TYPE II SUPERNOVAE AS DISTANCE INDICATORS by Mario
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Sky April 2011
EDITORIAL ................. 2 ONE TO ONE WITH TONY MARSH 3 watcher CAPTION COMPETITION 7 April 2011 Sky OUTREACH EVENT AT CHANDLER SCHOOL .... 8 MOON AND SATURN WATCH 9 MY TELESCOPE BUILDING PROJECT 10 CONSTELLATION OF THE MONTH - VIRGO 15 OUTREACH AT BENTLEY COPSE 21 THE NIGHT SKY IN APRIL 22 Open-Air Planisphere taken by Adrian Lilly Page 1 © copyright 2011 guildford astronomical society www.guildfordas.org From the Editor Welcome to this, the April issue of Skywatcher. With the clocks going forward a hour the night sky has undergone a radical shift, the winter constellations are rapidly disappearing into the evening twilight, and the galaxy-filled reaches of Virgo are high up in the south and well-placed for observation. But I digress, whatever telescope you own or have stashed away at the back of the garage, the thought of making your own has probably crossed your mind at some point. I‟m delighted to have an article from Jonathan Shinn describing how he built a 6-inch Dobsonian – including grinding the mirror! Our lead-off article this issue is the interview from Brian Gordon-States with Tony Marsh. Tony has been a Committee member for many years, and much like previous interviews the story behind how he became fascinated with Astronomy is a compelling one. If there is a theme to this issue it‟s probably one of Outreach as I have two reports to share with you all. These events give youngsters the chance to look through a telescope at the wonders of the universe, and our closer celestial neighbours with someone on-hand to explain what they are looking at. -
![Arxiv:0709.0302V1 [Astro-Ph] 3 Sep 2007 N Ro,M,414 USA 48104, MI, Arbor, Ann USA As(..Mcayne L 01.Sc Aeilcudslow Could Material Such Some 2001)](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/0661/arxiv-0709-0302v1-astro-ph-3-sep-2007-n-ro-m-414-usa-48104-mi-arbor-ann-usa-as-mcayne-l-01-sc-aeilcudslow-could-material-such-some-2001-380661.webp)
Arxiv:0709.0302V1 [Astro-Ph] 3 Sep 2007 N Ro,M,414 USA 48104, MI, Arbor, Ann USA As(..Mcayne L 01.Sc Aeilcudslow Could Material Such Some 2001)
DRAFT VERSION NOVEMBER 4, 2018 Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 03/07/07 SN 2005AP: A MOST BRILLIANT EXPLOSION ROBERT M. QUIMBY1,GREG ALDERING2,J.CRAIG WHEELER1,PETER HÖFLICH3,CARL W. AKERLOF4,ELI S. RYKOFF4 Draft version November 4, 2018 ABSTRACT We present unfiltered photometric observations with ROTSE-III and optical spectroscopic follow-up with the HET and Keck of the most luminous supernova yet identified, SN 2005ap. The spectra taken about 3 days before and 6 days after maximum light show narrow emission lines (likely originating in the dwarf host) and absorption lines at a redshift of z =0.2832, which puts the peak unfiltered magnitude at −22.7 ± 0.1 absolute. Broad P-Cygni features corresponding to Hα, C III,N III, and O III, are further detected with a photospheric velocity of ∼ 20,000kms−1. Unlike other highly luminous supernovae such as 2006gy and 2006tf that show slow photometric evolution, the light curve of SN 2005ap indicates a 1-3 week rise to peak followed by a relatively rapid decay. The spectra also lack the distinct emission peaks from moderately broadened (FWHM ∼ 2,000kms−1) Balmer lines seen in SN 2006gyand SN 2006tf. We briefly discuss the origin of the extraordinary luminosity from a strong interaction as may be expected from a pair instability eruption or a GRB-like engine encased in a H/He envelope. Subject headings: Supernovae, SN 2005ap 1. INTRODUCTION the ultra-relativistic flow and thus mask the gamma-ray bea- Luminous supernovae (SNe) are most commonly associ- con announcing their creation, unlike their stripped progeni- ated with the Type Ia class, which are thought to involve tor cousins. -
Metadata of the Chapter That Will Be Visualized Online
Metadata of the chapter that will be visualized online Chapter Title Binary Systems and Their Nuclear Explosions Copyright Year 2018 Copyright Holder The Author(s) Author Family Name Isern Particle Given Name Jordi Suffix Organization Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) Address Barcelona, Spain Organization Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Address Barcelona, Spain Email [email protected] Corresponding Author Family Name Hernanz Particle Given Name Margarita Suffix Organization Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) Address Barcelona, Spain Organization Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Address Barcelona, Spain Email [email protected] Author Family Name José Particle Given Name Jordi Suffix Organization Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Address Barcelona, Spain Organization Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Address Barcelona, Spain Email [email protected] Abstract The nuclear energy supply of a typical star like the Sun would be ∼ 1052 erg if all the hydrogen could be incinerated into iron peak elements. Chapter 5 1 Binary Systems and Their Nuclear 2 Explosions 3 Jordi Isern, Margarita Hernanz, and Jordi José 4 5.1 Accretion onto Compact Objects and Thermonuclear 5 Runaways 6 The nuclear energy supply of a typical star like the Sun would be ∼1052 erg if all 7 the hydrogen could be incinerated into iron peak elements. Since the gravitational 8 binding energy is ∼1049 erg, it is evident that the nuclear energy content is more 9 than enough to blow up the Sun. However, stars are stable thanks to the fact that their 10 matter obeys the equation of state of a classical ideal gas that acts as a thermostat: if 11 some energy is released as a consequence of a thermal fluctuation, the gas expands, 12 the temperature drops and the instability is quenched. -
Nobel Lecture: Accelerating Expansion of the Universe Through Observations of Distant Supernovae*
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 84, JULY–SEPTEMBER 2012 Nobel Lecture: Accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae* Brian P. Schmidt (published 13 August 2012) DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1151 This is not just a narrative of my own scientific journey, but constant, and suggested that Hubble’s data and Slipher’s also my view of the journey made by cosmology over the data supported this conclusion (Lemaˆitre, 1927). His work, course of the 20th century that has lead to the discovery of the published in a Belgium journal, was not initially widely read, accelerating Universe. It is complete from the perspective of but it did not escape the attention of Einstein who saw the the activities and history that affected me, but I have not tried work at a conference in 1927, and commented to Lemaˆitre, to make it an unbiased account of activities that occurred ‘‘Your calculations are correct, but your grasp of physics is around the world. abominable.’’ (Gaither and Cavazos-Gaither, 2008). 20th Century Cosmological Models: In 1907 Einstein had In 1928, Robertson, at Caltech (just down the road from what he called the ‘‘wonderful thought’’ that inertial accel- Edwin Hubble’s office at the Carnegie Observatories), pre- eration and gravitational acceleration were equivalent. It took dicted the Hubble law, and claimed to see it when he com- Einstein more than 8 years to bring this thought to its fruition, pared Slipher’s redshift versus Hubble’s galaxy brightness his theory of general Relativity (Norton and Norton, 1984)in measurements, but this observation was not substantiated November, 1915. -
Astrophysics in 2006 3
ASTROPHYSICS IN 2006 Virginia Trimble1, Markus J. Aschwanden2, and Carl J. Hansen3 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, Las Cumbres Observatory, Santa Barbara, CA: ([email protected]) 2 Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Organization ADBS, Building 252, 3251 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304: ([email protected]) 3 JILA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309: ([email protected]) Received ... : accepted ... Abstract. The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006. We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the universe) and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries. Keywords: cosmology: general, galaxies: general, ISM: general, stars: general, Sun: gen- eral, planets and satellites: general, astrobiology CONTENTS 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Up 6 1.2 Down 9 1.3 Around 10 2. Solar Physics 12 2.1 The solar interior 12 2.1.1 From neutrinos to neutralinos 12 2.1.2 Global helioseismology 12 2.1.3 Local helioseismology 12 2.1.4 Tachocline structure 13 arXiv:0705.1730v1 [astro-ph] 11 May 2007 2.1.5 Dynamo models 14 2.2 Photosphere 15 2.2.1 Solar radius and rotation 15 2.2.2 Distribution of magnetic fields 15 2.2.3 Magnetic flux emergence rate 15 2.2.4 Photospheric motion of magnetic fields 16 2.2.5 Faculae production 16 2.2.6 The photospheric boundary of magnetic fields 17 2.2.7 Flare prediction from photospheric fields 17 c 2008 Springer Science + Business Media. -
Type Ia Supernovaeof Are a the Outc Carbon–Oxygen White Dwarf in a Binary System
Type Ia Supernova: Observations and Theory PoS(NIC XI)066 Jordi Isern∗ Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC-IEEC) E-mail: [email protected] Eduardo Bravo Department of Nuclear Physics (UPC)/IEEC E-mail: [email protected] Alina Hirschmann Institute for Space Sciences (CSIC-IEEC) E-mail: [email protected] There is a wide consensus that Type Ia supernovae are the outcome of the thermonuclear explosion of a carbon–oxygen white dwarf in a binary system. Nevertheless, the nature of this system, the process of ignition itself and the development of the explosion continue to be a mystery despite the important improvements that both, theory and observations, have experienced during the last years. Furthermore, the discovery of new events that are challenging the classical scenario forces the exploration of new issues or, at least, to reconsider scenarios that were rejected at a given moment. 11th Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos 19-23 July 2010 Heidelberg, Germany. ∗Speaker. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it/ Type Ia Supernova: Observations and Theory Jordi Isern 1. Introduction Supernovae are characterized by a sudden rise of their luminosity, by a steep decline after maximum light that lasts several weeks, followed by an exponential decline that can last several years. The total electromagnetic output, obtained from the light curve, is ∼ 1049 erg, while the 10 luminosity at maximum can be as high as ∼ 10 L⊙. The kinetic energy of supernovae can be estimated from the expansion velocity of the ejecta, vexp ∼ 5,000 − 10,000 km/s, and turns out to be ∼ 1051 erg. -
Strongly Decelerated Expansion of SN 1979C
A&A 384, 408–413 (2002) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20011794 & c ESO 2002 Astrophysics Strongly decelerated expansion of SN 1979C J. M. Marcaide1,M.A.P´erez-Torres1,2,E.Ros3, A. Alberdi4,P.J.Diamond5, J. C. Guirado1,L.Lara4, S. D. Van Dyk6, and K. W. Weiler7 1 Departamento de Astronom´ıa, Universitat de Val`encia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain 2 Istituto di Radioastronomia/CNR, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy 3 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Radioastronomie, Auf dem H¨ugel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany 4 Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Andaluc´ıa, CSIC, Apdo. Correos 3004, 18080 Granada, Spain 5 MERLIN/VLBI National Facility, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK 6 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 7 Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7213, Washington, DC 20375-5320, USA Received 20 July 2001 / Accepted 11 December 2001 Abstract. We observed SN 1979C in M100 on 4 June 1999, about twenty years after explosion, with a very sensitive four-antenna VLBI array at the wavelength of λ18 cm. The distance to M100 and the expansion velocities are such that the supernova cannot be fully resolved by our Earth-wide array. Model-dependent sizes for the source have been determined and compared with previous results. We conclude that the supernova shock was initially in free expansion for 6 2 yrs and then experienced a very strong deceleration. The onset of deceleration took place a few years before the abrupt trend change in the integrated radio flux density curves. -
Neutrinos and the Stars
Proceedings ISAPP School \Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics," 26 July{5 August 2011, Villa Monastero, Varenna, Lake Como, Italy Neutrinos and the Stars Georg G. Raffelt Max-Planck-Institute f¨urPhysik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut) F¨ohringerRing 6, 80805 M¨unchen, Germany Summary. | The role of neutrinos in stars is introduced for students with little prior astrophysical exposure. We begin with neutrinos as an energy-loss channel in ordinary stars and conversely, how stars provide information on neutrinos and possible other low-mass particles. Next we turn to the Sun as a measurable source of neutrinos and other particles. Finally we discuss supernova (SN) neutrinos, the SN 1987A measurements, and the quest for a high-statistics neutrino measurement from the next nearby SN. We also touch on the subject of neutrino oscillations in the high-density SN context. 1. { Introduction Neutrinos were first proposed in 1930 by Wolfgang Pauli to explain, among other problems, the missing energy in nuclear beta decay. Towards the end of that decade, the role of nuclear reactions as an energy source for stars was recognized and the hydro- arXiv:1201.1637v2 [astro-ph.SR] 19 May 2012 gen fusion chains were discovered by Bethe [1] and von Weizs¨acker [2]. It is intriguing, however, that these authors did not mention neutrinos|for example, Bethe writes the fundamental pp reaction in the form H + H D + +. It was Gamow and Schoen- ! berg in 1940 who first stressed that stars must be powerful neutrino sources because beta processes play a key role in the hydrogen fusion reactions and because of the feeble c Societ`aItaliana di Fisica 1 2 Georg G. -
COMMISSIONS 27 and 42 of the I.A.U. INFORMATION BULLETIN on VARIABLE STARS Nos. 4101{4200 1994 October { 1995 May EDITORS: L. SZ
COMMISSIONS AND OF THE IAU INFORMATION BULLETIN ON VARIABLE STARS Nos Octob er May EDITORS L SZABADOS and K OLAH TECHNICAL EDITOR A HOLL TYPESETTING K ORI KONKOLY OBSERVATORY H BUDAPEST PO Box HUNGARY IBVSogyallakonkolyhu URL httpwwwkonkolyhuIBVSIBVShtml HU ISSN 2 CONTENTS 1994 No page E F GUINAN J J MARSHALL F P MALONEY A New Apsidal Motion Determination For DI Herculis ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: D TERRELL D H KAISER D B WILLIAMS A Photometric Campaign on OW Geminorum :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: B GUROL Photo electric Photometry of OO Aql :::::::::::::::::::::::: LIU QUINGYAO GU SHENGHONG YANG YULAN WANG BI New Photo electric Light Curves of BL Eridani :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: S Yu MELNIKOV V S SHEVCHENKO K N GRANKIN Eclipsing Binary V CygS Former InsaType Variable :::::::::::::::::::: J A BELMONTE E MICHEL M ALVAREZ S Y JIANG Is Praesep e KW Actually a Delta Scuti Star ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: V L TOTH Ch M WALMSLEY Water Masers in L :::::::::::::: R L HAWKINS K F DOWNEY Times of Minimum Light for Four Eclipsing of Four Binary Systems :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: B GUROL S SELAN Photo electric Photometry of the ShortPeriod Eclipsing Binary HW Virginis :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: M P SCHEIBLE E F GUINAN The Sp otted Young Sun HD EK Dra ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: M BOS Photo electric Observations of AB Doradus ::::::::::::::::::::: YULIAN GUO A New VR Cyclic Change of H in Tau :::::::::::::: -
Aktuelles Am Sternenhimmel Mai 2020 Antares
A N T A R E S NÖ AMATEURASTRONOMEN NOE VOLKSSTERNWARTE Michelbach Dorf 62 3074 MICHELBACH NOE VOLKSSTERNWARTE 3074 MICHELBACH Die VOLKSSTERNWARTE im Zentralraum Niederösterreich 04.05.1961 Alan Shepard mit Mercury 3 1. Amerikaner im All (suborbitaler Flug) 07.05.1963 Erste Transatlantische Farbfernsehübertragung mittels Telstar 2 (USA) 10.05.1916 Einsteins Relativitätstheorie wird veröffentlicht (Deutschland) 13.05.1973 Die amerikanische Raumstation Skylab 1 wird gestartet 14.05.1960 Sputnik I ist erstes Raumschiff in einer Umlaufbahn (UdSSR) 16.05.1974 Erster geostationärer Wettersatellit SMS 1 wird gestartet 17.05.1969 Apollo 10: Start zur ersten Erprobung der Mondfähre im Mondorbit 20.05.1984 Erster kommerzieller Flug der europäischen Trägerrakete Ariane 23.05.1960 Start des ersten militärischen Frühwarnsystems Midas 2 25.05.2012 Erster privater Raumtransporter, die Dragonkapsel der Firma Space X, dockt an die Internationalen Raumstation ISS an 30.05.1986 Erster Flug einer Ariane 2 AKTUELLES AM STERNENHIMMEL MAI 2020 Die Frühlingssternbilder Löwe, Jungfrau und Bärenhüter mit den Coma- und Virgo- Galaxienhaufen stehen hoch im Süden, der Große Bär hoch im Zenit. Nördliche Krone und Herkules sind am Osthimmel auffindbar, Wega und Deneb sind die Vorboten des Sommerhimmels. Merkur kann in der zweiten Monatshälfte am Abend aufgefunden werden; Venus verabschiedet sich vom Abendhimmel. Mars, Jupiter und Saturn sind die Planeten der zweiten Nachthälfte. INHALT Auf- und Untergangszeiten Sonne und Mond Fixsternhimmel Monatsthema – Spektraltypen, -
Type II Supernovae As Probes of Environment Metallicity: Observations of Host H II Regions J
A&A 589, A110 (2016) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201527691 & c ESO 2016 Astrophysics Type II supernovae as probes of environment metallicity: observations of host H II regions J. P. Anderson1, C. P. Gutiérrez1; 2; 3, L. Dessart4, M. Hamuy3; 2, L. Galbany2; 3, N. I. Morrell5, M. D. Stritzinger6, M. M. Phillips5, G. Folatelli7, H. M. J. Boffin1, T. de Jaeger2; 3, H. Kuncarayakti2; 3, and J. L. Prieto8; 2 1 European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19, Santiago, Chile e-mail: [email protected] 2 Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile 3 Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile 4 Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France 5 Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory, Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile 6 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark 7 Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina 8 Núcleo de Astronomía de la Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile Received 3 November 2015 / Accepted 28 January 2016 ABSTRACT Context. Spectral modelling of type II supernova atmospheres indicates a clear dependence of metal line strengths on progenitor metallicity. This dependence motivates further work to evaluate the accuracy with which these supernovae can be used as environment metallicity indicators. Aims. -
Ngc Catalogue Ngc Catalogue
NGC CATALOGUE NGC CATALOGUE 1 NGC CATALOGUE Object # Common Name Type Constellation Magnitude RA Dec NGC 1 - Galaxy Pegasus 12.9 00:07:16 27:42:32 NGC 2 - Galaxy Pegasus 14.2 00:07:17 27:40:43 NGC 3 - Galaxy Pisces 13.3 00:07:17 08:18:05 NGC 4 - Galaxy Pisces 15.8 00:07:24 08:22:26 NGC 5 - Galaxy Andromeda 13.3 00:07:49 35:21:46 NGC 6 NGC 20 Galaxy Andromeda 13.1 00:09:33 33:18:32 NGC 7 - Galaxy Sculptor 13.9 00:08:21 -29:54:59 NGC 8 - Double Star Pegasus - 00:08:45 23:50:19 NGC 9 - Galaxy Pegasus 13.5 00:08:54 23:49:04 NGC 10 - Galaxy Sculptor 12.5 00:08:34 -33:51:28 NGC 11 - Galaxy Andromeda 13.7 00:08:42 37:26:53 NGC 12 - Galaxy Pisces 13.1 00:08:45 04:36:44 NGC 13 - Galaxy Andromeda 13.2 00:08:48 33:25:59 NGC 14 - Galaxy Pegasus 12.1 00:08:46 15:48:57 NGC 15 - Galaxy Pegasus 13.8 00:09:02 21:37:30 NGC 16 - Galaxy Pegasus 12.0 00:09:04 27:43:48 NGC 17 NGC 34 Galaxy Cetus 14.4 00:11:07 -12:06:28 NGC 18 - Double Star Pegasus - 00:09:23 27:43:56 NGC 19 - Galaxy Andromeda 13.3 00:10:41 32:58:58 NGC 20 See NGC 6 Galaxy Andromeda 13.1 00:09:33 33:18:32 NGC 21 NGC 29 Galaxy Andromeda 12.7 00:10:47 33:21:07 NGC 22 - Galaxy Pegasus 13.6 00:09:48 27:49:58 NGC 23 - Galaxy Pegasus 12.0 00:09:53 25:55:26 NGC 24 - Galaxy Sculptor 11.6 00:09:56 -24:57:52 NGC 25 - Galaxy Phoenix 13.0 00:09:59 -57:01:13 NGC 26 - Galaxy Pegasus 12.9 00:10:26 25:49:56 NGC 27 - Galaxy Andromeda 13.5 00:10:33 28:59:49 NGC 28 - Galaxy Phoenix 13.8 00:10:25 -56:59:20 NGC 29 See NGC 21 Galaxy Andromeda 12.7 00:10:47 33:21:07 NGC 30 - Double Star Pegasus - 00:10:51 21:58:39