拯救镇海棘螈saving Chinhai Salamander

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拯救镇海棘螈saving Chinhai Salamander 拯救镇海棘螈 Saving Chinhai Salamander 北仑柴桥中学课题组 编著 柴桥中学与中国科学院生物研究所合作开发研究性学习校本教材 浙江省中小学精品课程 任课教师:刘毅 吴妙飞 褚少君 汪静儿 课时:1 节/1 周 授课对象:高一和高二学生 二〇〇八年九月第二版 浙江省宁波市北仑区柴桥中学版权所有 Copyright © ChaiQiao Senior School All Rights Reserved 镇海棘螈与校本文化 柴桥中学原校长 周永兴 1 镇海棘螈是宁波柴桥独有物种,栖息于柴桥境内的九峰山风景区瑞岩寺国家森林公园内,有 15 00 万年的历史,是地球古老居民,有活化石之美称;1989 年被国务院确定为国家二级重点保护野生 动物,是宁波市唯一以地方命名的珍稀野生动物。 当我们以骄傲的目光注视镇海棘螈的时候,不能不从心底生出一种紧迫感与危机感。镇海棘螈 行动迟缓,迁移能力弱,分布地域狭窄,生长环境要求苛刻,种群数量处于严重濒危状态。据统计, 目前分布于瑞岩寺国家森林公园内的镇海棘螈繁殖群体仅存 350 尾左右,其种群数量比大熊猫和新 疆北鲵等极度濒危的物种数量还少。所以,作为柴桥境内唯一一所毗邻九峰山风景区的省级重点中 学——柴桥中学,我们有义务有责任研究保护镇海棘螈。正是在这种背景下,我校开展了“依托镇 海棘螈,开发研究性学习校本课程”的课题研究。 课题组教师本着强烈的使命感,开展了大量的研究与艰苦的工作。他们深入棘螈保护区,观察 栖息地;访专家,查资料;研究棘螈的孵化、幼体饲喂、野生放养的全过程,取得许多珍贵的地方 生态学资料和第一手物种技术资料,顺利完成这一课题的初步研究。他们带领部分热爱科研的学生 全程参与,并为全校学生作了多场专题报告会,出专栏,印资料,介绍柴桥之宝,引起极大的反响, 产生了积极的校本文化效应。 首先,激发我校师生热爱乡土、热爱柴桥的朴素情感,保护镇海棘螈,就是保护生于斯存于斯 的柴桥古老居民,就是保护我们的乡土环境与乡土文化。其次,培养了师生们的科学研究精神与吃 苦精神。为了掌握镇海棘螈的生活习性与生长规律,他们观察、记录、比较、研讨、请教,态度严 肃,治学严谨;他们付出很多,却不求回报,牺牲假日,却从不埋怨。第三,引发对镇海棘螈的关 注度,提升北仑新形象。镇海棘螈不仅是柴桥的也是北仑的象征,其悠久的历史和其对环境的苛刻 要求,证明北仑在百万年前就气候适宜,自然环境优秀。今天,我们全力发展北仑的时候,不要忘 了比我们人类还早生存在这里的古老居民。尤其是,镇海棘螈已经成为中国女排在北仑主场的吉祥 物,成为北仑的象征,伴随着北仑走向全国,走向世界,因此,我们更有理由保护它。 保护镇海棘螈,就是保护柴桥,保护北仑,保护我们的家园! 1 “基于“镇海棘螈保护”的学校特色发展研究”为 2009 全国教育科学规划普通高级中学特色学校研究专项; 省级规划课题《依托镇海棘螈开发研究性学习校本课程》课题获得浙江省第六届(2006-2007 年)教育科学优秀研究 成果奖一等奖; 《基于“镇海棘螈”保护的研究性学习校本课程开发》被确立为浙江省教育科学 2009 年度重点课题。 自序 生物学的研究对象是活生生的生命世界,生物学的学习理应是妙趣横生,引人入胜。但是在现 实的学习过程中,许多同学却感觉到生物学学习枯燥乏味,毫无乐趣。其中的一个重要原因是在应 试制度下,呆板的生物学习题使远较其它学科有趣的生物学变得索然寡味,使人生畏,甚至使同学 们不得不忍受“生物学教条”的痛苦折磨。其实生物学是经典的实验科学,更注重的是原理的应用, 只有将生物学与活生生的生物体相联系,才能体现生物学的学习价值。本教材以镇海棘螈为研究素 材,力图使生物学的学习变得生动有趣,帮助同学解决实际问题,真正提高生物学素养。 2002 年柴桥中学的刘信态老师在九峰山旅游时,偶然听闻九峰山的水潭里生活着一种比国宝大 熊猫还要稀少的动物-镇海棘螈。专业的敏感性促使他立即收集有关镇海棘螈的资料,并在周永兴校 长的支持下带领生物组教师指导学生开展“拯救镇海棘螈”的研究性学习。 研究性学习活动的开展并非一帆风顺,我们遇到了许多棘手的难题,需要这个研究领域的专家 给我们师生提供专业上的指导。于是我们忐忑地给中国科学院成都生物研究所的谢峰教授写了一封 信,谢教授十几年来一直致力于研究和保护镇海棘螈,取得了丰硕的成果,是国内两栖类研究的权 威。让我们欣喜的是,谢峰教授非常支持我们柴桥中学保护镇海棘螈的行动,并且答应作为柴桥中 学研究镇海棘螈的校外指导专家。从此,柴桥中学研究和保护镇海棘螈的研究性学习活动进入了一 个新的发展阶段。谢峰教授和江建平教授几次从遥远的成都飞赴柴桥中学给参加研究性学习活动的 教师和学生进行讲座和培训。学校师生对镇海棘螈的研究兴趣更加浓厚,要求参加研究性学习活动 的同学越来越多,即使是不参加研究性学习活动的师生也经常来到镇海棘螈的养殖场为保护镇海棘 螈出谋划策。 亲爱的各位同学,当你第一眼看到镇海棘螈懒洋洋的样子的时候,你可能就马上喜爱上了这种 可爱的小动物,想尽你的力量去保护它,但是具体的研究和保护工作是非常繁琐的,需要付出你的 时间、精力、爱心。你需要每天为棘螈成体提供食物,为棘螈的生存场所保持适宜的湿度,为棘螈 的卵群孵化、为棘螈的顺利变态并上岸设计装置。棘螈是如此弱小,你必须每天殚精竭虑,千方百 计避免它受伤害,每天注意它的生存状况,测量它的生理指标。为了考察棘螈的野外生存状况,有 时还需要在夜晚冒雨上山去考察棘螈的行为。只有对镇海棘螈真正关心才会使你长时间、高频度地 关注棘螈,才会发现和解决你要研究的问题。 2008 年 1 月“拯救镇海棘螈”校本教材开始编写,教材定位于研究性学习校本教材,是柴桥中 学“拯救镇海棘螈”课题组各位教师和进行研究性学习活动的各研究性学习小组共同编写完成的 2。 教材以拯救镇海棘螈这一主题为中心,详细介绍了镇海棘螈的相关知识,并且通过一个个研究性学 习小课题指导同学们开展镇海棘螈的课题研究。在这本教材中学习到的方法也可以应用到其它自然 科学领域的研究,从而促进同学们自然科学素养的培养。 但是由于研究性学习校本教材是以我们的研究性学习活动为核心,随着研究性学习活动的不断 开展,本教材中的内容也需要得到补充和修改,热忱盼望各位老师和同学提出意见,以便今后修改。 此校本教材在编写过程中尽量注重图文并茂,但是因为考虑到用最经济的手段达到类似的效果, 在图片的编排上采用图版的方式,即每章的彩色配图集中呈现,以此造成阅读上的不便,请各位老 师和同学谅解。 在教材的编写过程中得到了各位领导、专家和同学们的支持和帮助。在此,我代表本教材编写 组感谢周永兴校长,感谢中科院成都生物研究所的谢峰教授、江建平教授、刘畅研究生,感谢宁波 市教育科学研究所的专家史耀芳博士,感谢北仑林场陈君如场长,感谢教科室李荣民老师,感谢关 注本课题的各大媒体,也同时感谢参与和支持本册教材编写的各位老师和同学。 刘 毅 2008 年 7 月 2 《基于“镇海棘螈”保护的研究性学习校本课程开发》为浙江省教育科学 2009 年度重点课题 《拯救镇海棘螈》为浙江省教育厅教研室评选的第一届“浙江省中小学精品课程” 目录 第一章 镇海棘螈的研究背景....................................................................................................................... 1 第一节 镇海棘螈的发现和研究历史................................................................................................... 1 阅读材料 Echinotriton chinhaiensis – Critically Endangered............................................... 2 第二节 镇海棘螈的命名....................................................................................................................... 4 科学史话 林奈和双名法....................................................................................................... 5 相关知识 威妥玛拼音........................................................................................................... 5 技能训练 理解镇海棘螈的命名........................................................................................... 6 第三节 新物种的确立—“镇海棘螈”............................................................................................... 6 第四节 研究镇海棘螈的专家..............................................................................................................11 第二章 镇海棘螈的研究方法..................................................................................................................... 13 第一节 镇海棘螈研究中的记录和测量............................................................................................. 13 一 观察、记录和测量................................................................................................................. 13 二 设计记录表格......................................................................................................................... 15 研究性小课题 设计在镇海棘螈课题开展过程中需要的相关表格 ................................. 15 三 标记镇海棘螈......................................................................................................................... 16 研究性小课题 探究标记镇海棘螈的几个方案................................................................. 17 第二节 镇海棘螈研究中的数学方法................................................................................................. 22 一 生物统计学............................................................................................................................. 23 技能训练 应用数学方法寻找最佳剪趾方案..................................................................... 23 研究性小课题 应用统计学知识研究镇海棘螈................................................................. 23 第三节 镇海棘螈研究中的实验设计方法......................................................................................... 26 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈的食性和取食特征的探究......................................................... 27 第四节 镇海棘螈研究课题开展的步骤............................................................................................. 31 一 前期宣传培训......................................................................................................................... 31 二 学生讨论研究项目,列出研究课题,课题申报................................................................. 32 镇海棘螈研究社................................................................................................................... 34 镇海棘螈研究社受到媒体关注........................................................................................... 35 三 成立研究小组,制定研究计划,主动联系教师进行指导................................................. 38 四 小组课题开展......................................................................................................................... 38 研究性小课题 开展过程记录 拯救“万年小恐龙”....................................................... 40 五 小组课题结题......................................................................................................................... 42 第三章 镇海棘螈的研究课题..................................................................................................................... 45 第一节 镇海棘螈生存的生态因素..................................................................................................... 45 一 非生物因素............................................................................................................................. 45 研究性小课题 利用信息技术跟踪北仑气象资料............................................................. 47 研究性小课题 农药对镇海棘螈的影响............................................................................. 51 二 生物因素................................................................................................................................. 52 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈室内繁殖场地建设..................................................................... 54 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈室外繁殖场地建设..................................................................... 55 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈放归后的跟踪研究..................................................................... 58 第二节 镇海棘螈的信息交流............................................................................................................. 58 阅读材料 镇海棘螈繁殖行为中的信息传递..................................................................... 59 第三节 镇海棘螈的行为特征............................................................................................................. 61 研究性小课题 空气污染对镇海棘螈的行为影响............................................................. 61 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈的反捕行为探究......................................................................... 62 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈的行为特征探究......................................................................... 62 第四节 镇海棘螈的结构特征 .............................................................................................................63 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈的个体差异研究(变异)..........................................................64 研究性小课题 探索镇海棘螈的年龄..................................................................................65 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈与中国瘰螈的结构习性比较......................................................65 研究性小课题 探索镇海棘螈的蜕皮特征..........................................................................66 研究性小课题 探索镇海棘螈的皮肤溃烂的原因..............................................................66 第五节 镇海棘螈的个体发育 .............................................................................................................67 一 观察镇海棘螈的个体发育 .....................................................................................................67 研究性小课题 提高镇海棘螈孵化率..................................................................................67 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈孵化场所与孵化率的关系..........................................................68 研究性小课题 提高镇海棘螈变态成功率..........................................................................69 研究性小课题 湿度对镇海棘螈的影响..............................................................................75 研究性小课题 食物对镇海棘螈变态率和变态时间的影响..............................................75 技能训练 描述镇海棘螈的胚胎发育阶段..........................................................................75 研究性小课题 镇海棘螈的胚后变态发育..........................................................................76 二 镇海棘螈与其它两栖类的卵、幼体比较..............................................................................77
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