Il Packaging Tradizionale Giapponese

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Il Packaging Tradizionale Giapponese Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Il packaging tradizionale giapponese Relatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Silvia Vesco Correlatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Sabrina Rastelli Laureanda Alice Misciagna Matricola 815746 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 INDICE 「日本の伝統パッケージ」 .................................................................................................................. i INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................................................... 1 CAPITOLO 1. Caratteristiche e materiali. ............................................................................................ 13 1.1 Legno (木 ki) .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Bambù (竹 take) ..................................................................................................................... 29 1.3 Bambù nano (笹 sasa) ........................................................................................................... 45 1.4 Paglia (藁 wara) ..................................................................................................................... 50 1.5 Ceramica (土 tsuchi) .............................................................................................................. 60 1.6 Carta (紙 kami) ...................................................................................................................... 76 Alcune tipologie di washi ............................................................................................... 88 1.7 Stoffa (布 nuno) ..................................................................................................................... 97 1.8 Altre tipologie di packaging tradizionale ............................................................................. 104 CAPITOLO 2. Packaging locali e stagionali. ..................................................................................... 107 2.1 Varianti locali ...................................................................................................................... 107 Kyōto ............................................................................................................................ 107 Tōkyō ........................................................................................................................... 111 Ōsaka ............................................................................................................................ 114 Altri esempi .................................................................................................................. 116 2.2 Packaging stagionali ............................................................................................................ 119 Nenjūgyōji 年中行事 .................................................................................................. 122 Primavera ..................................................................................................................... 125 Estate ............................................................................................................................ 127 Autunno ........................................................................................................................ 129 Inverno ......................................................................................................................... 131 CAPITOLO 3. La tradizione nella modernità. .................................................................................... 135 3.1 Materiali sintetici ed emulazione ......................................................................................... 137 3.2 Nuove tendenze del packaging contemporaneo ................................................................... 148 3.3 「もったいない」 “Mottainai” ........................................................................................ 159 CONCLUSIONI .................................................................................................................................. 167 GLOSSARIO DEI TERMINI GIAPPONESI ..................................................................................... 171 INDICE DELLE ILLUSTRAZIONI ................................................................................................... 179 RIFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI ..................................................................................................... 195 CARTINA GEOGRAFICA DEL GIAPPONE ................................................................................... 203 「日本の伝統パッケージ」 本論文は日本の伝統パッケージについて論じる。 このテーマに関心を持ったきっかけは岡秀行による『包む』という本である。そ の本に出会い、初めて「日本の伝統パッケージ」という称呼を知り、この興味深い 世界を掘り下げたいと思った。「パッケージ」といえば、現代社会でよく見られる お菓子などの商品力を強化するラッピングが頭に浮かぶが、日本の伝統的な包装は 現代の日本のパッケージとは全く異なる。 序論では、日本の伝統パッケージとはどのようなものかを調べた。「日本の伝統 パッケージ」とは、周辺地域の自然にある素材を使った、大量生産ではなく手作り の包装のことである。岡秀行によると、伝統的な包装はもともと、「必要は発明の 母」ということわざ通りに、手に入りやすい素材で作った、ただの必要度の包みだ ったという。このような包装は日常生活の知恵の結晶化であると言える。そして、 伝統パッケージは徐々に必要度の程度の包装から、美的感覚を持つ職人が手技の優 秀さを目指した包装へ移り変わった。機能美と装飾美を兼ねるこのような新しい包 装が、包装される内容物と同様に重要になった。 伝統パッケージには三つの要因が大きな影響を与えた。第一は、日本人独特の自 然観である。そのため、素材を尊重しながら各素材の持つ性質を巧みに活かすアプ ローチが日本の伝統パッケージの特徴である。第二は、浄と不浄という伝統的な価 値と反価値の論理である。包まれたものは価値があるもの、清らかなものである。 そのため、それは伝統的な包装に基本的な美の倫理として表われる。第三は、日本 人の価値観である。それぞれのものが同様に価値を持つとする日本人は、相手に対 する思いやりとして、つまらないものも丁寧に美しい包装で包むのである。 i 日本の伝統的な包装は贈り物と深い関係があるため、日本における贈答の習慣を 知る必要がある。そのため、手土産とお土産の習慣、贈答マナー、お祝いやお悔や みによる包み方の違い、お歳暮など通常に贈り物をする主な年中行事などを概説し た。特に「折形」という贈答の紙包みと結びの礼法を紹介した。 第一章では、日本の伝統パッケージの各素材の利用と、代表的な作品の特徴を検 討した。日本の伝統パッケージで使われている素材は主に木、竹、笹、藁、土、紙、 布である。木材は、柾目または板目を選ぶことで模様ができ、また、ヒノキやスギ などにおいのある木を使いにおいを中身にまで移すこと、多様な形を与えることが 可能である。餅など小さい食べ物を包むなど、木の葉まで使える。竹は節を切るだ けで液体のための容器や、細く切って笊を編むなど様々な利用ができる。竹の皮に も様々な使い方がある。笹は防腐と殺菌作用に加え、コレステロールの減少などの 効果もあるため、団子や餅を笹で包む習慣があり、現代まで使われてきた。藁は繊 維が強いしなやかなので、様々な場合に使われる。最も代表的な例が「卵つと」と いう包装である。卵を五つ藁に包んで、簡単に運んだり保存したりするための包み 方である。土のパッケージ(焼き物)は今でもよく使われているが、土を捏ねて、 形を決めて、火の力を介して壺などの入れ物を作ることは今も昔も魅力的である。 丈夫な土器が物を保存したり運んだりするため、昔から日常の生活になくてはなら なかったものである。和紙は天然の素材ではないが、日本人にとって和紙には自然 のイメージがある。なぜなら、心を和ませる風合いと、ほのぼのとした暖かさがあ るためである。布は、良く使われている風呂敷だけではなく、におい袋など、布で 作った包装が様々ある。珍しい素材を使ったパッケージもある。例えば、乾燥した いかで作った「いか徳利」や、パッケージそのものも真盛豆で作られ食べらること のできる「真盛豆」の包装などである。 第二章では、パッケージの地域的、また季節的な変化を調べた。京都、東京、大 阪からのパッケージをそれぞれ比較すると、やはり各地域の歴史に基づく違いがあ るため、それが具体的にどのような違いなのかを検討した。また、季節的な変化も ii 見られる。デザインだけではなく、四季それぞれに、その季節とイメージの結びつ く素材が使われる。例えば緑の竹は爽やかであり、夏を思い出す。 第三章では、伝統パッケージの衰退が見られる現代社会で、伝統的な包装が生き 残ることは可能かどうかを検討した。プラスチックなど合成素材が普及した現代日 本で伝統的な包装は消えつつある。しかし、現代の日本のパッケージの中にもやは り伝統パッケージの影響が残っている。合成素材を使い自然素材の見た目と特色を まねる現代のパッケージは、暗に伝統パッケージの美しさや優秀さをたたえている のではないだろうか。さらに最近、三宅一生や原研哉など有名なデザイナーによる 新しい動きが始まった。日本デザインの歴史や伝統的な技術という過去との関係を 保存しながら、新しくデザインをする彼らの創造的な試みでは、自然の素材を利用 する場合がある。それとともに、伝統的な包装と関係のある各地の伝統的工芸品産 業を振興する協会の誕生、デザイナーが伝統的な包装にヒントを得て作品をつくる 例なども見られる。また、2006年に小池元環境大臣が風呂敷について行ったプ ロジェクト「もったいない風呂敷」など、伝統的な包装の特色を求めるいろいろな 傾向がある。現代の日本では伝統的な包装の完全な復活はありえないが、伝統パッ ケージの影響はなくならないと考える。 最後に、結論として、伝統パッケージの魅力のポイントを述べた。伝統パッケー ジは日本の文化と深いつながりがあるからこそきわめて興味深いものであり、本論 文では日本人の目には当たり前に映る点を、外国人の視点から理解しようと試みた。 伝統的な包装を研究することによって、包みの優れた技術と質を改めて評価するだ けではなく、日本の包みがいかにその文化と伝統と結びついているかを理解し、示 すことができた。日本の伝統パッケージは日本の重要な文化遺産として考えられる べきものである。現代社会において、それらが持つ機能美、装飾美、自然観が現代 パッケージのインスピレーションになればと願う。 iii INTRODUZIONE Il Giappone oggi è molto diverso dal mondo rappresentato dal proprio packaging tradizionale. Quel mondo semplicemente non esiste più, eccetto forse in pochi luoghi inaccessibili e dimenticati. [...] Possiamo dunque condannarlo all'oblio senza nemmeno un canto funebre? Possiamo lasciarlo andare per sempre, senza nemmeno chiederci: “Se gli artigiani e i ‘designers’ del vecchio Giappone potevano creare una tale bellezza con i loro materiali, noi oggi dovremmo accettare la sconfitta di fronte a nuovi materiali e nuovi stili di vita?”1 Al viaggiatore che si inoltri in un negozio di Tōkyō verrà naturale, come è successo alla sottoscritta, meravigliarsi nel momento in cui il proprio acquisto – sia esso una saponetta, un asciugamano, o una fetta di torta – venga incartato da numerosi strati, adagiato nella confezione, coccolato. Alla sorpresa generata da questa delicata attenzione si è aggiunto il ricordo del fortuito incontro con un libro abbandonato in una calle veneziana in attesa del macero: Japanese Traditional Packaging, a cura di 岡秀行 Oka Hideyuki. Questo volume è un'altra piccola meraviglia: se ai giorni nostri è facile pensare come qualsiasi involucro possa diventare realtà grazie alle macchine che producono carta, plastica e innumerevoli altri materiali, che dire del packaging nato dalle mani di abili artigiani? È risaputo che il popolo giapponese ricerchi l’estetica anche nel quotidiano: un esempio presente a molti è la cucina, pensata per appagare vista, olfatto e gusto dell’altro. Si può ritrovare un’intenzione simile anche nelle molteplici forme di packaging tradizionale: pensate per appagare tatto e vista, ma allo stesso tempo intrise di funzionalità. Cosa si intende quindi per packaging tradizionale? Viene definito 日本の伝統パッケージ Nihon no dentō pakkēji, ovvero packaging tradizionale giapponese, un pacchetto o un contenitore creato con materiali naturali o derivati, senza l’ausilio di macchine per la produzione di massa. Questa etichetta è stata utilizzata per la prima volta da Oka Hideyuki nei suoi libri per porre l’accento sul loro aspetto folcloristico; grazie alla fortuna di queste pubblicazioni in Giappone e nel resto del mondo la denominazione di ‘packaging tradizionale giapponese’ si è diffusa di conseguenza2. 1 Oka Hideyuki, How to Wrap Five
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