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(ZSPA) N° 161 BAIE TERRA NOVA, MER DE ROSS Mesure 7 (2019) Plan de gestion pour la zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique (ZSPA) n° 161 BAIE TERRA NOVA, MER DE ROSS Introduction La ZSPA de la baie Terra Nova est une zone marine côtière recouvrant 29,4 km2 entre l'anse Adélie et la baie Tethys, la baie Terra Nova, immédiatement au sud de la station italienne Mario Zucchelli (SMZ). La baie Terra Nova a été à l’origine désignée Zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique sur proposition de l’Italie, par la Mesure 2 (2003). La CCAMLR a examiné et approuvé sa désignation lors de la XXVIe réunion de la CCAMLR de Hobart, en 2007. Le plan de gestion a été révisé en 2008 par le biais de la Mesure 14 (2008) et en 2013 avec la Mesure 15. La raison principale pour la désignation de la baie Terra Nova en tant que Zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique (ZSPA) est l'intérêt particulier qu'elle présente pour les recherches en cours et futures. Des études de longue haleine sur les 30 dernières années menées par des scientifiques italiens ont révélé un ensemble complexe d'assemblages d'espèces, caractérisé par des interactions symbiotiques uniques. Cette zone compte aussi plusieurs espèces appartenant aux Ecosystèmes Marins Vulnérables (EVM) , notamment le pétoncle antarctique Adamussium colbecki et des ptérobranches, tandis que de nouvelles espèces continuent à être relevées. Les fortes valeurs scientifiques et écologiques dérivées du large éventail d'espèces et d'assemblages, ainsi que la vulnérabilité de la zone aux perturbations que peuvent causer les prélèvements excessifs d'échantillons, l'introduction d'organismes étrangers et les impacts humains directs engendrés par l'augmentation des activités dans les stations scientifiques permanentes proches (sans oublier la construction de la nouvelle piste en gravier dans la zone de Boulder Clay - EGIE final, 2017) justifient une protection à long terme de la zone. Aucun numéro de domaine ou de RCBA n'est proposé, dans la mesure où les classifications de l'Analyse des domaines environnementaux pour le continent Antarctique (Résolution 3, 2008) et des Régions de conservation biogéographiques de l'Antarctique (Résolution 6, 2012) sont basées sur des critères terrestres. 1. Description des valeurs à protéger Cette zone marine côtière est importante pour les recherches scientifiques à long terme et bien établies, qui ont permis la collecte de nombreuses données scientifiques jusqu'à présent. Le site est généralement libre de glace en été, phénomène rare pour les régions côtières en mer de Ross, ce qui en fait un site idéal et accessible pour les recherches portant sur les communautés benthiques proches du littoral de la région. Depuis 1986-1987, des recherches extensives portant sur l'écologie marine ont été menées dans la baie Terra Nova, contribuant considérablement à notre compréhension des communautés marines de cette zone et des effets des vents catabatiques sur les processus physiques, chimiques et biologiques se produisant dans la colonne d'eau (Povero et coll., 2001). Une grande diversité tant des espèces que des communautés confère à cette zone une importante valeur écologique et scientifique. Des études ont révélé un ensemble complexe d'assemblages d'espèces, coexistant souvent en mosaïques (Sarà et coll., 1992 ; 2002 ; Gambi et coll., 1997 ; Cantone et coll., 2000 ; Ghiglione et coll., 2013) et caractérisés par des interactions symbiotiques uniques (Schiaparelli et coll., 2011 ; 2015 ; Regoli et coll., 2004). Il existe notamment des assemblages présentant une grande richesse d'espèces et des fonctionnements complexes, comme les éponges et les communautés anthozoaires, ainis que des assemblages peu structurés à faible densité. Cette zone comporte aussi plusieurs espèces appartenant aux ÉMV, surtout le pétoncle antarctique Adamussium colbecki (Schiaparelli et Linse, 2006) et les ptérobranches (Schiaparelli et coll., 2004), tandis que de nouvelles espèces continuent à être relevées (Schiaparelli et Jirkov, 2016). Une population de manchots Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) se trouve à proximité de la zone. Les données scientifiques collectées au fil des années ont permis au site de servir de référence pour la détermination d'incidences issus des activités humaines (Berkman et Nigro, 1992 ; Focardi et coll., 1993 ; Minganti et coll., 1995 ; Bruni et coll., 1997 ; Nonnis Marzano et coll., 2000, Lo Giudice et coll., 2013). 2. Buts et objectifs Rapport final de la XLIIe RCTA • éviter toute détérioration ou tout risque de détérioration des valeurs de la zone en empêchant toute perturbation humaine inutile de ladite zone ; • autoriser des travaux de recherche scientifique sur l'écosystème, en particulier sur les assemblages d'espèces marines et les suivis à long terme, tout en les protégeant d'échantillonnage excessif ou d'autres impacts humains potentiels ; • permettre d'autres travaux de recherche scientifique et de soutien pour autant que ces travaux soient indispensables et ne puissent pas être menés ailleurs ; • minimiser les risques d’introduction de plantes, d’animaux et de microbes exotiques dans la zone ; • permettre des visites à des fins de gestion conformément aux objectifs du plan de gestion. 3. Activités de gestion Les activités de gestion suivantes devraient être entreprises dans le but de protéger les valeurs de la zone : • une carte indiquant l’emplacement de la zone (et les restrictions particulières qui s’y appliquent) sera affichée et une copie du présent plan de gestion sera disponible dans toutes les stations scientifiques situées à 50 km de la zone. Des affiches comportant des informations indiquant l’emplacement et les limites de la zone, et annonçant clairement les restrictions d’accès, seront placées à la SMZ ; • les bouées et autres bornes et structures érigées à des fins scientifiques ou à des fins de gestion seront maintenues en bon état et enlevées lorsqu’elles ne seront plus nécessaires ; • tout matériel ou matériau abandonnés seront enlevés dans la mesure du possible, à condition que cet enlèvement ne porte pas atteinte à l'environnement et aux valeurs de la zone ; • des visites seront organisées le cas échéant afin de déterminer si la zone répond toujours aux objectifs pour lesquels elle a été désignée et de s’assurer que les mesures de gestion et d’entretien sont adéquates. • Les Programmes antarctiques nationaux sont conviés à communiquer entre eux de manière à éviter l’échantillonnage excessif à l’intérieur de la zone. 4. Durée de la désignation La zone est désignée pour une période indéterminée. 5. Cartes et photographies Carte 1 : baie Terra Nova, zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique n° 161, carte bathymétrique. Spécifications de la carte : Projection : Zone UTM 58S ; sphéroïde : WGS84. Équidistance entre les courbes bathymétriques de 50 m. Contours terrestres et côtiers tirés de la carte de l'image satellite 1:50 000 des contreforts Nord (Frezzotti et. al. 2001). Bathymétrie au sein de la ZSPA tirée de données de sonar à balayage latéral relevées par Kvitek, 2002. Bathymétrie en dehors de la ZSPA fournie par le Bureau hydrographique italien, 2000. Données marines recueillies dans le cadre du Projet de la zone marine spécialement protégée de la baie Terra Nova (PNRA, Programme de recherche antarctique italien, 1999-2001). Encart 1 : emplacement de la baie Terra Nova en Antarctique. Encart 2 : Carte de localisation de la baie Terra Nova, indiquant la région couverte par la Carte 1, les stations, et les sites des zones protégées alentour. 6. Description de la Zone 6(i) Coordonnées géographiques, bornage et caractéristiques naturelles Description générale, limites et coordonnées La zone se trouve dans la baie Terra Nova, entre la langue de glace du Glacier Campbell et la langue de glace Drygalski, Terre Victoria (Carte 1). Elle est confinée à une bande étroite d'eaux du littoral au sud de la SMZ (Italie), s'étendant sur une longueur d'environ 9,4 km et généralement à 1,5 – 7 km de la côte, couvrant une ZSPA n° 161 – Baie Terra Nova, mer de Ross surface de 29,4 km2 (Carte 1). Aucun prélèvement de ressources marines n'est en cours ou prévue dans la zone, ni dans la zone environnante immédiate. La limite occidentale de la zone est définie par la ligne moyenne des hautes eaux le long du littoral, de 74° 42' 57" S au nord (à 2,3 km au sud de la SMZ) à 74° 48' 00" S au sud (côte sud de l'anse Adélie) et comprend la zone intertidale (Carte 1). La limite septentrionale de la zone est définie par la ligne de latitude 74° 42' 57" S qui part de la côte à 1,55 km à l'est en direction de la ligne de longitude 164° 10' 00" E. Près de la côte, la position de la limite se reconnaît par la présence d'un gros rocher distinct dans l'anse la plus septentrionale de la côte sud de la SMZ, une caractéristique unique sur cette partie du littoral. La limite méridionale est définie par la ligne de latitude 74° 48' 00" S qui part de la côte à 3,63 km à l'est en direction de la ligne de longitude 164° 10' 00" E. La position de la limite se reconnaît visuellement comme étant la rive méridionale de l'embouchure de l'anse Adélie, immédiatement au sud d'un affleurement rocheux distinctif à la base des falaises côtières. La limite orientale de la zone est définie par la ligne de longitude 164° 10' 00" E qui s'étend de 74° 42' 57" S au nord à 74° 48' 00" S au sud. Géologie Le littoral de la baie Terra Nova est en grande partie caractérisé par des falaises rocheuses, de grosses roches formant parfois des « plages » (Simeoni et al., 1989). Dans les zones abritées, les substrats meubles commencent à une profondeur de 20–30 m. Le marnage est de 1,5–2 m, tandis que la banquise d'environ 2– 2,5 m de profondeur recouvre la surface de la mer pendant 9-10 mois de l'année (Stocchino et Lusetti, 1988 ; 1990).
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