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Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology (CJET) Vol.3 No.1, June 2019 Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology (CJET) Vol.3 No.1, June 2019 ISSN: p. 2682-5317 e. 2682-5325 An Open Access Journal Available Online Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology (CJET) Vol. 3 No. 1, June 2019 Publication of the College of Engineering, Covenant University, Canaanland. Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Olugbenga Omotosho [email protected] Managing Editor: Edwin O. Agbaike [email protected] URL: http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjet Achebe C. H., et al CJET (2019) 3(1) 1-19 © 2019 Covenant University Journals All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any meams, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. It is a condition of publication in this journal that manuscripts have not been published or submitted for publication and will not be submitted or published elsewhere. Upon the acceptance of articles to be published in this journal,the author(s) are required to transfer copyright of the article to the publisher. ISSN: p. 2682-5317 e. 2682-5325 Published by Covenant University Journals, Covenant University, Canaanland, Km 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Printed by Covenant University Press URL: http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjet ii Achebe C. H., et al CJET (2019) 3(1) 1-19 Articles Evaluation of Frictional Heat and Oil Cooling Rate in Mechanical Contact Due to Debris Formation. Achebe C. H., Nwagu I. A., Chukwuneke J. L. & Sinebe J. E. 1 Mismatch Between Anthropometry Characteristics of Nigerian Occupational Bus Drivers and the In-Vehicle Measurement. Fajobi, Moses O. Onawumi, Ayodele S., Mfon Udoh, M. O. & Awoyemi, Elijah A. 20 A Review of Voice-Base Person Identification: State-of-the-Art. Folorunso C.O., Asaolu O.S. & Popoola O.P. 38 Community-Based LDPE Wastes Recycling Machine. I. D. Okeke, T. M. Ibezim, O. T. Ndusorouwa, U. C. Okonkwo & I. P. Okokpujie 61 Ship Propeller Performance Prediction under Cavitation. Thaddeus C. Nwaoha & Sidum Adumene 76 URL: http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjet iii Achebe C. H., et al CJET (2019) 3(1) 1-19 Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology (CJET) Vol.3 No.1, June 2019 ISSN: p 2682-5317 e 2682-5325 DOI: 10.20370/ha8r-p563 An Open Access Journal Available Online Evaluation of Frictional Heat and Oil Cooling Rate in Mechanical Contact Due to Debris Formation Achebe C. H1., Nwagu I. A1, Chukwuneke J. L1* & Sinebe J. E2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria *[email protected] Received: 12.05.2019 Accepted: 26.06.2019 Date of Publication: June, 2019 Abstract- This paper evaluated experimentally, the amount of frictional heat generated in a Mitsubishi main journal bearing and the cooling performance of the lubricating oils A, B and C. The test rig used in this experiment is a mechanical apparatus that consists of mechanical drive, metal support, bevel gear, a rotating shaft and a bearing attached at its lower end. When the shaft was rotated by the mechanical drive of power 0.75kw and speed 1440rpm, the frictional force in journal bearing helped to convert the mechanical energy of the drive into frictional heat. The amount of heat absorbed from the surface of the journal bearing by the oil cooled the surface. The cooling rate of the oil was obtained at each time interval. The vibrating movement of the molecules helped to transfer the frictional heat to the lubricant and the calorimeter. This effect caused the temperature of the system to rise. The frictional heat generated at the contact increased linearly with the change in temperature in the mechanical contact which was absorbed differently in the three lubes, depending on their heat capacity and molecular movement. When there was no debris in the contact, the temperature changed within the range of 1.2-1.80C at interval of 3minutes in oil B, 10C in oil C and 0.8-1.20C in oil A. When there was sand debris in the contact, the temperature changed within the range of 2-2.50C at interval of 3minutes in oil B, 1.5-20C in oil C and 20C in oil A. Oil B has the best cooling performance based on the three local lubes used and was equally the most expensive. Mechanical failures like galling, fatigue and surface indentation occurred when the vibrational force (energy) of the molecules were greater than the binding force or energy of the atomic lattice of the bearing. Keywords: Cooling rate, Debris, Frictional heat, Journal bearing, Lubricant, Mechanical contact, Temperature 1. Introduction relative to each other. If two metal Friction has a stick-slip effect at the surfaces are moved relative to each interaction of two surfaces moving other, one or both surfaces will URL: http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjet 1 Achebe C. H., et al CJET (2019) 3(1) 1-19 gradually be eroded. The process of bearing points and to cool the sliding erosion depends on the nature of the surfaces. surfaces but, in general, tiny Related works were thermo- fragments (debris) are torn out of the mechanical analysis of dry clutches surfaces as the welded junctions shear under different boundary conditions at the areas of contact. The use of a [4], synthesis versus mineral fluids, lubricant such as oil or grease evaluation of engine parts using nano between the surfaces reduces the lubricant in agricultural tractors [5], frictional force but does not entirely experimental analysis of lubricant for eliminate it. So, it seems that friction the prediction of contact surface is undesirable, wasteful of energy behaviour of metals [6], experimental (frictional heat) and costly in terms of evaluation of ball bearings diagnosis the wear it creates and the power by contamination [7], diesel engine expended in machines to overcome it. lubricant contamination and wear. Microscopic particles are the most Estimation of temperature and effects harmful form of contamination in of oxidation in thermal elasto- lubricants. They can irreversibly hydrodynamic lubrication [8], the use damage gear and bearing surfaces, of textured surfaces to mitigate sliding shorten the service life of the friction and wear of lubricated and equipment, and cause unexpected non-lubricated contacts, the effects of breakdown [1]. The entry of lubricant different cooling and lubrication borne solid particles into machine Techniques on material machinability element contacts is important, both for in machining [9], kinetic model and prediction of the body abrasive wear reaction kinetics to analyze the debris and for an understanding of the in plain bearing [10], and the thermal behaviour of solid lubricant additives behaviour of engine oil, they were [2]. Mechanical devices do fail due to carried out using experimental the wear of the rubbing surfaces of methods and modeling. their bearings and journals. Debris is A bearing is one of the fundamental characterized into ferrous and non- elements in the machine; even the ferrous particles in which sand, simplest machine, the lever, must atmospheric contaminants and eroded have a bearing or fulcrum [11]. All particles from the bearing belong [3]. movements in mechanisms and The wear of the surfaces can machines require some sort of bearing theoretically be eliminated by to locate and guide the moving parts. introducing a material weak in shear A machine designer will try to convert (i.e. lubricant) between them. If the energy put into a machine into useful film of lubricant is deep enough, the output work and will, therefore, surfaces will be sufficiently far apart attempt to reduce the energy losses to prevent the formation of any that arise through friction at the welded junctions directly between bearings. Mechanical devices stop them. Lubricant helps to reduce forces working after some time due to the necessary to make the surfaces slide failures of mechanical contacts when thereby reducing the energy loss at the there are insufficient lube supply and URL: http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjet 2 Achebe C. H., et al CJET (2019) 3(1) 1-19 rapid degradation of the quality of the (mass: 200g; specific heat capacity: lubricating oils. Mechanical failures 400J/kgK), thermometer (mercury-in- that occur in mechanical contact are glass: 00C to 3600C), stop clock fatigue, galling, indentation, erosion (unicon-1), digital weighing machine and fretting. These failures release (SF-400: 1g to 7000g), electric motor debris in the contact. Most of the (model no. 5000/99; 0.75kW), analysis to determine oil film lubricating oils (SAE 20W 50), thickness in machine element assumes frictional heat and cooling rate a clean lubricant. In this paper, the evaluation apparatus. The lubricants experimental evaluation of heat used are oil A, oil B and oil C. The released in a Mitsubishi main journal test rig has adjustable journal bearing bearing due to different types of fixed at its lower end (see Figure 1). debris in it was carried out. Cooling 2.2. Debris Characterization rates of different lubricating oils were Two kinds of debris were used in the evaluated experimentally while experiment; Silicon IV oxide debris considering no debris and when and Iron filings debris. Silicon IV infused with different types of debris oxide debris consists of sand of fine in the mechanical contact. particles of diameter 0.012mm. While 2. Materials and Methods iron filings debris consists of iron 2.1. Materials powder of diameter 0.013mm. The The materials used are Mitsubishi method of debris characterization is main journal bearing (size: 0.25 from mechanical characterization (see Mitsubishi engine of model number Table 1).
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