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What is energy? The river Liffey offers natural falls that are very suitable The unit of energy We use the word energy in many different ways and are not too troubled sites for hydro stations. about defining it. However, in physics, it has a specific and precise There are three stations on Energy and : (J). A joule is the energy transferred (work definition. To a scientist energy is the ability to do work. ‘Work’ is defined the river, at , done) to an object when a of one accelerates the object through a distance of one metre. as being done when a force acts on an object, accelerating it over Golden Falls and Leixlip. a distance. In electrical terms a joule is the energy dissipated as heat when an The first, and most famous, of one passes through a resistance of one is then defined as the of doing work. For example, a car that Power rate hydro station in is at for one . An ampere (or amp) is the flow of one travels a kilometre more quickly than another is more powerful i.e. it has Ardnacrusha in Co Clare. of electrical charge per second. ESB is Ireland’s foremost energy company, and the used the same energy in a shorter interval of time. A project before its time, in largest supplier of renewable in Ireland. Through Power: (W). A watt is one joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s) There are many forms of energy including potential, kinetic, elastic, 1929 the output of 86 MW innovation, expertise and investment, ESB is leading the way (megawatt) could meet the Note that these are all SI units. Many non-SI units still exist. For electric, magnetic, chemical, thermal and nuclear. The law of The 38 MW hydroelectric on the in develop ing a modern, efficient electricity system, capable needs of the whole country. example, the term ‘horsepower’ is often used for . Also, the conservation of energy tells us that energy can neither be created Liffey at Poulaphouca of delivering sustainable and competitive energy supplies to It is still the largest river term ‘calorie’, used on food and drink labels is a not an SI energy unit. nor destroyed, but it can customers in the ‘all-island market’ - the , rotating South pole station in the country. be transformed from , England, Wales and Scotland. of one type to another. North pole The energy of the sea The challenge is of magnet Harnessing the wind Established in 1927, ESB operates right across the electricity Influenced by the rotation of the earth and the gravitational pull of the to develop ways of The power of the wind can also be used to drive a turbine. These turbines market, from generation through transmission and distribution moon, the sea is a powerful source of kinetic energy. transforming energy that to supply. ESB also operates in a range of complementary are much smaller than those used in hydro stations – a typical example systems use the kinetic energy of the surface waves. already exists into forms Tidal power would be around 2 MW. Of course a wind farm contains a number of systems harness the kinetic energy of the moving tide water. These sectors including telecommunications, international that are more useful. turbines, so the combined output is much higher. can then be transformed to used to drive engineering consultancy and gas. In this lesson we discuss carbon turbines and generators. Since Ireland is surrounded by seas it is a.c. out In Ireland, the wind is stronger and more regular at high altitudes and on Today, ESB operates a renewable energy portfolio that has some of the expected that these technologies will play an important part in our future. coastal sites. Accordingly, these are the best locations on land for effective the capacity to supply over 830 MW of green energy to the used by the ESB to By rotating the coil (armature) in a wind farms. Indeed, it is estimated that 20% of our electricity could be provided in this transform energy into the an in generated way. Experiments have already started off the coast of Co Clare with a homes, farms, hospitals, schools and businesses of Ireland valuable product called The ESB farm at project titled ESB Westwave. A school demonstration can be viewed at: and the United Kingdom. Its goal is to reduce ESB’s carbon electricity. , Co. https://youtu.be/8hhwbhsOvGs. emissions 40% by 2025, and towards becoming carbon- Wexford is situated at neutral by 2050. ESB aims to achieve this through expanding Generating electricity - the fundamentals most south-easterly Burning organic material its wind portfolio, and continually investing in other renewable corner of the country. energy technologies that take advantage of the natural An electrical generator is usually a rotating device that continuously Biomass is organic matter such as plants or plant-based materials This site is exposed resources available to us. moves an assembly of conductors through the magnetic field. Obeying to wind from both the which are not used for food or feed. Such non-fossil materials are burned Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this movement creates (Atlantic) and to produce heat or converted to other forms of liquid biofuels such as the (EMF) necessary to drive an electric current. . The farm has bioethanol and biodiesel. The ESB is currently planning biomass power For further information visit: www.esb.ie The generator is rotated by some form of , often a turbine. Of a capacity of about 12 plants in the UK. course, this turbine must be driven by some other source of energy. It is MW, which is enough these sources of energy that form the topic of much debate and concern. to supply the current What is geothermal energy? demand of about 7,600 Burning fossil fuels The Earth holds a vast store of thermal energy known as High households. The largest The 12 MW wind farm at Carnsore Point with its Temperature Geothermal Energy. Most of this energy has been present Fossil fuels, such coal, oil or natural gas, are hydrocarbons and are ESB farm is located in 14 turbines since the planet’s formation and more is generated by radioactive decay. easily burned. These fuels are commonly used as sources of heat in Derrybrien in south-east The earth’s core is extremely hot (around 5,000°C) and is continuously thermal power stations in which heat energy is converted into electricity. Co Galway. It has 70 conducted towards the surface. Heat pumps can be used to transfer The heat either converts water into steam or ignites fuel (similar to a turbines with a combined capacity of about 60 MW, which is enough for some of this heat to buildings. Heat pumps can also cool a building in the combustion engine) which then drives a turbine (mechanical energy). some 38,000 households. summer by transferring heat back to the Earth. In the SuperHomes project in Co Tipperary houses are fitted with heat pumps that actually use the When fossil fuels are burned they produce carbon dioxide (CO ) and Of course, the wind does not blow all the time and, when it does, its speed 2 heat from the air during the summer. They are also equipped with solar nitrous oxide (N O), These are greenhouse gases that contribute to the varies. The time over which the wind is consistently suitable for a turbine is 2 panels. (www.superhomes.ie) modern problem of global warming. In addition, fossil fuels take tens called full load hours. The average Ireland is about 31% of the time. of millions of years to form naturally and are now classified be non- Sustainability is essential renewable. Accordingly, the focus is now on renewable energy sources Turning the sun’s heat into electricity i.e. sources that are replenished naturally over a reasonable period of A is an arrangement of semiconductor material. When The term ‘sustainability’ relates to the need to ensure that we do not ESB ‘all-islands’ asset map. time. These include water, wind, the sea, the sun, heat from the earth in sunlight falls on a semiconductor such as silicon they are deprive future generations by using up available energy resources or by (https://www.esb.ie/our-businesses/generation-energy- itself and organic matter (biomass). absorbed and energy is transferred to in the material. These damaging the environment in an irreversible manner. The obvious way trading-new/generation-asset-map) electrons can then escape from the atoms and be harnessed as an of ensuring sustainability is the use renewable resources. In this lesson Using the energy of water electrical current. This is called the and a solar cell is we have discussed some of the main technologies involved. It may be surprising to realise that the energy sources mentioned – water, biomass, When water falls from a height its converts to also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV). potential energy kinetic solar etc. – have always been available to the human race. The missing . In a (or ) station this flow is directed Find this and other lessons on www.sta.ie energy hydroelectric hydropower It is estimated that 25% of buildings in the country will be using solar element has been the to transform them effectively. The ESB onto the blades of a turbine, causing it to rotate and drive the generator. energy by 2025. Accordingly, the ESB is involved in pioneering work with is at the forefront of the sustainability drive in our country and elsewhere. solar energy organisations in the USA and the UK. Generating renewable energy Generating renewable energy

What is energy? The river Liffey offers natural falls that are very suitable The unit of energy We use the word energy in many different ways and are not too troubled sites for hydro stations. about defining it. However, in physics, it has a specific and precise There are three stations on Energy and Work: joule (J). A joule is the energy transferred (work definition. To a scientist energy is the ability to do work. ‘Work’ is defined the river, at Poulaphouca, done) to an object when a force of one newton accelerates the object through a distance of one metre. as being done when a force acts on an object, accelerating it over Golden Falls and Leixlip. a distance. In electrical terms a joule is the energy dissipated as heat when an The first, and most famous, electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one is then defined as the of doing work. For example, a car that Power rate hydro station in Ireland is at ohm for one second. An ampere (or amp) is the flow of one coulomb travels a kilometre more quickly than another is more powerful i.e. it has Ardnacrusha in Co Clare. of electrical charge per second. ESB is Ireland’s foremost energy company, and the used the same energy in a shorter interval of time. A project before its time, in largest supplier of renewable electricity in Ireland. Through Power: watt (W). A watt is one joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s) There are many forms of energy including potential, kinetic, elastic, 1929 the output of 86 MW innovation, expertise and investment, ESB is leading the way (megawatt) could meet the Note that these are all SI units. Many non-SI units still exist. For electric, magnetic, chemical, thermal and nuclear. The law of The 86 MW hydroelectric power station on the in develop ing a modern, efficient electricity system, capable needs of the whole country. example, the term ‘horsepower’ is often used for engines. Also, the conservation of energy tells us that energy can neither be created Shannon at Ardnacrusha of delivering sustainable and competitive energy supplies to It is still the largest river term ‘calorie’, used on food and drink labels is a not an SI energy unit. nor destroyed, but it can customers in the ‘all-island market’ - the Republic of Ireland, rotating South pole station in the country. be transformed from armature Northern Ireland, England, Wales and Scotland. of magnet one type to another. North pole The energy of the sea The challenge is of magnet Harnessing the wind Established in 1927, ESB operates right across the electricity Influenced by the rotation of the earth and the gravitational pull of the to develop ways of The power of the wind can also be used to drive a turbine. These turbines market, from generation through transmission and distribution slip ring moon, the sea is a powerful source of kinetic energy. Wave power transforming energy that to supply. ESB also operates in a range of complementary are much smaller than those used in hydro stations – a typical example systems use the kinetic energy of the surface waves. already exists into forms Tidal power would be around 2 MW. Of course a wind farm contains a number of systems harness the kinetic energy of the moving tide water. These sectors including telecommunications, international that are more useful. turbines, so the combined output is much higher. energies can then be transformed to mechanical energy used to drive engineering consultancy and gas. In this lesson we discuss carbon turbines and generators. Since Ireland is surrounded by seas it is a.c. out brush In Ireland, the wind is stronger and more regular at high altitudes and on Today, ESB operates a renewable energy portfolio that has some of the technologies expected that these technologies will play an important part in our future. coastal sites. Accordingly, these are the best locations on land for effective the capacity to supply over 830 MW of green energy to the used by the ESB to By rotating the coil (armature) in a magnetic field wind farms. Indeed, it is estimated that 20% of our electricity could be provided in this transform energy into the an alternating current in generated way. Experiments have already started off the coast of Co Clare with a homes, farms, hospitals, schools and businesses of Ireland valuable product called The ESB farm at project titled ESB Westwave. A school demonstration can be viewed at: and the United Kingdom. Its goal is to reduce ESB’s carbon electricity. Carnsore Point, Co. https://youtu.be/8hhwbhsOvGs. emissions 40% by 2025, and towards becoming carbon- Wexford is situated at neutral by 2050. ESB aims to achieve this through expanding Generating electricity - the fundamentals most south-easterly Burning organic material its wind portfolio, and continually investing in other renewable corner of the country. energy technologies that take advantage of the natural An electrical generator is usually a rotating device that continuously Biomass is organic matter such as plants or plant-based materials This site is exposed resources available to us. moves an assembly of conductors through the magnetic field. Obeying to wind from both the which are not used for food or feed. Such non-fossil materials are burned Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this movement creates Celtic Sea (Atlantic) and to produce heat or converted to other forms of liquid biofuels such as the electromotive force (EMF) necessary to drive an electric current. Irish Sea. The farm has bioethanol and biodiesel. The ESB is currently planning biomass power For further information visit: www.esb.ie The generator is rotated by some form of engine, often a turbine. Of a capacity of about 12 plants in the UK. course, this turbine must be driven by some other source of energy. It is MW, which is enough these sources of energy that form the topic of much debate and concern. to supply the current What is geothermal energy? demand of about 7,600 Burning fossil fuels The Earth holds a vast store of thermal energy known as High households. The largest The 12 MW wind farm at Carnsore Point with its Temperature Geothermal Energy. Most of this energy has been present Fossil fuels, such coal, oil or natural gas, are hydrocarbons and are ESB farm is located in 14 turbines since the planet’s formation and more is generated by radioactive decay. easily burned. These fuels are commonly used as sources of heat in Derrybrien in south-east The earth’s core is extremely hot (around 5,000°C) and is continuously thermal power stations in which heat energy is converted into electricity. Co Galway. It has 70 conducted towards the surface. Heat pumps can be used to transfer The heat either converts water into steam or ignites fuel (similar to a turbines with a combined capacity of about 60 MW, which is enough for some of this heat to buildings. Heat pumps can also cool a building in the combustion engine) which then drives a turbine (mechanical energy). some 38,000 households. summer by transferring heat back to the Earth. In the SuperHomes project in Co Tipperary houses are fitted with heat pumps that actually use the When fossil fuels are burned they produce carbon dioxide (CO ) and Of course, the wind does not blow all the time and, when it does, its speed 2 heat from the air during the summer. They are also equipped with solar nitrous oxide (N O), These are greenhouse gases that contribute to the varies. The time over which the wind is consistently suitable for a turbine is 2 panels. (www.superhomes.ie) modern problem of global warming. In addition, fossil fuels take tens called full load hours. The average Ireland is about 31% of the time. of millions of years to form naturally and are now classified be non- Sustainability is essential renewable. Accordingly, the focus is now on renewable energy sources Turning the sun’s heat into electricity i.e. sources that are replenished naturally over a reasonable period of A solar cell is an arrangement of semiconductor material. When The term ‘sustainability’ relates to the need to ensure that we do not ESB ‘all-islands’ asset map. time. These include water, wind, the sea, the sun, heat from the earth photons in sunlight falls on a semiconductor such as silicon they are deprive future generations by using up available energy resources or by (https://www.esb.ie/our-businesses/generation-energy- itself and organic matter (biomass). absorbed and energy is transferred to electrons in the material. These damaging the environment in an irreversible manner. The obvious way trading-new/generation-asset-map) electrons can then escape from the atoms and be harnessed as an of ensuring sustainability is the use renewable resources. In this lesson Using the energy of water electrical current. This is called the photovoltaic effect and a solar cell is we have discussed some of the main technologies involved. It may be surprising to realise that the energy sources mentioned – water, biomass, When water falls from a height its converts to also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV). potential energy kinetic solar etc. – have always been available to the human race. The missing . In a (or ) station this flow is directed Find this and other lessons on www.sta.ie energy hydroelectric hydropower It is estimated that 25% of buildings in the country will be using solar element has been the technology to transform them effectively. The ESB onto the blades of a turbine, causing it to rotate and drive the generator. energy by 2025. Accordingly, the ESB is involved in pioneering work with is at the forefront of the sustainability drive in our country and elsewhere. solar energy organisations in the USA and the UK. GeneratingGenerating renewable renewable energyenergy Generating renewable energy

SyllabusSyllabus References References StudentStudent Activities Activities ExaminationExamination Questions Questions DidDid You You Know? Know? TheThe main main syllabus syllabus references references for for the the lesson lesson are: are: 1.1. What What steps steps can can be be taken taken to to make make more more efficient efficient use use of ofenergy energy • • By By 2020, 2020, ESB ESB will will be be generate generate one one third third of of its its electricity electricity from from JuniorJunior Certificate Certificate Science Science (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.15 15 b b LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (pp. (pp. 27, 27, 29, 29, 37, 37, 39) 39) oror reduce reduce energy energy loss loss in in your your home home or or school? school? renewablerenewable sources sources and and will will achieve achieve carbon carbon net-zero net-zero by by 2035. 2035. • • Energy Energy and and Power: Power: Energy Energy as as the the ability ability to to do do work. work. ExamplesExamples include: include: solar solar heating heating panels, panels, photovoltaic photovoltaic panels, panels, • • What What energy energy conversion conversion occurs occurs in in a agenerator generator ()? (dynamo)? • • Energy Energy from from renewable renewable sources sources is isalso also known known as as ‘green ‘green energy’. energy’. • • Mass Mass as as a aform form of of energy: energy: E E= =mc mc2 (nuclear2 (nuclear energy) energy) windwind power power and and improved improved insulation. insulation. Summarise Summarise your your findings findings • • Draw Draw a alabelled labelled diagram diagram of of a asimple simple generator generator (dynamo). (dynamo). • • The The power power of of a awind wind turbine turbine is isproportional proportional to to the the cube cube of of the the inin a aposter poster or or computer computer presentation. presentation. windwind velocity. velocity. • • Conversions Conversions from from one one form form of of energy energy to to another. another. Principle Principle of of • • Electricity Electricity is istransmitted transmitted as as a.c. a.c. and and its its voltage is isincreased increased leaving leaving thethe generating generating station station and and then then is isreduced reduced before before it itreaches reaches yo yourur conservationconservation of of energy. energy. 2.2. Most Most electrical electrical units units are are named named after after people people who who made made important important • • Biomass Biomass is isthe the oldest oldest fuel fuel used used by by mankind. mankind. Wood Wood has has been been home.home. Name Name a adevice device that that can can change change a.c. a.c. voltage. voltage. usedused as as a afuel fuel for for cooking cooking and and heating heating for for over over 500,000 500,000 years. years. • • Heat Heat as as a aform form of of energy. energy. discoveriesdiscoveries relating relating to to electricity: electricity: coulomb, coulomb, , volt, ampere, ampere, watt, watt, • • The The word word ‘turbine’ ‘turbine’ derives derives from from the the Latin Latin ‘turbo’ ‘turbo’ meaning meaning ‘vortex’. ‘vortex’. • • Electromagnetic Electromagnetic induction. induction. Photoelectric Photoelectric effect effect joule,joule, ohm ohm. Devise. Devise a aposter, poster, or or a acomputer computer presentation, presentation, on on LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.11 11 b b oneone of of these these units. units. Your Your presentation presentation should should include include • • Ardnacrusha Ardnacrusha was was constructed constructed at at the the same same time time as as the the first first ReadRead the the following following passage passage and and answer answer the the accompanying accompanying question questions.s. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Technology Technology(p. (p. 22) 22) nationalnational electricity electricity grid grid (110 (110 kV) kV) and and became became the the model model for for large large • • Energy Energy and and Energy Energy Conservation. Conservation. Electricity Electricity • • relevant relevant images images TheThe scientist scientist whose whose research research would would unite unite electricity electricity and and magnet magnetismism was was scalescale electrification schemes schemes all allover over the the world. world. • • a abiography biography of of the the person person in in whose whose honour honour the the unit unit is isnamed named LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate BiologyBiology(p. (p. 33) 33) MichaelMichael Faraday. Faraday. He He developed developed the the first first electric electric motormotor in in 1821, 1821, showing showing SeeSee the the Nationwide Nationwide programme programme on on the the History History of of Ardnacrusha Ardnacrusha at at • • Ecosystem; Ecosystem; Energy Energy Flow; Flow; Human Human Impact Impact • • an an explanation explanation of of the the unit unit and and what what it itmeasures measures thatthat a acurrent current carrying carrying conductor conductor could could be be made made to to revolve revolve arou aroundnd www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMClV8Z0HYswww.youtube.com/watch?v=TMClV8Z0HYs • • how how the the unit unit relates relates to to other other SI SI units. units. a amagnet. magnet. He He went went on on to to expand expand on on Oersted’s Oersted’s observation observation that that an an • • The The ESB ESB station station at at Turlough Turlough Hill Hill in in Wicklow Wicklow is isan an example example of of ScienceScience and and Technology Technology in in Action Action is isalso also widely widely used used in in Junior Junior electricelectric current current produces produces a amagnetic magnetic effect. effect. Perhaps, Perhaps, Faraday Faraday thought, thought, a apumped pumped storage storage hydroelectric hydroelectric system. system. When When there there is isspare spare CertificateCertificate Science Science and and in in Transition Transition Year Year. . 3.3. The The wind wind turbines turbines at at Carnsore Carnsore are are rated rated at at 850 850 kW kW (0.85 (0.85 MW) MW) thethe opposite opposite was was also also true: true: a amoving moving magnetic magnetic field field could could genera generatete an an capacity,capacity, water water is ispumped pumped from from a alower lower reservoir reservoir back back to to the the each.each. More More recent recent wind wind farms farms use use 1.5 1.5 MW MW to to 3 3MW MW turbines. turbines. electricelectric current. current. This This was was to to be be called called electromagnetic electromagnetic induction. induction. Soon Soon upperupper reservoir. reservoir. • • What What is isthe the maximum maximum power power output output of of a awind wind farm farm with with fifty fifty hehe had had created created the the first first electric , generator, and and everyday everyday life life would would never never 1.51.5 MW MW turbines? turbines? bebe the the same same again. again. His His experiments experiments with with induced induced currents currents produc produceded the the .transformer. (Adapted (Adapted from from Milestones Milestones of of Science; Science; Curt Curt Supple; Supple; 2000) 2000) BiographicalBiographical Notes Notes LearningLearning Outcomes Outcomes • • Calculate Calculate the the average average power power of of the the wind wind farm farm if ifthe the load load JamesJames Prescott Prescott Joule Joule (1818 (1818 - 1889)- 1889) factorfactor is is30%. 30%. (i)(i) List List three three factors factors that that affect affect the the force force on on a acurrent-carrying current-carrying JamesJames Prescott Prescott Joule Joule was was an an English English OnOn completion completion of of this this lesson, lesson, students students should should be be able able to: to: • • Calculate Calculate the the average average energy, energy, in in kilowatt kilowatt hours hours (kW (kW h), h), conductorconductor placed placed near near a amagnet. magnet. physicistphysicist who who studied studied the the relationship relationship • • Explain Explain what what is ismeant meant by by the the term term ‘energy’ ‘energy’ betweenbetween heat heat and and mechanical mechanical work. work. producedproduced by by the the wind wind farm farm in in one one year. year. (ii)(ii) What What energy energy transformation transformation takes takes place place in in an an electric ? motor? AsAs a ayoung young man, man, one one of of his his tutors tutors was was • • List List different different forms forms of of energy energy and and describe describe common common energy energy • • In In Ireland Ireland the the average average yearly yearly electrical energy use use per per JohnJohn Dalton, Dalton, himself himself a afamous famous scientist. scientist. (iii)(iii) What What is isthe the function function of of a acommutator in in a ad.c. d.c. motor? motor? conversionsconversions householdhousehold is isabout about 5300 5300 kW kW h h(kilowatt (kilowatt hours). hours). Approximately Approximately • • Outline Outline different different ways ways of of generating generating electricity electricity Joule’sJoule’s work work gave gave rise rise to to the the law law of of howhow many many households households could could be be supplied supplied with with electricity electricity by by (iv)(iv) Draw Draw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator. generator. conservationconservation of of energy. energy. He He shares shares the the • • Discuss Discuss the the advantages advantages and and disadvantages disadvantages of of different different electrical electrical thethe wind wind farm farm described described above? above? generationgeneration technologies, technologies, including including environmental environmental considerations considerations (v)(v) How How are are the the slip slip rings rings connected connected to to an an external external circuit circuit in in an an a.c. a.c. creditcredit or or this this with with Hermann Hermann Helmholtz, Helmholtz, anotheranother famous famous scientist. scientist. Joule Joule also also made made • • Identify Identify the the energy energy sources sources that that are are likely likely to to meet meet Ireland’s Ireland’s future future generator?generator? importantimportant advances advances in inthe the development development needsneeds (vi)(vi) A Atransformer transformer and and an an induction coil can can both both be be used used to to change change ofof thermodynamics. thermodynamics. He He was was extremely extremely • • Describe Describe some some of of the the projects projects in in which which ESB ESB is isinvolved. involved. a asmall small voltage voltage into into a alarger larger voltage. voltage. What What is isthe the basic basic difference difference interestedinterested in inelectricity electricity and and discovered discovered the the well well known known relati relationshiponship betweenbetween power power and and current, current, P P= =I2 RI2.R This. This relationship relationship is isknown known True/FalseTrue/False Questions Questions inin the the operation operation of of these these two two devices? devices? asas Joule’s Joule’s First First Law Law (also (also known known as as the the Joule-Lenz Joule-Lenz Law Law (after (after HeinrichHeinrich Lenz) Lenz) a)a) Energy Energy cannot cannot be be created created but but can can be be destroyed. destroyed. T T F F (vii)(vii) Name Name the the Irish Irish physicist physicist who who invented invented the the induction induction coil. coil. GeneralGeneral Learning Learning Points Points TheThe SI SI derived derived unit unit of of energy, energy, the the joule, joule, is isnamed named in inhis his honour. honour. b)b) Heat Heat cannot cannot be be used used to to generate generate electricity. electricity. T T F F (viii)(viii) Give Give two two factors factors that that affect affect the the efficiency efficiency of ofa transformer.a transformer. TheseThese are are additional additional relevant relevant points points which which are are c)c) All All types types of of electricity generation are are not not equally equally efficient. efficient. T T F F usedused to to extend extend knowledge knowledge and and facilitate facilitate discussion. discussion. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2011, 2011, Q. Q.10 10 b (part) b(part) d)d) There There is isnot not enough enough sunlight sunlight in in Ireland Ireland to to use use solar solar energy. energy. T T F F • • At At Coolkeeragh Coolkeeragh in in Co. Co. Down Down ESB ESB operates operates a a455 455 MW MW Combined Combined • • What What changes changes can can be be made made to to a ad.c. d.c. motor motor to to convert convert it itto to an an e)e) Most Most electricity electricity is isgenerated generated from from renewable renewable sources. sources. T T F F ReviseRevise The The Terms Terms CycleCycle Gas Gas Turbine Turbine (CCGT). (CCGT). This This is isover over 50% 50% more more efficient efficient than than a.c.a.c. generator? generator? traditionaltraditional gas gas turbines turbines and and emits emits much much lower lower levels levels of of nitroge nitrogen n f) f) The The sea sea could could be be an an important important source source of of energy energy in in the the future. future. T T F F • • Draw Draw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator. generator. CanCan you you recall recall the the meaning meaning of of the the following following terms? terms? oxideoxide (NO (NO) and) and sulphur sulphur dioxide dioxide (SO (SO) pollutants.) pollutants. RevisingRevising terminology terminology is isa apowerful powerful aid aid to to recall recall and and retention. retention. x x 2 2 g)g) ESB ESB does does not not manage manage any any wind wind farms. farms. T T F F • • Give Give two two ways ways in in which which the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator generator • • In In 2014, 2014, renewable renewable electricity electricity generation, generation, consisting consisting of of wind, wind, h)h) Wind Wind will will not not be be a asignificant significant source source of ofenergy energy in in the the future. future. T T F F cancan be be increased. increased. accelerating,accelerating, ampere, ampere, biodiesel, biodiesel, bioethanol, bioethanol, biomass, biomass, biofuel, biofuel, carbon carbon hydro,hydro, landfill landfill gas, gas, biomass biomass and and biogas, biogas, accounted accounted for for 22.7% 22.7% dioxide,dioxide, conductor, conductor, electric electric current, current, electricity, electricity, electromagnetic electromagnetic i) i) In In a ahydro hydro station, station, the the kinetic kinetic energy energy of of moving moving water water is is ofof gross gross electricity electricity consumption consumption in in Ireland. Ireland. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (OL) (OL) 2001, 2001, Q. Q.3 3 induction,induction, electromotive electromotive force, force, energy, energy, Faraday’s Faraday’s law, law, force, force, fossil fossil (Energy(Energy in in Ireland, Ireland, www.seai.ie www.seai.ie) ) convertedconverted to to electrical electrical energy. energy. T T F F fuel,fuel, full full load load hours, hours, global global warming, warming, High High Temperature Temperature Geothermal Geothermal (i)(i) Define Define energy. energy. • • Aghada Aghada Power Power Station Station is isone one of of the the most most efficient efficient and and cleanest cleanest j) j) The The SI SI unit unit of of energy energy is isthe the . erg. T T F F Energy,Energy, hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon, hydroelectric, hydroelectric, hydropower, hydropower, kinetic kinetic energy, energy, (ii)(ii) What What is isthe the unit unit of of energy? energy? lawlaw of of conservation, conservation, magnetic magnetic field, field, mechanicalmechanical energy, energy, nitrous nitrous plantsplants in in Europe. Europe. A Adetailed detailed presentation presentation on on how how the the power power k)k) A Akilowatt-hour kilowatt-hour is isa aunit unit of of power. power. T T F F stationstation operates operates is isavailable available at: at: http://ESBGeneration.esb.ie http://ESBGeneration.esb.ie oxide,oxide, non-renewable, non-renewable, ohm, ohm, organic organic matter, matter, , photon, photovoltaic photovoltaic l) l) One One kilowatt-hour kilowatt-hour is isequal equal to to 3,600,000 3,600,000 . joules. T T F F (iii)(iii) Write Write down down Einstein’s Einstein’s equation equation which which relates relates mass mass and and energy. energy. cell,cell, photovoltaic photovoltaic effect, effect, potential potential energy, energy, power, power, radioactive radioactive decay, decay, • • Related Related teaching teaching notes notes have have been been forwarded forwarded to to all all schools schools (iv)(iv) State State the the principle principle of of conservation conservation of of energy. energy. renewablerenewable energy, energy, semiconductor, semiconductor, SI SI units, units, solar solar cell, cell, thermal thermal power power andand can can also also be be ordered ordered by by emailing: emailing: [email protected] [email protected] CheckCheck your your answers answers to to these these questions questions on on www.sta.ie. www.sta.ie. station,station, tidal tidal power, power, turbine, turbine, wave wave power, power, work. work. (v)(v) An An electrical electrical generator generator converts converts ______energy ______energy to to ______. . CheckCheck the the Glossary Glossary of of terms terms for for this this lesson lesson on on www.sta.ie www.sta.ie GeneratingGenerating renewable renewable energyenergy Generating renewable energy

SyllabusSyllabus References References StudentStudent Activities Activities ExaminationExamination Questions Questions DidDid You You Know? Know? TheThe main main syllabus syllabus references references for for the the lesson lesson are: are: 1.1. What What steps steps can can be be taken taken to to make make more more efficient efficient use use of ofenergy energy • • By By 2020, 2020, ESB ESB will will be be generate generate one one third third of of its its electricity electricity from from JuniorJunior Certificate Certificate Science Science (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.15 15 b b LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (pp. (pp. 27, 27, 29, 29, 37, 37, 39) 39) oror reduce reduce energy energy loss loss in inyour your home home or or school? school? renewablerenewable sources sources and and will will achieve achieve carbon carbon net-zero net-zero by by 2035. 2035. • • Energy Energy and and Power: Power: Energy Energy as as the the ability ability to to do do work. work. ExamplesExamples include: include: solar solar heating heating panels, panels, photovoltaic photovoltaic panels, panels, • • What What energy energy conversion conversion occurs occurs in ina agenerator generator (dynamo)? (dynamo)? • • Energy Energy from from renewable renewable sources sources is isalso also known known as as ‘green ‘green energy’. energy’. • • Mass Mass as as a aform form of of energy: energy: E E= =mc mc2 (nuclear2 (nuclear energy) energy) windwind power power and and improved improved insulation. insulation. Summarise Summarise your your findings findings • • Draw Draw a alabelled labelled diagram diagram of of a asimple simple generator generator (dynamo). (dynamo). • • The The power power of of a awind wind turbine turbine is isproportional proportional to to the the cube cube of of the the in ina aposter poster or or computer computer presentation. presentation. windwind velocity. velocity. • • Conversions Conversions from from one one form form of of energy energy to to another. another. Principle Principle of of • • Electricity Electricity is istransmitted transmitted as as a.c. a.c. and and its its voltage voltage is isincreased increased leaving leaving thethe generating generating station station and and then then is isreduced reduced before before it reachesit reaches yo yourur conservationconservation of of energy. energy. 2.2. Most Most electrical electrical units units are are named named after after people people who who made made important important • • Biomass Biomass is isthe the oldest oldest fuel fuel used used by by mankind. mankind. Wood Wood has has been been home.home. Name Name a adevice device that that can can change change a.c. a.c. voltage. voltage. usedused as as a afuel fuel for for cooking cooking and and heating heating for for over over 500,000 500,000 years. years. • • Heat Heat as as a aform form of of energy. energy. discoveriesdiscoveries relating relating to to electricity: electricity: coulomb, coulomb, volt, volt, ampere, ampere, watt, watt, • • The The word word ‘turbine’ ‘turbine’ derives derives from from the the Latin Latin ‘turbo’ ‘turbo’ meaning meaning ‘vortex’. ‘vortex’. • • Electromagnetic Electromagnetic induction. induction. Photoelectric Photoelectric effect effect joule,joule, ohm ohm. Devise. Devise a aposter, poster, or or a acomputer computer presentation, presentation, on on LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2005, 2005, Q. Q.11 11 b b oneone of of these these units. units. Your Your presentation presentation should should include include • • Ardnacrusha Ardnacrusha was was constructed constructed at at the the same same time time as as the the first first ReadRead the the following following passage passage and and answer answer the the accompanying accompanying question questions.s. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Technology Technology(p. (p. 22) 22) nationalnational electricity electricity grid grid (110 (110 kV) kV) and and became became the the model model for for large large • • Energy Energy and and Energy Energy Conservation. Conservation. Electricity Electricity • • relevant relevant images images TheThe scientist scientist whose whose research research would would unite unite electricity electricity and and magnet magnetismism was was scalescale electrification electrification schemes schemes all allover over the the world. world. • • a abiography biography of of the the person person in inwhose whose honour honour the the unit unit is isnamed named LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Biology Biology(p. (p. 33) 33) MichaelMichael Faraday. Faraday. He He developed developed the the first first electric electric motor motor in in1821, 1821, showing showing SeeSee the the Nationwide Nationwide programme programme on on the the History History of of Ardnacrusha Ardnacrusha at at • • Ecosystem; Ecosystem; Energy Energy Flow; Flow; Human Human Impact Impact • • an an explanation explanation of of the the unit unit and and what what it measuresit measures thatthat a currenta current carrying carrying conductor conductor could could be be made made to torevolve revolve arou aroundnd www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMClV8Z0HYswww.youtube.com/watch?v=TMClV8Z0HYs • • how how the the unit unit relates relates to to other other SI SI units. units. a magnet.a magnet. He He went went on on to toexpand expand on on Oersted’s Oersted’s observation observation that that an an • • The The ESB ESB station station at at Turlough Turlough Hill Hill in inWicklow Wicklow is isan an example example of of ScienceScience and and Technology Technology in in Action Action is isalso also widely widely used used in inJunior Junior electricelectric current current produces produces a magnetica magnetic effect. effect. Perhaps, Perhaps, Faraday Faraday thought, thought, a apumped pumped storage storage hydroelectric hydroelectric system. system. When When there there is isspare spare CertificateCertificate Science Science and and in inTransition Transition Year Year. . 3.3. The The wind wind turbines turbines at at Carnsore Carnsore are are rated rated at at 850 850 kW kW (0.85 (0.85 MW) MW) thethe opposite opposite was was also also true: true: a movinga moving magnetic magnetic field field could could genera generate tean an capacity,capacity, water water is ispumped pumped from from a alower lower reservoir reservoir back back to to the the each.each. More More recent recent wind wind farms farms use use 1.5 1.5 MW MW to to 3 3MW MW turbines. turbines. electricelectric current. current. This This was was to tobe be called called electromagnetic electromagnetic induction. induction. Soon Soon upperupper reservoir. reservoir. • • What What is isthe the maximum maximum power power output output of of a awind wind farm farm with with fifty fifty hehe had had created created the the first first electric electric generator, generator, and and everyday everyday life life would would never never 1.51.5 MW MW turbines? turbines? bebe the the same same again. again. His His experiments experiments with with induced induced currents currents produc produceded the the transformer.transformer. (Adapted (Adapted from from Milestones Milestones of ofScience; Science; Curt Curt Supple; Supple; 2000) 2000) BiographicalBiographical Notes Notes LearningLearning Outcomes Outcomes • • Calculate Calculate the the average average power power of of the the wind wind farm farm if theif the load load JamesJames Prescott Prescott Joule Joule (1818 (1818 - 1889)- 1889) factorfactor is is30%. 30%. (i)(i) List List three three factors factors that that affect affect the the force force on on a acurrent-carrying current-carrying JamesJames Prescott Prescott Joule Joule was was an an English English OnOn completion completion of of this this lesson, lesson, students students should should be be able able to: to: • • Calculate Calculate the the average average energy, energy, in inkilowatt kilowatt hours hours (kW (kW h), h), conductorconductor placed placed near near a amagnet. magnet. physicistphysicist who who studied studied the the relationship relationship • • Explain Explain what what is ismeant meant by by the the term term ‘energy’ ‘energy’ betweenbetween heat heat and and mechanical mechanical work. work. producedproduced by by the the wind wind farm farm in inone one year. year. (ii)(ii) What What energy energy transformation transformation takes takes place place in inan an electric electric motor? motor? AsAs a younga young man, man, one one of ofhis his tutors tutors was was • • List List different different forms forms of of energy energy and and describe describe common common energy energy • • In InIreland Ireland the the average average yearly yearly electrical electrical energy energy use use per per JohnJohn Dalton, Dalton, himself himself a famousa famous scientist. scientist. (iii)(iii) What What is isthe the function function of of a acommutator commutator in ina ad.c. d.c. motor? motor? conversionsconversions householdhousehold is isabout about 5300 5300 kW kW h h(kilowatt (kilowatt hours). hours). Approximately Approximately • • Outline Outline different different ways ways of of generating generating electricity electricity Joule’sJoule’s work work gave gave rise rise to tothe the law law of of howhow many many households households could could be be supplied supplied with with electricity electricity by by (iv)(iv) Draw Draw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator. generator. conservationconservation of ofenergy. energy. He He shares shares the the • • Discuss Discuss the the advantages advantages and and disadvantages disadvantages of of different different electrical electrical thethe wind wind farm farm described described above? above? generationgeneration technologies, technologies, including including environmental environmental considerations considerations (v)(v) How How are are the the slip slip rings rings connected connected to to an an external external circuit circuit in inan an a.c. a.c. creditcredit or or this this with with Hermann Hermann Helmholtz, Helmholtz, anotheranother famous famous scientist. scientist. Joule Joule also also made made • • Identify Identify the the energy energy sources sources that that are are likely likely to to meet meet Ireland’s Ireland’s future future generator?generator? importantimportant advances advances in inthe the development development needsneeds (vi)(vi) A Atransformer transformer and and an an induction induction coil coil can can both both be be used used to to change change of ofthermodynamics. thermodynamics. He He was was extremely extremely • • Describe Describe some some of of the the projects projects in inwhich which ESB ESB is isinvolved. involved. a asmall small voltage voltage into into a alarger larger voltage. voltage. What What is isthe the basic basic difference difference interestedinterested in inelectricity electricity and and discovered discovered the the well well known known relati relationshiponship betweenbetween power power and and current, current, P P= =I2 RI2.R This. This relationship relationship is isknown known True/FalseTrue/False Questions Questions in inthe the operation operation of of these these two two devices? devices? asas Joule’s Joule’s First First Law Law (also (also known known as as the the Joule-Lenz Joule-Lenz Law Law (after (after HeinrichHeinrich Lenz) Lenz) a)a) Energy Energy cannot cannot be be created created but but can can be be destroyed. destroyed. T T F F (vii)(vii) Name Name the the Irish Irish physicist physicist who who invented invented the the induction induction coil. coil. GeneralGeneral Learning Learning Points Points TheThe SI SI derived derived unit unit of ofenergy, energy, the the joule, joule, is isnamed named in inhis his honour. honour. b)b) Heat Heat cannot cannot be be used used to to generate generate electricity. electricity. T T F F (viii)(viii) Give Give two two factors factors that that affect affect the the efficiency efficiency of ofa transformer.a transformer. TheseThese are are additional additional relevant relevant points points which which are are c)c) All All types types of of electricity electricity generation generation are are not not equally equally efficient. efficient. T T F F usedused to to extend extend knowledge knowledge and and facilitate facilitate discussion. discussion. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (HL) (HL) 2011, 2011, Q. Q.10 10 b (part) b(part) d)d) There There is isnot not enough enough sunlight sunlight in inIreland Ireland to to use use solar solar energy. energy. T T F F • • At At Coolkeeragh Coolkeeragh in inCo. Co. Down Down ESB ESB operates operates a a455 455 MW MW Combined Combined • • What What changes changes can can be be made made to to a ad.c. d.c. motor motor to to convert convert it toit to an an e)e) Most Most electricity electricity is isgenerated generated from from renewable renewable sources. sources. T T F F ReviseRevise The The Terms Terms CycleCycle Gas Gas Turbine Turbine (CCGT). (CCGT). This This is isover over 50% 50% more more efficient efficient than than a.c.a.c. generator? generator? traditionaltraditional gas gas turbines turbines and and emits emits much much lower lower levels levels of of nitroge nitrogen n f) f) The The sea sea could could be be an an important important source source of of energy energy in inthe the future. future. T T F F • • Draw Draw a asketch sketch of of the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator. generator. CanCan you you recall recall the the meaning meaning of of the the following following terms? terms? oxideoxide (NO (NO) and) and sulphur sulphur dioxide dioxide (SO (SO) pollutants.) pollutants. RevisingRevising terminology terminology is isa apowerful powerful aid aid to to recall recall and and retention. retention. x x 2 2 g)g) ESB ESB does does not not manage manage any any wind wind farms. farms. T T F F • • Give Give two two ways ways in inwhich which the the output output voltage voltage from from an an a.c. a.c. generator generator • • In In2014, 2014, renewable renewable electricity electricity generation, generation, consisting consisting of of wind, wind, h)h) Wind Wind will will not not be be a asignificant significant source source of ofenergy energy in in the the future. future. T T F F cancan be be increased. increased. accelerating,accelerating, ampere, ampere, biodiesel, biodiesel, bioethanol, bioethanol, biomass, biomass, biofuel, biofuel, carbon carbon hydro,hydro, landfill landfill gas, gas, biomass biomass and and biogas, biogas, accounted accounted for for 22.7% 22.7% dioxide,dioxide, conductor, conductor, electric electric current, current, electricity, electricity, electromagnetic electromagnetic i) i) In Ina ahydro hydro station, station, the the kinetic kinetic energy energy of of moving moving water water is is ofof gross gross electricity electricity consumption consumption in inIreland. Ireland. LeavingLeaving Certificate Certificate Physics Physics (OL) (OL) 2001, 2001, Q. Q.3 3 induction,induction, electromotive electromotive force, force, energy, energy, Faraday’s Faraday’s law, law, force, force, fossil fossil (Energy(Energy in inIreland, Ireland, www.seai.ie www.seai.ie) ) convertedconverted to to electrical electrical energy. energy. T T F F fuel,fuel, full full load load hours, hours, global global warming, warming, High High Temperature Temperature Geothermal Geothermal (i)(i) Define Define energy. energy. • • Aghada Aghada Power Power Station Station is isone one of of the the most most efficient efficient and and cleanest cleanest j) j) The The SI SI unit unit of of energy energy is isthe the erg. erg. T T F F Energy,Energy, hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon, hydroelectric, hydroelectric, hydropower, hydropower, kinetic kinetic energy, energy, (ii)(ii) What What is isthe the unit unit of of energy? energy? lawlaw of of conservation, conservation, magnetic magnetic field, field, mechanicalmechanical energy, energy, nitrous nitrous plantsplants in inEurope. Europe. A Adetailed detailed presentation presentation on on how how the the power power k)k) A Akilowatt-hour kilowatt-hour is isa aunit unit of of power. power. T T F F stationstation operates operates is isavailable available at: at: http://ESBGeneration.esb.ie http://ESBGeneration.esb.ie oxide,oxide, non-renewable, non-renewable, ohm, ohm, organic organic matter, matter, photon, photon, photovoltaic photovoltaic l) l) One One kilowatt-hour kilowatt-hour is isequal equal to to 3,600,000 3,600,000 joules. joules. T T F F (iii)(iii) Write Write down down Einstein’s Einstein’s equation equation which which relates relates mass mass and and energy. energy. cell,cell, photovoltaic photovoltaic effect, effect, potential potential energy, energy, power, power, radioactive radioactive decay, decay, • • Related Related teaching teaching notes notes have have been been forwarded forwarded to to all all schools schools (iv)(iv) State State the the principle principle of of conservation conservation of of energy. energy. renewablerenewable energy, energy, semiconductor, semiconductor, SI SI units, units, solar solar cell, cell, thermal thermal power power andand can can also also be be ordered ordered by by emailing: emailing: [email protected] [email protected] CheckCheck your your answers answers to to these these questions questions on on www.sta.ie. www.sta.ie. station,station, tidal tidal power, power, turbine, turbine, wave wave power, power, work. work. (v)(v) An An electrical electrical generator generator converts converts ______energy ______energy to to ______. . CheckCheck the the Glossary Glossary of of terms terms for for this this lesson lesson on on www.sta.ie www.sta.ie