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The 400Th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and Its Meaning in 2012
The 400th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and its Meaning in 2012. Todd Andrew Bridges A thesis submitted for the degree of M.A.D. History 2016. Department of History The University of Essex 27 June 2016 1 Contents Abbreviations p. 3 Acknowledgements p. 4 Introduction: p. 5 Commemorating witch-trials: Lancashire 2012 Chapter One: p. 16 The 1612 Witch trials and the Potts Pamphlet Chapter Two: p. 31 Commemoration of the Lancashire witch-trials before 2012 Chapter Three: p. 56 Planning the events of 2012: key organisations and people Chapter Four: p. 81 Analysing the events of 2012 Conclusion: p. 140 Was 2012 a success? The Lancashire Witches: p. 150 Maps: p. 153 Primary Sources: p. 155 Bibliography: p. 159 2 Abbreviations GC Green Close Studios LCC Lancashire County Council LW 400 Lancashire Witches 400 Programme LW Walk Lancashire Witches Walk to Lancaster PBC Pendle Borough Council PST Pendle Sculpture Trail RPC Roughlee Parish Council 3 Acknowledgement Dr Alison Rowlands was my supervisor while completing my Masters by Dissertation for History and I am honoured to have such a dedicated person supervising me throughout my course of study. I gratefully acknowledge Dr Rowlands for her assistance, advice, and support in all matters of research and interpretation. Dr Rowland’s enthusiasm for her subject is extremely motivating and I am thankful to have such an encouraging person for a supervisor. I should also like to thank Lisa Willis for her kind support and guidance throughout my degree, and I appreciate her providing me with the materials that were needed in order to progress with my research and for realising how important this research project was for me. -
Pendle Sculpture Trail in an Atmospheric Woodland Setting
Walk distance: It is approximately 1 mile to get to the trail from Barley Car Park including one uphill stretch and one steep path. Once in Aitken Wood, which is situated on a slope, you could easily walk another mile walking around. Please wear stout footwear as there can be some muddy stretches after wet weather. Allow around 2 to 3 hours for your visit. See back cover for details on how to book a tramper vehicle for easier access to the wood for people with walking difficulties. Visit the Pendle Sculpture Trail in an atmospheric woodland setting. Art, history and nature come together against the stunning backdrop of Pendle Hill. Four artists have created a unique and intriguing range of sculptures. Their work is inspired by the history of the Pendle Witches of 1612 and the natural world in this wild and beautiful corner of Lancashire. A Witches Plaque Explore the peaceful setting of Aitken Wood to find ceramic plaques by Sarah McDade. She’s designed each one individually to symbolise the ten people from Pendle who were accused of witchcraft over 400 years ago. You’ll also find an inspiring range of sculptures, large and small, which are created from wood, steel and stone, including Philippe Handford’s amazing The Artists (as pictured here left to right) are Philippe Handford (Lead curving tree sculptures. Artist), Steve Blaylock, Martyn Bednarczuk, and Sarah McDade Philippe’s sculptures include: after dark. Reconnected 1, Reconnected had a religious vision on top There’s even a beautifully 2, The Gateway, Life Circle of nearby Pendle Hill which carved life-size figure of Philippe Handford, the lead kind of permanent trail. -
Barley and Black Moss a Fantastic Countryside Route, Offering Stunning Views of Pendle Hill
1 Barley and Black Moss A fantastic countryside route, offering stunning views of Pendle Hill START: The Barley Mow, Barley (GPS waypoint SD 821 404) DISTANCE: 6.5 miles (10.5km) DIFFICULTY: HEIGHT GAIN: APPROX. TIME: 2 hours 30 minutes PARKING: The Barley Mow or Barley car park ROUTE TERRAIN: Tarmac lanes, fields and moorland FACILITIES: Toilets and refreshments available in Barley SUITABILITY: Not suitable for wheelchairs or prams, dogs allowed but must be kept under control around livestock OS MAPS: Landranger 103 (Blackburn and Burnley), Explorer OL21 (South Pennines) David Turner LANCASHIRE WALKS BARLEY AND BLACK MOSS through agriculture and there is Downham, Barrowford and travelling from further afield, you evidence of a cattle farm being Nelson. For more times, visit can catch the train to Clitheroe established in the area around www.lancashire.gov.uk and from Manchester Victoria, which The walker’s view 1266. The village continued to search for the Clitheroe Local calls at Salford, Bolton, Blackburn earn its living through farming Services and Pendle Witch and Darwen, then catch the bus David Turner explores Pendle until the 18th century, when Hopper timetable. If you’re to Barley from there. on this route textiles were manufactured and I felt a pang of regret as I pulled into the car handlooms were installed in the park to begin this walk around the fields and lofts of many smallholdings, as moorland of Barley. Fancy turning up in the shadow of Pendle Hill an extra form of income. Where to visit and not climbing to the top! Unforgivable – or so I thought. -
Witches Road Trail
DIRECTIONS from Pendle Lancaster Follow the Tourism Signs • The starting point for the Pendle Witch Trail is at Pendle The Year The Trail Heritage Centre, in Barrowford near Nelson. • Follow the A682 out of Barrowford to Blacko. Jubilee Tower Turn left at the sign to Roughlee. r oo M e • At the crossroads carry straight on to Newchurch. grass M it High oo h r W • Turn right past Witches Galore, go up the hill. T rou Emmets gh of • Keep straight on through Barley Village past the Pendle The Pendle Witches lived at Bow 1612 land Inn, the road bends sharp left to Downham. Sykes a turbulent time in England’s Dunsop Bridge • Go past the Assheton Arms and follow the road to the left, history. It was an era of and keep left. • Turn left to Clitheroe following the A671. ill Moor religious persecution and H l M a r superstition. Newton • Follow signs for the Castle & Museum and take time to Waddington explore this historic market town. Whalley Abbey is just 4 Chatburn miles from Clitheroe and makes a worthwhile diversion. Then take the B6478 to Waddington and the Trough of Newchurch Downham Bowland. Roughlee James I was King and he lived Barrowford • Follow signs to Newton, past the Parker Arms (B6478). in fear of rebellion. He had • In Newton Village turn left to Dunsop Bridge. Clitheroe survived the Gunpowder Plot of Pendle • Go through Dunsop Bridge then turn right to the Trough H il Colne l of Bowland and Lancaster. 1605 where the Catholic plotters Nelson • Follow signs to Lancaster. -
The Pendle Witches
THE PENDLE WITCHES On August 20th 1612 ten people convicted of witchcraft at the Summer Assize held in Lancaster Castle went to the gallows on the moors above the town. Among their number were two men and a woman in her eighties. Their crimes included laming, causing madness and what was termed “simple” witchcraft. In addition to this, some sixteen unexplained deaths, many stretching back decades, were laid at their door. Lancashire, in the early years of the seventeenth century, was remote, its roads poor, its people ill-educated. Throughout the county there were places where the outside world hardly intruded, and one such area was Pendle Forest. It was here, among stark hillsides, infertile valleys and scattered hamlets, that the story of the Pendle Witches had its beginnings. AN ILL-FATED MEETING On March 18th 1612 a young woman by the name of Alison Device was out begging on the road to Colne. She stopped a peddler from Halifax, John Law, and asked him for a pin. He refused her request and walked away. According to Alison’s own testimony her ‘familiar spirit’ in the shape of a dog, appeared to her and asked if she would like him to harm Law. Alison was new to the art of witchcraft; indeed she seems to have resisted being brought into what was in effect the family business. But now she agreed that Law must be punished and she told the dog to lame the peddler. No doubt to her great surprise, the curse took immediate effect and Law fell to the ground, paralysed down one side (presumably by a stroke) and unable to speak. -
Saturday 10Th to Sunday 18Th August 57 Guided Walks in Some of Lancashire’S Most Beautiful Countryside, from the Easy to the Challenging
Saturday 10th to Sunday 18th August 57 guided walks in some of Lancashire’s most beautiful countryside, from the easy to the challenging. Walking Festival A5 booklet 2019 2 09/05/2019 16:18 Pendle Walking Festival 2019 © Photography by Alastair Lee, Lee Johnson, Steve Bradley and Neil McGowan. Packhorse bridge and Wycoller Hall Walking Festival A5 booklet 2019 3 09/05/2019 16:19 Key to symbols Packed lunch Please bring a packed lunch. Country Pub We will visit one of our country pubs for a refreshment break during the walk. Cafe We will stop at a cafe for light refreshments during the walk. Family Friendly Walks These walks will include games, stories or “treasure” hunts to help children engage with the natural world and local history. Dogs welcome Well behaved dogs on leads are welcome. Dogs are not allowed on walks not showing this symbol. Booking essential Booking on these walks via www. visitpendle.com is essential. See further information on page 3. Up and Active Walks These walks are included in a programme of walks which take place throughout the year. There is no need to book if you are a regular Up and Active walker. To find out more about Up and Active Walks in Pendle please visit www. upandactive.co.uk Welcome to one of the UK’s largest walking festivals! The annual Pendle Walking Festival has put the area firmly on the map. It’s a fantastic place to walk and enjoy some Follow us on facebook of the most stunning countryside views in the Follow us or Tweet us @VisitPendle north of England. -
PENDLE HILL LANDSCAPE PARTNERSHIP LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT PART 2: Landscape Character Types
PENDLE HILL LANDSCAPE PARTNERSHIP LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESSMENT PART 2: Landscape Character Types 1 | P a g e Report commissioned by Lancashire County Council with financial support from the Heritage Lottery Fund. Carried out by Robin Gray Chartered Member of the Landscape Institute. Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution of civil proceedings. Lancashire County Council. Licence Number: 100023320. Forest of Bowland AONB The Stables 4 Root Hill Estate Yard Whitewell Road Dunsop Bridge Clitheroe Lancashire BB7 3AY Email: [email protected] Web: www.forestofbowland.com 2 | P a g e CONTENTS 4.0 Landscape Character Types 4 A Moorland Plateaux 6 B.Unenclosed Mooorland Hills 11 C.Enclosed Moorland Hills 18 D.Moorland Fringe 28 E.Undulating Lowland 44 G.Undulating lowland farmland with parkland 58 M.Forestry and reservoir 70 N.Farmed ridges 75 O.Industrial foothills and valleys 80 5.0 Proposals 87 6.0 References 90 Appendix 1: Where to draw the boundary: a sense of place 92 Appendix 2: Map#7: Scheduled Ancient Monuments 93 Appendix 3: Views from Pendle Hill 94 3 | P a g e 4.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER TYPES Within the immediate environment of Pendle Hill are a number of varied landscapes that encompass remote moorland plateaux, pasture bounded by hedges or moorland fringe. These are represented by a number of landscape types (map#6) which are described in section 4 below. Each generic landscape type has a distinct character with similar physical influences (underlying geology, land form, pedology) and indeed a common history of land management such as the enclosure of moorland edges to create ‘in-bye land’. -
Saturday 13Th August to Sunday 21St August 71 Guided Walks in Some of Lancashire’S Most Beautiful Countryside, from the Easy to the Challenging
FREE PROGRAMME Includes Family Friendly Walks Saturday 13th August to Sunday 21st August 71 guided walks in some of Lancashire’s most beautiful countryside, from the easy to the challenging. key to symbols Dogs welcome Well behaved dogs on leads are welcome. Dogs are Bewitching, not allowed on walks not showing this symbol. Country pubs or cafés These walks will visit one boats and of our country pubs or a café for a short refreshment At Whalley Warm & Dry we understand the importance of properly fitted, break during or after the supportive footwear and its impact on the comfort of your feet and the enjoyment walk. of your walk. Customers travel from across the country to take advantage of our Brontës… Lunch stop No need to bring your award-winning specialist fitting service and years of experience... sarnies! We will stop at a Welcome to one of the UK’s pub or café for a light meal largest walking festivals! during or after the walk. History walks The annual Pendle Walking Festival These walks focus on the has put the area firmly on the map. history of the area. Pushchair friendly It’s a fantastic place to walk and These walks follow stile-free enjoy some of the most stunning paths and are suitable for robust pushchairs. countryside views in the whole of Packed lunch Lancashire. Please bring a packed lunch. Booking essential 1. WE MEASURE 2. WE ANALYSE To book a place on these Specially trained fitters take ten We interpret the measurements walks please use our online booking system provided by measurements to identify your and identify the foot type and www.eventbrite.co.uk. -
Pendle Witches Car Trail
Designed by the Communications Team, Pendle Borough Council. iJb_2298 03/07 iJb_2298 Council. Borough Pendle Team, Communications the by Designed Pendle Witches Pendle www.pendlelife.co.uk by visiting visiting by www.pendletourism.com Unit of Pendle Borough Council. Information on Pendle Tourism Group can be obtained be can Group Tourism Pendle on Information Council. Borough Pendle of Unit This trail was produced by the Pendle Tourism Group in partnership with the Tourism the with partnership in Group Tourism Pendle the by produced was trail This [email protected]. DVD. For free copies of these guides please contact contact please guides these of copies free For DVD. , or email: , or 661981 (01282) Accommodation Guide. There is also a Pendle Witches Walking Trail, a longer Road Trail and a and Trail Road longer a Trail, Walking Witches Pendle a also is There Guide. Accommodation More information is available about Pendle in the guides we produce, including a Visitor and Visitor a including produce, we guides the in Pendle about available is information More More information More Leaflet No3 Leaflet Leaflet No2 Leaflet Leaflet No1 Leaflet Pendle Scenic Road Trails Road Scenic Pendle Pendle Scenic Road Trails Road Scenic Pendle Pendle Scenic Road Trails Road Scenic Pendle Craven area of Pendle. of area Craven Brontes "Ferndean Manor" in Wycoller.Trail 3 is called "Boats and Beams" covering the West the covering Beams" and "Boats called is 3 Wycoller.Trail in Manor" "Ferndean Brontes "Brontes and Browsing" and covers Colne, and its -
Syllabus-UK Pendle Witch 2018
Pendle Hill Witch Project, England Course ID: ARCH 365AH June 17 – July 21, 2018 FIELD SCHOOL DIRECTOR: Prof. Charles E. Orser, Jr., Vanderbilt University, [email protected] INTRODUCTION The trial of the Pendle Hill witches in Lancashire, England, in 1612, is the most famous witchcraft case in English history. The hanging of seven women and men accused at Lancaster Castle was one of the largest mass executions of witches in England’s history. The trial was the subject of one of the most widely read books about the trial of witches, Thomas Potts’ The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancashire, published in 1613. Editions of the book are still available today. Sixteenth- and seventeenth- century English authorities perceived witchcraft as a serious matter. The accused were in danger of being arrested, tried, and even executed. In truth, however, many individuals labeled as witches were traditional healers (shamans) who helped their community members with personal sickness, the illness of livestock, the location of lost objects, or offering protection from evil witches. In the days before scientific medicine, community members often looked to people they believed to have supernatural powers as their last resort for health and prosperity. Despite the great interest in witchcraft by scholars and the public, little sustained archaeological research has concentrated specifically on the practice, its material culture, and its relationship to community structure and stability. Viewed from an anthropological perspective, witchcraft appears integral to the life of a community and, when seen in archaeological terms, has significant material elements. The overall paucity of archaeological research means that new information about the material culture of daily rural life—including objects once perceived as having magical properties—will provide exciting dimensions to understanding witchcraft in seventeenth-century England. -
72 Hours on the Roof of Lancashire: the Secrets of Pendle Hill
Discover Bowland Itinerary – No 5 72 Hours on The Roof of Lancashire: The Secrets of Pendle Hill Pendle’s slopes and summit have the spectacular and a fitting reward for the wilderness feel of genuinely unspoiled challenging climb to the top. landscapes and yet this famous hill lies within Pendle is also popular with road cyclists, easy reach of Blackburn, Burnley, Preston, offering challenging climbs and exhilarating Manchester and the wider northwest. descents and a chance to stop off for a Pendle Hill forms the boundary between cuppa at the last surviving Clarion House urban Lancashire and the vast tracts of in Britain. wild countryside that lie to the north. And after an invigorating day on the trail For those with an appetite for adventure, or in the saddle, the area has a profusion it’s incredibly accessible and provides a of pubs, cafés and restaurants providing tantalizing foretaste of what lies beyond. top notch tucker for weary wayfarers. For walkers, there are at least seven Whether you’re on the trail of the different routes to the top and a wealth famous witches, in search of a new of walks through the pretty villages and challenge, or simply want to admire the picturesque valleys surrounding the view from the summit, your epic Pendle hill. On a clear day the views are truly Hill adventure starts here… DAY 1: PM After arrival and checking in to your accommodation, if it’s still light, head to the Nick o’ Pendle above Sabden to watch the sun go down over Morecambe Bay. -
Ucla Archaeology Field School
PENDLE HILL WITCH PROJECT, ENGLAND Course ID: 365AH June 16 – July 20, 2019 FIELD SCHOOL DIRECTOR: Prof. Charles E. Orser, Jr., Vanderbilt University, [email protected] INTRODUCTION The trial and hanging, in 1612, of seven individuals living near Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, is the most famous witchcraft case in English history. The trial was the subject of a widely read account, Thomas Potts’ The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancashire, published in 1613. Editions of the book are still available today. Sixteenth- and seventeenth- century English authorities perceived witchcraft as a serious matter. The accused were in danger of being arrested, tried, and even executed. In truth, however, many individuals labeled as witches were traditional healers (cunning women and men) who assisted their communities by administering to sickness in humans and animals, locating lost objects, and offering protection from evil witches. In the days before scientific medicine, community members often looked to people they believed to have supernatural powers as their last resort for health and prosperity. The individuals executed in 1612 were also poor, a characteristic that increased their vulnerability to discrimination. Despite the great interest in witchcraft by scholars and the public, little sustained archaeological research has concentrated specifically on the relationship between poverty and witchcraft and its material dimensions. In 2018 we excavated at the Malkin Tower Farm site near Blacko, Lancashire. We discovered what are possibly the remains of the house occupied by the family of Elizabeth Sothernes (called “Demdike,” Demon Woman) and her family in 1612. She was the matriarch of the Device family of alleged witches, and was the first in the family to die, perishing in Lancaster Castle before her trial.