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Suton Kraljevine Bosne Suton Kraljevine Bosne Potočki, Jurica Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2018 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Pula / Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:137:590587 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-01 Repository / Repozitorij: Digital Repository Juraj Dobrila University of Pula Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli Filozofski fakultet JURICA POTOČKI SUTON KRALJEVINE BOSNE Diplomski rad Pula, listopad 2018. godine Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli Filozofski fakultet JURICA POTOČKI SUTON KRALJEVINE BOSNE Diplomski rad JMBAG: 0303041696, redoviti student Studijski smjer: jednopredmetna povijest Predmet: Istraživanje srednjovjekovne povijesti Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: povijest Znanstvena grana: hrvatska i svjetska srednjovjekovna povijest Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Ivan Jurković Pula, 12. listopada 2018. IZJAVA O AKADEMSKOJ ČESTITOSTI Ja, dolje potpisani Jurica Potočki, kandidat za magistra povijesti ovime izjavljujem da je ovaj Diplomski rad rezultat isključivo mojega vlastitog rada, da se temelji na mojim istraživanjima te da se oslanja na objavljenu literaturu kao što to pokazuju korištene bilješke i bibliografija. Izjavljujem da niti jedan dio Diplomskog rada nije napisan na nedozvoljen način, odnosno da je prepisan iz kojega necitiranog rada, te da ikoji dio rada krši bilo čija autorska prava. Izjavljujem, također, da nijedan dio rada nije iskorišten za koji drugi rad pri bilo kojoj drugoj visokoškolskoj, znanstvenoj ili radnoj ustanovi. Student ____________________ U Puli, 12. listopada 2018. IZJAVA o korištenju autorskog djela Ja, Jurica Potočki dajem odobrenje Sveučilištu Jurja Dobrile u Puli, kao nositelju prava iskorištavanja, da moj diplomski rad pod nazivom Suton Kraljevine Bosne koristi na način da gore navedeno autorsko djelo, kao cjeloviti tekst trajno objavi u javnoj internetskoj bazi Sveučilišne knjižnice Sveučilišta Jurja Dobrile u Puli te kopira u javnu internetsku bazu završnih radova Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice (stavljanje na raspolaganje javnosti), sve u skladu s Zakonom o autorskom pravu i drugim srodnim pravima i dobrom akademskom praksom, a radi promicanja otvorenoga, slobodnoga pristupa znanstvenim informacijama. Za korištenje autorskog djela na gore navedeni način ne potražujem naknadu. U Puli, 12. listopada 2018. Potpis ___________________ SADRŽAJ UVOD...........................................................................................................................1 DIPLOMATSKE AKTIVNOSTI UOČI PADA BOSNE.................................................2 Papinska diplomacija i Enea Silvio Piccolomini.................................................2 Piccolomini kao papa.........................................................................................3 Ugarska diplomacija i pitanje bosanske krune...................................................3 Osmansko shvaćanje države.............................................................................5 Osmanska diplomacija.......................................................................................6 KRALJ STJEPAN TOMAŠ..........................................................................................9 Dolazak na prijestolje.........................................................................................9 Tomaš i vojvoda Stjepan..................................................................................11 Tomaš i despot Đurađ......................................................................................12 Ženidba s Katarinom Kosača i okretanje Rimu................................................13 Sukob s despotom i vojvodom.........................................................................15 Pad Carigrada i Despotovine...........................................................................16 Pad Smedereva i posljednje godine Tomaša..................................................18 SULTAN MURAT II. ..................................................................................................20 Prva vladavina.................................................................................................20 Mehmed II. ......................................................................................................21 Druga vladavina...............................................................................................22 KRALJ STJEPAN TOMAŠEVIĆ................................................................................24 Apel za pomoć.................................................................................................24 Bosanski tragičar Stjepan Tomašević..............................................................25 Lažna nada......................................................................................................26 Posljednji vapaj................................................................................................29 Bosna šaptom pade.........................................................................................30 SULTAN MEHMED II. ...............................................................................................34 Zlatna jabuka...................................................................................................34 Mehmedova osvajanja do 1463. .....................................................................38 BOSNA NAKON PADA.............................................................................................41 Ugarska uloga i padu Bosne............................................................................41 Korvinov protuudar...........................................................................................42 Posljednja bosanska kraljica............................................................................44 ZAKLJUČAK..............................................................................................................46 POPIS IZVORA I LITERATURE................................................................................49 SAŽETAK...................................................................................................................53 SUMMARY.................................................................................................................55 UVOD „Bosna šaptom pade“, izreka upamćena kao opis propasti jedne kraljevine, koja je gotovo bez ikakvih borbi, u tišini pala pod navalom osvajača. Iza ove izreke krije se nevjerojatna, gotovo filmska priča o ambiciji, rivalstvu, opstanku i izdaji, sukobu kultura i vjera, priča na koju glavni protagonist zbog tragične smrti nije mogao utjecati. Cilj ovoga rada jest analizirati događaje i najvažnije sudionike koji su doveli do nesretnog kraja naizgled nevažne zemlje u divljem i heretičkom, planinskom i zabačenom djelu jugoistočne Europe, zemlje koja se pred islamskim osvajačem našla na samom rubu kršćanstva u razdoblju koje će promijeniti tijek regionalne i europske, pa i svjetske povijesti. Osim događaja i glavnih sudionika u radu će se obraditi i diplomatska pozadina tih događaja. Ukratko će se pokušati objasniti teoretska i praktična razlika između osmanskog shvaćanja države, koje se oslanja na islamsku tradiciju, a posljedično tome i nečega što bi se moglo nazvati „osmanskom diplomacijom“ i zapadnog, odnosno kršćanskog shvaćanja države. Dotaknuti će se i problematika bosanske i njen odnos prema ugarskoj kruni te papinske krune koja će postati „jabukom razdora“ i pokrenuti prvu domino pločicu u nezaustavljivoj lančanoj reakciji diplomatskih odnosa Budima i Sv. Stolice s negativnim nabojem. Rad obuhvaća razdoblje od 1444., kada je poražena velika križarska vojska predvođena poljsko-ugarskim kraljem, odnosno godine kada je na prijestolje Kotromanića zasjeo Stjepan Tomaš, pa do 1463., godine, kada je sultan Mehmed II. Osvajač nevjerojatnom brzinom pokorio Bosnu. U tom je razdoblju Stjepan Tomaš zapletenim političko-dinastičko-vjerskim odnosima zapečatio sudbinu kraljevstva i svoga sina, posljednjega bosanskog kralja Stjepana Tomaševića, a na samome je izmaku god. 1463. djelomice ublažena nesreća propasti te kraljevine u akciji ugarskoga kralja Matijaša Korvina. Osim navedene „Velike četvorke“, ključnu su ulogu u raspletu događaja i u sudbini Bosne imali papa Pio II. (Enea Silvio Piccolomini) te njegov legat u Bosni, biskup Nikola Modruški. 1 DIPLOMATSKE AKTIVNOSTI UOČI PADA BOSNE Papinska diplomacija i Enea Silvio Piccolomini Papa Pio II., kojemu je životni cilj bio potiskivanje Osmanlija iz Europe organiziranim križarskim pohodom, rođen je 1405. u Sieni kao Enea Silvio Piccolomini.1 Upisao je pravo na Sveučilištu u Sieni,2 a susret sa svetim Bernardinom Sijenskim promijenio mu je život te je otputovao u Rim gdje je 1446. god. prvi puta ušao u službu Crkve.3 Nakon Baselskog koncila stupio je u službu cara Fridrika III.,4 gdje se upoznao sa sve većim problemom napredovanja Osmanlija preko Balkanskog poluotoka prema Srednjoj Europi te je podržavao niz vrlo prijateljskih veza s bivšim učenicima i diplomatima koji su živjeli i djelovali upravo na tom ugroženom prostoru. Po dolasku na bečki dvor smatran je uljezom i neprijateljem te je kao homo novus trpio gotovo svakodnevno zakulisno izrugivanje. Kao intelektualac s Apeninskog poluotoka navikao na uređene prostore u kojima je djelovala administracija se u svojim memoarima prisjeća na nemoguće, prljave i nepodnošljive uvijete rada u dvorskoj kancelariji, navodeći,
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