Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 6/2, 2005, 119-146

Alien species on the coasts of Turkey

M. E. ÇINAR1, M. BILECENOĞLU2, B. ÖZTÜRK1, T. KATAGAN1 and V. AYSEL3

1.Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

2.Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey

3.Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The compilation of data on alien species reported from the Turkish coasts yielded a total of 263 species belonging to 11 systematic groups, of which Mollusca had the highest number of species (85 species), followed by Crustacea (51), fishes (43) and phytobenthos (39). The Black Sea is represented by a total of 20 alien species, the Sea of Marmara by 48 species, the Aegean Sea by 98 species and the Levantine Sea by 202 species. The majority of aliens found in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara were transported via shipping, whereas the Levantine coast is extensively subjected to Lessepsian migration. Benthic habitats (soft and hard substrata) comprise 76% of the total alien species and the pelagic environment is inhabited by thirty-nine species. Almost 50% of aliens collected from the Turkish coasts were found only at 0-10 m depth. Eight species occur at depths deeper than 100 m. The impacts of aliens on the benthic and pelagic ecosytems are presented.

Keywords: Alien species; Species list; Impact; Black Sea; Sea of Marmara; Aegean Sea; Levantine Sea; Turkey.

Intoduction capable of colonizing every ecosystem on earth, changing the ecological relations within com- Species introduction is one of the major munities, altering evolutionary processes and factors adversely affecting biological diversity causing dramatic changes in native populations, (ELTON, 1958). The impacts of alien species including extinctions (MACK et al., 2000). on their new environment include restructuring The negative effects of aliens experienced established food webs, importing new diseases world-wide have triggered the social and sci- and competition with native organisms for food entific media to take some precautions against and space. Other significant ecological changes the dispersal of aliens among regions or among may occur when the invading organisms repro- localities within a particular region.Thus, com- duce with native species, altering the gene pool piled data regarding all aliens or a target or- (OCCHIPINTI AMBROGI, 2001). Invaders ganism (i.e. Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediter- may belong to any taxonomical group, and are ranean Sea) are urgently required by scientists

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 119 Results and Discussion and decision makers. In addition, monitoring programmes on spatio-temporal structures of List of alien species from the Turkish coasts communities particularly in the hot spot areas for aliens such as harbours, brackish and pol- Table 1 includes all alien species reported luted waters should be undertaken both on local from the Turkish coasts. The species are catego- and global scales. rized by their origins, the mode of introduction Turkey is surrounded by four seas with dif- and their habitat and depth preferences. The es- ferent hydrographical characteristics. The mari- tablishment success is assigned for each species. time traffic taking place through the Dardanel The first reported years of the species together and Bosphorus straits and among commercial with the relavant publications are also given for harbours makes the Turkish coasts more sus- each sea. ceptible to invasions by aliens. The proximity of The present data show that a total of 263 Turkey to the Suez Canal has resulted in dense alien species, which belong to 11 systematic settlements of Lessepsian migrants, especially groups, occur along the Turkish coasts. Among in habitats along the Levantine coast of Turkey. the groups, Mollusca had the highest number Alien species and their roles in the benthic and of species (85 species), followed by Crustacea pelagic ecosytems is increasingly becoming a (51), fishes (43) and phytobenthos (39). Cni- subject of study in the country. daria is represented by only two species (Rho- This paper reviews the alien species reported pilema nomadica and Cassiopea andromeda), from the Turkish coasts and constitutes the first Ctenophora by 2 species (Mnemiopsis leidyi and comprehensive database for future studies. Beroe ovata), Pantopoda by one species (Ano- plodactylus californicus), Bryozoa by one spe- Methods cies (Rhynchozoon larreyi) and Echinodermata by 2 species (Ophiactis savignyi and Synaptula Data on alien species along the Turkish coasts reciprocans). Thirty-two species are considered as ques- In this study, only reported data on aliens tionable or excluded in Table 1, mainly due to the along the Turkish coasts have been taken into uncertainty in their real taxonomical status and account. All calculations are based on species’ distributional patterns. The polychaetes, Bran- records up to the end of 2005. Cryptogenic spe- chiosyllis exilis, Opisthosyllis brunnea, Rhod- cies have not been included in our compiled list. ine loveni and Monticellina dorsobranchialis, Some of the species in Table 1, which represent which were previously considered as Lessepsian uncertainty in their real taxonomic position and migrants, indeed occur also in the western Medi- distributional pattern, are classified as question- terranean and the Atlantic Ocean. These species able or excluded. The questionable species will were also previously proposed to be excluded turn into aliens if their real taxonomic and dis- from the list of Lessepsian species (ERGEN tributional identities are clarified. In all calcula- et al., 2002; ÇINAR, 2003; 2005). RULLIER tions, including number of species per sea, only (1963) found 11 polychaete species with Indo- the established and questionable species have Pacific affinity from the Sea of Marmara (Table been taken into account. The importance of al- 1). Of the species, Nereis zonata persica and iens in the total biota was estimated, based on Timarete ancylochaeta were also reported along the authors’ databases. the Levantine coast and considered as Lessep- sian migrants (BEN-ELIAHU, 1995). The other species have not been subsequently reported from elsewhere in the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 176 Lessepsian and 48 ship-trans- ferred species were reported along the Turkish

120 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Table 1. The list of alien species and their first year of reports from theT urkish coasts. The habitat and depth preferences of aliens along the coasts together with their origins and establishment success are also given. The marked species in the list are questionable or excluded ones. BS: Black Sea, SM: Sea of Marmara, AS: Aegean Sea, LS: Levantine Sea, O: Origin (IP: Indopacific, RS: Red Sea, TA : Atlantic, WA: Western Atlantic, ST: Subtropical, IO: Indian Ocean, PG: Persian Gulf, PO: Pacific Ocean, TA: Tropical Atlantic, CT: Circumtropical, BA: Boreal Atlantic) Es: Establishment success (E: Established, Q: Questinable, Ex: Excluded), MI= Mode of Introduction (L: Lessepsian, S: Shipping, G: Gibraltar, Aq: Aquaculture), H: Habitat [Hs: hard substrata (including algae, sponge), Ss: soft substrata (includ- ing phanerogams), P: pelagic, Pz: parasite], D: Depth range (I: 0-10 m, II: 11-50m, III: 51-100 m, IV: 101-200 m, V: 201-400, VI: 401-500 m).

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D PHYTOPLANKTON Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) - - 1984124 - Q WA S P I Balech 1992 Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder 1864 - - 1987125 - E AT,PO S P I Gymnodinium cf. mikimotoi Miyake et - - 200244 - Q ? S P I Kominami ex Oda 1935 Heterosigma cf. akashiwo (Hada) Hada, - - 200244 - Q ? S P I 1968 Rhizosolenia calcar-avis M. Schultze, 199971 1993123 - - E AT S P I 1858 Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich 199971 - - - E AT S P I III, 1976 Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve 2002160 - - - E AT S P I 1873 PHYTOBENTHOS Cyanophyta (=Cyanobacteria) Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg, - - 199669 - E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I 1830 Rhodophyta Acanthophora nayadiformis (Delile) - 1973177 1970103 199720 E RS L Hs I,II Papenfuss, 1968 Acanthophora muscoides Linnaeus, - - 1986178 - E AT S Hs I,II 1753 Acrochaetium codicolum Børgesen, 199628 1986178 199055 199719 E IP,AT S Hs,Ss I 1927 Asparagopsis armata Harvey, 1855 1973176 1986178 1973176 1969174 E IP,AT S Hs I Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) - - 200127 - E CT L Hs I Trevisan de Saint-Léon, 1845 Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot, 1891 - 1986178 - 199720 E PO,AT ?S Hs I Botryocladia madagascariensis - - - 2000161 E IO ?S Hs I G.Feldmann, 1945 Chondria collinsiana Howe, 1920 - 1986178 - - E AT, IO ?L Hs II Chondrophycus papillosus (C. Agardh) 1973175 1957143 1969174 1969174 E RS ?L Hs I Garbary & Harper 1998 Ganonema farinosum (Lamouroux) Fan 199521 189991 198626 199719 Q IP,RS ?L Hs,Ss I & Wang, 1974

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Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 121 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini 1858 - 1986178 - - E RS,IP L Hs I Griffithsia corallinoides(Linnaeus) - 199323 - - E AT, IP G Hs I Trevisan, 1845 Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing, - - 198718 - E AT,IP S Hs I 1847 Hypnea variabilis Okamura, 1909 - 1986178 1986178 - E PO S Hs I Laurencia intermedia Yamada, 1931 198626 - - - E PO,RS S Hs I,II Lophocladia lallemandii (Montagne) - - 1970103 198653 E IP L Hs I,II Schmitz, 1893 Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) 1973176 - 1973176 - E AT, IO S Hs I,II Greville, 1824 Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne, 198626 - - - E AT S Hs I 1842 Polysiphonia kampsaxiii Boergesen, - - 198417 199720 E IP S Hs I 1939 Radicilingua thysanorhizans (Holmes) - 1986178 198626 198653 E AT S Hs I Papenfuss, 1956 Rhodophysema georgii Batters, 1900 - 1986178 - - E AT,PO ?S Hs I Spyridia hypnoides (Bory de Saint- - - 198718 199719 E IO S Hs I Vincent) Papenfuss, 1968 Heterokontophyta Chorda filum (Linnaeus) Stackhouse - 1986178 - - ? AT,PO ?S Hs I,II 1797 Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) 1973175 189991 189991 1986146 E AT S Hs I Lyngbye, 1819 Halothrix lumbricalis (Kützing) Reinke, 200429 199323 1986178 1993145 E AT,PO S Hs I 1888 Pilayella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman, 199824 199323 1985105 1985105 E AT S Hs I 1872 Protectocarpus speciosus Boergesen, - 199323 - - E AT S Hs I 1902 Sargassum latifolium (Turner) C. - 1986178 1986178 - E RS ?L Hs I,II Agardh, 1820 Sphaerotrichia divaricata (Agardh) - 1986178 1970103 1986178 E AT S Hs I Kylin, 1940 Stypopodium schimperi (Buchinger ex Kützing) Verlaque & Boudouresque, - - - 199720 E RS,AT ?L Hs I 1991 Chlorophyta Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux, 1809 - 198626 197852 197852 E AT S Hs I Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. - - 199154 198653 E CT ?L Hs,Ss I,II Agardh, 1873 Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Brown ex - - - 199886 E AT,IP ?L Ss I,II Turner) C. Agardh, 1817 Cladophora boodleoides Børgesen 1925 - - 199670 - E AT G Hs I

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122 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot ssp. - - 1986178 - E AT,PO ?S Hs I tomentosoides (Goor) P.C. Silva, 1955 Ulva fasciata Delile, 1813 199025 198626 1977104 199622 E ?RS ?L Hs I Phanerogame Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) - - 1985105 1985105 E IO,RS L Hs I Ascherson FORAMINIFERA (Benthic) Astacolus insolithus (Schwager, 1866) - - 2004132 - E IP,RS L Ss III Astacolus sublegumen (Parr, 1950) - - 2004132 - E IP,RS L Ss III Planogypsina acervalis (Brady, 1884) - - 2004132 - E IP,RS L Ss II Planogypsina squamiformis (Chapman, - - 2004132 - E IP,RS L Ss II,III 1901) Amphistegina lobifera Larsen, 1976 - - 2004132 2002133 E IP,RS L Ss I,II CNIDARIA Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) - - - 200239 E IP,RS L Ss I Rhopilema nomadica Galil, Spanier & - - - 1995113 E IP,RS L P ? Ferguson, 1990 CTENOPHORA Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz, 1865) 1994137 1994114 1994114 1993167 E WA S P I,II Beroe ovata Mayer 1912 2001115 2004108 - - E WA S P I,II POLYCHAETA Lepidonotus carinulatus (Grube, 1870) - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?S ? ? Harmothoe boholensis (Grube, 1878) - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?S ? ? Harmothoe minuta (Potts, 1910) - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?S ? ? Ancistrosyllis rigida Fauvel, 1919 - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?S ? ? Sigambra constricta (Southern, 1921) - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?S ? ? Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879 - - 200263 - Ex IP,RS L Hs I Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier,1900) - - 200263 - Ex IP,RS L Hs I Leonnates persicus Wesenberg-Lund, II- - - 200265 200385 E IP,RS L Ss 1949 IV Nereis zonata persica Fauvel, 1911 - 1963149 - - Q IP,RS ?L ? ? Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1900 - - 200564 198933 E IP,RS L Hs I Glycera alba adspersa Fauvel, 1939 - 1963149 - - Ex IP ?S ? ? Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) - - - 199781 Q ?IP L Hs I Linopherus acarunculata Monro, 1937 - - - 199781 E RS L Ss I Lumbrineris debilis Grube, 1878 - 1963149 - - Q IP ?S ? ? Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870 - - 199861 199781 Q IP,RS L Hs,Ss I,II Prionospio saccifera Mackie & Hartley, - - 199962 E IP,RS L Ss III 1990 Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802 - - 200566 - E ? S Ss I,II Streblospio gynobranchiata Rice & - - 200566 - E WA S Ss I,II Levin, 1998 Dasybranchus carneus Grube, 1870 - 1963149 - - Q RS ?S ? ? Notomastus aberans Day, 1957 - - 1983141 - E IP L Ss I

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Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 123 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Monticellina dorsobranchialis - - 200684 - Ex ? L Ss ? (Kirkegaard, 1959) Timarete dasylophius (Marenzeller, - 1963149 - - Q IP ?S ? ? 1879) Timarete anchylochaeta (Schmarda, - 1963149 - - Q IP ?S ? ? 1861) Metasychis gotoi (Izuka, 1902) - - 200283 - E IP,RS ?L Ss ? Rhodine loveni Malmgren, 1865 - - 199280 199882 Ex IP,AT L Ss II Pista unibranchia Day, 1963 - - 1998142 199781 E IP,RS L Ss I,II Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, - 195267 197679 - E ST S Hs I 1923) Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) - - 1865148 - E WA S Hs I Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) - - 197679 199134 E A,P S Hs I Spirorbis marioni Caullery & Mesnil, - - 1991117 - E P S Hs I 1897 PANTOPODA Anoplodactylus californicus Hall, 1912 - - - 1962153 E CT L Hs I CRUSTACEA Copepoda Centropages furcatus (Dana, 1846) - 2000164 - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Calanopia elliptica (Dana, 1846) - - - 2003157 E IP,RS L P I Calanopia biloba Bowman, 1957 - - - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Calanopia minor Scott, 1902 - - - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Labidocera pavo Giesbrecht, 1889 - - - 2003157 E IP,RS L P I Euchaeta concinna Dana, 1846 - - - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Eucalanus crassus Giesbrecht, 1888 - - - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Eucalanus subcrassus Giesbrecht, 1888 - - - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Parvocalanus latus Andronov, 1972 - 2000164 - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Parvocalanus elegans Andronov, 1972 - 2000164 - 2002168 E IP,RS L P I-III Acartia tonsa Dana, 1848 - 2000164 2001155 - E WA S P ? Acartia hasanii Unal, Shmeleva & - - - 2002163 Q ?RS ?L P I Kideys, 2002 Paracartia ioannae Unal, Shmeleva & - - - 2002163 Q ?RS ?L P I Kideys, 2002 Paracartia janetae Unal, Shmeleva & - - - 2002163 Q ?RS ?L P I Kideys, 2002 Cirripedia Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma, 1960 - - - 1997140 E RS L Pz I,II Amphipoda Maera hamigera Haswell, 1879 - - 1978121 1978121 E IP L Ss I,II Stenothoe gallensis Walker, 1904 - - 1978121 1978121 E IP L Ss I,II Isopoda Sphaeroma walkeri (Stebbing, 1905) - - 1976118 - E IP L Hs I,II

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124 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Tanaidacea Apseudes intermedius Hansen, 1985 - - 1978119 - E AT ?S Hs I,II Cumacea Eocuma sarsii (Kossmann, 1880) - - 1983109 - E IP L Ss I,II Decapoda Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888) - 2001173 2001173 1930136 E IP L Ss I-III Melicertus hathor (Burkenroad, 1959) - - - 2002128 E RS,IO L Ss I-III Metapenaeopsis aegyptia Galil & - - - 2004170 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Golani, 1990 Metapenaeopsis mogiensis consobrina - - - 2004170 E IP,RS L Ss I-III (Nobili, 1904) Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, - - - 1961106 E IP,RS L Ss I-III 1798) I- Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844 - - - 1930101 E IP,RS L Ss IV Metapenaeus stebbingi (Nobili, 1904) - - - 1981120 E RS,IO L Ss I-III Trachysalambria palaestinensis Steinitz, - - - 196895 E RS L Ss II,III 1932 I- Leptochela pugnax de Man, 1916 - - - 1981120 E IP,RS L Ss IV Palaemonella rotumana (Borradaile, I- - - - 200292 E IP,RS L Ss 1898) IV Alpheus audouini (Coutière, 1905) - - - 200292 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Alpheus inopinatus Holthuis & Gottlieb, - - - 196993 E IO,RS L Hs,Ss I,II 1958 Alpheus migrans Lewinsohn & - - - 1994122 E RS L Ss II,III Holthuis, 1978 Alpheus rapacida de Man, 1908 - - - 1981120 E IP L Ss I-III Urocaridella antonbrunii (Bruce, 1967) - - - 2004170 Ex IP L Ss I,II Ixa monodi Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1956 - - - 1956107 E RS L Ss II,III Leucosia signata Paulson, 1875 - - - 198299 E IP L Ss I,II I- Myra subgranulata Kossmann, 1877 - - - 1930136 E IP,RS L Ss IV Micippa thalia (Herbst, 1803) - - - 199574 E IP L Hs,Ss I-III Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 - - 2001173 1961106 E WA S Ss I-III Charybdis hellerii (Milne Edwards, - - - 1981120 E IP,RS L Hs I,II 1867) Charybdis longicollis Leene, 1938 - - - 1961106 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1928100 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Thalamita poissonii (Audouin, 1826) - - - 1961106 E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I-III Carupa tenuipes Dana, 1851 - - - 2004170 ? IP,RS L Hs I-III Pilumnopeus vauquelini (Audouin, - - - 1981120 E IP,RS L Hs I 1826) Calappa hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 200330 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Atergatis roseus (Rüppell, 1830) - - - 199076 E IP,RS L Hs I,II (continued) Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 125 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Daira perlata (Herbst, 1790) - - - 199574 ? IP L Hs,Ss I Eucrate crenata de Haan, 1835 - - - 199275 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Macrophtalmus graeffei Milne Edwards, - - - 199574 ? IP,RS L Ss I-III 1873 Stomatopoda Erugosquilla massavensis (Kossmann, - 2004110 - 1961106 E IP,RS L Ss I-III 1880) MOLLUSCA Gastropoda Diodora ruppellii (Sowerby, 1834) - - - 199572 E IP,RS L Hs I Smaragdia souverbiana (Montrouzier, - - - 199448 E IP,RS ? Ss I 1863) Trochus erythreus Brocchi, 1821 - - - 199572 E RS L Hs I Pseudominolia nedyma (Melville, 1897) - - - 199572 E RS,IO L Ss I,II Stomatella impertusa (Burrow, 1815) - - - 2000152 ? IP,RS ? Hs I Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1848 - - 19903 1987129 E RS,IO L Hs,Ss I Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) - - - 1987129 E IP,RS ?L Ss I Gibborissoa virgata (Philippi, 1849) - - - 20021 E IP L ? ? Finella pupoides Adams, 1860 - - - 1990159 E IP L Ss I Clathrofenella ferruginea (Adams, - - - 199572 E IP,RS L Ss I,II 1860) Cerithiopsis pulvis (Issel, 1869) - - - 1990159 E RS ?L Ss I Cerithiopsis tenthrenois (Melvill, 1896) - - - 1990159 E IO ?L Ss I Metaxia bacillum (Issel, 1869) - - - 199572 E RS ?L ? ? Rissoina ambigua (Gould, 1849) - - - 2004135 ? IP ? ? II Rissoina bertholleti Issel, 1869 - - - 1991139 E RS,IO ?L Ss I Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821) - - 1991139 1983138 E PG ? Hs,Ss I,II Purpuradusta gracilis notata (Gill, - - - 198345 E RS,IO ?L Hs I 1858) Cycloscala hyalina (Sowerby, 1844) - - - 199996 E IP,RS ? ? ? Sticteulima cf. lentiginosa (Adams, - - - 1994158 ? IP ? ? ? 1861) Ergalatax obscura Houart, 1996 - - - 199550 E RS ? Hs I Thais lacera (Born, 1778) - - - 1991139 E PG,IO S Hs,Ss I Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) 196090 199612 199572 - E PO S Ss I Zafra savignyi (Moazzo, 1939) - - - 1991139 E RS ?L Ss I,II Zafra selasphora (Melvill & Standen, - - - 1993147 E RS,IO ?L ? ? 1901 Lienardia mighelsi Iredale & Tomlin, - - 2003135 - ? IP ? ? III 1917 Murchisonella columna (Hedley, 1907) - - - 199546 ? IP ? Hs I Chrysallida fischeri (Hornung & - - - 1992134 E RS ?L ? I Mermod, 1925)

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126 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Chrysallida maiae (Hornung & - - - 1990159 E RS L Hs,Ss I Mermod, 1924) Chrysallida pirinthella (Melvill, 1910) - - - 1992134 E RS ?L Ss I Adelactaeon amoenus (Adams, 1851) - - - 1992134 E IP ?L Ss I Adelacteon fulvus (Adams, A., 1851) - - - 1992134 E IP ?L Ss I,II Styloptygma beatrix Melvill, 1896 - - - 1992134 E PG ?L ? I Cingulina isseli (Tryon, 1886) - - - 19895 E RS ?L ? ? Turbonilla edgarii (Melvill, 1896) - - - 1992134 E IP ?L ? ? Syrnola cinctella Adams, A., 1860 - - - 19984 ? IP,RS ? ? I Syrnola fasciata Jickeli, 1882 - - - 19895 E IP ?L Ss I Iolaea neofelixoides (Nomura, 1936) - - - 19984 ? PO ? Ss I Hinemoa cylindrica (de Folin, 1879) - - - 200151 ? IP ? ? ? Leucotina cf. eva Thiele, 1925 - - - 200196 ? IP ? ? ? Acteocina crithodes Melvill & Standen, - - - 2004135 ? IP ? Ss II 1907 Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849) - - 19906 19906 E RS ?L Ss ? Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1826) - - 199649 1990159 E IP L Ss I Pyrunculus fourierii (Audouin, 1826) - - - 19895 E IP,RS L Ss II,III Bulla ampulla Linnaeus, 1758 - - - 2004171 E IP ?L Ss II Haminoea cyanomarginata Heller & - - 2004171 2004171 ? RS ?L Hs II Thomson, 1983 Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938 - - - 1961154 E IP ?L Ss I,II Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861) - - - 2004171 ? IP ?L Ss I Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, 1858 - - - 2004171 Q ?IO ?L Hs I Elysia tomentosa Jensen, 1997 - - - 2004171 ? ?IP ? Ss I,II Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817 - - 1961154 1961154 E CT ?L Ss I Syphonota geographica (Adams & - - - 2004171 ? IP L Ss I,II Reeve, 1850) Plocamopherus ocellatus Rüppell & - - - 2004171 E RS L Hs I Leuckart, 1830 Hypselodoris infucata Rüppell & - - - 200156 E IP,RS ?L Hs I Leuckart, 1828 Melibe viridis Kelaart, 1858 - - - 2004171 ? IP ? Ss I Flabellina rubrolineata (O’Donoghue, - - 2004171 2004171 E IP,RS ?L Hs I,II 1929) Siphonaria belcheri Hanley, 1858 - - - 200113 E IP,RS L Hs I Bivalvia Anadara demiri (Piani, 1981) - - 197768 - E IO ?S Ss I,II Anadara inflata(Reeve, 1846) - - - 200260 ? IO ?S Ss ? Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 200310 199611 199572 - E IP ?S Ss I,II 1789) Anadara natalensis (Krauss, 1848) - - - 1991139 E IO,RS L Ss I,II Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer, 1870) - - 19903 1985116 E IO,RS L Hs I Septifer forskali Dunker, 1855 - - - 200113 ? RS ? Hs II

(continued)

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 127 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) - 200415 - 200157 E PO Aq Hs I Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) - - - 200157 E IP,RS ?S Hs I,II Dendrostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 200159 E IP ? Hs ? Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) - - 1990159 1985116 E IP,RS ?L Hs I Electroma vexillum (Reeve, 1857) - - - 200558 ? IP,RS ?L Hs I Malvufundus regulus (Forsskål, 1775) - - - 197488 E IP,RS L Hs I Spondylus cf. multisetosus Reeve, 1856 - - - 200159 Q IP ? Hs ? Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 - - - 199973 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Chama pacifica Broderip, 1834 - - - 200159 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Fulvia fragilis (Forrskål, 1775) - - 2005144 1987129 E IO,RS ?L Ss I Afrocardium richardi (Audouin, 1826) - - - 20002 E RS L Ss ? Tellina valtonis Hanley, 1844 - - - 200196 E IO,RS L Ss I Psammotreta praerupta (Salisbury, - - - 199973 ? WA ? Ss IV 1934) Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 1987129 E IP,RS L Ss I Clementia papyracea (Gray, 1825) - - - 199572 E IP,RS L Ss III Paphia textile (Gmelin, 1791) - - - 1991139 E IP,RS L Ss ? Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & - - 200114 - E PO Aq Ss I Reeve, 1850) Antigona lamellaris Schumacher, 1817 - - - 199973 ? IP,RS ? Ss ? Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758 - 199611 - - E WA ?S Ss II Gastrochaena cymbium Spengler, 1783 - - - 1991139 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Laternula anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) - - - 199572 E IP,RS L Ss I-III Cephalopoda Octopus aegina Gray, 1849 - - - 1999151 E IP ?L Ss III Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 - - - 2002150 E IP L P I-III BRYOZOA Rhynchozoon larreyi (Audouin, 1826) - - 1979165 - E IP, RS L Ss I ECHINODERMATA Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, - - 199861 - E IP,RS L Hs I 1842) Synaptula reciprocans (Forrskål, 1775) - - 2001173 - E IP,RS L Hs,Ss ? PISCES IP,RS Chondrichthyes I- Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950) - - - 200031 Q TA G Ss VI Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775) - - - 196637 C IP,RS L Ss I,II Osteichthyes Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker, 1849 - - - 195336 E IP,RS L P I,II Etrumeus teres (DeKay, 1848) - - - 199732 E IP,RS L P I,II Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, - - - 1984169 E RS L P I,II 1837) Enchelycore anatina (Lowe, 1839) - - - 2002172 E TA G Hs I,II

(continued)

128 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, - - 197338 196637 E IP,RS L Ss I-III 1848) Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, - - 196637 196637 E IP,RS L P I 1846) Hemiramphus far (Forsskål, 1775) - - 1950126 1950126 E IP,RS L P I Hyporhamphus affinis (Günther, 1866) - - - 19547 Q IP,RS L P I Fistularia commersonii (Rüppell, 1835) - - 200243 200242 E IP,IO L Hs,Ss I,II Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell 1838 - - - 200498 ? IO,RS L Ss I Syngnathus rostellatus Nilsson, 1855 - - - 200498 Q BA G Hs,Ss I Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) - - 196994 1950126 E IP,RS L P I Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskål, 1775) - - 1950126 1950126 E IP,RS L Hs I-III Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) - - - 1987131 E IP,RS L Ss I,II Apogon pharaonis Bellotti, 1874 - - - 1987131 E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I,II Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) - - 200441 1994102 E IP,RS L Ss I,II Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775) - - 196994 19579 E IP,RS L P I-III Leiognathus klunzingeri (Steindachner, - - 196637 194378 E RS L Ss I-III 1898) I- Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) - - 1956127 1950126 E IP L Ss IV Upeneus pori Ben-Tuvia & Golani, - - - 1950126 E IP,RS L Ss I,II 1989 Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 - - 1999130 1994102 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Heniochus intermedius Steindachner, 1893 - - - 200397 Q IP,RS L Hs,Ss I Chelon carinata (Valenciennes, 1836) - - - 1956127 E RS,IO L P I [=Liza carinata] Liza haematocheila (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) [=Mugil soiuy 1992166 1998112 1998112 - E PO Aq P I Basilewsky, 1855] Sphyraena pinguis Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2005 - - 196994 19579 E IP,RS L P I,II [=S. chrysotaenia Klunzinger, 1884] Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829 - - - 200242 E IP,RS L P I,II [=S. flavicauda Rüppell, 1838] Pteragogus pelycus Randall, 1981 - - - 2000156 E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I,II Petroscirtes ancylodon Rüppell, 1838 - - - 2000156 E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I Oxyurichthys petersi (Klunzinger, 1871) - - 199935 1992111 E RS L Ss I-III Callionymus filamentosus Valenciennes, - - - 1994102 E IP,RS L Ss I-III 1837 Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829) - - 197338 197338 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 - - 1950126 1950126 E IP,RS L Hs I,II Scomberomorus commerson Lacepède, - - 199747 198789 E IP,RS L P I,II 1800 Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 - 194277 194277 194277 Q TA G Hs I-III Cynoglossus sinusarabici (Chabanaud, - - - 19579 E RS L Hs I,II 1931) (continued)

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 129 Table 1 (continued)

BS SM AS LS Es O MI H D Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, - - 1950126 1950126 E IP,RS L Hs,Ss I,II 1940 Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) - - 20058 - E IP,RS L Ss I,II Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, - - 196637 1950126 E IP,RS L Ss I,II 1844) Lagocephalus suezensis Clark & Gohar, - - 200242 199916 E RS L Ss I,II 1953 Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & - - 200387 1999130 E TA G Hs,Ss I-V Troschel, 1848) Torquigener flavimaculosus Hardy & - - - 200340 E IP,RS L Ss I,II Randall, 1983 coast. Forty-eight alien Crustaceans (94% of continuously monitored since the 1970’s. Spe- the total aliens) belong to Lessepsian migrants. cies-poor communities such as polluted or phys- Most of the plants (29 species) were introduced ically degraded environments are known to be via ships. The other modes of introduction of more vulnerable to invasion than are other com- species were migration through the Gibraltar munities (ZIBROWIUS, 1992). Izmir Bay has straits and Aquaculture. been subjected to various pollution discharges, intense marine transportation and increasing hu- Distribution of alien species on the Turkish man populations. Ocean-going ships approach- coasts ing Alsancak Harbour for loading or unloading processes empty their ballast tanks just before The number of alien species found along the entering the harbour and the weakening in the Turkish coasts and their modes of introduction ecosystem due to pollution greatly facilitates the are presented in Figure 1. The Turkish Black Sea settlement of alien species in the area. coast possessed the lowest number of species (20 species), whereas the Turkish Levantine coast Rate of invasion had the highest (202 species). The importance of shipping as a vector of introduction of species The new additions to the inventory of the ma- gradually diminishes from the Black Sea to the rine alien species on the Turkish coasts greatly Levantine Sea. Lessepsian migrants exclusively increased after 1980 and the last five years alone dominate benthic habitats of the Levantine Sea. a total of 92 new species were recorded (Fig. 2). The Aegean Sea appears to be more influenced by A decreasing pattern is obvious in the yearly rate Lessepsian migration than ship transportation. of introduction over the past years (Table 2). The majority (70% of the species) of the ma- While one new alien species was introduced rine animals introduced by ships in the Aegean every 15.3 weeks over the period 1981-2000 in Sea were reported from Izmir Bay; Polydora the Aegean Sea, the time span has decreased to cornuta, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Fico- 8.7 between 2001 and 2005 The special interest pomatus enigmaticus, Hydroides dianthus, H. in aliens by Turkish and foreign scientists in the elegans, Spirorbis marioni, Anadara demiri and last decade has increased and thereby, the real A. inequivalvis. This is mainly attributed to two diversity of aliens within the groups of phyto- facts; 1) Alsancak Harbour, which is one of the benthos, fishes and crustaceans inhabiting the most important commercial harbours in Turkey, Turkish coasts seems to be well documented. is located in the polluted part of Izmir Bay, 2) Nowadays, a number of projects regarding the This bay has been relatively well studied and actual status of aliens along the Turkish coasts

130 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Fig. 1: The number of alien species along the Turkish coasts and their mode of introduction. PLT: All plants, PP: Phytoplankton, PhB: Phytobenthos, CTN: Ctenophora, POL: Polychaeta, CRU: Crustacea, MOL: Mol- lusca, OTH: Others. ΣS indicates the total number of species reported from the sea.

Fig. 2: Rate of introduction of alien species along the Turkish coasts.

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 131 Table 2. Time span (weeks) for alien species introduction along the Turkish coasts.

1961-1980 1981-2000 2001-2005 Weeks per 1 alien species Black Sea 208 69.3 65 Sea of Marmara 80 31.5 65 Aegean Sea 40 15.3 8.7 Levantine Sea 52 6.4 4.7 Total 16.3 3.7 2.8 and their probable impacts on the native biota are undertaken.

Depth and habitat preferences of alien species

The distribution of alien species by depth and habitat is indicated in Figure 3. The majority of aliens collected from the Turkish coasts were found in shallow waters. A total of 106 species (41% of the total number of aliens) solely oc- curred at depths ranging from 0 to 10 m, and 180 species (68%) at the depth interval 0-50 m. Species with a wide distributional range in the area are Leonnates persicus (10-200 m), Penae- us semisulcatus (0-200 m), Leptochela pugnax (0-200 m), Palaemonella rotumana (0-200 m), Myra subgranulata (0-200 m), Carcharhinus altimus (0-500 m), Upeneus moluccensis (0-200 m) and Sphoeroides pachygaster (0-400 m). Benthic habitats (soft and hard substrata) harboured 76% of the total number of alien spe- cies (Figure 3). Thirty-nine species inhabited the pelagic environment. In soft substrata, all major groups, except for algae, are represented by a Fig. 3: The habitat (upper graphic) and depth (lower higher number of species. The majority of hard graphic) preferences of alien species along the Turk- bottom organisms were reported among algae. ish coasts. The echinoderm Ophiactis savignyii was only reported in canals of the sponge Sar- reported the parasitic cirriped Heterosaccus cotragus muscarum from the southern part of dollfusi on the Lessepsian crab Charybdis longi- the Aegean Sea [ÇINAR & ERGEN, 1998 (as collis. The nudibranch Flabellina rubrolineata Ophiactis virens (M. Sars, 1857)); ÇINAR et was found on hydroids (YOKES & RUDMAN, al., 2002). The sweeper, Pempheris vanicolen- 2004). ALBAYRAK & ÇEVIKER (2001) re- sis, prefers cavern habitats (BILECENOĞLU & ported Septifer forskali on the bivalve Spondylus TASKAVAK, 1999). The shrimp scad, Alepes spinosus. Electroma vexillum was encountered djedaba, is generally associated with the ven- in discharge canals of the Iskenderun Iron and omous jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica (KIDEYS Steel Factory, where hot water is discharged into & GÜCÜ, 1995). ØKSNEBJERG et al. (1997) the sea (ÇEVIK et al., 2005).

132 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 Impacts of alien species The species number and density of other groups within the sponge samples were sharply declined The phytoplankton species, Alexandrium as compared to those collected from the north- tamarense, Gymnodinium cf. mikimotoi and ern sites where this echinoderm was not present. Heterosigma cf. akashiwo, which were reported A negative correlation was estimated between from Izmir Bay and classified as questionable in number of specimens of the ophiuroid and the Table 1, have a potential to cause a toxic and/or total number of specimens of other taxa. harmful bloom along the Turkish coasts (KO- The soft bottom near Alsancak Harbour in RAY, 1984; BIZSEL & BIZSEL, 2002). Izmir Bay was exclusively dominated by the The green alga Caulerpa racemosa invaded spionid polychaete Streblospio gynobranchiata, soft and hard bottom habitats of the Levantine which originated from the western Atlantic (ÇI- and Aegean coasts but its impact on the native NAR et al., 2005). Its density reached almost 34 biota has not yet been documented in the area. 300 ind.m-2 in the area and accounted for almost However, its occurrence off the Dardanel (salin- 100% of faunal populations at some stations. ity: 27 psu) indicates its highly adaptive and in- The soft bottom benthic community around Al- vasive character (OKUDAN et al., 2002). sancak Harbour seems to be restructured by this The negative effect of Mnemiopsis leidyi on species. the Black Sea ecosystem was summarized by KOÇAK et al. (1999) found dense popula- KIDEYS (2002). This zooplanktonic predator tions of two alien serpulid species, Hydroides reached enormous biomass levels in the summer elegans and H. dianthus, on panels submerged of 1989, devastating the food chain of the en- in a polluted marina in Izmir Bay. The species tire Black Sea basin, and subsequently led to a density of H. elegans reached up to 98000 ind. sharp decrease in the anchovy production along m-2 and that of H. dianthus up to 2 000 ind.m-2. the Turkish coast. The other ship-mediated The above authors also reported that an alien ser- ctenophore, Beroe ovata, which largely feeds on pulid species of eastern Pacific origin, Spirorbis ctenophores, appeared in 1997 in the Black Sea marioni, inhabited port environments subjected and has resulted in the decrease in the popula- to relatively less pollution. tion of M. leidyi. The density of Anadara demiri was found to The outburst of the population of Rhopilema be 300 ind.m-2 on grey mud and 30 ind.m-2 on nomadica off the Levantine coast of Turkey was black mud in Izmir Bay (DEMIR, 1977). reported to have negative consequences on hu- Aliens might bring their own parasites with man health, tourism and fisheries (KIDEYS & them. ØKSNEBJERG et al. (1997) reported that GÜCÜ, 1995). Many swimmers were stung and 90% of the specimens of Charybdis longicol- sought medical treatment. The blockage of nets lis collected between Karatas and Fener Burnu of fishermen by individuals ofR. nomadica also (Levantine coast of Turkey) were infected by the created major economical losses. rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi. They also Rapana venosa, which feeds exclusively stated that the prevalence of this parasite was es- on bivalves, is responsible for the decrease in timated at 50-60% in the east of Karatas, with stocks of the bivalves Ostrea edulis Linné, 1758 its prevalence gradually declining towards the and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) east into Iskenderun Bay. GALIL & LÜTZEN in the Black Sea (BILECIK, 1990). The fishery (1995) found that 55% of the males and 43% of R. venosa was intense along the Turkish Black of the females of C. longicollis were visibly in- Sea coast, reaching up to 1166 tons in 1986, fected by this parasite along the Israeli coast in yielding 3.415.884 US $ (BILECIK, 1990) May 1994. Low faunal diversity found on sponge sam- From a large number of aliens inhabiting the ples collected from the southern Aegean Sea Turkish coasts, only a few possess commercial was due to the invasion of the Lessepsian spe- value, mostly belonging to fishes and crusta- cies Ophiactis savignyi (ÇINAR et al., 2002). ceans. Little is known concerning the impact of

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 133 Fig. 4: Percentages of alien species in total fauna along the Turkish coasts. commercially important alien species on local Alepes djedaba, Sillago sihama, Dussumieria fisheries, since there is no available catch- sta elopsoides, Atherinomorus lacunosus. Among tistic that distinguishes native and alien species’ alien crustaceans, the highest annual production landings. Due to the great number of species belongs to Callinectes sapidus (ca. 200 tonnes/ caught during various fisheries activities, gov- year), which is captured especially in lagoons in ernmental statistics tend to present relevant data amounts as much as 2 tonnes/day during sum- on a family basis. For example, the “mullids” mer periods (ÖZCAN et al., 2003). Marsupe- category includes four species (native Mullus naeus japonicus is one the most valuable shrimp spp. and Lessepsian Upeneus spp.); a similar species along the Levantine coast, which is also situation is valid for sphyraenids (two native imported to various cities in Turkey. Since they species vs. two Lessepsian species). Lessepsian are not captured in large quantities, other com- clupeids, especially Etrumeus teres, form a re- mercial shrimps (Metapenaeus spp., Penaeus markable proportion of the pelagic catch along semisulcatus) and brachyurans (Portunus pe- the Levantine coast. The siganids are generally lagicus) are, in general, consumed locally. sold together with the native Sarpa salpa due to their similar morphologies (BILECENOĞLU Importance of alien species in total fauna & KAYA, 2002). At least seven fish species (Upeneus moluccensis, Saurida undosquamis, The relative percentages of aliens in total Scomberomorus commerson, E. teres, Sphy- fauna are shown in Figure 4. Mollusca had the raena pinguis, Siganus spp.) are captured in highest score in the Black (3.1%) and Levantine large amounts (mainly by bottom trawls), and (16.1%) Seas, Polychaeta in the Sea of Marmara consumed throughout the Levantine and south- (4.4%) and fishes in the Aegean Sea (5.9%). The ern Aegean Sea coasts. In terms of biomass, S. score for Polychaeta in the Sea of Marmara does undosquamis is the most prominent species in not reflect its true number as 11 of 12 aliens are the bottom trawl catch composition (31.9% of questionable. The score seems to be accurate for total CPUE in Iskenderun Bay), followed by U. the better-studied group, fishes, which has more moluccensis and Siganus rivulatus (GÜCÜ et aliens on the southern coasts than the northern al., 1994). coasts due to the influence of Lessepsian mi- Some species have relatively smaller grants. The highest alien percentages for all catches and thus mostly consumed locally, i.e. groups examined were found on the Levantine

134 Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 coast. This partly shows the impact of Lessep- sian migration on the Levantine fauna and partly the lack of detailed works on some groups on the coast. The total number of species given for Mollusca and Polychaeta from the Levantine coast of Turkey is highly underestimated and undoubtedly would increase as further studies are carried out. It is a common assumption that Lessespsian migrants account for at least 10% of the species inventory of the Levantine Sea (POR, 1978). BEN-ELIAHU (1995) estimated that the proportion of migrant polychaetes is al- most 9%; for fishes 13% (GOLANI, 1998) and for decapod crustaceans 20% (GALIL, 1986).

Similarity among seas in terms of alien species

The dendrogram and MDS configuration in Figure 5 show that there are two groups in terms of the presence and absence of alien species in the Turkish seas. The Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara constitute one group, in which 16 spe- cies (mainly algae) are common. The other group Fig. 5: Dendrogram and MDS plot showing affiniti- with a similarity of 40% is composed from the es of the seas in terms of alien species they included. Aegean and Levantine Seas, where 63 species (mainly lessepsian fishes) are common. There of data accumulated on aliens depicts the impor- is a very weak similarity (20%) between the tance of monitoring studies on the understand- groups, which are placed at different corners of ing of ecological and functional roles of aliens the MDS plot. As pointed out earlier, the south- in the ecosystems. Finally, results of studies and ern seas seem to be more affected by Lessepsian projects should not be concealed among pages migrants than ship-borne species, whereas ship- of reports and papers. They should be presented ping is the main vector in the transportation of to governmental establishments and politicians aliens to the northern seas. The difference in the to force them to take immediate precautions on way of introduction seems to be the main reason the dispersal of aliens, particularly via ballast for similarity or dissimilarity among the seas. water discharges. Conclusions Addendum The compiled data show that a total of 263 established or questionable alien species inhab- Before the publication of this contribution, it the coast of Turkey, with the Levantine Sea a total of 14 new alien species were reported having the majority of them (202 species). De- from the Levantine (13 species) and Aegean tecting new aliens depends totally on accurate [1 species (Platax teira)] coasts of Turkey taxonomic identifications and the knowledge of (BILECENOĞLU & KAYA, 2006; ÇEVIKER local biodiversity. This requires the availability & ALBAYRAK, 2006; ÇINAR et al., 2006; of systematic experts on biotal components in ÖZTÜRK & CAN, 2006). These species belong the area and a close cooperation among scien- to Hydrozoa (Macrorhynchia philippina (Kirch- tists both on local and global scales. The wealth enpauer, 1872), Anthozoa (Oculina patagonica

Medit. Mar. Sci, 6/2, 2005, 119-146 135 De Angelis, 1908), Polychaeta (Branchiomma terranean. Bollettino Malacologico, 25: luctuosum Grube, 1869), Gastropoda (Amathina 285-298. tricarinata (Linnaeus, 1767), Aplysia dacty- 7AKSIRAY, F., 1954. Türkiye deniz baliklari lomela Rang, 1828, Chromodoris quadricolor tayin anahtari. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen (Rüppell & Leuckart 1830)], Bivalvia [Cardites Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Arastirma En- akabana (Sturany, 1899) and Petricola hemp- stitüsü Yayinlari, Istanbul, 277 p. richi Issel, 1869], Echinodermata [Synaptula 8AKYOL, O., ÜNAL, V., CEYHAN, T. & reciprocans (Forsskål, 1775)], Tunicata [Phallu- BILECENOĞLU, M., 2005: First record sia nigra Savignyi, 1816, Pyura (=Herdmania) of the silverside blaasop, Lagocephalus momus (Savignyi, 1816) and Symplegma brak- sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789), in the Medi- enhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904)] and Osteichthyes terranean Sea. Journal of Fish Biology, [Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir and Guézé, 66: 1183-1186. 1976) and Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775)]. These 9AKYUZ, E., 1957. Observations on the findings increased the number of alien species Iskenderun red mullet (Mullus barbatus) known from the coast of Turkey from 263 to and its environment. GFCM Proceedings 277, and from 202 to 216 on the Levantine coast and Technical Papers, 4: 305-326. of Turkey. 10ALBAYRAK, S., 2003. On the Mollusca Fauna of the Black Sea near Istanbul. Zo- References ology in the Middle East, 30: 69-75. 11ALBAYRAK, S. & BALKIS, N., 1996a. 1AARTSEN, J. J. van, 2002. Indo-Pacific Bivalve Fauna of the Bosphorus. Istan- migrants into the Mediterranean. 1. Gib- bul Universitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji borissoa virgata (Philippi, 1849). La Dergisi, 59: 1-15. Conchiglia, 303: 56-58. 12ALBAYRAK, S. & BALKIS, N., 1996b. 2AARTSEN, J. J. van & GOUD, J., 2000. Benthic Prosobranch Gastropods of the European marine Mollusca: Notes on less Bosphorus. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen well-known species. XV. Notes on Lusi- Fakültesi Biyoloji Dergisi, 59: 17-26. tanian species of Parvicardium Monte- 13ALBAYRAK, S & ÇEVIKER, D., 2001. rosato, 1884, and Afrocardium richardi Two extra-Mediterranean molluscs from (Audouin, 1826) (Bivalvia:Heterodonta: southeast Turkey: Siphonaria belcheri Cardiidae). Basteria, 64: 171-186. Hanley, 1858 (Gastropoda: Siphonari- 3AARTSEN, J. J. van & KINZELBACH, R., idae) and Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1990. Marine molluscs from the Iztuzu 1758) (Bivalvia:Veneridae). Israel Jour- beach near Dalyan (Mediterranean coast nal of Zoology, 47: 297-298. of Turkey). Zoology in the Middle East, 14ALBAYRAK, S., ASLAN, H. & BALKIS, 4: 103-112. H., 2001. A contribution to the Aegean Sea 4AARTSEN, J. J. van & RECEVIK, M., fauna: Ruditapes philippinarum (Adam 1998. Two more Indo-Pacific species & Reeve, 1850) [Bivalvia : Veneridae]. found in the Mediterranean. La Con- Israel Journal of Zoology, 47: 299-300. chiglia, 286: 13-15. 15ALBAYRAK, S., BALKIS, H. & BALKIS, 5AARTSEN, J. J. van, BARASH, A. & CAR- N., 2004. Bivalvia (Mollusca) fauna of ROZZA, F., 1989. Addition to the knowl- the Sea of Marmara. Acta Adriatica, 45: edge of the Mediterranean mollusca of 9-26. Israel and Sinai. Bollettino Malocologi- 16AVSAR, D. & ÇIÇEK, E., 1999. A new co, 25: 63-76. species record for the central and eastern 6AARTSEN, J. J. van, CARROZZA, F. & Mediterranean; Sphoeroides cutaneus LINDNER, G., 1990. Acteocina mucro- (Günther, 1870) (Pisces: Tetraodontidae). nata (Philippi, 1849), a recent Red Sea Oebalia, 25: 17-21. immigrant species in the eastern Medi-

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