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Esmaile A. SHAKMAN* and Ragnar KINZELBACH

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Esmaile A. SHAKMAN* and Ragnar KINZELBACH ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2007) 37 (1): 7–15 DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LESSEPSIAN MIGRANT FISHES ALONG THE COAST OF LIBYA * Esmaile A. SHAKMAN and Ragnar KINZELBACH Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, Germany Shakman E.A., Kinzelbach R. 2007. Distribution and characterization of Lessepsian migrant fishes along . the coast of Libya. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 37 (1): 7–15 Background. The Lessepsian migrant ichthyofauna along the approximately 2000 km of the Libyan coastline has been poorly known. A comprehensive study, addressing this issue, was needed and therefore the presently reported research project is intended to close the gap, through identifying the fish species and assessing their dis - tribution. Materials and Methods. The catches of commercial fisheries vessels were monitored and examined in a stan - dardized procedure between January 2005 and March 2006. The project covered a total of 4273 specimens, com - prising 1901 specimens of Siganus luridus , 1885 specimens of Siganus rivulatus , and 487 specimens of fourteen other Lessepsian fish species. Results. Sixteen Lessepsian fish species, representing 14 families, were recently found along the Libyan coast, two of which are considered to be first records for Libya: Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837) and Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836). Approximately 50% of the immigrants were found along the entire stretch of the Libyan coast, 12.5% in the east and central regions, and 37.5% were restricted to the eastern part of the Libyan coast. All were found in the coastal area (1–50 m depth), 12.5% on the vegetation, 31.25% on sandy bottoms, 12.5% on rocks, while the majority of them (43.75%) were pelagic. Regarding the size, 75% were medium, 18.75% large, and 6.25% were categorized as small. Conclusions. The north African coast (west of the Nile delta)—compared with the Levantine- and Anatolian coast of the Mediterranean Sea—was considered to be settled by immigrants from the Red Sea with some delay, due to sea currents. If so, this situation has changed meanwhile at least for fishes. More than 37% of the record - ed Lessepsian fish species are of commercial value, especially rabbitfish ( Siganus spp.). The future research should be focussed on monitoring the stocks, especially of the commercially valuable species, regarding the biol - ogy and ecology of the Lessepsian migrants. Also, possible further additions to the fish fauna, by new invaders, . should be recorded Keywords: biogeography, bioinvasions, Libya, Lessepsian migration, marine fish INTRODUCTION of species, which have passed from the Mediterranean The term “Lessepsian migration” was coined by Por into the Red Sea; these are named anti-Lessepsian (1978) for the migration of organisms from the Red Sea migrants (Por 1978). into the eastern Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. The fish fauna of the Mediterranean has already Many species, which were able to adapt rapidly to the new undergone considerable change, as can be illustrated by environment, spread into the Mediterranean and estab - the following selected case studies. Papaconstantinou lished new populations. Information on the comparative (1990) reported that 11 species had reached the Aegean life histories of the immigrants is necessary (a) for an Islands (Dodecanese, Cyclades) through swimming along understanding of the selective mechanisms controlling the the coast of Anatolia. Twenty-two Lessepsian fish species passage through the Suez Canal, (b) for an assessment of live on the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean- and the adaptive changes of the newly established “neopopu - Aegean seas, with some of them becoming commercially lations”, and (c) for an evaluation of the extensive ecolog - important ( Torcu and Mater 2000). In 2002, thirty-three ical changes which invading species may produce in their Lessepsian fish species were documented on the new areas of distribution (Ben-Tuvia 1978). The number Anatolian coast (Bilecenoglu and Taşkavak 2002). For the of Lessepsian migrant species exceeds by far the number Egyptian coast, several authors have recorded Lessepsian * Correspondence: , Mr. Esmaile A. Shakman, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055 Rostock, Germany e-mail: [email protected] 8 and Shakman Kinzelbach fish species ( Ben -T uvia 1976, El-Sayed 1994). Two forsskali (Fourmanoir et Guézé, 1976); and Indian scad, Lessepsian fish species were recorded in Italy: Siganus Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830) (cf. Bilecenoglu and luridus (Rüppell, 1829) appeared along the shallow Kaya 2006, Çinar et al. 2006, Corsini et al. 2006, Golani waters of the Pelagic Islands (Azzurro and Andaloro 2006, Golani and Sonin 2006). 2004), whilst Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838 was Although it is clear that migrant Lessepsian fish recorded on the eastern coast of Lampedusa ( Azzurro et species have had an enormous impact on the eastern al. 2004) . Ktari and Boualal (1971) reported S. luridus for Mediterranean ecosystem, there has been no thorough the first time on the Tunisian coast. In 1974, S. luridus and study to assess this impact (Golani 2002). Many S. rivulatus Forsskål 1775 were recorded for the first time Lessepsian fish species have been recorded in Libyan in the Gulf of Gabes ( Ktari and Ktari 1974). After that, six waters (Stirn 1970, Zupanovic and El-Buni 1982, Indo-Pacific fish species were recorded in Tunisian waters Al-Hassan and El-Silini 1999, Ben-Abdallah et al. 2005, as newcomers ( Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, 1847); Shakman and Kinzelbach 2006, Shakman and Kinzelbach Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831; Stephanolepis 2007). There is no comprehensive study of the Lessepsian diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 ; S. luridus ; S. rivulatus ; marine species in this area, particularly of the fish species, and Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål 1775) ) ( Bradai et al. and so the objectives of this paper are to present the dis - 2004). The bluespotted cornetfish, F. commersonii , was tribution and characterization of fish species along the also recorded along the Tunisian coast ( Ben-Souissi et al. almost 2000 km of Libyan coast and a general contribu - 2004). In the Adriatic Sea, Sphyraena pinguis Günther, tion to knowledge of exotic marine fish species in the 1874 was recorded in 2001 (Pallaoro and Dulčić 2001), Mediterranean Sea. and afterwards S. rivulatus was recorded for the first time in the same area ( Dulcic and Pallaoro 2004). The silver - MATERIALS AND METHODS stripe blaasop, Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), This study was carried out on samples collected has become an abundant species in the eastern between January 2005 and March 2006 along the Libyan Mediterranean, immediately after its first record (Akyol et coast at the depths of 1–50 m. The pelagic and benthic sam - al. 2005, Bilecenoglu et al. 2006). More recently, the fol - ples were collected with a trammel net (inner mesh 26 mm, lowing alien species were included to Mediterranean outer mesh 120 mm). The study area was divided to three ichthyofauna; Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus main regions according to topography and environment japonicus (Bloch, 1791); teira batfish, Platax teira (east region, Sirt Gulf, west region). Two sites were (Forsskål, 1775); peacock wrasse, Iniistius pavo selected in the east region (Tubruk, Benghazi), one site in (Valenciennes, 1840); Red Sea goatfish, Parupeneus the Sirt Gulf (Musrata), and two sites in the west region Fig. 1. Map of the Libyan coast, showing cities adjacent to the sampling sites 9 Lessepsian migrant fishes in Libya 80 70 60 e 50 g a t n 40 e c r 30 e P 20 10 0 l l l l n c e e y y m a n i a a i r i o g k d u o g c r i i a c c m n r t r a r m a d l o s l n a e a e r e t e m s o m e p m o m n g c m m e o o v c C Abundance Size Habitat Commercial value Characterization Fig. 2. Characterization of Lessepsian fish species along the Libyan coast 60 50 40 e g a t n e 30 c r e P 20 10 0 Along Libyan coast East and Sirt gulf East region Distribution Fig. 3. Distribution of Lessepsian fish species along the Libyan coast East region 100 90 Sirt region 80 West region e 70 g a 60 t n 50 e c r 40 e P 30 20 10 0 r i s s s a r u u ta i ii a n s s s s f o s d t a u n b o ro i u tu . p n ri la s g o a s p m s a H . e u u in s d r s a o t id lu v t p r je e a u n c U n . ri b . e d i q u n e S . o m . m d s c u r . S m . o la p c S S m A o S d . o c n H C c . u A . S . F S Fig. 4. The distribution in percentage of each Lessepsian fish species along the Libyan coast e e a y a e d l e e i e d i a a a i a e e h e d e d d h m a i a a d i i p t e a e t i a e e d d d n n a r n a e d i a a n i i e m F i e e e r a r a d d a d d o a n i a a i g c a i i h b i d r l d r r d l e i i r i a n i n n p l y y o u e r m p a l g n a a t m r h h n a h m o u u u o g g s e t l a i i p p y i p e c S S S S C H S F A C M S P M M S y l a l k a i u r h e s e p b o a m m b g a I a r r n A h a g u f s f a a n o f s l o i a r l l t M a A h y u a i e f a l l b S n i i a i a H a S , s a z z z r , L 1 a , a y h h l d a m r 0 w l r g g a r G h a a a h a a s s O h a , f f a Y l a e , s d h a K h r M M a a a e s n t A e o , , M s a e K b e o a a d b u y u s t t r a a a l m o f a t t a o u m l h h k - n t r r i o a a s s a e k o d r e m l t t l a u m e o o i a b a a a a a u a r r a p a B B M M S M A G N S T S S B B H ) Table 1 h s ) List of Lessepsiat n fish species of the Libyan coast fi ) l ) e l h e h e l r s s d u e i fi fi s k ) e m e r r l c e i e e a fi y m ( g v p e a l r m r e t
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