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Ctenophora in the Arctic: the Abundance, Distribution and Predatory Impact of the Cydippid Ctenophore Mertensia Ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea

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Ctenophora in the Arctic: the Abundance, Distribution and Predatory Impact of the Cydippid Ctenophore Mertensia Ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea Ctenophora in the Arctic: the abundance, distribution and predatory impact of the cydippid ctenophore Mertensia ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea NEIL SWANBERG and ULF BAMSTEDT Swanberg. N. & BQmstedt. U. 1991. Ctenophora in the Arctic: the abundance. distribution and predatory impact of the cydippid ctenophore Mertensia ovum (Fabricius) in the Barents Sea. Pp. 507-524 in Sakshaug. E., Hopkins, C.C.E. & Britsland. N.A. (eds.): Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology, Trondheim. 12-16 May 1990. Polar Research lO(2). The Ctenophora Mertensia ouum and Beroe cucumis, collected using both conventional sampling gear and scuba divers, were studied in the Barents Sea east of Bjorndya and North Norway in spring 1987 and summer 1988. Among the gelatinous zooplankton, Mertensia ouum was the most consistently abundant copepod predator. Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the predation rate of M.ouum in various trophic regimes. This ctenophore can take prey varying in size from small copepods to amphipods and krill. but gut-content analyses from field-collected specimens as well as experimental results showed that the main food source for adults was large-sized copepods (e.g. Calanus finmarchicus. C. gLacialis. C. hyperboreus. Metridia longa). The robust tentacle arrray of M.ouum makes this species effective as a predator on large prey. The high potential predation rate of this ctenophore relative to its estimated metabolic cost of only 1.7% of the body energy content d-' suggests that M.ovum may be able to maintain a positive energy balance even in conditions of low prey abundancc. It is suggested that a single exploitation of a zooplankton patch may provide energy for survival for a very long time. The potential impact of M. ouum on Barents Sea copepod populations is estimated on the basis of the minimal observed average daily ration in experiments and from field data on gut contents. Using abundances of copepods for the area, and the actual predator biomass collected. it was estimated that an average of 0.7% of the copepod fauna per day could fall prey to this predator. Neil Swanberg and Ulf Bdmstedt, Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology. High Technology Centre. University of Bergen. N-5020 Bergen. Norway (reuised January 1991). Introduction experiments on Pleurobruchiu, the most common genus of the Cydippida, give support to the gen- Fluctuations in copepod populations in the Bar- eral claim that cydippid ctenophores can also ents Sea during the recent decade have directed exert considerable predation pressure on the her- our attention to the roles of the commonest bivorous zooplankton (Fraser 1970; Greve 1970, zooplankton predators there. One of the most 1971, 1972; Hirota 1972; Reeve & Walter 1978; prevalent large predators is the cydippid cteno- Reeve 1980; Van der Veer & Sadee 1984; Greene phore Mertensia ovum,first noticed as abundant et al. 1986). There is a major difference between during a cruise on G.O. SARS, in August 1985 these two groups. Lobates feed continuously (Skjoldal et al. 1986). while cydippids, which feed on prey adhering It is well documented that some ctenophores, to .their tentacles, must normally interrupt their particularly lobates, can be significant predators capture cycle and reset their tentacle array each in coastal marine waters (Kremer 1976, 1979; time they feed on captured prey (Greene et al. Reeve & Walter 1978; Sullivan & Reeve 1982) 1986). This suggests that they may be more but there has been relatively little work done in inclined to reach saturation than their lobate the open sea. The population dynamics of few counterparts. species of cydippid ctenophore have been well Gelatinous zooplankters are generally difficult studied. However, extensive field studies have to sample quantitatively. They are usually low in been carried out where feeding and physiological absolute abundance, necessitating a large sample 508 Neil Swanberg & Uf Bdmstedt volume; many species (particularly among the M. ovum is is a large cydippid. Romer (1903) Ctenophora) are very fragile, so that even if they reported a maximum oral-aboral length of 80 mm are not damaged by the sampling gear needed for and a maximum tentacle length of more than large volume samples, they are often subsequently 50 cm in the adult. The extensive secondary ten- destroyed in conventional preservatives. By care- tacles of this species are filamentous, but quite fully removing and examining the material taken strong and very sticky, rendering it capable of from net hauls before preservation, however, they capturing both large and small prey as well as can be sampled quantitatively; there have been allowing it to cover a large area. For a 4cm M. numerous quantitative net studies of gelatinous ovum, Madin (1988) reported the total tentacular predators in coastal waters. There have been spor- length (including its 2000 tentillae spaced adic efforts to count gelatinous zooplankton in every mm along its 60 cm tentacles) as 161 rn, the situ (Alldredge 1972; Swanberg 1974,1979,1983; longest of any of those he ranked. Its encounter Hamner et al. 1975; Harbison et al. 1978; Biggs zone (the volume in which its tentacles are nor- et al. 1981, 1987) and to count them remotely mally deployed) was 113,000 cm3, representing a (Kremer & Nixon 1976) or even from the deck of sphere of 30cm radius. Unlike most cydippids, a ship (Hamner & Schneider 1986). Most of the M. ouum does not have to completely cease feed- reports to date of the abundances of gelatinous ing to consume prey caught in a tentacle, but can predators have been based on net samples (Fraser contract one tentacle while fishing with the other 1970; Greve 1971; Anderson 1974; Hirota 1974; (Madin 1988). The species has a wide distribution Larson 1986), sometimes including data on gut (Mortensen 1912), occurring in the Norwegian, contents (Fraser 1970; Anderson 1974; Larson Greenland, and Barents Seas, and abundance 1987). records from Frobisher Bay, Canada, indicate Unfortunately very few studies have presented that it may occur as a key organism in Arctic much quantitative information on the abundance planktonic ecosystems throughout the year (Percy and distribution of gelatinous zooplankton in the & Fife 1985; Percy 1989). In this paper we report open sea. We know that the species found in the results of feeding experiments on small and oligotrophic ocean waters are usually less abun- medium sized M. ovum,the aim of these experi- dant in numbers m-3 than those found in coastal ments being to elucidate the basic feeding waters. Harbison et al. (1978) found that cten- dynamics of the ctenophore. We also report our ophores were present in “abundance” (typically results on the distribution and quantitative abun- 1 to 40 animals per 1@m3 for three oceanic dance of both this species of ctenophore and its species) at 70% of their dive stations in the Sar- principal predator in the open Barents Sea, and gasso Sea. These were typical abundances; many we make an effort to consider the potential of the species reported did sporadically occur in importance M. ovum might have in this environ- local abundances as high as 1 m-3 even though ment. published zooplankton net records from those same areas gave no indication of their presence. Based on abundance data of gelatinous zooplankton collected within the Norwegian Pro- gram for Marine Arctic Ecology (Pro Mare), we consider one species of cydippid, Mertensia ovum, Methods to be of considerable ecological importance in the General Barents Sea. There are also predatory cteno- phores of the genus Beroe which are abundant Ctenophores were carefully quantitatively and may play a role in controlling the population removed from plankton hauls made during levels of M. ovum. There appear to be two forms research cruises on the vessels G.O. SARS and R/V or species of Beroe in the area; one, which we ENDEAVOR in the Barents Sea in May 1987 and believe to be B. gracilis, is rather pale, flaccid, July and August 1988. Fig. 1 depicts the general and a sluggish swimmer, while the other, B. cuc- study area and the cruise tracks. Detailed umis?. is firm and robust, often bright red, and descriptions of the general area and standard data swims quite rapidly. The latter form feeds on M. on CTD and chlorophyll have been reported else- ovum, from which it probably derives its red where (see Loeng et al. 1985; Skjoldal et al. pigmentation. 1986). Mertensia ovum in the Barents Sea SO9 Fig. 1. The investigated area and the tracks of the WV ENDEAVOR Cruise 182 (broken and solid lines) and the C.O. sARS cruise in July 1988 (dotted line). Collections of Mertensiu ovum for predation experiments were made at 34 stations on ENDEAVOR leg 2 (solid line) between 5 and 16 Augusl 1988. Collection and Measurement Gut contents Plankton samples were collected on all of these After collection and measurement, most of those cruises using either stratified oblique hauls Mertensia which were intact and which were not extending from the bottom to the surface with a used for experiments were used for gut content 1 m2MOCNESS (mesh size of 333 pm), or vertical analysis. Their gastric cavities were excised and hauls using a WP-2 net (100 cm diameter, 180 pm preserved in formaldehyde solution. These were mesh). As the Barents Sea is relatively shallow in then examined for identifiable remains under the many areas, not all hauls were of the same length. microscope in the laboratory. Ail the copepods Live specimens of Mertensia ovum and Beroe were measured, and, where possible, identified cucumis were removed from the net samples, to species and stage. counted, and measured for size and total biomass before any preservation or freezing. Estimates of Experimental methods dry weight and ash-free dry weight were obtained by using a published regression (Percy 1989) on Ctenophores were collected by divers on leg 2 of oral-aboral length.
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