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Vi Tager Til Berlin © 2006 Stig Albeck Og Onlibri I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin © 2006 Stig Albeck og OnLibri Alle rettigheder forbeholdes. Ingen del af denne bog må gengives uden skriftlig tilladelse fra OnLibri. Det er tilladt at citere med kildeangivelse i anmeldelser. ISBN 978-87-7061-040-1 1. udgave Billederne i denne bog er reproduceret efter aftale med fØlgende copyright-indehavere: Stig Albeck, Berlin Tourismus, Wikipedia og KaDeWe presseabteilung (Berlin). Angivne priser og åbningstider er vejledende, og der tages forbehold for ændringer i disse. OnLibri.dk Vi tager til Berlin Kapiteloverskrift ONLIBRI OnLibri.dk 4 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Introduktion Introduktion I 1440’erne grundlagde Friedrich II af Brandenburg Hohenzollernes herredømme over Berlin og et dynasti, der varede indtil 1. Verdenskrigs afslutning Velkommen i 1918. I 1470 flyttede Hohenzollerne deres residens fra Brandenburg til Berlin og et slot ved den Med sine 3,5 millioner indbyggere er Berlin nuværende Marx-Engels Platz blev opført. Tysklands største by og samtidig en af Europas store historiske metropoler. Hohenzollernes residensby, 30-års-krigen medførte nedgangstider for Berlin. med alle de smukke bygningsværker og de mange Befolkningstallet faldt markant, men efter museer med helt enestående samlinger, er blot få krigshandlingerne blev Berlin dog hurtigt eksempler. genopbygget og udvidet, ikke mindst pga. Frederik den Stores visioner om et styrket Prøjsen. Forfulgte Alle kender også Berlin fra tiden, hvor byen var jøder og huguenotter blev inviteret til byen, og det brændpunkt under den Kolde Krig. Berlin var delt af skabte yderligere vækst. muren indtil 1989. Efter den tyske genforening har byen rejst sig til ny storhed. Top 5 seværdigheder 1. Brandenburger Tor og Unter den Linden 2. Sanssouci og Potsdam 3. Museumsinsel 4. Fernsehturm 5. Reichstag Historisk overblik Berlins historie begyndte med de to vendiske Frederik den Stores søn blev den første prøjsiske landsbyer Berlin og Köln, som begge opnåede konge, og han gjorde Berlin til hovedstad i det nye byrettigheder i 1200-tallet. Byerne blev slået sammen kongerige. Tiden, bl.a. med kongens svigerdatter, til Berlin i 1307 og senere i 1300-tallet steg byens Sophie Charlotte, i spidsen, medførte en stor betydning gennem Hanse-forbundet. kulturel og videnskabelig opblomstring. Sammen med tidens store byggeprojekter blev Berlin en væsentlig international by. Flere gange gennem opgangstiden i 1700-tallet blev Berlin belejret og invaderet: I 7-års-krigen mod Østrig i 1757, af Rusland i 1760 og endelig igen under Napoleon 1806-1813. Byens udvikling fortsatte efter hver invasion, og Berlin udgjorde en stadigt større konkurrent til Wien som dominerende by i det tysktalende område. OnLibri.dk 5 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Introduktion Berlin var centrum for bourgeoisiets forsøg på en Op til 1. Verdenskrigs start i 1914 var Berlin en demokratisk revolution mod Frederik William IV i industriel gigant, men krigen satte en brat stopper 1848. Forsøget blev nedkæmpet, og det medførte en for byens økonomiske udvikling. Efter nederlaget i vis stagnation i byens politiske liv i årene herefter. 1918 måtte Hohenzollerne abdicere, og i Rigsdagen besluttede man at oprette Weimar-republikken. Økonomisk og industrielt var byen dog i rivende udvikling. Jernbanernes anlæg fra 1840 gjorde Berlin Efter valget i 1933 udnævnte præsident Hindenburg endnu mere central i handelsmæssig betydning. Der Adolf Hitler til rigskansler efter nazisternes valgsejr. blev anlagt kanaler til Oder, Rhinen og Nordsøen. I Rigsdagen brændte samme år, og efter Hindenburgs 1866 blev Berlin sæde for det nordtyske forbunds død blev Hitler rigskansler og fører. regering, og efter Tysklands samling i 1871 under kejser Wilhelm I og kansler Bismarck blev Berlin Gennem 1930’erne udviklede Berlins økonomi sig hovedstad i hele det Tyske Rige. Byen fortsatte sin voldsomt. I 1936 var Berlin vært for de Olympiske kolossale vækst. Fra et befolkningstal på 200.000 i Lege. 1819 og 900.000 i 1871 steg det til 2,7 millioner indbyggere i 1900. - 446%0,6 )&-5(3"5*40(,0/,633²3 0.'&%&13.*&3 888(3"5*45*/(%,46%0,6 41*--&5,"/6%4,3*7&40( -4&4*300(."( OnLibri.dk 6 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Introduktion I juni 1948 indførte de vestlige allierede separat bystyre i deres zone, og en vesttysk valuta blev indført. Sovjetunionen indledte en blokade af bydelen, der medførte, at luftbroen med forsyninger blev oprettet. I 1949 blev Berlin på ny hovedstad, denne gang i DDR, mens Vestberlin fik regionalt styre i Forbundsrepublikken Vesttyskland. I august 1961 opførtes den 47 km lange Berlin-mur til deling af byen. Muren stod med kun få overgange, bl.a. Checkpoint Charlie, indtil 1989- Gennem 2. Verdenskrig var Berlin centrum for 1990, hvor den tyske genforening blev gennemført. Tysklands politiske og militære ledelse. I krigens sidste år blev byen udsat for massive bombar- Berlin blev igen hovedstad for hele Tyskland, og et dementer. Efter hårde kampe i Berlins gader i maj massivt byggeri igangsattes. Parlamentet flyttede 1945, besatte den sovjetiske Røde Hær, med Marskal tilbage til Reichstag, mens det gamle centrum Sjukov i spidsen, byen. omkring Potsdamer Platz blev Europas største byggeplads. I august 1945 var Potsdam vært for konferencen, der beseglede Tysklands og Europas skæbne som opdelte interesseområder. Berlin blev delt i to zoner, den sovjetiske og den vestlige. OnLibri.dk 7 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Fakta om Tyskland Fakta om Tyskland Religion Officielt navn Kristne 72 % (protestanter 38 %, katolikker 34 %), Bundesrepublik Deutschland muslimer 2 % Indbyggere Sprog 80,9 millioner Tysk Areal Valuta 356.910 km² Euro (EUR), EUR 1=100 cent Største byer Minde- og helligdage Berlin 3,3 millioner 1. januar (nytårsdag), 6. januar (Hellig 3 Konger), Hamburg 1,7 million langfredag*, påskedag*, 2. påskedag*, 1. maj, Kristi München 1,2 million Himmelfartsdag*, pinsedag*, 2. pinsedag*, 3. Köln 1,0 million oktober (genforeningsdag), 25. december (juledag), 26. Hovedstad december (2. juledag), *=dato varierer fra år til år Berlin Alarmtelefon Statsoverhoved 112 Præsident Horst Köhler OnLibri.dk 8 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Berlin tur 1 indsats og faldne under 2. Verdenskrig. I alt menes Berlin tur 1 20.000 russiske soldater faldet i kampene om Berlin alene. De opstillede kampvogne var de første, der nåede byen i 1945. 1. Reichstag (Platz der Republik 1) S-tog: Unter den Linden. Bygningen, der er opført Monumentet var en sovjetisk enklave i Vestberlin, 1884-1894, har haft en omtumlet og central og den Røde Hær stod æresvagt her indtil 1994. tilværelse gennem historien. Monumentet er nu ejet af Berlin By, og det forbliver stående efter en generel aftale om krigsmonumenter. 3. Brandenburger Tor (Pariser Platz) Rigsdagen holdt fra starten til her. Efter 1. Verdenskrig blev Weimar udråbt til republik fra balkonen. I 1933 brændte rigsdagen, og kuplen gik tabt. En samlet rigsdag i Berlin var efter 2. Verdenskrig ikke muligt, og regeringerne for hhv. Vest- og Østtyskland flyttede til Bonn og Østberlin. Med Tysklands genforening og ombygningen ved S-tog: Unter den Linden. I begyndelsen af 1700- den britiske arkitekt Norman Foster i 1999 blev tallet blev en toldmur opført rundt om Berlin, og bygningen igen hjemsted for det tyske parlament, og der blev opført en byport mod Brandenburg. Den nu er det muligt at besøge den nye kuppel, der er et nuværende Brandenburger Tor blev bygget som af Berlins moderne vartegn. afløser og som en prægtig hovedindgang til byen og pragtalléen Unter den Linden. Det var i perioden 2. Sowjetiches Ehrenmal 1788-1791. (Straße des 17. Juni) Stilen er nyklassicistisk, og porten er 26 meter høj og 60 meter bred. På toppen står en romersk stridsvogn anført af fire heste. Brandenburger Tor stod tidligere i Østberlin lige foran Berlin-muren. Ved genforeningen blev stedet selve symbolet på tiden og handlingerne, idet det var her, folk besteg muren og efterfølgende rev den ned. S-tog: Unter den Linden. Dette monumentet i granit blev rejst 1945-1946 som minde om den Røde Hærs OnLibri.dk 9 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Berlin tur 1 4. Holocaust Denkmal Stedet er meget markant i gadebilledet i Berlins (Ved Ebertstraße/Behrenstraße) centrum, og det består af 2.711 grå betonblokke. Alle blokkene har samme grundrids på 2,38x0,95 meter, mens højden varierer op til fem meters højde. De forskellige højder danner en stor bølgebevægelse. 5. Unter den Linden S-tog: Unter den Linden. Dette mindesmærke blev S-tog: Unter den Linden. Fra 1575 har Unter den indviet 2005 som monument over jødiske ofre. Linden med sine lindetræer været vejen til ) 7" %& 3%&5 5& 5" /4 -*3,,&/ i w 888(3"5*45*/(%,)+&3/&73*%&3 1374&-70.%6,"/47"3&1¯ %&//&6(&4)+&3/&73*%&3 OnLibri.dk 10 I samarbejde med Rejseliv Vi tager til Berlin Berlin tur 1 Hohenzollernes slot. Gaden har af alle efterfølgende 5d. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin regimer været benyttet som paradegade, og langs den (Unter den Linden 8) er en række pragtfulde bygningsværker. 5a. Pariser Platz S-tog: Unter den Linden. Den vestlige ende af Unter den Linden udgår fra Pariser Platz ved Brandenburger Tor. På hjørnet af Pariser Platz og Unter den Linden ligger Hotel Adlon, der er Tysklands mest kendte hotel. Omkring år 1900 var der i mange af verdens førende byer opført luksushoteller, og det fik i 1905 Lorenz Adlon til at købe to grunde på Unter den Linden og Metro: Französische Straße. Dette bibliotek har en opføre en æstetisk perle af et hotel. Blandt gæsterne lang historie. Det blev grundlagt 1661 af Friedrich gennem tiden er Albert Einstein, Charlie Chaplin og Wilhelm von Brandenburg under navnet John D. Rockefeller. Churfürstliche Bibliothek zu Cölln an der Spree. I Det nuværende hotel er opført 1995-1997 med perioden 1701-1918 hed det Königliche Bibliothek stilmæssig inspiration fra Lorenz Adlons oprindelige zu Berlin, hvorefter det blev omdøbt til Preußische hotel.
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