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Research News (MAY) 21/7/00 10:39 AM Page 13 Research News (MAY) 21/7/00 10:39 AM Page 13 A geological systems approach to understanding the processes involved in land and water salinisation The Gilmore project area, central-west New South Wales KC Lawrie, TJ Munday, DL Dent, DL Gibson, RC Brodie, J Wilford, NS Reilly, RA Chan & P Baker Australia is experiencing (e.g. TEMPEST), and significant spatial and vertical conductivity widespread degradation of land improvements in AEM data structure to be modelled with and water as a consequence of processing software (e.g. EMFlow) reasonable precision. Previously salinisation, and the problem is and data visualisation techniques. unidentified salt stores have been growing. Urgent action is required New insights into landscape recognised, and saline–sulphate to derive appropriate manage- evolution have been equally and ‘fresh’ groundwater delivery ment strategies that will minimise important. The new airborne systems mapped in the sub- future socioeconomic and geophysical datasets, calibrated by surface. Saline groundwater has environmental impacts of salinity. surface and targeted drillhole been identified in transported However, while the causes of information, permit rapid materials and in saprolite. dryland salinity have been delineation of the sub-surface Differential weathering and established, processes operating geology and regolith architecture, erosion of bedrock has produced at a catchment scale are not as and salt distribution. These a complex buried palaeo- well understood, and a new datasets allow linkages between topography that controls valley-fill approach that integrates all the salt stores and groundwater architecture. Lateral groundwater relevant datasets is required for distribution systems to be flow occurs through a network of mapping and predicting salinity. examined, and the salt hazard to sand and gravel-filled palaeo- A multi-disciplinary ‘geological be assessed. channels and buried alluvial fans systems’ approach has been tested The pilot study (Gilmore within Cenozoic cover sediments. to better map and quantify key project) area straddles the Narrow, restricted connections physical properties/factors and Lachlan/Murrumbidgee watershed between buried (drainage) basins processes that determine the in the Murray–Darling Basin, confine lateral groundwater flows. susceptibility of a given catchment central-west NSW. The area A similar geological systems to salinisation. The approach contains a complex regolith approach in upland areas, requiring benefits from the recent developed in floodplain, incised a different mix of technologies, has development of new geophysical undulating hill and upland delineated sub-catchments where technologies—notably airborne landscapes. Ground calibration of saline groundwaters are sourced electromagnetics (AEM) systems AEM datasets has enabled the and stored. ome three million hectares of Australian farmland suffer from dryland close to the soil surface, they restrict Ssalinity, or saline seepage, caused by saline groundwater rising to the crop growth and damage roads and surface. The costs in terms of lost agricultural production and infrastructure buildings. are substantial.1 The costs of contamination of shallow freshwater resources While the causes of dryland and the impact on freshwater ecology are also significant. In NSW alone, salinity have been established, approximately 120 000 hectares of land are affected by salinity,2 with a further processes operating at a catchment five million hectares considered at risk.3 The salt concentration in many scale are not as well understood. A streams and rivers, particularly in the southern half of the Murray–Darling new approach therefore is required Basin, is thought to be rising steadily.3, 4 Urgent action is required to derive for mapping and predicting salinity. A appropriate management strategies that will minimise the future socio- new methodology, termed a economic and environmental impacts of salinity. ‘geological systems’ approach, takes The accumulation of salt in the regolith is a natural phenomenon that has advantage of new geophysical occurred in Australia over many thousands (or millions) of years. The technologies and increased under- processes responsible for the development of saline land and water are standing of landscape evolution. It complex, and relate to the chemical processes of weathering, deposition and provides a better understanding of redistribution of soluble salts in groundwater flow systems.5 Most salt processes responsible for salinisation originated from the oceans. It was deposited in rainfall and redistributed in in areas of complex regolith cover.3, 6, 7 the landscape through surface and groundwater flow over time. Dryland The methodology draws on previous salinity has been attributed to human disruption of the hydrologic cycle. studies that recommended an Clearance of native vegetation and a system of agriculture dependent on integrated approach to the problem, shallow-rooted annual crops and pastures that use less water than the natural including the use of high-resolution vegetation have resulted in an increase in groundwater recharge. The airborne geophysics.3, 6 Initial results consequence is rising watertables and in places a mobilisation of salts stored from the application of the geological in the regolith. Saline waters flow to lower parts of the landscape along systems approach in central-west preferential paths. Where watercourses (including major rivers) intercept these NSW suggest the methodology has seepages, their salt loads are increased. Where saline groundwaters reach particular relevance in areas of MAY 2000 AGSO Research Newsletter 13 Research News (MAY) 21/7/00 10:39 AM Page 14 complex bedrock geology, regolith cover and landscapes considered prone to systems to be examined, and the salt salinisation, such as that of the Murray–Darling Basin of eastern Australia. hazard to be assessed. An expert decision-support system is required to Geological systems approach reduce the complexity of the data Conventional methods of assessing salinity include soil surveys, airphoto and deliver an effective toolbox for interpretation, regional geological mapping, ground geophysics and drilling. In land managers and communities. This areas of complex regolith cover in particular,7 these methods do not allow the approach has the potential to provide building of an accurate three-dimensional sub-surface picture of the spatial a basis for defining appropriate distribution of saline groundwaters and/or the flow systems that deliver salts to management options from paddock discharge sites. The integration of conventional datasets with ground and to catchment scales. borehole geophysics and studies of drillhole materials has similarly been hampered by the difficulty of interpolation between calibration points. Gilmore project New methods are needed to provide a sound basis for management of The geological systems approach is salinisation. The National Airborne Geophysics project concluded that airborne being tested in a pilot study (the magnetics has the ability to map geological structures not always apparent Gilmore project17) in an area on the from outcrop or airphoto interpretation, and to map geological structure at a eastern margin of the Murray–Darling paddock scale.8 Airborne electromagnetics (AEM) have the potential to map Basin in central-west NSW. The the sub-surface distribution of salt and variations in the nature of regolith project area was chosen because of materials.6 However AEM data is difficult to interpret, with high conductivity its overlapping mineral exploration measurements attributable to a complex interplay between saline and/or (Au–Cu) and salinity management sulphate-rich waters and the host regolith materials. Expert teams are required issues, the availability of high- to derive meaningful results and to avoid spurious conclusions.9 resolution geophysical datasets and A holistic, multi-disciplinary geological systems approach, previously drillhole materials, and datasets recommended by a national study,6 is being tested in central-west NSW.10 available from the minerals This builds on a methodology recommended in development of a national exploration industry. catchment classification scheme.3 A key objective is to better map and The project, coordinated by the quantify key physical properties/factors that determine the susceptibility of a Australian Geological Survey given catchment to salinisation. These factors include: Organisation, involves more than 50 • the hydrogeomorphology; scientists from 14 research organi- • bedrock architecture including composition and structure; sations. Research partners include: • regolith framework including palaeo-topography, sediment facies • Cooperative Research Centres for distribution, saprolith thickness, and saprolith and sediment composition, Advanced Mineral Exploration texture and fabric; Technologies (CRC AMET) and • the distribution and composition of soils; Landscape Evolution and Mineral Exploration (CRC LEME), the CRC • the spatial distribution, connectivity and hydraulic conductivity of for Sensor Signal and Information groundwater flow systems; Processing, and the Australian • salt sources and stores and their connectivity to the groundwater Geodynamics Cooperative distribution systems; and Research Centre (AGCRC); • the identification of recharge and discharge areas. • Land and Water Sciences Division, Critically, the geological systems approach provides a better understanding Bureau of Rural Sciences
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