. But to get landed immigran t an official reco r d such as Hansar d or a COD stan d a rd s , note that crap is among status you need to have a job.” court tran sc r i p t . the wor ds labelled “coar se. ” Do rep l a c e nonstan d a r d forms such as If the wor d is not approved, rem o ve all Do not use quotes that merel y echo “b r u n g ” with stan d a r d forms such as tra c es of it. If someone said, “I don’t have pr evious state m e n t s. It is usually unnec- “b ro u g h t , ” lest we appear to be holding to tak e that kind of shit,” para p h ra s e: He es sar y to quote and para p h ra s e; one is people up to ridicule. The same policy said he didn’t have to put up with that enough. When quotations rep e at wha t applies to quotations from people who se kind of abuse (or nonsen s e). you have just said, the stor y is not mov- fi r st language is not English. Fix their In par t i c u l a r , do not rep l a c e some let- ing for war d: gra m m a r . This applies to sports stories as ter s with hyp h e n s , dashes or ellipsis: He That means our local economy is not well as news stor i e s . called him a “f---ing a--hole.” This pr oducing enough jobs for people who live Do not use spellings such as gon n a , pra c t i c e manages to be prissy and offen - he r e and the region is becoming more of a got t a or hafta. si ve at the same time. The details of bed r oom community for Tor onto. … See also Pa re n t h e ses in the coa rse speech are rare l y importa n t . “This indica tes that Hamilton- Punctuation section, pag e 12. Including them is more likel y to rep e l Wen t w orth is tending to become more of read e r s than to attract them. Para p h ra se . a residential suburb of the Greate r Str eet names Tor onto Area with a continuing demand Qu o tati o n s Ma p s disag r ee. So do some street signs. for new household devel o p m e n t ,” say s For co n s i s te n cy, use the lists in the If you ’ re going to identify the speake r , do Brian Williams … . pos t al code direc to r y at the front of the it as soon as possible, prefe ra b l y at the When the quote itself is re p e t i t ive , Ye l l ow Pa ges in the local te l e p h o n e end of the first sen te n c e, not after seve r - th a t ’ s even wor se: di re c to r y. al sen te n c es . Police do not believe Beecham is too con- One of the most common error s is cal l - This is par t i c u l a r ly important when a ce r n e d about his family potentially losi n g ing stree t s avenues and vice ver sa. Don’t qu o t ation from a new speak er immedi- the surety money. as sume that your sou r ce is cor r ect, even if ate l y fo l l ows one from someone else . “H e ’ s taken off rega rd l e ss of knowing his he or she is a police officer . When that happens, it’s best to give the family put up the money,” Dete c t i ve See Avenues and stree t s in the Local n ew speake r ’ s name befo re the quote Ser geant Wally Rob son sai d . “He never Kn o wle d g e sec t i o n . be g i n s . would have taken off if that was going to On the other hand, if only one person is be a concern to him.” Syn d r omes and disease s qu o t ed in the stor y, there’ s no need to Speech is often rep e t i t i ve. That’s not a keep rep e ating “Jones said” or “she sai d . ” pr oblem, unless we rep e at it in the pap e r . Do n ’ t cap i ta l i z e these word s . In gen e ra l , If the reader does not know wh o ’s Qu o t ations often need to be edited: us e the lower cas e prec eded by the pos- sp e aking at the beginning of a para g ra p h , “I want to remember this gam e . I don’t sess i ve form of the name of the person putting “he said” after sever al quoted want to for get it. I don’t want to do that.” the condition is named for — Hodgkin’s sen te n c es is not helpful at all. “I t ’ s increas ed a lot. It’s easily increas ed di s eas e, Park i n so n ’ s diseas e, Reye’ s syn - Rever se the normal subjec t - ver b orde r ov er 100 per cent since last year .” dr ome — but fol l o w The Canadian Pres s on l y when the subject is long. In other Unsc r i p t ed speech is usually messy, in using Down syn d ro m e .

... 7 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 JOURNALESE Journalese

Our familiarity with journalistic style A gostino was quoted dire c t ly, the begin with its subject. Variation in sen- can make it difficult for us to see that it inversion would be tolerable, but not te n ce structure adds inte rest and is is sometimes an inaccessible dialect. necessary. In everyday English, it’s nor- often necessary for cohesion. M a ke the writing direct; make the mal to get the source of the commentary It is sometimes natural and clear to meaning clear. before the content. begin with a subord i n a te clause or a There are two obvious ways to avoid prepositional phrase: I nve rs i o n ledes with final attribution. When Joe Smith started at Colon Inc., The first is to omit unnecessary attri- the medical products giant was on its In the print media, it is traditional to bution. When yo u ’re dealing with a deathbed. invert the normal subject-verb-object statement of fact by a reliable source or For nea rly 42 minutes yes te rd a y, the order of English sentences, especially an announcement by someone in Atlanta Falcons did the unexpected : at the beginning of news stories: authority, the attribution can be kept they shut down the Minnesota Vikings. Hamilton is getting a new centra l for the next sentence, or later: library, Mayor Bob Morrow says. Not: The Grey Cup game will be held in Pre p o sed nonfi n i te clause s The subject (Mayor Bob Morrow) and Hamilton in 2002, the Canadian the verb (says) are at the end, instead of Football League said yesterday. One kind of subordinate clause that is the beginning, where they go in most But: The Grey Cup game will be held in dangerous to use in ledes is the pre- sentences in spoken English: Hamilton in 2002. posed nonfinite clause: Mayor Bob Morrow says Hamilton is When you’re dealing with an opinion, Threatening to shut his door forever on getting a new central library. put the attribution at the beginning. The Spectator, Hamilton’s mayor yes- Pushing the attribution — who said it Starting a sentence with its subject is te rday re f u sed to answer ques t i o n s — to the end has the adva n ta ge of unlikely to prevent a reader finishing it. about his missing chain. allowing journalists to “get the news up We sometimes forget that the lede isn’t These sentences usually begin with fro n t . ” This is done at some cost. It where readers start; they read the head- p re sent participles (ve rbs ending in opens a gap between newspaper lan- line first and usually decide on the basis -ing), but past participles can also be guage and the way we speak, which, for of that whether they’ll read the firs t used: all its flaws, is usually more direct than sentence. Overlooked yesterday as the final all- our writing style. If a sentence sounds Not: Bank-bashing is rampant, making star pa r t i c i pants we re named, Tie awkward when you say it, it will proba- policies supportive of financial institu- Domi said he wouldn't even watch the bly be difficult to read in print. And tions a tough sell politica l l y, game on TV. many newspaper ledes do sound awk- Sc o t i a bank chairman Pe ter Godso e The problem with such sentences is ward when they are read aloud: says. that they tell us something is being It’s too early to say whether a 3 per cent But: Scotiabank chairman Peter Godsoe done before telling us who’s doing it or drop in auto insurance rates in Ontario says bank-bashing is making policies being done to. If the initial clause is kept is the beginning of a trend, a top insur- supportive of financial institutions a short, that’s fine, but these things can ance industry representative said yes- tough sell politically. get out of hand. terday. Here’s the beginning of a wire story in Putting the attribution at the end can Not: If investigators had been allowed which the writer got carried away trying be confusing and misleading as well as to name guards accused of criminal to avoid a straightforward lede: awkward. It is annoying to read several a c t i v i t i es in a 19 89 wo rk study of P redicting that even limited mobile lines of what seems to be a statement of Kingston Penitentiary, Robert Gentles access to the Internet will attract con- fact, only to learn it is an opinion: might still be alive today, his mother sumers to an $800 version of its Palm Copps has drawn the unsavoury atten- says. Pilot electronic organizer, 3Com Corp. tion of Hustler magazine because she But: Carmeta Gentles believes her son has announced a wireless version of the supports legislation limiting Canadian would still be alive if investigators had popular device. a d vertising in U. S. - ba sed maga z i n es been allowed to name prison guard s Someone is predicting so m e t h i n g , which publish a Canadian edition, says accused of criminal activities in a 1989 but we have to read 23 words (four lines) Hamilton East MPP Dominic Agostino. work study of Kingston Penitentiary. be fo r e we find out wh o. And one of That we do this all the time should those words is “its” — a pronoun refer- not blind us to the fact that it leads the This does not mean that every sen- ring to something that hasn’t been reader down the ga rden path. If tence, or even every news lede, must mentioned yet. The prediction isn’t

... 8 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 JOURNALESE even the real news. The news is that impeachment procedure. in The King’s English (1931) still stands: someone has announced so m e t h i n g , Here the occurrence of “passed” and “(1) Variation should take place only but that’s postponed until the end of “passing” so close to each other with when there is some awkwardness, such the sentence. different senses is just distracting. as ambiguity or noticeable monotony, Two sentences would be better: E l e gant variation is using differe n t in the word avoided. 3Com Corp. is predicting people will words for the same thing, apparently to “(2) The subs t i t u te should be … a pay $800 for an electronic organizer avoid monoto ny. But there are other s u bs t i t u te and nothing more; there that gives them mobile access to the means of avoiding repetition: pronouns should be no killing of two birds with Internet, even if that access is limited. and other stand-in wo rd s, such as one stone.” The company announced yesterday it “there” and “one,” which are under- The second piece of advice leads to will produce a wireless version of its used in journalese. the next item. popular Palm Pilot. The head of the bus drivers’ union pre- Pre p o sed nonfinite clauses are proba b l y dicts striking HSR workers will reject I n t roducing by re fe r r i n g popular becau s e they allow a rep o r t er to the region’s latest contract offer when avoid deciding between two ledes. He puts they vote on the proposal tomorrow. This chara c teristic of jo u r n a l e se one in the main clause, and the other in the In plain English we would say: overlaps with elegant variation. Instead initial subordi n a t e clause: HSR workers will reject the region’s lat- of writing, in the middle of a sto ry, Seeking to regain U.S. investors’ confi- est contract offer when they vote on it something like this: dence, crisis-hit Thailand and South tomorrow. S m i t h, who is 27 and wo rks as a Korea are wooing American executives, There is no danger here of ambiguity. plumber, said he liked the plan. telling them new opportunities abound It is perfectly clear what “it” refers to. journalists often write: for companies willing to take a chance Another example: The 27-year-old plumber said he liked on their recovering economies. The death knell rang for Hamilton the plan. Ps ychiatric Hospital yes te rday when Information that the reader did not Elegant va r i at i o n 600 staff lea r n ed the go vernment is have — Smith’s age and occupation — is taking “immediate” steps to close the referred to as if the reader already had At times it seems that journalists have institution. it. The definite article, the, is used in an irrational fear of using the sa m e When we use “the institution” normal English to indicate information word for the same thing. Elegant varia- instead of “it,” which we would use in the speaker or writer believes is shared tion — the “elegant” in this traditional co nve rsation, we risk confusing the knowledge. Sometimes the knowledge label is ironic — is referring to a building reader. is something the writer has told us, as the facility, the structure, the edifice One of our examples of another flaw sometimes it is knowledge readers are — anything to avoid using the sa m e can also illustrate this one: assumed to have. But in this case, the word twice. P redicting that even limited mobile reader hasn’t alrea dy been told that Elegant variation can be much more access to the Internet will attract con- Smith is a 27-year-old plumber. distracting than repetition. The think- sumers to an $800 version of its Palm This can be disconcerting because it ing reader starts wondering what the Pilot electronic organizer, 3Com Corp. does not happen in most varieties of building is going to be called next. has announced a wireless version of the English. It can bring a careful reader to a Don’t get us wrong. Sentences like popular device. halt, thinking: “Who’s this plumber? I the following should be rewritten: The last four words can simply be left d o n ’t remember reading about a They passed most of their time yester- out. plumber.” day passing resolutions regarding the The advice of H. W. and F. G. Fowler

LINE BY LINE By l i n e s on a story, the names in the byline will that were outside Hamilton before the Names are ALL CAPITALS, except be in alphabetical order unless the 2001 amalgamation get a place l i n e . that names like DiGregorio, MacDonald reporters decide on a different order. A n ca s te r, Dundas, Flamboro u g h , and McKay appear as DiGREG O R I O, Do not end a line with “and.” G l a n b rook and Sto n ey Creek we re MacDONALD, and McKAY. Macdonald amalgamated with Hamilton in 2001. appears as MACDONALD. P l a ce l i n e s These are still place names even if they If two or three reporters collaborate S tories originating in co m m u n i t i e s no longer designate political units.

... 9 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 Line by line

Remove Ont. after cities and towns Robert Burns, left, Samuel Johnson A round 50 wo rd s. The re p o r te r ’s known to most of our readers, such as and James Boswell salute the haggis as it name, James F. Clarity, is strikingly Barrie, Mississauga, St. Catharines and is carried in by Richard Steele. inapt. He makes it sound as though the so on. This applies in stories as well. Use single quotation marks, not regu- northern British province of Ulster is Our readers do not need to be told that lar ones, in cutlines. not the same as Northern Ire l a n d . London is a city in so u t hwe s te r n Don’t state the obvious. Assume the Reducing the sentence to 34 words is a Ontario. Take that out of wire stories. reader has eyes and a brain. Under a pic- simple matter, and it could certainly be CP co py is To ro n to - ce n t red, ofte n ture of Bill Bowell scratching his head, cut further: l o cating smaller communities with avoid saying something like “Bill Bowell Sinn Fe i n ’s chief negotiator says the respect to Toronto. These descriptions scratches his head.” Don’t tell us Nick crisis in the Northern Ireland peace should be rewritten locating them with Price is raising his putter if we can see e f fort will be reso l ved by the end of respect to Hamilton. Because CP copy is c l ea rly that he is raising his putte r. March, the target date for Britain to w r i t ten for co u n t rywide use, it ofte n Better to tell us why. And try to avoid return home-rule powe rs to the has a Toronto placeline on events that tired formulas such as “shares a laugh province. take place in, for example, Mississauga. with” and “Sa n ta Claus (a.k.a. Jo h n It is no co i n c i d e n ce that the firs t Such placelines should be changed. Brown).” The a.k.a. is unnecessary. example comes from the New Yo rk Canadian cities not followed by their Credit the photographer if possible as Times service. It and The Independent p rov i n ce are Calga ry, Charl o t te tow n , well as the newspaper or wire service: are the worst offenders in wordiness, E d m o n ton, Fre d e r i c ton, Halifa x , Christian Surname, Reuters but The Canadian Press sins as well: M o n t real, Ottawa, Quebec, Re g i n a , First And Last, The Associated Press The wording has not been revealed but Sa s ka toon, To ro n to, Va n co uve r, Include the name of the originating some reference to male sexual perform- Victoria and Winnipeg. newspaper if you know it. These are the ance will likely be included in a new CP Stylebook also lists major U. S. names of our sister papers in Torstar batch of cigarette package messages to cities that should not be followed by the Corp: be announced today by Health Minister state abbreviation. Add Buffalo to this Guelph Mercury Allan Rock, sources said. list. In other words, remove the N.Y. The Record, Kitchener-Waterloo This is a 36-word masterpiece of ver- that always follows Buffalo in wire story Toronto Star bosity and indirectness, and it omits an placelines. P h ra ses such as “an unidentified important detail: sexual performance is In other foreign placelines, follow the man” or “an unidentified Albany River impaired. It is also slow to get to the CP Stylebook (2004) in omitting the Rat” don’t belong in photo ca p t i o n s. point (The wo rding has not been country after Athens, Baghdad, Beijing, They are messages from photographers revealed but ), abstract (some reference Beirut, Berlin, Djibouti, Geneva , and wire services to editors, meaning: to), passive rather than active (will be Guatemala City, Hong Kong, Jerusalem, “Don’t bother asking us who this per- included, to be announced) and awk- Kuwait City, London, Luxe m b o u rg , son is. We don’t know.” There’s no need ward (sources said). M ex i co City, Monaco, Monte Carl o, to draw our readers’ attention to this. New messages on cigarette packages are M oscow, New Delhi, Panama City, It’s just a man. e x p e c ted to warn male smoke rs of Paris, Rome, Singapore, Tokyo, Vatican impaired sexual performance. City. Le d e s Much shorter, and it refers to people, Continue to use the tra d i t i o n a l Don’t assume that wire service stories but still passive. It doesn’t tell us who English spelling of Kiev, the Ukrainian need no editing. The ledes are ofte n ex p e c ts these wa r n i n gs, but neither capital, not Kyiv (CP) or Kyyiv (National much longer than necessary and more does the original (sources said). Geographic Society). muddled than they need be. This sen- Reading the story reveals that these tence was the longest one in the story as sources are in fact opponents of smok- C u t l i n e s published. ing, so we could say this: In pictures of more than one person, Martin McGuinness, chief nego t i a t o r Opponents of smoking expect new identify the person on the left first and for the political wing of the Irish warnings on cigarette packages to hit the person on the right last unless Republican Army, said yesterday that male smokers below the belt. there’s a good reason to do it differently. the growing crisis in the No r t h e r n That’s 16 words — less than half the The word “left” goes after that person’s Ireland peace effort would be resolved length of the original. name surrounded by commas. Do not by the end of March, the target date for put it in parentheses, do not say “From Britain to return home-rule powers to left.” the northern British province of Ulster.

... 10 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 PUNCTUATION Punctuation

Th e s e notes supplement the section on 4. Between hyp h e n a t ed modifiers: th e s es or dashes to sepa ra t e the attribution punctuation in the section Some Usef u l a double-blind placebo-control l e d trial. fr om the state m e n t . Tools in the CP Style b o o k . Where commas may be used El l i p s i s Co m m a Commas may be used between adjec - This punctuation mark indicat es that Th e s e com m e n t s are not com p re h e n - ti ves who se order is not fixed. something has been omitted from a text or si ve; they draw attention to problem areas . Th e s e adjec t i ves belong to the large class qu o ta t i o n . of adjec t i ves that prec ede adjec t i ves of Type Option-Semicolon (…), not three Where commas should not be used si z e. pe r i o d s , which can be sepa ra t ed at the end 1. Introducing quotations of more than one Another test: if it sounds OK when you of a line. An ellipsis has a spac e befor e and sen te n c e. Use a col o n . put “and” between the adjec t i ves , then af t er it. you can put commas between them: The ellipsis is often used whe r e a dash — 2. Introducing quotations that are not sen - th o se lazy, hazy, crazy days in d i c ating an interruption — would be ten ce s . There is no punctuation befor e This use of commas is a matter of style , mo r e approp r i a te : th e se : not right and wrong. CP style is to use Not : Th e re fo r e … but you can fill in the Police will crack down on a ras h of violent them. If in doubt, err on the side of too few. rest you r sel f . as saults that one officer has dubbed “ran - But: Th e re fo r e — but you can fill in the do m , sen se l e ss and without motive.” Where commas must be used rest you r sel f . She cal l e d the prot est “too little, too late.” 1. Introducing quotations of one sen - The ellipsis is sometimes used whe r e a ten c e. Do not use a col o n . colon would be more approp r i a te : 3. Between modifiers who se order is fixed , Not: Shania Twain … belly-button as in this noun phras e: the seven gree n 2. Between con j oined clauses if the sub- co u n t r y . school books. If you change the order of ject changes . But: Shania Twain: belly-button coun- th e s e word s , the phras e becomes ungram - Noam wash e d the floor and tidied up the tr y . ma t i c al — the wor ds are English but the se- ki tc h e n . qu e n c e is not. Noam wash e d the floor, and Shelley ti- Hy p h e n The order of modifiers prec eding nouns di e d up the kitch e n . 1. Modifiers is not random in English; we subcon - The fol l o wing sen te n c e needs a com m a Consider this typ i c al noun phrase : th e sci o u s l y fol l o w rules for their placem e n t . af t er “perch” to avoid leading the read e r gr een school books. This is more than a Th a t ’ s one reas on grammarians rec ogn i z e do wn the wrong pat h : string of word s . It is structured, and the gra m m a t i c al classes of wor ds such as de- The bass - l i k e fish tastes like lake perch st r u c t u r e is binary, in that each multiwor d ter m i n e r , number, adjec t i ve and noun: and upscale rest a u r ants, especially in the unit con s i s t s of two other units: Asian community, can ’ t get enough. the green school books con s i s t s of DET. NO. ADJ. NOUN NOUN It may not tak e long to figure out that the and th e seven gre e n sch o o l bo o k s fish doesn’t tas t e like upscale res ta u ra n t s, gr een school bookscon s i s t s of th o se two excel l e n t cr i m e rep o r te r s but a comma kee p s the reader on the right and he r th re e use l e s s un i vers i t y degree s tra c k . school bookscon s i s t s of and < books> When you have more than one adjec t i ve, 3. Befor e and after attribution in the In other word s , school is linked more their order is often fixed, so we have to rec - middle of a quotation or a para p h ra se . cl o sel y to books than to green; school books ogn i z e subclasses of adjec t i ves which de- a) When they wer e in London, he sai d , is a unit and gr een sch o o l is not. A phras e termine their seq u e n c e. For example, ad- they suffer ed from the cold. li k e this, whe r e the wor d prec eding the jec t i ves of colour gen e ra l l y prec ede adjec - b) When they wer e in London, he sai d cor e noun (bo o k s ) is linked direc t l y to it, ti ves of proven a n c e, age prec edes col o u r , they suffer ed from the cold. rep re se n t s the default structure for a noun and most other adjec t i ves prec ede col o u r Without a comma after “sai d , ” this ph ra s e with modifiers. word s : me ans he said something when they wer e But if we wer e ref erring to books belong- a peppy little blue Italian car in London: they suffer ed from the col d . ing to a green school, a school dedicat ed to that handsome old car v ed Gothic door If you mean, “He said they suffer ed from env i ro n m e n t al studies, the structure the misch i e v ous grey Burmese cats the cold when they wer e in London,” you would be differ ent. Sch o o l would be more It is incor r ect to use commas betwee n must have a pair of commas around “he cl o sel y rel a t ed to gre e n than to bo o k s : th e s e adjec t i ves . sai d , ” wor king much like a pair of pare n -

... 11 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 PUNCTUATION

When this happens, we can put a hyp h e n be modifying the fol l o wing wor d, so the or put the inter p o l a t ed wor ds in squ a r e be t ween wor ds such as green and school to two form a unit. bra c ke ts : in d i ca t e that they form a unit: the gree n - I started skating so consistently in com- school books. These hyphens avert ambi- 2. Pref i xe s petitions, [the judges] wou l d n ’ t pit me gu i t y and help keep the reader on the right As a rule, pref i x es — multi-, non-, ag ainst anyon e . tr ack. pr e-, post-, re-, semi- and so on — are not fol l o wed by a hyphen when they are at- Qu o tation marks He r e are some other pai r s of phras es il- tached to a wor d. They become part of the Single quotation marks are used instead lu s t r ating this principle: wor d: mu l t i n a t i o n a l , nonexisten t , pre- of regular quotation marks in A big car lover lo ves car s in a big way. ar ra n g e, pret a x , read j u s t , rei ss u e , rero u t e. ❚Hea d l i n e s A bi g - c ar lover lo ves big car s. The rule has sever al excep t i o n s : ❚Cu t l i n e s Ir i s h dancing sho e s ar e dancing shoes a) A hyphen is used if the last letter of the ❚Su b h ea d s fr om Irel a n d . pr efix is the same as the first letter of the ❚Pullout quotes Ir i s h-dancing sho e s ar e shoes for Irish root wor d: pr e-e m p t , re-e n te r , re-e x a m - and for da n c i n g . in e . ❚Qu o t es inside other quotes . A small business tax is a business tax b) A hyphen is used to distinguish the re- Th e y are no t us ed for nicknames, whi c h th a t ’ s small. sulting wor d from another: re-sign (si g n should be enclosed in pare n t h e se s . They A small-business tax is a tax on small ag ain) vs. resign (quit), re- c over (cover ar e no t us ed to mark wor ds that are unfa- bu s i n e s ses . ag ain) vs. rec over (rec u p e ra t e, reg ain), re- mi l i a r , used in a special sen s e or used iron - The harde st wor king men in the country form (form again) vs. ref orm (improve). ica l l y, or for any other purpose. Use reg u - ar e hard. c) A hyphen is used if the root wor d be- lar quotation marks for those purposes . The hardes t - wo r king men in the country gins with a cap i t al letter: pr e-C h r i s t i a n . From the CP Stylebook: “Periods and wor k hard. d) A hyphen is used if the prefix is at- commas always go inside closing quote Hyphens are helpful with multiwor d tached to a hyp h e n a t ed compound word : ma r ks; colons and sem i c olons outsi d e . ” mo d i f i e r s, phras es plunked in front of no n - l i f e-t h r eate n i n g . nouns: a once-i n - a - l i f etime opportunity. e) A hyphen is used after ex- mean i n g Slash or virgule (/) former: ex - c o n v i c t , ex-wife. Restrict this pseudo-punctuation mark The skel e t al language of head l i n e s to Internet addres ses , fractions and abbre- ma k es them par t i c u l a r ly liable to misread - Pare n t h e se s viations such as km/h whe r e it mean s ing, and hyphens can stop read e r s being A sen te n c e should be com p l e t e and “p e r .” led astray. gra m m a t i c al without the wor ds in brac k - If “fish and/or chips” means “fish or Consider a headline beginning like this: et s or pare n t h e se s . In quotat i o n s , ex- ch i p s or both,” it’s worth using one more EI cheats probe … . pl a n a to r y text inser t ed in brac ke t s supple- ti n y wor d to make this clear . If this is about a probe of EI cheat s, a hy- me n t s the quoted word s : Some writer s are using the slash in oth- phen is needed to prevent read e r s think- You can do it (rec o v er from a serious in- er places as well. Usu a l l y the punctuation ing, even for a sec ond, that someone or jury) behind the sce n e s becau s e no one is ma r k they’ re looking for is the hyphen. A something is cheating a probe: wat ching you . si n ge r /son g w r i t er appear s to be the sam e EI - c h e ats probe … . But this solution should be a last reso r t . as a singer- so n g w r i t er or, indeed, a singer Para p h r asing is prefe r able to putting par - and son g w r i te r . A coac h / GM is no differ - But do not clutter stories with unneces - en t h e t i c al exp re s sions in quotat i o n s . ent from a coach-GM or coach and gen e r - sar y hyp h e n s . When the linked word s The wor ds in pare n t h e s es should not re- al manager . He isn’t one or the other; he’s con s t i t u t e a familiar term, the reader does pl a c e spoken word s , as they do in this ex- bo t h . not need hyphens: a real est a t e agen t , the ample: high school teac h e r , 12 per cent drop, the I started skating so consistently in com- sal e s tax increas e. We rec ogn i z e immedi- petitions, (the judges) wou l d n ’ t pit me ate l y that “per cent” and “12 per cent” are ag ainst anyon e . un i t s; the reader is in no danger of tak i n g If “the judges” is omitted, the sen te n c e “c ent drop” to be a unit. is ungram m a t i c al. This is how to do it: Neither does the reader need the assi s - I started skating so consistently in com- tan c e of a hyphen when an adjec t i ve or petitions, they (the judges) wou l d n ’ t pit me participle is prec eded by an adver b ending ag ainst anyon e . in -ly: pai n t i n g s for dimly lit rooms, an un- If you can ’ t determine what the missi n g co m f ortably bright light. The adver b must wor ds are, para p h ra s e instead of quoting

... 12 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 GRAMMAR Grammar Re l at i vely simple the gra m m a t i cal ca se (or form) of wh o- (or conjoin, hence the term conjunction) Some reporters and editors have diffi- ever depends on its role in the subord i- gra m m a t i c al units of the same type. If cu l t y choosing the right rel a t i ve pron o u n n a te clause that it begins, so read the m o re than two units are being linke d , in sentences like this: preceding section if you haven’t done so eve ry conjunction in the se q u e n ce ex- A woman _____ police said aban d o n e d already. cept the last one is typ i ca l l y rep l a c ed by a her child says she is innocent. To put it another way, the form of a comma. Is it who or whom? wh -wo rd depends on its relation to the The fo l l owing ungra m m a t i cal se n- A re l a t ive pro n o u n ’s ca se — that is, words after it, not the words before it. te n ce illustra tes a mista ke often made whether it is wh o, wh ose or whom — is with co-ordinating conjunctions: d e termined by the gra m m a t i cal role it Here’s an example: The probe into a dispute between hosp i - p l ays in its own clause, but you don't She wished she could thank tal researc h e r s and a drug company is have to be a grammarian to get this right. wh--ever was responsible. flawed, biased and needs to be stopped. If you have any doubts about the co r- People get this wrong beca u se they We can see problem more ea s i ly if we rect word, here’s a quick and easy way to think the wh-word is the direct object of line up the conjoined phrases: work it out. the ve rb “thank.” It isn’t. The object of The probe … is flawed Ask you r self what independent clause, “thank” is a clause: “wh - - ever was re- biased or sen te n c e, the rel a t i ve clause is derived sponsible.” needs to be stopped. f rom, replacing the re l a t ive pro n o u n As with who and whom, ask yo u rse l f “The probe is needs to be stopped” is with a personal pronoun, like this: what independent clause, or se n te n ce , u n g ra m m a t i cal. The writer has linke d Re l a t ive clause: WH-- police sa i d this nominal re l a t ive clause is derive d two adjec t i ves (flawed and biased) with a abandoned her child fr om, replacing the wh- wor d with an or- verb phrase (needs to be stopped). Independent clause: Po l i ce said SHE dinary personal pronoun: What we want to say is this: abandoned her child. Rel a t i ve clause: wh- - e ver was res p o n - The probe into a dispute between hosp i - If the pronoun in the independent sible tal researc h e r s and a drug company is c l a u se is SHE, HE or THEY, the re l a t ive Independent clause: He was res p o n s i - f l a wed and biased and needs to be pronoun should be WHO. ble. stopped. If the pronoun in the independent If the pronoun in the independent Now we have two co n joined ve rb c l a u se is HER, HIM or THEM, the re l a- clause is she, he or they, the relative pro- phrases: tive pronoun should be WHOM. noun should be whoever: The probe … is flawed and biased Th e re fo r e, the cor r ect form of the sen - She wish ed she could thank whoeve r needs to be stopped. tence in question is as follows: was responsible. And the first ve rb phra se co n tains two A woman who police said aba n d o n ed conjoined adjectives. her child says she is innocent. Here’s another sentence: He vo wed to kill wh--ever the police S u b j e c t-verb agre e m e n t Here’s another example: found. The subject determines whether the The man _____ we saw talking to the Re l a t ive clause: wh - - ever the police verb is singular or plural. child was arrested. found. People get co n f u sed when the subje c t Relative clause: WH-- we saw talking Independent clause: The police fo u n d is a clause. All clauses are singular. to the child him. Wrong: Mostly what I found were cats. Independent clause: We saw HIM If the pronoun in the independent Right: Mostly what I found was cats. talking to the child. c l a u se is her, him or them, the cor re c t Better: Mostly, I found cats. The personal pronoun is HIM, so the relative pronoun is whomever: relative pronoun is WHOM: He vo wed to kill whomever the police Wrong: What they found we re double The man whom we saw talking to the found. locks and an alarm bell. child was arrested. T h a t ’s co r rect, but few of us wo u l d Right: What they found was double ever say something like that. If in doubt, locks and an alarm bell. W h o m eve r use whoever — or rework the sentence. B e t ter: Double locks and an alarm bell Not only does wh o m ever sound stilt- were what they found. ed, it is often wrong when it appea rs in C o-o rd i n ation pro b l e m s The Specta to r. As with who and wh o m , And and or are wo rds used to co n n e c t

... 13 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 WORDS TO WATCH Words to Watch

See also CP Stylebook, section Tools and portant or significant. practitioner or not. Te c h n i cal Guides, chapter Wo rd s. See C r i t i cal is re l a ted to crisis. A crisis is a Not eve ryone who has a docto ral de- also Clutter on page 5 of this guide. turning point. If you keep the medica l gree and works in a faculty of health sci- definition in mind, you wo n ’t go fa r e n ces is a physician. In stories about Affe c t w rong. A pa t i e n t ’s condition is critica l m e n tal pro b l e m s, it is pa r t i c u l a rly im- This wo rd is often used wh e re a more when a decisive change — for better or portant to distinguish between psychia- precise one is called for: for worse — is imminent. tr i s t s, who are physicians with a special- Consumer confidence and spending Crucial is more like ly to be the right i ty, and others, who may have a PhD in might be affected. wo rd than critical. Crucial is re l a ted to psychology or some other subject. Af fe c t ed how? Pos i t ive ly or nega t ive- crux. A crux is a fundamental, pivotal or People writing headlines should not ly? The sto ry in which this sen te n c e ap- vital point. a ssume that a physician has an MD de- peared made it clear that confidence and g ree. In some English-speaking co u n- spending might be reduced. C u t ba c ks tries, medical doctors receive a bachelor Use cuts, not cutbacks. of medicine degree and a bachelor of A l te r n ate s u rge ry. They put MB, ChB after their This is widely misused in place of “al- Decline, re f u se names instead of MD. ternative” or — even better — “another.” I NCO R R ECT: He re f u sed further Motorists wer e being advised to use an- comment. He declined comment. (This E a rt h other route. would be co r rect if “comment” was be- D o n ’t cap i ta l i z e earth in idioms such Police are asking drive rs to use other ing used as a noun, not a verb: he was of- as “what on earth” and “move heave n routes. fered comment and turned it down.) and earth” or in other traditional use s. CO R R ECT: He re f u sed to co m m e n t . “The earth” has been used for ce n t u r i e s A m i d s t He re f u sed to comment further. He de- as an alte r n a t ive to “the worl d . ” In ge n- Un l e ss some kind of archaic or clined to comment. He declined to say e ral, restrict Earth to stories about as- pseudopoetic flavour is req u i r ed, there is any more. tronomy or space exploration. no rea son to use wo rds like amidst, But sen te n c es like this are usually un- When it’s ca p i ta l i zed, Earth should a m o n gst and (heaven fo r fend!) unbe- fa i r, since they imply that the perso n not be preceded by “the”. We don’t refer k n ownst instead of amid, among and ought to say more. Believe it or not, most to the Venus or the Mars, so we shouldn’t unknown. people are under no moral obligation to refer to the Earth. speak to reporters. Beg the question Th e s e state m e n t s res emble photo cap - E l d e r l y This exp re s sion belongs to logic and tions re ferring to “unidentified” per- Avoid using this word to describe spe- d e bating. Begging the question is as- sons; they are of more interest to editors cific individuals or people of a particular suming (usually unwi t t i n g l y) the truth of than to readers. age. In our youth-obsessed society, eld- a point or pro p osition to be prove d , The same goes for statements like “He e rl y is derogato r y. Ac t ive and hea l t hy without arguing it. It is a kind of circular re f u sed to give his name.” This so u n d s people of re t i rement age find it offe n- argumentation. l i ke a messa ge from a re p o r ter to an edi- sive. Beg the question does not mean “raise tor . Again, people are not req u i r ed to give One 65-yea r-old labelled with that the question” or “ra i se a question that their names to reporters. wo rd in The Specta tor said, “Elderly to begs to be answered.” me is when yo u ’re sitting in a chair and Do c to r you can’t get out of it.” C l i m a c t i c Both medical docto rs and people with G ive the perso n ’s age, or an age ran ge , Some will call this note anti-climactic, P h Ds are entitled to be Dr. Leslie Smy t h and let the reader decide what desc r i p- but this wo rd appea rs again and again in on first refe re n c e, but the sto ry should tion is appropriate. p l a ce of c l i m a t i c. Do people’s finge rs m a ke it clear what kind of docto ral de- Aged, of course, is even worse. s l i p, or do they not know that the adje c- gree a person has. The least offen s i ve generic term is sen - tive related to climate has only two c’s? If the person is not a physician, their ior. ex p e r t i se should be explained. If a per- Critical, crucial so n ’s ex p e r t i se or profe s sion is not re l e- E nv i ro n m e n t- f r i e n d l y T h e se wo rds are not inte rc h a n gea b l e vant to the sto ry, there ’s no need for the Ozo n e - f r i e n d ly, pedestrian-friendly, and they are not sy n o nymous with im- D r., whether the person is a medica l reader-friendly, user-friendly, environ-

... 14 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 WORDS TO WATCH m e n t - f r i e n d ly (not env i ro n m e n ta l ly the village of Westfield at We s t f i e l d ticular day or week is, in fact, the ave r- friendly). H e r i ta ge Ce n t re are not histo r i c. They a ge. Plea se pre se rve the differe n c e be- are historical or — to put it plainly — old. tween avera g e and normal. It is normal Eva c u ate for tem p e ra t u r es and pre c i p i tation to To eva c u a te is to empty. When yo u I n c l u d e va ry from day to day and from year to eva c u a te your bowe l s, you empty them. St. Jose p h ’s Hea l t h ca re includes St. yea r. If the maximum tem p e ra t u r e wa s D o n ’t let emerge n cy officials eva c u a te Joseph’s Hospital, the Centre for Ambu- the same ever y Jan. 20, that would not be people. Buildings are eva c u a ted. Pe o p l e la to r y Health Servi c es and the Cen t r e for normal at all. are forced to leave their homes. Mountain Health Services. That is co r rect, but not as info r m a t ive O l d e r, oldest Fo l l ow i n g as it could be. Do not use these wo rds befo re nouns D o n ’t use this when you mean “afte r.” Include is a sa fe wo rd, and a bit of a when they indica te the re l a t ive age of A Specta tor sto ry re fe r red to a suspect wea sel wo rd, beca u se it can be use d people, especially members of a fa m i ly. bitten “by a police dog who flushed him whether all the component pa r ts of a The correct words are elder and eldest: out of a hiding place following a bungled whole are mentioned or not. Sometimes Bob is the elder brother. h o u se brea k- i n .” Was the hiding place it is neces sar y to use include becau s e you Marge, the eldest sister, is 34. following the break-in, or was it the po- ar e not sure what all the com p o n e n t s are. l i ce dog? What’s wrong with afte r? Is it When you know that the list is co m- Pa rt i a l l y too short? p l e te, howeve r, make this clear to the For some rea son, this wo rd is widely readers by using comprises or is made up u sed in place of pa r t l y, which is clea r, Fo n d l e of, not includes: co r rect and shorte r. Keep pa r t i a l ly fo r Do not use this wo rd when desc r i b i n g S t. Jose p h ’s Hea l t h ca re comprises St. t h ose occasions when you need an ad- sexual assault or molestation. Jose p h ’s Hos p i t a l, the Ce n t re for Ambu- verb to go with partial in the sense of bi- latory Health Se r v i c es and the Ce n t re fo r a sed. When you mean “to some ex te n t ” Fund, funding Mountain Health Services. or “in part,” use partly. Avoid using f u n d as a ve rb mea n i n g If you use include all the time, you de- “ p rovide money (or funds) fo r.” Use the p r ive rea d e rs of information that can be Pass on ve rbs f i n a n c e or pa y f o r i n s tead, and important: whether the list is complete. This is a combination of wor ds to avoi d money instead of funding. An expression in hea d l i n e s, since it can have differe n t li k e “increas ed funding levels” can be re- M i s h a p meanings — “pass up” and “hand on” — p l a ced with “more money.” Keep fund People don’t die in mishaps. both of which could make sense. and funding for those situations wh e re an actual fund is created: M u rd e r Pre d o m i n a n t l y Ken’s uncle is financing his latest busi- L i ke many English wo rd s, murder has It’s not predominately; there’s no such ness venture. m o re than one meaning, and the mea n- word. In English we add -ly to adjectives ings are related. Murder has an everyday to form adverbs: flagrantly, sadly, usual- Hark ba c k sense and a legal sense. Whether a mur- ly. Predominant, like dominant, is an ad- It’s not harken back or hearken back. der in the legal se n se has been co m m i t- je c t ive. Pre d o m i n a te is a ve rb. English ted is decided by the co u r ts. Once a does not form any wor ds by adding -ly to H e re c h a rge has been laid, there fo re, we use verbs. Some reporters like to use this word in the word with care. l e d e s. It seems to ca r ry some of the ro- When a charge has been laid or is im- Put a damper on ma n c e of the for eign cor r espondent. But minent in a homicide, we use wor ds such This expression has nothing to do with is “here” whe r e the reader is or whe r e the as slaying or killing rather than murd e r. m o i s t u re. It does not mean “make wr i t er is? Read e r s often have to inter r u p t The co u r ts may decide that it was not damp.” their reading to look up at the placeline to m u rder but manslaughter or death by A damper is something that damps, or m a ke sure. Anything that inte r r u p ts the misadventure. s t i f l e s, like the pad that sto ps a piano first sentence is a bad thing. string vibrating, or the movable plate in a N o r m a l flue that con t r ols the rat e of com b u s t i o n . H i s to r i c Do not fo l l ow Env i ronment Canada Hi s t oric means important or famous in and The Weather Ne two rk in misusing R a d i u s history. Historical means about or based this wo rd. What they call the normal This wor d is usually redundant when it on history. The buildings that constitute te m p e ra t u re or pre c i p i tation for a pa r- ap p ea r s in newspa p e r s. “Within a 100-

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k i l o m e t re radius of Sas ka t oon” mea n s l ey so u t h east of San Fra n c i sco is know n l i ce specify otherw i se, they are looking the same as “within 100 kilometres of as Silicon Va l l ey beca u se it is home to for the person who com m i t t ed the crime. Saskatoon.” many manufacturers of electronic com- ponents. Te m p e rat u re s Re g u l a r, re g u l a r l y A silicone is one of numerous orga n i c Wea t h e r, air, or wa ter may be hot, Reg u l a rl y and the current circu m l o c u - compounds of silicon and oxygen. Many warm, cold or frigid, but tem p e ra t u re s tion on a regular ba s i s a re often misuse d breast implants contain silicone gel. are not. They are high or low. in place of frequently. Regular events are more or less equally S p o ke s p e rso n Tota l spa c ed in time. Reg u l a r is approp r i a t e for Be sure that someone you label a Some re p o r te rs begin a sen te n c e with something that happens eve ry se co n d , s p o ke s p e rson is authorized to speak on the phrase, “A total of,” to avoid starting o n ce a minute, eve ry hour, daily, thre e behalf of the orga n i zation in question. with a number. This is not a good reason times a week, eve ry Sat u rd a y, at the end Not eve ryone who picks up a phone and to include tota l l y redundant word s . If a of each month, every year and so on. a n swe rs questions is a rep re se n ta t i ve or number grea ter than nine sta r ts a se n- Frequent events occur at intervals that spokesperson. te n ce, just spell it out. If it’s a big num- ar e closel y spac ed. Whether once a day is Even a public relations officer does not ber, like 32,345, recast the sentence. f requent depends on the norm for the ne ce s sa r i ly speak for an orga n i za t i o n . activity or event under discussion. For example, the Hamilto n -We n two r t h Tox i c When someone tells you they do District School Board ’ s public re l a t i o n s Toxic is an adje c t ive meaning poiso n- something “on a regular ba s i s,” find out officer does not speak for the board. On- ous; it is never a noun. That means we what they mean: ask for more detail. ly the dire c tor or chairman of the sc h o o l can speak of toxic subs ta n ce s, but not board can do that. toxics. Se r v i ce The best approach is to give the per- Neither can we, in ge n e ral, call tox i c O f ten se r v i c e is used as a ve rb wh e n son’s job title. s u bs ta n ces tox i n s. Toxins are poiso n s serve, a shorter and simpler word, is ap- You can usually avoid having to choose de veloped by animal, vege t able or bac t e- propriate. b e tween spoke s p e rson and spoke s- rial orga n i s m s. So arsenic is tox i c, but it Not: The Hamilton office se rv i ce s woman or spokesman by saying, “Ju n e is not a toxin, becau s e it is a metallic sub- branches across the country. A l lyson, speaking for …” This is shorte r stance. But: The Hamilton office se rve s than “June Allyson, a spokesperson for,” branches across the country. and more active. Try and do so m e t h i n g This construction — instead of “try to S i l i con, silico n e S u s p e c t do som e t h i n g ” — has a long histor y but it Silicon is a nonmetallic element wide- If the sto ry doesn’t name a person be- remains too informal for news sto r i e s, ly used in micro c h i ps and other elec- ing sought by police, there ’s no need to except, of course, in quotations. tr onic com p o n e n t s. The San t a Clara Val - re fer to him as a suspect. Un l e ss the po-

Local knowledge Unl e ss otherwise noted, places are in Appleby College, Oakville. ww w. a r t gal l e r yof h a m i l to n . com Ha m i l t o n . Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders is ac- Avenues and streets. Hamilton has a African Lion Safariis a saf ari par k with ex- cep t able for Argy ll and Sutherland High- number of main north-south stree t s that otic animals near Sheffield in northwes t la n d e r s of Canada (Princes s Louise’ s). ar e about half a mile apart. East of Wen t - Ha m i l to n . Ha m i l t on regiment. Nickname: the Ar- worth Street they are all called aven u e s , gyl l s . except for Ottawa Street. West of Sher- Albion Falls is whe r e the Red Hill Cree k man Avenue, the principal north-sou t h po u r s over the Niagar a Escar p m e n t . Armoury, James Street. Accep t able for th o ro u g h fa r es are all called stree t s, excep t the Lieuten a n t - C olonel John Weir Foo te , Vi c t oria Avenue. Victoria is not part of the An c a s t e r . The township was named in VC, CD, Armoury. (VC stands for Victor i a ha l f -mile grid; it is between Wel l i n g to n 1793. The Town of Ancas t er was incor p o - Cr oss, CD for Canadian For ces Decor a- and Wen t worth stree t s, which are half a rat ed in 1974 and became part of Hamilton ti o n . ) mile apar t . in 2001. Population in 1996: 23,400. Art Gallery of Hamilton. Webs i te : BA I T st ands for Bay Area Implementat i o n

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Team, which is implementing the Hamil- Bullock’s Cornersis a small com m u n i t y in Christie’s Corners is in West Flambor- ton Harbour Remedial Action Plan. The Fl a m b o r ough near the inter section of ough whe r e Highway 8 turns towar d RAP is a strat egy developed joi n t l y by cit- Hi g h way 8 and Brock Road . Ca m b r i d ge . ize n s , industry and gover n m e n t s to clean up the harbour and prevent further pollu- Bu r l i n g t o n was incor p o ra t ed as a village in Clappison Cut. Highway 6 climbs the Ni- ti o n . 1873 and as a city in 1973. Population in aga r a Escarpment through the Clappison 1996: 137,00 0 . Cut just below (sou t h e ast of) Clappison ’ s BA R C st ands for Bay Area Res to ra t i o n Webs i t e: www.ci t y.b u rl i n g to n .o n . ca Cor n e r s. Council. This is a nonprofit organ i za t i o n formed to monitor the implementation of Burlington Art Centre is on Lakes h o r e Clappison’s Corners was a small Flam- the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Act i o n Road. It used to be the Burli n g t on Cultur- bo r ough com m u n i t y at the inter section of Pl a n . al Cen t r e. Webs i t e: burli n g to n a r t cen - Dundas Street (Highway 5) and the old tre .o n . ca Guelph Road (now Highway 6). Bayfront Parkis on the sou t h west shore of Ha m i l t on Harbo u r , sou t h west of Pier 4 Burlington Bayand Hamilton Harbour are Claremont Access li n k s Upper Jam e s Park . two names for the same body of wate r . If St r eet to Wel l i n g t on Street South and you ’ re talking about sailing and other Vi c t oria Avenue South. Beckett Drive(the Queen Street hill) con - kinds of rec r eation or sport, it’s a bay; if ne c t s Queen Street South to Garth Stree t you ’ re talking about shipping or industry, Conservation authorities further the on the west Mountai n . it ’ s a harbo u r . con se r vation, res to r ation, devel o p m e n t and management of natural reso u r ces in Bernie Arbour Stadiumon the east Moun- Burlington Super Center Mall on Guelph On ta r i o . The management of wat er re- tain is named after Sergeant Bernie Ar- Line used to be the SuperCen t re . sou r ces emphasizes the prevention and bo u r , who direc t ed the Hamilton Pol i c e con t r ol of flooding and erosion. Aut h o r i - Minor Sports Association from its incep - Canada Centre for Inland Waters is in ties are invol ved in refo re s t ation and the tion in 1949 until his death in 1967. Bu rl i n g t on, beside the Burli n g t on Canal. im p r ovement of fish and wildlife habitat . Much of the land acqu i r ed by con se r va- Beverly Swamp Conservation Area in Canada West was that part of the tion authorities is available to the public Fl a m b o r ough is run by the Hamilton Pr ovi n c e of Canada (1841-18 6 7) previ - for rec r eation. The regions governed by Con se r vation Aut h o r i t y. ou s l y known as Upper Canada. On ta r i o ’ s 38 con se r vation authorities are the areas drained by specified river s and Brian Timmis Stadium, south of Ivor Canadian Football Hall of Fame is on st r eam s . Wynne Stadium, honours the memory of Jac k son Street West beside City Hall. Brian Timmis (1899-19 71). A member of Conservation Halton. For m e r ly the Hal- the Canadian Foo t ball Hall of Fame and Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum is ton Region Con se r vation Aut h o r i t y, its one of the great bal l - ca r r i e r s, Timmis an aviation museum at Mount Hope, ju r i s diction includes par t s of Hamilton helped the Hamilton Tiger s win the Grey Gl a n b ro o k . and Wel l i n g t on Cou n t y. Cup in 1928, 1929 and 1932. Known as the Old Man of the Mountain, he later CANUSA Games. This annual amateu r Cootes Paradise, with no apost ro p h e , coached the Flying Wild Cats to a Grey athletic competition between Hamilton even though the marsh is named after Cup victor y in 1943 befor e turning to high and Flint, Mich., has been going on for Ca p t ain Thomas Coo t e, who hunted wa- school coaching at Delta and Cathedral . mo r e than 40 year s. ter f owl there in the 178 0 s . It is now part of the Royal Botan i c al Garde n s . Bronte Creek is also called Twel ve Mile Cathedral of Christ the King, King Stree t Cr eek, but not in The Spectato r . West. Roman Catholic. Copps Coliseum is always accep t able for the Victor K. Cop p s Trade Cen t re -A re n a . Bruce Trail. This is a hiking path more Ca t s . Accep t able for the Hamilton Tiger - Vi c t or K. (Vic) Cop p s (1919-1988) was than 800 kilometres long fol l o wing the Ca t s. ma yor of Hamilton 1963-1 9 76. Ni a ga r a Escarpment from Queenston to Tob e r m o r y, which is at the tip of the Bruce Chedoke Expressway is what Highway Copps, Sheila. The Liberal MP for Hamil- Peninsula. The Bruce Trail Assoc i a t i o n 403 is prop e r ly called in Hamilton, but the ton East, from 1984 to 2004, is the daugh- was incor p o ra t ed in 1963 and the trail was name has fallen into disuse. ter of Victor and Geraldine Cop p s. Sheila com p l e t ed in 1967. The father of the Bruce Cop p s wor ked briefly as a Spectat or re- Trail is Ray Lowes of Hamilton. Chedoke Municipal Golf Club, which is po r t er at the beginning of her political ca- owned by the City of Hamilton, has two ree r . Bu l l d o g s . Hamilton ’ s American Hockey 18-hole cou r ses: the Beddoe and the Mar- Le ague team, assoc i a t ed with the Edmon- ti n . Co r k t o w n . A former Irish neighbourho o d ton Oilers of the NHL. The Hamilton Bull- of Hamilton, bounded rou g h l y by Jam e s do gs play their home games at Cop p s Col - Christ’s Church Cathedral, James Stree t St r eet, Main Street, Wel l i n g t on Street and ise u m . North. Anglican . the Mountai n .

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C r o o k sH o l l o w in Flamborough is named Dundas Valley Golf and Curling Club. Fo r t i n o s . af t er James Croo k s, who established sev- er al store s , mills and fac t ories there in the Dundurn Castle, Yor k Boulevar d. It was Gl a n b r o o k . This township was formed in ear ly 19th cen t u r y. built in the Rege n c y era as the home of Sir 19 74 by amalgamating Binbrook and Allan MacNab . Construction star t ed in Gl a n fo r d town s h i p s. Glanbrook becam e Court of Appeal. The Ontario Court of 1834. Its style is Rege n c y Ital i a n a t e, not part of Hamilton in 2001. Population in Ap p e al is the provi n ce ’ s highest court. It Vi c t orian. Res to r ed and furnished to il- 1996: 10,50 0 . hea r s some appeals of final orde r s by lu s t ra t e the lifes t yle of its original occu - ju d g es of the Superior Court of Jus t i c e. It pan t s, it is a City of Hamilton museu m . Good Shepherd Centres. al s o hear s appeals of orde r s by the Divi - sional Cou r t . east, west, north, south. King and Jam e s Governor’s Road, Dundas, was orde re d st re e t s determine the north, south, eas t built by John Graves Simcoe, lieuten a n t - co u r t s . See Court of Appeal, Fam i l y and west in Hamilton street names, but an governor of Upper Canada 1791- 9 6 . Court, Ontario Court of Jus t i c e, Divi s i o n - ad d re s s on, say, King Street East is not al Court, Small Claims Court and Superi- ne ce s sar i l y in east Hamilton, which be- Grand River Conservation Authority. or Court of Jus t i ce . gins around Gage Avenue. East of the Main-King crossover , Main Street be- Gray Road, Ston e y Cree k . DA R T S st ands for Disabled and Aged Re- comes the north-south dividing line. East gional Transit Syste m . of the Red Hill Val l e y, Queenston Road is Green Road, Ston e y Cree k . the boundary. De t e c t i v es e r g e a n t is a rank equivalent to Greenhill Avenue. Since this street is in- st aff ser geant in the Hamilton - Wen t - east Hamilton. The east end of Hamilton ter r u p t ed by the Red Hill Val l e y, it’s not worth police and other Canadian police begins around Gage Aven u e . enough to say something happened on serv i ce s . Detec t i ve is one rung lower , Gr eenhill Avenue. Read e r s want to know eq u i valent to ser gean t . Eastgate Square is a shopping mall in eas t whether it was west or east of the val l e y. Ha m i l t on. Devil’s Punch Bowl Conservation Area in Gr e e n s v i l l e is a village on top of the Nia- Sto n e y Creek con t ains a ribbon wate r fa l l Ellen Fairclough Building on King Stree t gar a Escarpment just west of Dundas. that plunges 10 stor eys into a deep gor ge, West down t own is named after Ellen exp o sing layer upon layer of Niagar a Es- Lo u k s Fai r clough, who ser ved as MP for Ha g e r s v i l l e is a town on Highway 6 sou t h carpment roc k . Ha m i l t on West 1950-63. She becam e of Hamilton in Haldimand. Ca n a d a ’ s first female cabinet minister in Dewitt Road, Ston e y Cree k . 19 5 7 when she was appointed sec re ta r y of Ha l d i m a n d . Haldimand Cou n t y came in- sta t e in the Progre ss i ve Con se r vat i ve gov- to being after the Regional Municipal i t y of Divisional Court. The Divisional Court is ernment of John Diefen ba ke r . She was a Ha l d i m a n d - No r f olk brok e up Jan. 1, 2001. a branch of Ontar i o ’ s Superior Court of War d 3 alderman 1947-49 and head e d The cou n t y council meets in Cayu ga . Jus t i c e. It hear s applications for judicial Ha m i l to n ’ s boar d of con t r ol in 1950. She Some other Haldimand communities are revi e w and appeals of final orde r s by Su- still lives in Hamilton . Caledonia, Dunnville and Hager sville. perior Court judges whe r e the claim or amount awar ded is not more than Family Court is a branch of the Superior Ha l t o n com p r i s es four municipalities: the $2 5 ,0 0 0 . Court of Jus t i c e. It rep l a c ed the Uni f i e d Ci t y of Burli n g t on, the Town of Halton Fam i l y Court in 1995 and has branches in Hi l l s , the Town of Milton and the Town of Dofasco Centre for the Artsis a theat r e on Barrie, Hamilton, Kingst on and London. Oakville. The Regional Municipal i t y of King William Street. The building’s chief Ha l t on has offices on Bron t e Road , tenant is Theat r e Aqu a r i u s , a theat r i ca l Felker’s Falls Conservation Areais on the Oakville. Call the government Halton re- com pa n y, not a place. Mo u n t ain brow in Ston e y Cree k . gion. Webs i t e: www.re g i o n . h a l to n .o n . ca

Dofasco Inc. (fo r m e r ly Dominion Fennell Avenue. Halton Catholic District School Board ha s Foundries and Steel Cor p .) makes stee l . seco n d a r y sch o o l s . Webs i t e: www.h a l - Flamboro Downs race t r ack is a harness- ton r c.ed u .o n . ca Do g s . Accep t able for the Hamilton Bull- racing track on Highway 5 in Flambor- do gs. ou g h . Halton District School Board has high sch o o l s , except for these Oakville sch o o l s : Du f f ’ sC o r n e r s is whe r e Highway 2 meets Fl a m b o r o u g h was incor p o ra t ed as a town Queen Elizabeth Par k School (it includes Hi g h way 53 in Ancas te r . in 1985. Its largest com m u n i t y is Wate r - gr ades 7 and 8), Syl Apps School and do wn. Flamborou g h ’ s 1996 population: Wh i t e Oaks Secon d a r y School. Du n d a s was incor p o ra t ed as a town in 34 ,0 0 0 . It became part of Hamilton in 18 4 7. It became part of Hamilton in 2001. 20 0 1 . Halton Region Conservation Authority. Population in 1996: 23,100. See Con se r vation Halton . Forsyth Avenue, Hamilton.

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Ha m i l t o n is named after George Hamil- Ti ca t s, Cats, Tab b i e s . Hoodless, Adelaide. Adelaide Hoodless ton (178 7 - 1836). Aug u s t a, Catharine, The name, Tiger s, and the black and gol d School is named after one of the fou n d e r s James and John stree t s are named after col o u r s wer e adopted in 1874. The Tiger s of the Wom e n ’ s Institute in 1897. See Lee, me m b e r s of his fam i l y. Hamilton was in- fi r st won the Grey Cup in 1906. Erl a n d . cor p o ra t ed as a town in 1833 and as a city in 1846, when its population was 6,83 2 . Ha m i l t o n - W e n t w o r t h com p r i s ed six Ik e a is not a real acron ym, though its fou r On Jan. 1, 2001, it absor bed the neigh- mu n i c i p alities: the Town of Ancas te r , the le t te r s are the initial letter s of the names of bouring municipalities of Ancas te r , Dun- Town of Dundas, the Town of Flambor- the fou n d e r , his home town and its reg i o n da s , Flamborough, Glanbrook and Ston e y ough, the Township of Glanbrook, the in Swed e n . Cr eek, increasing its population by about Ci t y of Hamilton and the City of Ston e y 150 ,00 0 . Population: 468,00 0 . Webs i te : Cr eek. The regional municipal i t y exi s te d International Joint Commission rep o r t s ww w. h a m i l to n . ca fr om 1974 to 2000. reg u l a r ly on the health of the Great Lakes . Under the Boundary Wate r s Treat y, it has Hamilton City Centre is a shopping mall Ha m i l t o n - W e n t w o r t h C a t h o l i cD i s t r i c t ju r i s diction over cer t ain questions arising ad ja c ent to Jac k son Square. It used to be S c h o o lB o a r d ma y be called the Hamilton be t ween Canada and the Uni t ed State s , Ha m i l t on Eaton Cen t re . Catholic school boar d. With the excep - in vol ving the use and regulation of wate r s tion of Cathedral Catholic High School, forming or crossing the common bound- Hamilton Conservation Authority.It s ju- names of high schools include the word s ar y. ri s diction ext ends to Morriston in the “Catholic Secon d a r y School.” Webs i te : west and Fifty Point in the east, but does ww w. h wcds b . edu.on . ca Ireland House Museum in Burli n g t on oc- not include all of Hamilton. Par t s of cupies a house built in 1835. Many items in Ha m i l t on fall within the jurisdictions of Ha m i l t o n - W e n t w o r t h Di s t r i c t Sc h o o l the museum are Victorian, but the build- the Grand River Con se r vation Aut h o r i t y, Bo a r d ma y be called the Hamilton public ing is not, becau s e Queen Victor i a ’ s rei g n the Halton Region Con se r vation Aut h o r - school boar d. The board ’ s schools for be g an in 1837. it y and the Niagar a Peninsula Con se r va- higher grades in the old city of Hamilton tion Aut h o r i t y. ar e called seco n d a r y sch o o l s . Those out- Ivor Wynne Stadium, the home of the Webs i t e: www.h a m r ca.o n . ca side it are called high sch o o l s , with the ex- Ha m i l t on Tiger- C a t s, used to be cal l e d ception of Highland Secon d a r y School in Ci vic Stadium. The stadium was built to Hamilton Farmers’ Market on Yor k Du n d a s . Webs i t e: www.h wds b .on . ca at t r act the first British Empire Games to Bo u l e var d was founded in 1837. Ha m i l t on; the games wer e held here in HE C F I st ands for Hamilton Enter ta i n - 19 3 0 . Hamilton GO Centre on Hunter Stree t ment and Con vention Facilities Inc., Ci vic Stadium was renamed in 1970 in ho- East houses the GO rail station and bus which runs Cop p s Col i s eum, the Hamil- nour of Ivor Wynne (1918-19 70), who terminal. It was built in 1933 as the Toro n - ton Con vention Cen t r e and Hamilton ser ved as McMaster Uni vers i ty ’ s direc to r to, Hamilton & Buffalo Railway stat i o n . Pl a c e. of athletics for 17 year s. When he died he It s style is Art Moderne (not Art Deco). was dean of students at McMaster Uni - He n d e r s o nG e n e r a lH o s p i t a l , now part of vers i t y and chairman of the Hamilton Hamilton Harbour. See Burli n g t on Bay. Ha m i l t on Health Sciences , is named after par ks boar d. Nor a Fran c es Henderson, the first wom a n Hamilton Health Sciences com p r i se s to be elected an alderman in Hamilton. Be- Jackson Square. The down t own Hamilton Ch e d o k e Hosp i t al, Hamilton General for e and after that election in 1931, she shopping mall is named after Lloyd D. Hos p i t al, Henderson General Hosp i ta l , wor ked as a journalist for the Hamilton Jac k son, mayor of Hamilton 1950-19 62 . Jur avinski Cancer Cen t r e, McMaster He r ald. She ser ved on the city’ s boar d of Ch i l d re n ’ s Hosp i t al and McMaster Uni - con t r ol from 1935 to 1947. She died in 1949 . Jimmy Thompson Memorial Pool on King vers i t y Medical Cen t re . St r eet East, for m e r ly the Municipal Hi l l f i e l d - S t r a t h a l l a nC o l l e g e , Fennell Av- Swimming Pool, was renamed in 1971 in Hamilton Place is accep t able for the enue West, is an amalgamation of Hillfield honour of James Gilmour Thompson Ronald V. Joyce Cen t r e for the Per fo r m i n g Col l e g e, a privat e school for boys, and (1906-66). Thompson, who swam for Ar t s at Hamilton Place. St r athallan Col l e g e, a privat e school for Canada in the 1928 Olym p i c s , became the gi rl s . fi r st coach of the Hamilton Aquatic Club H a m i l t o np o l i c e. It is rare l y neces sar y to in 1932. Known as Mr. Swimming, he is us e Hamilton Pol i c e Servi c e. Webs i te : Hilton Works, Wilcox Street. Part of Stel - fon d l y rem e m b e r ed as the swim teacher of ww w. h a m i l to n p o l i ce .o n . ca co Inc., which makes stee l . mo r e than 60,000 children. The Munici- pal Swimming Pool was built for the first Ha m i l t o n Ti g e r - C a t s . The Canadian HMCS Star at the northern end of British Empire Games in 1930. Foo t ball League team was formed in 1950, Catharine Street is a virtual ship staf fe d an amalgamation of the Hamilton Tiger s, by Canadian For ces naval rese r ve person - James Mountain Road con n e c t s Jam e s a profe s sional team, and the Hamilton nel. Do not write “the HMCS Star” be- St r eet South to West 5th Street on the Wi l d ca t s, an amateur team known earl i e r cau s e “the Her Majes ty ’ s Canadian Ship” Mo u n ta i n . as the Flying Wild Cats. Nicknames: is ungram m a t i ca l .

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John C. Munro Hamilton International var d. In Oakville, it’s either Lakes h o r e fi r st Queen’s Cou n s el in the Provi n c e of Ai r p o r t is at Mount Hope in Glanbroo k . Road West or Lakes h o r e Road East. Canada and premier of the Uni te d John Munro was Liberal MP for Hamilton Canadas 1854-56. East and a fed e r al cabinet minister . LaSalle Park in Burli n g t on is named after Ren é - R obert Cavel i e r , Sieur de La Salle, a Mapleview Centre is a shopping mall in John Foote Armoury. Accep t able for the French exp l o re r . In 1669 he reac h e d Bu rl i n g to n . Li e u te n a n t - C olonel John Weir Foo t e, VC, Bu rl i n g t on Bay on a voyag e from Montre- CD , Armoury on James Street North. It al. The par k is owned by the City of McMaster Health Sciences Centre ho u s - be l o n g s to the Canadian For ces . Ha m i l t on and leas ed to the City of es McMaster Uni vers i t y Medical Cen t r e Bu rl i n g t on for $1 a year . and part of McMaster Uni vers i ty ’ s Fac u l - John Sopinka Courthouseon Main Stree t ty of Health Sciences . East is named after John Sopinka, the Lee, Erland. The Erland Lee Home Muse- Su p r eme Court Jus t i c e who died in 1997. um in Ston e y Creek honours one of the McMaster Universitymo ved from Toro n - Born in Depress i o n - e r a Sas ka tc h e wan , fou n d e r s of the Wom e n ’ s Institute in 1897. to to Hamilton in 1930. So p i n k a moved to Hamilton with his fam - See Hoodless, Ade l a i d e . il y in 1939. A few year s later they moved to McMaster University Medical Centre. Sto n e y Creek, whe r e he later grad u a te d Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway. Nick- Part of Hamilton Health Sciences . fr om Saltfleet Secon d a r y School. While name: the Linc. Lincoln (Linc) Alexan d e r st u d ying law in Toro n t o, he played foo t - was Con se r vat i ve MP for Hamilton Wes t McQuesten Bridge on Yor k Boulevar d, al- ball for the Toro n t o Argon a u t s and the 19 63 - 7 9 and Ontario lieuten a n t - g over - so called the High Level Bridge, is named Mo n t r eal Alouettes . nor 1985-91. af t er Thomas B. McQuesten (1882-194 8 ) . The Hamilton Liberal politician was in- Jolley Cut. A Mountain acces s built by Lime Ridge Mall. st r u m e n t al in bringing McMaster Uni ver - James Jol l e y to avoid tolls on ear lier road s si t y to Hamilton from Toro n t o, in fou n d - up the Mountain. In 1873 he deeded the Limeridge Road. ing the Royal Botan i c al Gardens and in de- road to the city. It links John Street South veloping the Queen Elizabeth Way. He and Upper Wel l i n g t on Stree t . M. M. Robinson High School in Burli n g - ch a i r ed the Niagar a Par ks Com m i ss i o n ton is named after Melville Marks (Bobby) during its golden age in the late 1930s. Jo Brant. Accep t able in headlines for Rob i n s on, who ser ved as chairman of the Joseph Brant Memorial Hosp i t al in Bu rl i n g t on Boar d of Education. Rob i n so n Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine Bu rl i n g t on. This is the short form pre- br ought the first British Empire Games at McMaster Uni vers i t y is the first Cana- fer r ed by the hosp i t al. It is named after (p re d e ce s sor of the Com m o n weal t h dian medical school to bear the name of a Joseph Brant, also called Thayen d a n e g ea Ga m e s ) to Hamilton in 1930. Prior to 1930 be n e fa c to r . In December 2003, DeGroo t e (1 742 -1 8 0 7), a Mohawk chief, cap t ain in he wor ked as sports editor and assi s ta n t gave McMaster $105 million, the larges t the British militar y and Christian mis- ci t y editor at The Spectato r . cash gift in Canadian histor y. si o n a r y. Brant was born in Ohio and edu- In rec ognition of ear lier con t r i b u t i o n s , cat ed in England. He fought for the British Ma c . Accep t able in headlines or seco n d Mc M a s te r ’ s Michael G. DeGroo t e in the American Revol u t i o n a r y War , after refe re n c e to McMaster Uni vers i t y. Schoool of Business was named after him which he and his people came to Upp e r in 1992. Ca n a d a . M a c a s s aL o d g eis beside Macas sa Par k on De G ro o t e was born in Belgium, immi- Upper Sherman Avenue. Macas sa Bay gra t ed to Canada in the late 1940s and Juravinski Cancer Centre. The Margare t was an ear ly name for Burli n g t on Bay. mo ved to the Hamilton area in 1959. He & Charles Jur avinski Cancer Cen t r e on bought Laidlaw Transport Ltd. and built it Con ce s sion Street is part of Hamilton Macdonald, John A. Sir John A. Macdo n - in t o the largest school bus operat or and He alth Sciences . The former Hamilton ald was Canada’s first prime minister th i rd - l a r gest was t e managment com pa n y Regional Cancer Cen t r e was renamed in (1 8 6 7-73). His statue stands in Gore Par k in North America. During the 1970s , De- 2003 in rec ognition of a $5-million dona- at John Street. Gro o t e owned the Hamilton Tiger- C a t s. tion by the Jur avi n s k i s , who used to own In 1988, he sold Laidlaw Inc. to Canadian Fl a m b o r o Down s , a stan d a rd b r ed rac e- MacDonald, Jack. John A. (Jack) Mac- Pacific and in 1990 ret i r ed to Bermuda. In tr ack on Highway 5 in Hamilton . Donald, was Hamilton mayor 1977 - 8 0 . 1990 he was made an Officer of the Orde r of Canada. Kenilworth Access. This Mountain acces s MacKay, Graeme. In a byline, the name of li n k s Ken i l worth Avenue South to Moun- The Spectato r ’ s editorial car t oonist is Millen Avenueis in Hamilton, on the cen - tain Brow Boulevar d via Flock Road and to GRAEME MacKAY. tr al Mountai n . Cro c k ett Street via the Sherman Cut. MacNab Street and Sir Allan MacNab Millen Roadis in Ston e y Cree k . Lake Erie Works, Nan t i co k e. Part of Stel - Secondary School ar e named after Sir Al- co Inc. lan Napier MacNab (1798 -1 8 6 2), who Mountain, the. What the Niagar a Escar p - built Dundurn Castle. A businessman, a ment is called in Hamilton and Ston e y Lakeshore Road, Burli n g t on. Not Boule- law y er and a Tor y politician, he was the Cr eek. Do not cap i ta l i z e east, south or

... 20 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE west in east Mountain, etc. North Shore Boulevard, Burli n g to n . Procter and Gamble Inc. had a fac to r y on Bu rl i n g t on Street East. Mountain accesses. See Beckett Drive, Oakville Centre for the Performing Arts. Cl a r emont Acces s, James Mountai n Queen Elizabeth Way, also called the Road, Jol l e y Cut, Sherman Acces s and Ke- Oakville Place is a shopping mall in QE W and — infor m a l l y — the Queen E and ni l worth Acces s. Oa k v i l l e . the QE, was opened in 1939 by King Ge o r ge VI and his wife, after whom it is New Credit reserve. Accep t able for the Oakville Creek. Call it Sixteen Mile Cree k . named. She later became Queen Elizab e t h New Credit Indian Rese r ve, south of the the Queen Mother. Six Nations rese r ve. It is home to the Mis- Oakville Trafalgar High Schoolhas no hy- si s sau g as of the New Credit, an Ojibwa ph e n . Rail trails. Hamilton has three: people. The trail com m o n l y known as the Oakville-Trafalgar Memorial Hospital Ch e d o k e Rail Trail was originally cal l e d Ni a g a r a . The Regional Municipal i t y of has a hyp h e n . the Chedoke Radial Trai l . Beginning at Ni a ga r a com p r i s es the Town of Fort Erie, Hi l l c r est Avenue, the trail runs sou t h - the Town of Grimsby, the Town of Lin- Oh s w e k e n is a town in the Six Nations re- west, crossing the Chedoke Golf Cou r se coln, the City of Niagar a Fal l s , the Town of ser ve. Tak e out “near Bran t fo r d” in wire and traver sing the escarpment to its end at Ni a ga ra - o n - t h e - L a k e, the Town of Pel - sto r i e s . Sc enic Drive. ham, the City of Port Colborne, the City of The Escarpment Rail Trail fol l o ws the for - St. Catharines, the City of Thorold, the Ontario Court of Justice. This court ran k s mer CN right of way from Wen t wor t h Township of Wainfleet, the City of be l o w the Superior Court of Jus t i c e. It was St r eet South, running east across a cut on Welland and the Township of West Lin- called the provincial division of the On- the escarpment fac e and then head i n g coln. Call the government Niagar a reg i o n . tario Court of Jus t i c e prior to April 19, south. It is part of the Trans Canada Trai l . Call the regional police Niagar a police. 19 9 9 , when it was renamed. Call it the South of the old city of Hamilton it be- On t ario Cou r t . comes the Chippawa Trai l . Niagara Escarpment. The land for m a t i o n On t ario Court judges , who are provi n c i a l - The Hamilton - B ra n t fo r d Rail Trail, com - that con s t i t u t es Hamilton Mountai n ly appointed, are Jus t i c e Jim Smith in first mo n l y refe r r ed to as the Jer seyville Trai l , st re t ches from Manitoulin Island to cen - refe re n c e, the judge or Smith thereaf te r . ext ends from Ewen Road in west Hamil- tr al New Yor k stat e. It forms sever al other The Ontario Court deals with less ser i o u s ton to Mohawk Par k in Bran t fo rd . Th e On t ario landmarks, including the Blue of fe n c es (called summary con viction of- Rail Trail, Dundas, is part of the Hamil- Mo u n ta i n s , Rattlesnake Point, Mount fen ce s ) and with cer t ain more serious (or ton - B ra n t fo r d Rail Trail, which is about 32 Nem o , Queenston Heights and the in d i c ta b l e ) offen ce s , such as theft and ki l o m e t r es long. Ho r seshoe Falls at Niagar a Fal l s . fr aud. A person charged with a summary con viction offen c e is called the defen - RA P st ands for Remedial Action Plan, a Niagara Peninsula Conservation Author- dant, not the accu s ed. st ra t egy developed by a team of citizen s , it y . Its jurisdiction includes par t s of Glan- The most serious indictable offen ce s , industries and gover n m e n t s to clean up br ook and Ston e y Cree k . such as murde r , are tried only in the Supe- Ha m i l t on Harbour and prevent further rior Court. With other indictable of- pollution. See BAIT and BARC . No r f o l k . Nor f olk Cou n t y came into being fen ce s , an accu s ed person who pleads not af t er the Regional Municipal i t y of gu i l t y has the right to choose the court in Red Hill Creek Expressway was named in Ha l d i m a n d - No r f olk brok e up Jan. 1, 2001. which the trial tak es place. Ontario Cou r t Ma y 1990. It will connect the Lincoln M. The cou n t y council meets in Simcoe. Two trials have no juries. In the Superior Al e xander Park w ay to the Queen Eliza- other Nor f olk communities are Por t Court, the accu s ed can elect trial by judge beth Way. Do ver and Port Rowan . and jury or trial by judge alone. Red Hill Valley. Occu p ying 640 hectare s , Norman (Pinky) Lewis Recreation Centre Pearson International Airport. Lester B. the val l e y of the Red Hill Creek is the last on Wen t worth Street North is named af- Pear son International Airport is the la r ge natural area in Hamilton. The cree k ter Pinky Lewis (1898-19 77). Born in Toro n t o airport, but it is in Missi s sau ga . get s its name from the steep ban k s of red Ha m i l t on, he became a legend in Canadi- cl a y that can be seen near Queenston an sport, primarily as a gifted trai n e r , but Peters Corners is in Flamborough whe r e Road . al s o as an athlete, a coach and a manager . hi g h ways 5 and 8 cross. He was named Hamilton ’ s citizen of the Royal Botanical Gardens. The ga rd e n s year in 1971 for his dedication to helping Pier 4 Park is on the sou t h west shore of we re established in 1930 after the City of the city’ s young people become useful cit- Ha m i l t on Harbo u r , northeast of Bayf ro n t H a m i l ton acq u i red the first pieces of ize n s . Park . p ro p e r ty on the instigation of Thomas B. McQuesten and Cecil V. Langs, wh o North End. A former Irish neighbourho o d Pigott Building. Com p l e t ed in 1929, the we re on the city ’s pa rks boa rd. Subse- of Hamilton, bounded rou g h l y by Queen Pi g ott Building on James Street South was quent acquisitions have brought the St r eet, the harbo u r , Wel l i n g t on Street and Ha m i l to n ’ s first skyscra p e r . Its Art Deco h o l d i n gs of the RBG to about 800 Ba r t on Stree t . de co r ation incor p o ra t es medieval motifs. he c ta re s .

... 21 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

br i d g e is a tau to l og y . Royal Connaught Howard Johnson Plaza Twelve Mile Creek. Call the one in Halton Ho t e l . Small Claims Court is a branch of the Su- Bro n t e Creek. Its mouth is about 12 miles perior Court of Justice. It is designed to from the Burlington Canal. There’s an- Royal Hamilton Light Infantry. Hamilton gi ve people a simple and inexp e n s i ve way other Twelve Mile Creek in St. regiment. Nickname: the Rileys. to settle disputes concerning money or Catharines; it flows into Lake Ontario property. Small Claims Court has limits about 12 miles from the mouth of the Ni- Ryckman’s Cornerswas a small com m u - on the amount of money you can claim in aga r a River . nity at the intersection of Rymal Road damages or compensation. In 2001, the (Highway 53) and Upper James Street ceiling was rai s ed to $10,00 0 . University of Western Ontario, London, (H i g h way 6). Ont. Informally, Western, not Western Spectator, The. Continue to capitalize Uni vers i t y. St. Joseph’s Healthcare operates St. “The” even though it’s not the full name, Joseph’s Hospital on Charlton Avenue which is The Hamilton Spectato r . Upper Canada was a British col o n y from East, the Centre for Ambulatory Health 1791 to 1841, when it became Canada Se rv i c es on King Street East and the Cen - Stone Church Road. West, a part of the Province of Canada. tr e for Mountain Health Servi c es on Wes t Upper Canada comprised what is now 5th Stree t . Stonechurch Family Health Centre. southern Ontario and the southern part of what is now northern Ontar i o . Sam Lawrence Park on the Mountain Stoney Creek was incorporated as a city br ow is named after Sam Lawre n c e, who in 1984. Population in 1996: 54,300. It Walker’s Line, Burli n g to n . was MPP for Hamilton East 1934-37, be c ame part of Hamilton in 2001. mayor of Hamilton 1944-49 and the Webster’s Falls is in Flamborough. It’s in le ader of the labour movement in Hamil- St r e e t s . See Avenues and stree t s. the Hamilton Region Conservation Au- ton for more than 30 year s. th o r i ty ’ s Spencer Gorge Wilderness Area Summers Lane, beside the Hamilton whe r e Spencer Creek flows over the Nia- Schools. See Halton Catholic District Con vention Cen t r e, is named after Hora- gar a Escar p m e n t . School Board, Halton District School tio George Summers (1865-1941), who Board, Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic established a summer theatre on the West Hamilton is that part of the city District School Boar d, Hamilton - Wen t - Mountain brow near Upper Wentworth north and west of the Chedoke Expres s- worth District School Board . St re e t . way (Highway 403), excluding Wes td a l e .

Sheraton Hamilton Hotel. Informally, Superior Court of Justice. This court We s t d a l e is a suburb with prec i s e bound- the Sherat on hotel . ran k s below the Ontario Court of Appeal ar i e s . It lies north of Main Street West be- and above the Ontario Court of Jus t i c e. It tween For syth Avenue and Para d i s e Road . Sherman Access. This Mountain access was called the gen e r al division of the On- Westdale started life in the 1920s as a con n e c t s Charlt on Avenue East to Croc k - tario Court of Jus t i c e prior to April 1999, racist suburb. The sy n d i ca te that ow n e d ett Street at Upper Sherman Avenue via when it was renamed. Call it the Superi- the land for bade the sale of lots to mem- the Sherman Cut. or Court. Superior Court judges , who are bers of specified racial groups, nations fed e ra l l y appointed, are Jus t i c e Jean Jon e s and rel i g i o n s . This legal seg re g ation con - Six Nations reserve. Accep t able for Six in first reference, the judge or Jones tinued into the 1950s. Nations Indian Rese r ve, which lies west of th e r eaf te r . Hi g h way 6 sou t h west of Hamilton. The The Superior Court tries all lawsu i t s and Westfield Heritage Centre ne ar Roc k to n name refe r s to the members of the Iroq u o i s the most serious indictable offen ce s , such is a collection of historical buildings con fe d e ra c y: Cayu g a, Mohawk, Oneida, as murde r . With some other indictable of- managed by the Hamilton Conservation On o n d a g a, Seneca and Tus caro ra . fen ce s , an accu s ed person who pleads not Aut h o r i t y. gu i l t y has the right to choose the court in Sixteen Mile Creek is also called Oakville which the trial tak es place. In the Superi- Whitehern, 41 Jackson St. W., was the Creek, but not officially. Like other or Court, the accu s ed can elect trial by home of the McQuesten family 1852- cre e k s flowing into the northwest end of ju d g e and jury or trial by judge alone. 19 6 8 . It is now a museum run by the City Lake Ontario, it was named for its dis- of Hamilton . tance from what is now the Burlington Tew’s Falls is in the Spencer Gorge Ca n a l . Wi l d e r n e s s Area in Flamborough whe r e Wilfrid Laurier University, Wate rl o o . Sp e n c er Creek East flows over the Niagar a Skyway, the. James N. Allan Burlington Es carpment. The wilderness area is run by Windermere Basin is at the eastern end Bay Skyway crosses the Burlington the Hamilton Con se r vation Aut h o r i t y. of Hamilton Harbour, beside Eastport Canal, which links the bay (Hamilton Dr i ve. Ha rb o u r ) to Lake Ontar i o . Since Skyway Ticats. Acceptable for the Hamilton is another word for bridge, Skyway Ti ge r- C a t s.

... 22 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 POLITICIANS Politicians H a m i l ton O a kv i l l e Last provincial election: Oct. 2, 2003 Previous provincial election: June 3, Mayor: Larry Di Ianni Mayor: Ann Mulvale 1999 C o u n c i l l o rs B ra n tfo rd M Ps Ward 1: Brian McHattie Mayor: Mike Hancock Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-West- Ward 2: Bob Bratina dale: Russ Powers (Lib.) Ward 3: Bernie Morelli G r i m s by Brant: Lloyd St. Amand (Lib.) Ward 4: Sam Merulla Mayor: Bob Bentley Burlington: Paddy Torsney (Lib.) Ward 5: Chad Collins Ha l d i m a n d - No r fol k- B r ant: Diane Fin l e y Ward 6: Tom Jackson H a l d i m a n d (Cons.) Ward 7: Bill Kelly Mayor: Marie Trainer Halton: Gary Carr (Lib.) Ward 8: Terry Whitehead Ha m i l t on Cen t r e: David Christop h e rs o n Ward 9: Phil Bruckler N o r fo l k (NDP) Ward 10: Maria Pearson Mayor: Rita Kalmbach H a m i l ton East- Sto n ey Creek: To ny Va- Ward 11: David Mitchell leri (Lib.) Ward 12: Murray Ferguson Last municipal elections: Nov. 10, 2003 H a m i l ton Mo u n tain: Beth Phinney Ward 13: Art Samson (Lib.) Ward 14: Dave Braden Previous municipal elections: Nov. 13, 2000 Niagara Falls: Rob Nicholson (Cons.) Ward 15: Margaret McCarthy Nia ga r a We s t- G l a n b rook: Dean Allison M P Ps (Cons.) H a l to n Oakville: Bonnie Brown (Lib.) Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Alder- Regional Chairman: Joyce Savoline St. Catharines: Walt Lastewka (Lib.) shot: Ted McMeekin (Lib.) Welland: John Maloney (Lib.) B u r l i n g to n Brant: Dave Levac (Lib.) Burlington: Cam Jackson (PC) Mayor: Rob MacIsaac Erie-Lincoln: Tim Hudak (PC) Last federal election: June 28, 2004. Haldimand-Norfolk-Brant: Toby Previous federal election: Nov. 27, 2000. C o u n c i l l o rs Barrett (PC) Ward 1: Rick Craven Halton: Ted Chudleigh (PC) Ward 2: Joan Lougheed Hamilton East: Andrea Horwath (NDP) Ward 3: John Taylor H a m i l ton Mo u n tain: Marie Bo u n t ro- Ward 4: Jack Dennison gianni (Lib.) Ward 5: Mike Wallace Hamilton West: Judy Marsales (Lib.) Ward 6: Carol D’Amelio Niagara Centre: Peter Kormos (NDP) Niagara Falls: Kim Craitor (Lib.) H a l ton Hills Oakville: Kevin Flynn (Lib.) Mayor: Kathy Gastle St. Catharines: Jim Bradley (Lib.) Stoney Creek: Jennifer Mossop (Lib.) M i l to n We l l i n g to n - H a l ton Hills: Mike Chong Mayor: Gordon Krantz (Cons.)

Recipes

We fo l l ow The Canadian Pre ss, exce p t ample, Canadian Living uses 50mL, not The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. that we give Imperial meas u re m e n t s first 60 mL, as the equivalent of 1/4 cup, and Use figures for all numbers. in lists of ingre d i e n ts and put the metric 25 mL, not 30 mL, as the equivalent of Abbreviations and metric symbols can equivalents after them in parentheses. two ta b l e s p o o n s. Canadian Living also be used on the Food pages. T h e se are not exact equiva l e n ts, but us es 500 g, not 450 g, as the equivalent of A b b reviations do not have plura l s. Fo r t h ey are closer than the mea s u re m e n ts 1 pound, and so on. example, lb stands for both pound and used in some systems. If you need exact equiva l e n ts, re fer to pounds. Some metric co nve rsions in other the metric con ver sion table in The Cana- You should know that Imperial is a so u rces will have to be changed. For ex- dian Pre ss Stylebook, or Appendix 3 of misnomer when applied to the measure-

... 23 ... 3EDIT009 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4 RECIPES m e n ts of volume, or ca pa c i ty, used in Oven te m p e rat u re s Pumpkin Mini-Muffi n s re c i p e s. They are ba sed on the U. S. pint, Fahrenheit Celsius Makes 30 which con s i s t s of 16 fluid ounces , not the 150 70 Imperial pint, which co n s i s ts of 20 200 100 ❑ 1 cup (2 50 mL) shelled pistachios 1 slightly smaller fluid ounces. 250 120 ❑ 1 ⁄2 cups (3 75 mL) all-purpose flour 275 135 ❑ 1/2 cup (2 mL) salt Vo l u m e 300 150 ❑ 3/4 tsp (3 mL) cinnamon American M etric 325 165 1/4 tsp 1 mL 350 180 ❑ 1/4 tsp (1 mL) ground nutmeg 1/2 tsp 2mL 375 190 ❑ 1/2 tsp (2 mL) baking soda 400 200 3/4 tsp 3 mL ❑ 2 eggs 1 tsp 5 mL 425 215 2 tsp 10 mL 450 230 ❑ 3/4 cup (180 mL) packed br own 1 tbsp 15 mL 475 245 sugar 2 tbsp 1 oz 30 mL 500 260 ❑ 550 290 1/3 cup (80 mL) canola oil 3 tbsp 45 mL ❑ 4 tbsp 2 oz 60 mL 1 cup (2 50 mL) cooked canned Le n g t h pumpkin 1/4 cup 2 oz 60 mL Imperial Metric 1/3 cup 80 mL 1/8 inch 0.3cm Pre h e at oven to 350 F (180 C). Oil mini- 1/2 cup 4 oz 125 mL 1/4 inch 0.6 cm muffin tins lightly. Finely chop pista- 2/3 cup 160 mL 1/2 inch 1.2 cm chios and set aside. 3/4 cup 6 oz 180 mL 1 inch 2.5 cm Sift together flour, salt, spices and 1 1 cup 8 oz 250 mL 1 ⁄2 inches 3.8 cm baking soda. In a sepa ra t e bowl, mix to- 1 2 inches 5 cm 1 ⁄4 cups 10 oz 300 mL gether eggs, suga r, oil and pumpkin just 1 1 ⁄2 cups 12 oz 375 mL 3 inches 7.5 cm 3 until blended. Fold in flour mixture. Re- 1 ⁄4 cups 14 oz 425 mL 7 inches 18 cm 2 cups 16 oz, 1 pint 500 mL 8 inches 20 cm se rve 3 tbsp (45 mL) pista c h i os and fo l d 4 cups 2 pints 1 litre 9 inches 23 cm the rest in. 10 inches 25 cm P l a ce 1 heaping spoonful of mixture in Can vo l u m e 12 inches 30 cm each muffin cup. Sprinkle with re se rve d American Metric 13 inches 33 cm pistachios and bake for 12 to 15 minutes. 5 oz 142 mL 16 inches 41 cm 8 oz 227 mL 10 oz 284 mL When it comes to the size of co o k i n g 12 oz 341 mL 14 oz 398 mL and baking containers, some recipes give 19 oz 540 mL the metric ca pa c i ty instead of dimen- 28 oz 796 mL sions: a 9- by 13-inch (3 L) baking dish. This is acceptable. We i g h t Imperial Metric Pro of reading re c i p e s 1 oz 30 g Ingredients should appear in the list in 2 oz 60 g the same order that they appear in the 3 oz 90 g method of preparation. 4 oz 1/4 lb 115 g 5 oz 140 g T h e re are two sta ges to pro o f reading a 6 oz 165 g recipe. 7 oz 190 g F i rst, read the method and check off 8 oz 1/2 lb 225 g the ingre d i e n ts in the list as you co m e 9 oz 250 g a c ross them. If an ingredient is miss i n g 10 oz 280 g fr om the list, add it. If something is out of 12 oz 3/4 lb 340 g order, move it. 16 oz 1 lb 450 g 1 S e cond, make sure all the ingre d i e n ts 24 oz 1 ⁄2 lb 675 g 32 oz 2 lb 900 g a re checked off. Any ingredient miss i n g 1 2 ⁄4 lb 1 kg from the method needs to be added. 3 lb 1.4 kg 4 lb 1.8 kg 5 lb 2.3 kg

... 24 ... 3 E D I T 0 0 9 / OCTOBER 5, 2 0 0 4