Climate Ready Trees Report

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Climate- Ready Trees

Tree Species Selection Guidelines for the Albuquerque Metro Area Photo Credit: Jennie Trinkaus

Land Acknowledgment The Nature Conservancy is committed to creating, promoting, and perpetuating a narrative and future in which nature and people can thrive and coexist. Our mission must encompass inclusion, collaboration and support of the ancestral and current stewards of our natural systems.

We take this opportunity to acknowledge the ancestral homelands of the Indigenous peoples of the US Southwest that now comprise the 19 Pueblo communities, Fort Sill Apache, Jicarilla Apache, Mescalero Apache, Navajo Peoples in New Mexico and Ute Mountain Tribe in New Mexico.

We pay our respect to these traditional stewards, past, present and emerging, who have been the custodians of these lands and waters since time immemorial. Acknowledgments

The Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque project was made possible by a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation grant funded by Wells Fargo, as well as Nusenda Foundation, Avalon Trust, Enterprise Bank & Trust and other private donors. We would like to thank the resident arboriculture experts who assisted on this project: Amos Arber, Andrew Lisignoli, Carol Bada, Dr. George Koch, Hunter Ten Broeck, Jennifer Dann, Joran Viers, Judith Philips, Dr. Marisa Thompson, and Dr. William Pockman. Their contributions and enthusiasm for this project were invaluable. They engaged fully in the process and without them, this project would not have been possible. Special thanks to Jennifer Dann and Dr. Marisa Thompson for additional review and editing of this manuscript. Thank you to the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center for their support in developing The Nature Conservancy’s land acknowledgment in New Mexico.

How to Use This Document

The information in this document is intended to help practitioners make informed decisions for tree species selection.

Chapter 1 — Introduction This chapter outlines the context for Albuquerque’s trees “Our urban centers can be and the purpose of this project. viewed as bellwethers of our global environmental fate. Chapter 2 — Methodology Our success at meeting the challenges of protecting Chapter 2 details the projected climate models for biological diversity in urban mid- and end-of-century temperature and precipitation, including how the hardiness zone and frost-free days areas is a good measure of change over that time frame. It also includes a deep dive our commitment to protect into the criteria used to score a master list of species functioning ecosystems evaluated. worldwide. If we cannot act as responsible stewards in our own backyards, the long- Chapter 3 — Species Lists term prospects for biological This chapter provides a short description of the tree diversity in the rest of this characteristics, site characteristics and appropriate trees planet are grim indeed.” for each of seven example site conditions. -D.D. Murphy, 1988 Appendix A— Master List Appendix A provides a more detailed look at how each tree was scored on the master list of species evaluated. Additional information about each tree and our experts’ local knowledge is captured in the full spreadsheet.

Appendix B— Detailed Site Descriptions This appendix provides a more detailed description of six of the site locations and serves as a companion piece to the lists.

Cover Photo Credit: Roberto Rosales A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 3 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

Albuquerque is facing increasingly extreme resilient for the century to come. An alliance of climatic events, compounded by the city’s urban public agencies and non-profit organizations heat island (UHI) effect. As a large metropolis is addressing the tree stewardship and climate in an already arid environment, Albuquerque challenges. Each organization brings a unique urgently needs creative strategies to mitigate area of expertise and influence that is necessary and adapt to climate change. for a holistic and robust approach to meeting the needs of both the community and the Urban trees are a cost-effective, nature-based community forest. The alliance’s efforts have solution to mitigating climate change and built a strong foundation that has empowered improving the livability in cities and towns. the City of Albuquerque’s Mayor Keller to adopt Albuquerque’s estimated 1.5 million urban a goal to plant 100,000 trees by 2030, one tree trees are quietly benefitting human and wildlife for every child in Albuquerque. The Nature inhabitants, providing air and water pollution Conservancy’s role in this effort has been to removal, carbon sequestration, carbon storage, convene stakeholders and find science-based building energy savings, heat mitigation, solutions that use data and analysis to inform reduction of stormwater runoff, and improving projects and ensure long-term success. physical and physiological health and well- being for residents. Tree species selection is a critical piece of preparing for what is to come. Climate-ready Yet, the tree canopy in Albuquerque is rapidly tree species are those well-adapted to face declining. Poor tree species and planting site both present and future climatic challenges selection, limited capacity for proper tree care, such as heat, drought, extreme weather events, weak policies to protect mature trees, and tree and pests and pathogens.2 Best practices in canopy age are major factors in the decline. urban and community forest management Climate change is amplifying the UHI effects provide minimum recommended levels of with increasing temperatures and altered species and genera diversity to limit pest precipitation patterns, which will greatly affect and disease outbreaks and to ensure greater Albuquerque’s urban trees. Tree species that resiliency.2 Historically, resiliency is defined as practitioners have been planting for years are an ecosystem’s ability to resist damage and/or no longer viable options. Sun scorch, drought quickly recover from a disturbance event such stress, new pests, disease and other tree health as extreme heat, flooding, or invasive pests. For problems are increasingly prevalent. the purposes of this project, we are expanding The last major tree planting campaign in New that concept of resilience to also include climate Mexico took place nearly a century ago. Many change. of the largest shade trees in Albuquerque today are the Siberian elms (Ulmus pumila, Purpose now considered an invasive species) planted during that campaign that alone account for The purpose of the Climate-Ready Trees for 25% of Albuquerque’s canopy cover.1 Roughly Albuquerque project was to develop a list of 60% of Albuquerque’s trees are younger or urban adapted tree species that can survive smaller stature trees with a trunk diameter of both current conditions and the climatic six inches or less that contribute limited shade. challenges over the next century. While Albuquerque faces a crisis where a majority of several research studies have examined the the shade-producing tree canopy could be lost role of anthropogenic sources of change, like over the next decade. development, or more specifically impervious surface area3,4 as the cause for tree canopy The Nature Conservancy is part of a concerted decline, very little information exists on the effort in Albuquerque to reverse the tree canopy role climate change may play in impacting the decline by supporting thoughtful tree plantings viability and density of our community forests.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 4 Photo Credit: Roberto Rosales

This report is intended to serve as a guideline to • Inspire more people to plant increase the tree species diversity and resiliency trees and engage in The Nature of Albuquerque’s community forest. Outcomes Conservancy’s tree awareness and of this project and report: tree planting campaigns.

• Provide the first step in making the • Continue to foster community Albuquerque community forest stewardship of trees and guide more resilient to climate change, people to plant the right tree in the more specifically increasing right place at the right time. temperatures and decreasing precipitation. Chapter 2 of this report details the process used to develop the tree species lists found in • Provide a resource for use in tree Chapter 3. These tree species recommendations selection and site selection. may be utilized for residential, commercial, and municipal plantings. They are intended • Highlight the variety of trees as a starting point and should always be used available to help diversify our in conjunction with the Master List found future community forest. in Appendix A of this report, planting site • Encourage nursery industry characteristics, local expert knowledge, and partners to start planning for future applicable local or municipal tree ordinances. tree needs of their customers and introduce new species into the propagation pipeline.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 5 CHAPTER 2 - METHODOLOGY

The Nature Conservancy’s project lead invited Following the climate trend evaluation, the team local and regional experts from agencies, compiled a list of tree species anticipated to be universities, municipalities, and private well suited to the Albuquerque area. Climate- industry to serve on the Climate-Ready focused scoring criteria were developed by the Trees for Albuquerque project team. The team, and the master list of tree species were team of experts represented many different evaluated on these criteria and either eliminated backgrounds and interests to capture a wide or recommended for further consideration. breadth of tree related knowledge and best Those tree species identified as “climate-ready” communicate Albuquerque’s tree canopy needs. were categorized and further recommended A project process was developed following the based on their suitability for common planting framework outlined by Dr. Greg McPherson’s location types in Albuquerque. climate-ready trees research project evaluating potential street trees for Southern California.2 Evaluating Climate Trends This valuable foundational work was modified Climate-ready tree species are those that to best fit the team’s capacity and challenges of can be planted now and survive current cold Albuquerque’s unique high desert ecosystem, temperatures while thriving in a warming climate and to utilize publicly available data on a wide over the next 100 years. To understand those variety of regionally appropriate tree species. climatic changes, publicly available climate and The first step in the analysis was to evaluate precipitation projection data were used in this climate trends in the greater Albuquerque area. project’s analysis to understand future climate If planted in the right place and well cared for, conditions in Albuquerque. Data used were from many tree species can live 50 to 100 years or the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project more and must be able to tolerate changes in Phase 5 (CMIP5) from the Lawrence Livermore temperature and precipitation throughout their National Laboratory Program for Climate Model lives.

PROJECT PROCESS

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 6 Projected Maximum Temp: Model + UHI 115 2000 UHI 2099 UHI 105 103 2000 2099 95 92 F) F) ° 85

75 Temperature (

45 Oct Jan Feb July Nov Dec Aug May April Sept June March Figure 1. Projected daily average maximum temperatures for each month in 2000 and 2099. By end of century, projections show a 10o F increase in average maximum temperature, and a 15o F increase with currently known urban heat island (UHI) effects.

2 Projected Average Daily Precipitation

1.6

2000 1.2 2099

0.8

0.4 Average Daily Daily Average Precipitation (mm/day)

0 Oct Jan Feb July Nov Dec Aug May April Sept June March

Figure 2. Projected average daily precipitation for each month. Changes in seasonality, with drops in the spring, early fall, and mid-winter are shown, with annual precipitation projected to decline 0.83 inches over the century.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 7 5 Diagnosis and Intercomparison. Because Plant Hardiness Zones and Earth’s climate system is so complex, there is no Frost-Free Days computer powerful enough to model climate on a local scale. Statistical analysis, however, can The United States Department of Agriculture take large-scale data and accurately downscale (USDA) maintains a Plant Hardiness Zone climates to smaller areas. Bias-Correction Map based on the average annual extreme Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD)-CMIP5-climate- minimum temperature, divided into 5ºF zones. monthly statistically downscaled model Tree species are commonly categorized outputs from 39 global climate models were by plant hardiness zone for marketing and used to obtain the monthly temperature and recommendation purposes. precipitation data used in this analysis. Climate This project analyzed the projected change data used were those projected under the in Albuquerque plant hardiness zones from a highest greenhouse gas emissions scenario historical range (1986-2005) to 2099. Data were that assumes no major climate action is taken acquired from the State Climate Office of North in this century and business continues as usual Carolina Climate Voyager Tool, which uses (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs 8.5).5 statistical downscaling of 20 GCMs to project Temperature & Precipitation changes in climate and plant hardiness zones from 2020 to 2099. Temperatures from the year 2000 were compared to projected temperatures in the Zone changes from the Albuquerque year 2099. In Albuquerque, the UHI effect (a coordinates 35.1ºN 106.64ºW were utilized phenomenon that occurs when impervious in the tool. Outputs are provided in 20-year surfaces such as asphalt, concrete, buildings increments (2020-2039, 2040-2059, 2060- and other infrastructure absorb solar radiation 2079, 2080-2099) and were compared to during the day and re-emit it as infrared historical data. Projected temperatures under radiation throughout the day and night) causes the RCP8.5 emissions scenario were utilized for an average increase of 5oF during the day and the analyses to complement the temperature 8oF overnight.6 Some areas of the city are more and precipitation models. heavily impacted by the UHI due to green space For both plant hardiness and freezing days, inequality and near zero tree canopy. By end data from the highest likely outcome (97.5th of century, temperature projections show a percentile) was captured under the current, 10oF increase in average maximum monthly high emissions scenario. From 1986 to 2099, temperature and a 15oF increase with currently the plant hardiness zone is projected to change known UHI effects (Figure 1).6 for the greater Albuquerque area from a zone Projected precipitation data have more average of 7a to 9a (Figure 3). uncertainty than temperature data in Global The average number of days per year in which Climate Models (GCMs) because precipitation the temperature dips below 32oF in Albuquerque patterns are governed by small scale climate is projected to drop from 121 days to 88 days processes that require more computing power by 2099 (Figure 4). The average number of days to analyze than is currently available.7 Despite below 15oF is projected to drop from 6.3 days to this uncertainty, research has shown that 1.8 days by 2099. even if precipitation stays the same, risk of Southwestern decadal long droughts is high in the coming century.8 CMIP5 data projected a drop of 0.83 inches in annual precipitation by end of century (Figure 2).

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 8 Hardiness Zones

A B

Zone 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Figure 3. A) Historical USDA Plant Hardiness Zone for Albuquerque (7a). B) Projected USDA Plant Hardiness Zone for Albuquerque in 2099 (9a).

Frost-Free Days

A B

Figure 4. A) Historical average number of days with temperatures reaching below 32oF. B) Projected average number of days below 32oF in 2099.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 9 Identifying Promising Tree Species projected to further shift to zone 9a. Short-lived, fast-growing tree species The local and regional experts compiled a list of that are less heat adapted to end of tree species anticipated to be well suited to the the century climatic conditions can Albuquerque area, plus those that are commonly still be planted to help bolster the planted that were expected to do poorly. This tree canopy and become established was used as a check on the scoring process and to survive mid-century temperature criteria. When compiling the list of tree species extremes better. Likewise, a species’ for evaluation, the team extensively discussed need to tolerate cold will shift over whether tree species should be limited to century; some species analyzed native species (and native to where) or to also should not be planted until closer to include ornamental species and species that 2060 due to marginal cold tolerance. originate from other continents. The team The ideal tree species has heat and concluded that it would be best to evaluate tree cold tolerance both now and at end of species currently growing within the broadest century. definition of the Southwest, extending from Southern California through the four corners • Soil texture is the relative fineness or area to western Texas and northern Mexico. If coarseness of the inorganic, mineral species originated from other continents, they soil properties and determines were evaluated for non-invasive reproductive nutrient availability, drainage and properties or were labeled as potentially water storing ability, and oxygen invasive. availability. Albuquerque has a range of sandy to clay soils and some silt A total of 136 tree species were included in the soils, with loam being a mixture of master list for evaluation. This list is found in all three. The ideal tree species can Appendix A. tolerate all soil textures.

Developing Tree Species Scoring Criteria • Drought tolerance is determined by a plant’s physiological response Tree species evaluation criteria were refined to periods with minimal water through a series of meetings where the team availability. Ability to survive under of experts debated the merits and practicality local conditions indicates drought of multiple tree species characteristics. For tolerance and is different from a consistent analysis, it was important to have species’ general water needs. (For criterion data available for all tree species example, a tree species tolerant to evaluated. This reduced the available criteria, Missouri drought conditions may not as some of the characteristics considered had be tolerant to New Mexico drought limited data across tree species. conditions.) The ideal tree species The final tree species scoring criteria were is highly tolerant of Albuquerque extreme heat and cold tolerance, soil texture historic drought conditions. tolerance, and drought tolerance: Tree species received a numerical score for • Temperature tolerance is determined each of these criteria. The criteria descriptions by a plants’ physiological response and scoring method are shown in Table 1. The to periods of extreme heat or cold. data sources for each of the criteria are noted in Extreme temperature tolerance the master list in Appendix A. analysis was split into two criteria: before and after the year 2060. From 2020-2059, Albuquerque is projected to shift from current USDA plant hardiness zone 7a to zone 8b. Between 2060-2099, Albuquerque is

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 10 Evaluation Criteria Value Score

Extreme Heat Tolerance ≥ Zone 8 or up to 105oF +1 a Temperature ≤ Zone 7 or less than 105oF -1 Tolerance: (2020-2059) Cold Tolerance ≤ Zone 7 +1 b ≥ Zone 8 -1

Extreme Heat Tolerance ≥ Zone 9 or up to 120oF +1 c Temperature ≤ Zone 8 or less than 120oF -1 Tolerance: (2060-2099) Cold Tolerance If Zone 8 is included +1 d ≥ Zone 9 -1

Soil Texture Tolerance: Three or more types listed +1 sand, clay, loam, silt Two types listed 0 e One type listed -1

Drought Tolerance Yes or high tolerance +1 Medium or relative 0 f No to low tolerance -1

Total Score Sum a+b+c+d+e+f Table 1. Descriptions and scoring rubric for each criterion used to evaluate the master list of species identified by the expert panel.

Selecting Climate-Ready Tree Species

Following the first round of criteria scoring, the some of these challenges may be overcome team reviewed the results and made adjustments with the right siting and care. The full master to scoring based on local knowledge of tree list with all the scoring is included in Appendix species. Any changes are noted in the master A to allow readers to make informed decisions list (Appendix A). about tree selection and site characteristics. Fruit trees are presented separately because of The list was then split into tree species able to their overwhelming interest from residents and thrive in both the current and future projected the specific care needs that is often different climate (climate-ready), tree species not than a shade tree. climate-ready, and fruit tree species. The maximum score for climate readiness a species This tree species list will continue to evolve could receive was a 6; species with scores at as more is learned about each species in or above 4 were considered climate-ready, Albuquerque’s unique high desert ecosystem if those species satisfied the heat and cold and what characteristics drive success in an tolerance criterion. Trees that received a score urban setting. of less than 4 were not recommended. However, because this score is a combination of criterion, A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 11 Recommending Species by Planting Location Type

Even tree species identified as climate-ready will species, six common tree planting location suffer in a location that cannot meet its complex types were identified for Albuquerque. The physiological and spatial needs. Worse, well- team defined the characteristics of each performing trees are often removed because planting location type and the characteristics they have undesirable characteristics for the the trees need to perform well in that site. location (e.g., leaf litter that becomes a slip Detailed descriptions of these planting location hazard). Appendix A provides additional tree types can be found in Appendix B. species characteristics not included as scoring criteria that can help further select the “right The “Tree Owner’s Manual,” a free resource tree for the right place.” These characteristics provided online by the United States Department and their importance are summarized in Table of Agriculture Forest Service, supplies a simple 2. checklist to help think through tree species selection considerations. To help refine the tree species selection recommendations for the climate-ready tree

Additional Tree Species Characteristics Evaluated Flooding Tolerance Necessary to determine if the tree can survive short-term water inundation at collection points. Well-Drained Soil Should be considered in conjunction Requirement with soil texture tolerance. Allergens/Toxic Should be considered in both selection Parts of tree as well as site location of tree. Urban Compaction Should be considered if tree will be Tolerance planted in a parking strip or median. Pest/Disease Avoid trees with many current pests/ Susceptibility diseases as climate change will likely increase these threats. Management Understanding fruit and litter Requirements production or pruning needs will determine site location. Alkaline Soil Important for a tree to persist in Tolerance Albuquerque. Select only trees with tolerance. Branch Attachment Important so as to avoid hazards to Strength objects and people, particularly for municipal use. Edible Parts Important to consider for litter potential Table 2. Bonus columns of tree species characteristics available in Appendix A and for human or wildlife value. that can be used for further selection Attractiveness Important for landscaping decisions of the right tree in the right place. and public appeal such as flowering and These details can assist with narrowing down tree selection through specific fragrance. desired traits in addition to general site Supports Wildlife Important for ensuring urban diversity characteristics. Note that not all of this and health of beneficial insects and information is available for all of the species evaluated. animals.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 12 CHAPTER 3 - CLIMATE-READY TREES FOR ALBUQUERQUE

How to Use These Lists

The following tree species selection lists should only be used as a starting point when determining the right tree for the right place. They should always be used in conjunction with the Master List found in Appendix A of this report, planting site characteristics, local expert knowledge, and applicable local or municipal tree ordinances.

Finally, it is important that trees be planted correctly and all trees need additional irrigation during an establishment period, usually the first three years after planting. Please consult local resources for proper planting techniques and specific watering guidance.

Photo Credit: Roberto Rosales

Location Type 1 - Small Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) Features

Location Type 2 - Large Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) Features

Location Type 3 - Xeriscaped Public Recreation, Residential, or Commercial Places

Location Type 4 - Public Recreation, Residential, or Commercial Places

Location Type 5 - Streetscapes with Average Growing Area

Location Type 6 - Restricted Growing Area

Location Type 7 - Climate-Ready Fruit Trees

Photo Credit: Roberto Rosales

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 13 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 1 SMALL GREEN STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE (GSI) FEATURES

RECOMMENDED TREES SPECIES

Similar Restrictions to Location Type 5

Examples: Anthea Building, Southern Sandoval County Arroyo Flood Control Authority Main Office, and South 2nd St.

TREE CHARACTERISTICS

Mature Tree Height: Site Specific Right Tree, Right Place Inundation Compatible up to 96 Hours. Keeping mature size and other species characteristics Pollution Tolerant in mind, consider overhead and underground utilities, proximity to buildings and traffic, the users of the space and maintenance and upkeep.

Photo Credit: MRWM Landscape Architects A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 14 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 2 LARGE GREEN STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE (GSI) FEATURES

RECOMMENDED TREES

Celtis reticulata Netleaf Hackberry Cercis canadensis var. mexicana* Mexican Redbud* Cercis occidentalis* Western Redbud* Cercis reniformis* Oklahoma Redbud* Cercis canadensis var. texensis* Texas Redbud* Crataegus ambigua* Russian Hawthorn* Forestiera neomexicana New Mexico Privet Fraxinus cuspidata Fragrant Ash LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Gymnocladus dioica* Kentucky Coffeetree* Platanus mexicana Mexican Sycamore Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Lagerstroemia indica* Crape Myrtle* Maclura pomifera* Osage Orange* Low Points Collect Stormwater Runoff Pistacia chinensis Chinese Pistache Soil Decompacted to a Depth ≥ 18” Populus deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides var. wislizeni Rio Grande Cottonwood May Have Basins, Swales, or Infiltration Prosopis glandulosa* Honey Mesquite* Trenches Prosopis pubescens Screwbean Mesquite Quercus arizonica Arizona White Oak Examples: Southern Sandoval County Quercus ilex* Holly Oak* Arroyo Flood Control Authority Main Quercus muehlenbergii Chinkapin Oak Office landscaping, Pete Domenici Quercus suber* Cork Oak* Courthouse, and Smith Brasher Hall Quercus virginiana* Southern Live Oak* Salix gooddingii Goodding’s Willow Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii* Western Soapberry* Ulmus x ‘Morton’ Accolade™ Accolade Elm Ulmus x 'Frontier’ Frontier Elm TREE CHARACTERISTICS Ulmus parvifolia* Lacebark Elm* Taxodium mucronatum* Montezuma Cypress* Mature Tree Height: Site Specific Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova

Inundation Compatible ≤ 96 Hours * These species have further site specific needs outlined in Appendix A - Master List Pollution Tolerant

Right Tree, Right Place Keeping mature size and other species characteristics in mind, consider overhead and underground utilities, proximity to buildings and traffic, the users of the space and maintenance and upkeep.

Photo Credit: MRWM Landscape Architects

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 15 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 3 XERISCAPED AREAS

RECOMMENDED TREES

Arbutus xalapensis Texas Madrone Celtis reticulata Netleaf Hackberry Cercis canadensis var. mexicana Mexican Redbud Cercis reniformis Oklahoma Redbud Cercis canadensis var. texensis Texas Redbud Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar Chilopsis linearis Desert Willow Cotinus obovatus American Smoketree Forestiera neomexicana New Mexico Privet Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky Coffeetree Fraxinus cuspidata* Fragrant Ash* LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Juniperus deppeana* Alligator Juniper* Juniperus monosperma* One Seed Juniper* Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Juniperus virginiana* Eastern Red Cedar* Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Consider Existing Utilities Leucaena retusa* Goldenball Leadtree* Building Setback: Varies Maclura pomifera Osage Orange Parkinsonia x Cercidium* Palo Verde Hybrids* Consider Users Pinus eldarica Afghan Pine* Pinus pinea* Italian Stone Pine Xeriscaped or Low-Medium Irrigation Pistacia chinensis* Chinese Pistache* Prosopis glandulosa* Honey Mesquite* Examples: Plants of the Southwest, Prosopis velutina* Velvet Mesquite* Explora, High Desert Neighborhood Quercus arizonica Arizona White Oak Quercus fusiformis Escarpment Live Oak Quercus gravesii Chisos Red Oak Quercus ilex Holly Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Chinquapin Oak Quercus oblongifolia Blue Oak TREE CHARACTERISTICS Quercus suber* Cork Oak* Sapindus saponaria var.drummondii* Western Soapberry* Mature Tree Height: Site Specific Sophora secundiflora* Texas Mountain Laurel* Rhus lanceolata Prairie Flameleaf Sumac Water Needs: Low to Very Low Ulmus x ‘Morton’ Accolade™ Accolade Elm Ulmus x ‘Frontier’ Frontier Elm Ornamental and Large Trees Ulmus parvifolia* Lacebark Elm* Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree Wildlife or Pollinator Benefit Desired * These species have further site specific needs outlined in Appendix A - Master List

Photo Credit: ABCWUA

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 16 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 4 HIGHLY IRRIGATED AREAS RECOMMENDED TREES

Celtis reticulata Netleaf Hackberry Cercis canadensis var. mexicana Mexican Redbud Cercis reniformis Oklahoma Redbud Cercis canadensis var. texensis Texas Redbud Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar Forestiera neomexicana* New Mexico Privet* Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky Coffeetree Fraxinus cuspidata* Fragrant Ash* Juniperus deppeana* Alligator Juniper* Juniperus virginiana* Eastern Red Cedar* Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Maclura pomifera* Osage Orange* Pinus eldarica Afghan Pine Pinus pinea Italian Stone Pine Pistacia chinensis Chinese Pistache Platanus mexicana Mexican Sycamore Populus deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides var. wislizeni Rio Grande Cottonwood LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Prosopis pubescens* Screwbean Mesquite* Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Prunus mexicana Mexican Plum Quercus arizonica Arizona White Oak Consider Existing Utilities Quercus fusiformis Escarpment Live Oak Quercus gravesii Chisos Red Oak Consider Users Quercus ilex Holly Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Chinkapin Oak Building Setback: >10’ Quercus suber* Cork Oak* Quercus buckleyi Texas Red Oak Examples: UNM Golf Course, Mountain Quercus virginiana Southern Live Oak View Community Center, Ridgecrest Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii* Western Soapberry* Neighborhood, and Tiguex Park Sophora secundiflora Texas Mountain Laurel Rhus lanceolata Prairie Flameleaf Sumac Taxodium mucronatum* Montezuma Cypress* TREE CHARACTERISTICS Ulmus x ‘Morton’ Accolade™ Accolade Elm Ulmus x ‘Frontier’ Frontier Elm Mature Tree Height: Site Specific Ulmus parvifolia Lacebark Elm Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree Water Needs: High Irrigation Tolerant Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova Ornamental and Large Trees * These species have further site specific needs outlined in Appendix A - Wildlife or Pollinator Benefit Desired Master List

Photo Credit: ABCWUA

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 17 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 5 STREETSCAPES RECOMMENDED TREES

Arbutus xalapensis Texas Madrone Celtis reticulata Netleaf Hackberry Cercis canadensis var. mexicana Mexican Redbud Cercis reniformis Oklahoma Redbud Cercis canadensis var. texensis Texas Redbud Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar Chilopsis linearis Desert Willow Cotinus obovatus American Smoketree Crataegus ambigua Russian Hawthorn Forestiera neomexicana New Mexico Privet Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky Coffeetree Fraxinus cuspidata* Fragrant Ash* Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Leucaena retusa* Golden-ball Lead-tree* Maclura pomifera Osage Orange Parkinsonia x ‘Desert Museum’* Palo Verde hybrids* Pistacia chinensis* Chinese Pistache* Prosopis glandulosa* Honey Mesquite* Quercus arizonica Arizona White Oak Quercus fusiformis Escarpment Live Oak Quercus gravesii Chisos Red Oak Quercus ilex Holly Oak Quercus muehlenbergii Chinkapin Oak Quercus oblongifolia Blue Oak Quercus suber* Cork Oak* Quercus buckleyi Texas Red Oak Sapindus saponaria var.drummondii* Western Soapberry* Sophora secundiflora* Texas Mountain Laurel* Rhus lanceolata Prairie Flameleaf Sumac LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Ulmus x ‘Morton’ Accolade™ Accolade Elm Ulmus x ‘Frontier’ Frontier Elm Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Ulmus parvifolia* Lacebark Elm* Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree Soil Volume: Sufficient Zelkova serrata Japanese Zelkova

No Utility Conflicts * These species have further site specific needs outlined in Appendix A - Master List Building Setback: >10’

Consider Sidewalks, On-Street Parking, Bike Paths

Median or Parkway Width: ≥ 6’ Right Tree, Right Place

Examples: Menaul Blvd, Big I Medians, Keeping mature size and other species characteristics th th 12 and 4 St., Ridgecrest Neighborhood in mind, consider overhead and underground utilities, proximity to buildings and traffic, the users of the TREE CHARACTERISTICS space and maintenance and upkeep.

Mature Tree Height: Any

Low Litter Potential

Compacted Soil and Pollution Tolerant

Will Require Structural Pruning

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 18 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 6 RESTRICTED GROWING AREA

SUGGESTED TREES

LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Celtis reticulata Netleaf Hackberry Cercis canadensis var. mexicana Mexican Redbud Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud Cercis reniformis Oklahoma Redbud Soil Volume: Limited Cercis canadensis var. texensis Texas Redbud Fraxinus cuspidata Fragrant Ash Consider Existing Utilities Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Prosopis glandulosa Honey Mesquite Building Setback: <10’ Quercus oblongifolia Blue Oak

Sidewalks, on-street parking, bike paths

Median or Parkway Width: 4-6’ RECOMMENDATIONS Examples: Downtown Central Avenue and Silver Street The practice of planting trees in medians or parkways should be limited to Location Type 5 for sufficient soil volume to support the full size of a mature tree.

Medians or parkways 4-6’ wide can only provide sufficient TREE CHARACTERISTICS soil volume to support health trees if there are continuous, uncompacted strips of soil like soil vaults or suspended Mature Tree Height: <25’ pavement.

Low Root Damage Potential If the width is ≤4’, only plants that are <3’ wide at maturity should be planted. Low Litter Potential

Compacted Soil and Pollution Tolerant

Will Require Structural Pruning

Photo Credit: MRWM Landscape Architects A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 19 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque

LOCATION TYPE 7 FRUIT TREES

RECOMMENDED TREES

Diospyros texana Texas Persimmon Ficus carica ‘Mission’ Black Mission Fig Morus microphylaa* Little Leaf Mulberry* Pistacia vera Pistachio Punica granatum Pomegranate Ziziphus jujuba Jujube Cydonia oblonga Quince Diospyros kaki Japanese Persimmon LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS Juglans microcarpa Little Walnut Carya illinoinensis Pecan Follows “Right Tree in the Right Place” Prunus armeniaca Apricot Eriobotrya japonica* Loquat* Soil Volume: Sufficient * These species have further site specific needs outlined in Appendix A - No Utility Conflicts Master List

TREE CHARACTERISTICS

Mature Tree Height: Any

High Litter Potential

Fruit Producing

Requires Irrigation to Ensure Fruit Production

Photo Credit: Dr. Marisa Thompson

Photo Credit: Dr. Marisa Thompson A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 20 REFERENCES

1. Davey Resource Group. 2014. Community Forest Assessment: Albuquerque, New Mexico Project Area. https://www.itreetools.org/documents/398/ALB_Community_Forest_ Assessment_final_12.6.14.pdf

2. McPherson, E.G., A.M. Berry, and N.S. van Doorn. 2018. Performance Testing to Identify Climate-Ready Trees. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29: 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ufug.2017.09.003

3. Repetto, R. 2012. New Mexico’s Rising Economic Risks From Climate Change. Demos, New York, USA. https://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/UpdatedNMFullReport.pdf

4. Nowak, D.J. and E.J. Greenfield. 2012. Tree and Impervious Cover Changes in U.S. Cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11 (21-30). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.11.005

5. Reclamation. 2013. Downscaled CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Projections: Release of Downscaled CMIP5 Climate Projections, Comparison with Preceding Information, and Summary of User Needs. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation https://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_ cmip_projections/dcpInterface.html

6. Hurteau,S., R. Meier, S. Bassett, and T. Mayer. 2019. Evaluating Albuquerque’s Urban Heat Impacts. Albuquerque, New Mexico: The Nature Conservancy: New Mexico State Chapter.

7. Woldemeskel, F.M., A. Sharma, B. Sivakumar, and R. Mehrotra. 2015. Quantification of Precipitation and Temperature Uncertainties Simulated by CMIP3 and CMIP5 Models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere 121: 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023719

8. Ault, T.R., J.E. Cole, J.T. Overpeck, G.T. Pederson, and D.M. Meko. 2017. Assessing the Risk of Persistent Drought Using Climate Model Simulations and Paleoclimate Data. Journal of Climate 27: 7529-7549. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00282.1

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 21 Appendix A

This appendix provides a detailed look at how each tree species evaluated was scored, additional information about each species, and experts’ local knowledge on the species.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 22 Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque - Appendix A Master List

Extreme Temp Extreme Temp (2020-2059) (2060-2099) TOTAL Soil type Drought* USDA Hardiness TOTAL Common Name Tree Species Native Range a.) Heat b.) Cold a.) Heat b.) Cold HEAT 2019 Meeting Notes (Expert Comments) Zones SCORE SCORE Afghan Pine Pinus eldarica Pakistan/Russia 6,7,8,9 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Winning conifer Desert Southwest Arizona White Oak Quercus arizonica 3-9 (Utah State) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 No experience with this species. Looks good on scoring. (wildflower.org) Atlas Mountains of Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica Algeria and Morocco 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Never seen invasive nature (UFEI) Western Asia and Changed to much more drought tolerant. Cold tolerance Black Mission Fig Ficus carica Eastern Mediterranean 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 may be lower than indicated by the hardiness zone. (UFEI) Does very well in Amarillo and Las Cruces but haven't Cedar Elm Ulmus crassifolia north america (USDA) 6-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 worked here. Not much experience Chaste Tree Vitex agnus castus not native to NA (USDA) 7b-11 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Agree with scoring. Chinese Pistache Pistacia chinensis Central and West China 6b,7,8,9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 In danger of been overplanted. Maybe invasive? Chinquapin Oak Quercus muhlenbergii north america (USDA) 3-9A (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Agree with scoring. In Tuscan and Las Cruces A lot of water to get established, drought tolerant once not native to north Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 7-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 established. Does well in Las Cruces. Not invasive. Variety america (USDA) dependent issues? E Afghanistan, N Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodar Pakistan, North Central 7-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Joran loves this tree. Not invasive. India (UFEI) Desert Willow Chilopsis Linearis n Mex, s CA-TX 7b,8,9,10,11 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Good. Not good for windy places. Would not plant in place of TX Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis north america (USDA) 4b-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 or OK redbud. Protected understory trees. Desert factor not good. Issues with western cedar bore. Drought tolerance suspect Eastern Redcedar Juniperus virginiana north america (USDA) 2-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 due to all in parks with heavy watering. Escarpment Live Oak Quercus fusiformis Texas, Oklahoma 7,8,9,10 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Agree with scoring. Do not plant in winter. not native to north Gingko Gingko biloba 3-8a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Look into tree, may be more heat tolerant. Not invasive. america (USDA) TX, Northern Mexico Golden-ball Leadtree Leucaena retusa 7-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Going into the future, very good tree. Cold hardy now. (UFEI) Can be invasive (reseeds in yards in mulch). Agree on the Golden Rain Tree Koelreuteria paniculata Asia (UFEI) 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 drought and heat tolerance though. Attracts bugs, does nothing to the tree. Agree with scoring. Questioning whether it is a tree? Does Honey Mesquite Prosopis glandulosa SW US to N Mexico 6b,7,8,9 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 well in Cruces Italian Stone Pine Pinus pinea not native to NA (USDA) 7-11 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Love it! Not invasive! Concerned about invasiveness…it suckers so it needs to Jujube Zizyphus jujuba not native to NA (USDA) 6-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 be put in the right spot. Thicket forming? Cultavar forming? Otherwise agree with scoring. Still concerned about invasiveness maybe…not invasive in Lacebark/Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia not native to NA (USDA) 5b-10A (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 LA & Tuscan. Maybe not quite a 1 on the drought tolerance. OK, NM, AZ south Little Leaf Mulberry Morus microphylaa through MX 5 (TAMU) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Is the zone wrong? Think so it does well (wildflower.org) Mexican Elder Sambucus mexicana north america (USDA) 7b-10 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Agree with scoring. west of the Pecos River Mexican OK and TX redbud are all very similar. Good Mexican Redbud Cercis mexicana in TX into Nuevo Leon in 6b-8 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 trees, not sure about specific species differences. Good MX (wildflower.org) street trees? Mexican Sycamore Platanus mexicana Eastern US (UFEI) 4-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 No experience with this. Seems like a good one? New Mexico Olive Forestiera Neomexicana NM, CO, AZ, CA 5,6,7,8,9 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Yes!! Oklahoma Redbud Cercis reniformis SW US and Eastern US 6b,7,8,9a 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 west TX to SE CO & AZ One-seed Juniper Juniperus monosperma 6 (TAMU) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Pollen ordinance. USDA hardiness wrong? (wildflower.org) Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque - Appendix A Master List

Extreme Temp Extreme Temp (2020-2059) (2060-2099) TOTAL Soil type Drought* USDA Hardiness TOTAL Common Name Tree Species Native Range a.) Heat b.) Cold a.) Heat b.) Cold HEAT 2019 Meeting Notes (Expert Comments) Zones SCORE SCORE Does alright in Bosque and Robinson park. Tree is liked. Osage Orange Maclura pomifera north america (USDA) 5-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Does well in Las Cruces hybrid of trees found in the sonoran and Palo Verde hybrids Parkinsonia x Cerdcidium 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Parkinsonia species. Cold tolerant 2040 and on. chihuahuan deserts (UFEI) Does well in parks and courtyards (very messy tree). No Persian Silk Tree/ not native to north Albizia julibrissin 6b-9b (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 known data that it is non-invasive (self seeds in Las Mimosa america (USDA) Cruces?) Fruiting in Socorro. Protection from cold is necessary. not native to north Pistachio Pistacia vera 7-11 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Good one for the city. Drought tolerance may be scored on america (UFEI) fruit production. Iran and the Himalayas Cold tolerant if in protected spots. Not going to be issue in Pomegranate Punica granatum 8-10 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 (UFEI) future. Non-invasive Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila 5,6,7,8,9 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 INVASIVE. NOT RECOMMENDED. Drought tolerance potentially not correct? Needs research. Southern Live Oak Quercus virginiana north america (USDA) 7b-10b (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Have been seen in Marfa, TX doing well Texas Persimmon Diospyros texana north america (USDA) 7-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Seems good. Texas Red Oak Quercus texana N central and central TX 5b,6,7,8,9a 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 More drought tolerant Texas Redbud Cercis texicana southwestern US (USDA) 5-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Potentially not cold tolerant but very good tree overall. Tx. Mt. Laurel Sophora secundiflora north america (USDA) 7b-10a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Agree with scoring Sapindus saponaria var. Western Soapberry north america (USDA) 6-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 Like the tree and agree with scoring drummondii not native to north INVASIVE. Allergy and overplanting issue. Does very well. White Mulberry Morus alba 3b-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 america (USDA) Toughest tree in the world. Has habitat value. Seems to be cold tolerant in current temperature. Agree Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria north america (USDA) 7-9(USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 this is a good tree. Courtyard or south facing area. American Elm Ulmus americana north america (USDA) 2-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Dropped drought tolerance. Found in Roswell Chlorotic issues. Tends to be in lawns and parks with lots American Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua north america (USDA) 5b-10a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 of water. Maybe does not tolerate alkaline soils? Arizona Cypress Cupressus arizonica north america (USDA) 7-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 5 Banned for pollen by the city. Not recommended though. Survive in Tuscan and over Cherry Plum Prunus cerastifera Asia (UFEI) 5-8 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 planted. Prone to pests. W TX to AZ, Mexico Check on future heat tolerance to be sure. Potentially less Fragrant Ash Fraxinus cuspidata 7 (TAMU) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 (wildflower.org) prone to pests than other fraxinus. Hybrid created in the US Frontier Elm Ulmus frontier 5 (OSU) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 (OSU) A lot of pest and disease issues. Overplanting issues. Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica north america (USDA) 3-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Drought stress. Western Mediterranean Drought tolerance score was inaccurate. Potentially not Holly Oak Quercus ilex 7-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 (UFEI) cold tolerant now. not native to north Very limited experience. But some anecdotal word that it Japanese Persimmon Diospyros kaki 7-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 america (USDA) does well here? not native to north Comparable to elm? Could probably take future extreme Japanese Zelkova Zelkova serrata 5-8 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 america (USDA) heat. W OK, KS and TX to SE Little Walnut Juglans microcarpa 7 (OSU) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 No consensus NM (wildflower.org) Mexican Plum Prunus mexicana US (UFEI) 6-8 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Pest issues. In Tuscan. Wide not tall. Netleaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata California (UFEI) 3-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 5 Wonderful non-native; East, South, No Bradford pear. Has water addiction problems. Not good Ornamental Pear Pyrus calleryana 5,6,7,8,9a 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 West US in hot and windy. Could be invasive. Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque - Appendix A Master List

Extreme Temp Extreme Temp (2020-2059) (2060-2099) TOTAL Soil type Drought* USDA Hardiness TOTAL Common Name Tree Species Native Range a.) Heat b.) Cold a.) Heat b.) Cold HEAT 2019 Meeting Notes (Expert Comments) Zones SCORE SCORE 6 in Los Lunas growing for 10 years with no water (doing Quince Cydonii SW Asia (UFEI) 5-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 great! 15'). Changed drought tolerance (is it really low tolerance) W TX to S CA, Coahuila Screwbean Mesquite Prosopis pubescens to Baja CA 7 (TAMU) 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 5 (wildflower.org) Shumard Oak Quercus shumardii north america (USDA) 5b-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Hard time growing here. Southern Waxmyrtle Morella cerifera north america (USDA) 7b-11 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 May not be a "tree". Experimental. A lot of pest and disease issues. Overplanting issues. Texas Ash Fraxinus tex….. north america (USDA) 5-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Drought stress. Western Redbud Cercis occidentalis CA, AZ, UT (USDA) 6-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 A lot of pest and disease issues. Overplanting issues. White Ash Fraxinus americana north america (USDA) 3-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 0 5 Drought stress. Apricot Prunus armeniaca Armenia (UFEI) 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 4 Agree with scoring Unsure about the heat tolerance. Jimmy Z says "bad heat Crabapple tree Malus Western Asia (UFEI) 3-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 scorch in Las Cruces Canada; US Mid-W, SW, Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 4 Agree with scoring on this one. Eastern Sequoiadendron Giant Sequoia california (UFEI) 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 Changed drought tolerance to lower giganteum not native to north Golden Weeping Willow Salix trista 3-10 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 Not invasive. Agree with scoring. america (UFEI) Potentially invasive under high water conditions? not native to north London Plane Tree Platanus x acerfolia 5-9a (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 Overplanted and disease prone and insect prone. Agree america (USDA) with scoring. South Coastal TX and Montezuma Cypress Taxodium mucronatum 6-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 Dropped drought score. Bag worms issue MX (UFEI) Grown in Hatch. Good on temp tolerance. Great landscape south central north Pecan Carya illinoinesis 5-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 4 trees but will not produce fruit under water stress. A lot of america (UFEI) water to establish and grow well? Gets chlorotic easily. Needs cool and wet. Does it really Red Maple Acer rubrum north america (USDA) 4-9 (USDA) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 get to a 9? Not heat tolerant in desert conditions. Populus deltoides var. Southern North America Agree with heat cold scoring. Changed drought tolerance Rio Grande Cottonwood 3-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 4 wislizeni (UFEI) socring. San Joaquin/ Gooding No experience with this species. Good in heat but could Salix gooddingii SW US (UFEI) 6-10 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 1 -1 4 Willow suffer from drought tolerance. Gleditsia tricanthos E TX to E SD, to MS & Thornless Honey Locust 4-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 4 Good on scoring. Pest issues though to be considered. inermis OH (wildflower.org) Hybrid created in the US Accolade Elm Ulmus acolade 4-9 (UMN) 1 1 1 1 4 -1 0 3 Doing well in parks and planted in Las Cruces. (UMN) Does well in protected spots from cold. Needs lots of Southern Magnolia Magnolia spp. SE US (UFEI) 7-9 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 -1 3 water. Needs to add a desert factor. Usually an understory Water Birch Betula occidentalis Western US (UFEI) 5-10 (UFEI) 1 1 1 1 4 0 -1 3 riparian tree. Potentially too low humidity for it to survive here. Don't look good here, hammered by leaf hoppers. Not Arizona Sycamore Platanus wrightii Arizona (UFEI) 7-11 (ASU) 1 1 1 1 4 -1 -1 2 drought tolerant. Alligator Juniper Juniperus deppeana north america (USDA) 7-9 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Not heat tolerant for future Not really recommended (big thorns etc) Can Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia north america (USDA) 4-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 sucker/invade and a good bee forage plant. But not heat tolerant in the future. Branches break easily Leaves can burn up because they are big. Huge seedling Burr Oak Quercus macrocarpa north america (USDA) 3-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 variability. Cannot take extreme heat in future and not drought tolerant. Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque - Appendix A Master List

Extreme Temp Extreme Temp (2020-2059) (2060-2099) TOTAL Soil type Drought* USDA Hardiness TOTAL Common Name Tree Species Native Range a.) Heat b.) Cold a.) Heat b.) Cold HEAT 2019 Meeting Notes (Expert Comments) Zones SCORE SCORE Western Mediterranean Cork Oak Quercus subur 8-10(UFEI) 1 -1 1 1 2 1 1 4 Suffering from cold now. Should be good in the future. and North Africa (UFEI) not native to north English Oak Quercus robur 5-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Not invasive. Scoring is correct america ((USDA) not native to north Japanese Black Pine Pinus thunbergiana 6-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Not invasive. Not great but not awful either. america (USDA) Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus diocus Midwest/Upper South NA 3b,4,5,6,7,8 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Scoring looks good Maybe more heat tolerant than ours but need to look into Mexican Pinyon Pine Pinus cembroides north america (USDA) 5b-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 it? Look into recommended Tuscan list? Modesto Ash Fraxinus velutina north america (USDA) 7-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Not a good tree. NOT RECOMMENDED Northern Catalpa Catalpa speciosa Central US (UFEI) 4-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Severe dieback, it survives but doesn't look good. Not tolerant of future heat. Also does not grow that tall right Praire Flameleaf Sumac Rhus lanceolata north america (USDA) 6b-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 now so might not be tree like in the future Fraxinus augustifolia Raywood Ash 5,6,7,8 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 Pest and disease prone. oxycarpa SE Russia, Turkey, Iran Not invasive. Maybe not good in the future heat but now it Russian Hawthorn Crataegus ambigua 4-6 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 (UFEI) is heat tolerant. Not much experience. Good in the future. Could be Shoestring Acacia Acacia steophylla Australia (UFEI) 8 - 11 (UFEI) 1 -1 1 1 2 1 1 4 invasive? not native to north Seems to be a higher heat tolerance? Not invasive. Smoketree Cotinus coggygria 5b-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 america (USDA) Maybe look at Cotinus americana as an additional score. Hybrid created in the US Triumph Elm Ulmus triumph 4-7 (UMN) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 4 (UMN) Good heat tolerance now. But not good in the future. Agree Box Elder Acer negundo north america (USDA) 3-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 with the scoring. Dropped drought tolerance. Not cold hardy here now but potentially could be very good Loquat Eribotrya japonica china and japan (USDA) 8a-11 (USDA) 1 -1 1 1 2 1 0 3 in the future. Not invasive Metasequoia not native to north Not invasive. Deciduous. Not good in the future and not Dawn Redwood 5-8 (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 glyptostroboides america (USDA) drought tolerant Mediterranean Region Black Pine Pinus nigra 5-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 Rated about right. Dropped drought tolerance (UFEI) not native to north Scotch Pine Pinus sylvestris 3-8a (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 Dropped drought tolerance america (USDA) Wild Plum Prunus spp. North America (UFEI) 3-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 Maybe not tall enough. Suckers a lot Black Chokecherry Prunus virginiana var Change to native with native range. Not a good tree for Eurasia (NRCS) 3-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 (Western Variety) melomacarpa heat. Does well in Lubbock but not good in extreme future American Southwest Gambel Oak Quercus gambelii 4-7 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 0 1 3 unsure about future heat tolerance (UFEI) Pest and disease resistant. Could take extreme heat (? Japanese Pagoda Tree Styphnolobium japonicum not native to NA (USDA) 5-8A (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 This needs to be looked into) and drop down the drought tolerance. Not invasive Japanese Elm Ulmus davidiana Japan, NE Asia (UFEI) 3a (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 0 3 Not invasive. Potentially handles heat if the right seed source and roots Bigtooth Maple Acer grandidentatum Rocky Mountains (UFEI) 4-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 0 0 2 are kept cool Impossible to grow in commercial areas. Does very well Texas Madrone Arbutus xalapensis W Texas and NM (UFEI)) 7-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 -1 2 with everything but may never get planted. AZ, NM, Northern Mexico Arizona Walnut Juglans major 6-7 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 0 0 2 No concensus on future heat tolerance (UFEI) North Japanese Hill Prunus sergentii Japan (UFL) 5a-8a (UFL) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 -1 2 Not Invasive. Dropped drought tolerance. Cherry not native to north Should not be on this list. Pest and water issue. NOT Corkscrew Willow Salix matsudana 4b-8a (USDA) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 -1 2 america (USDA) RECOMMENDED Climate-Ready Trees for Albuquerque - Appendix A Master List

Extreme Temp Extreme Temp (2020-2059) (2060-2099) TOTAL Soil type Drought* USDA Hardiness TOTAL Common Name Tree Species Native Range a.) Heat b.) Cold a.) Heat b.) Cold HEAT 2019 Meeting Notes (Expert Comments) Zones SCORE SCORE Northern Coastal CA Western Redcedar Thuja occidentalis 6-8 (UFEI) 1 1 -1 1 2 1 -1 2 Get this one rescored with update species (UFEI) not native to north Not much known about this tree. Potentially more heat Hardy Rubber Tree Eucommia ulmoides 4b-7 (USDA) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 1 2 america (USDA) tolerant now mexico, sonoran desert Cold tolerance is an issue now, may be an issue in the Palo Blanco Mariosousa willardiana 9-11 (UFEI) 1 -1 1 -1 0 1 1 2 (UFEI) future with extreme cold events Pacific Willow Salix lucida 6? -1 1 -1 1 0 1 1 2 lack of data Southern Europe Heat is a big issue. Won't do well in future heat. Not Bosnian Pine Pinus heldreichii 4-8 (Arkansas) 1 1 -1 1 2 -1 0 1 (Arkansas) invasive Extreme SW NM, SE Hardiness zone is wrong? Should be much more heat Blue Oak Quercus obliongifolia Arizona, N Mexico 7 (TAMU) 1 1 -1 1 2 -1 0 1 tolerant. (wildflower.org) Tartarian "Hot Wing" SE Europe and W Asia Handles heat well now but may not do very well in the Acer tartarica 3-8 (UFEI) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 Maple (UFEI) future. C Tx to SE NM and W Pinchot's Juniper Juniperus pinchotii 7 (TAMU) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 Same as One seed juniper essentially OK (wildflower.org) Rocky Mountain Juniper Juniperus scopulorum north america (USDA) 4-9a (USDA) -1 1 -1 1 0 0 1 1 Heat problems now Two-Needle Pinyon Pinus edullis Western US (UFEI) 4-8 (UFEI) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 Not heat or drought tolerant now Limber Pine Pinus flexilus north america (USDA) 4-7a (USDA) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 mountains of the trans- Pecos, TX west to AZ, Southwestern White Pinus strobiformus 6 (TAMU) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 south to central Mexico (wildflower.org) Chisos Red Oak Quercus gravesii Texas (TAMU) 7 (TAMU) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 0 1 Don't know much about this tree species Autumn Blaze Red Danger Danger not good now. Desert factor of soil and Acer fremonii north america (USDA) 3-8 (UFEI) -1 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 0 Maple light intensity and dropped drought. Ponderosa Pine Pinus ponderosa 3,4,5,6,7 -1 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 0 Narrowleaf Cottonwood Populus angustifolia West and SW US 3,4,5,6,7 -1 1 -1 1 0 1 -1 0 Velvet Mesquite Prosopis velutina AZ, TX, NM (UFEI) 9-11 (ASU) 1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 1 0 Issue with cold tolerance Europe and Northern Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare 4 (Uconn) -1 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 -1 Shrub? Weird hardiness rating. Africa (Uconn) CO, NM, AZ, NV, CA Change the soil type. But can't recommend with heat Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristada 4 (OSU) -1 1 -1 1 0 -1 -1 -2 (wildflower.org) tolerance Acacia syn Senegalia S & W Texas to SE CA 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 Catclaw Acacia Eliminated because <10' greggii (wildflower.org) (TAMU) Single Leaf Ash Fraxinus anomala Eliminated because <10' Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus Eliminated because <10' high elevation riparian Lanceleaf Cottonwood Populus acuminata 0 -1 No good data source tree (UFEI) West Texas into Mexico Mexican White Oak Quercus polymorphii -1 1 No good data source (Austin)

(UFEI) = Urban Forest Ecosystem Institute (USDA) = USFS Fact Sheet Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

phloem necrosis, regular pruning Accolade Elm Ulmus acolade Hybrid created in the occasional bred to be urban tree well-drained soils wetwood, wilts, rots, and spraying US (UMN) flooding (UMN) (UMN) (UMN) cankers, leaf spots (UMN) (UMN) fall foliage (UMN) Afghan Pine Pinus eldarica Pakistan/Russia

recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip Alligator Juniper Juniperus deppeana plantings in the highway; reclamation plant; screen; north america specimen; no proven well drained soils strong branches (USDA)) urban tolerance (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) very sensitive to one or more pests or diseases low biogenic attracts birds and American Elm Ulmus americana tolerant of common street tree, which can affect tree emissions, squirrels, north america extended beware of pests and well-drained health and aesthetics allergy health dry fruit causes medium weak desirable wildlife (USDA) flooding (USDA) diseases (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) hazard (UFEI) litter (UFEI) (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) plant (UFEI) bagworm, fall webworms, leaf miner, cottony- cushion scale, sweetgum American Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua scale, walnut scale, tent dry fruit, twigs birds, squirrels extended caterpillars, cankers, leaf and leaves unique start and other north america flooding tolerant residential street tree slightly alkaline well-drained spots, leader dieback cause significant shaped leaves mammals (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA)` litter (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) Aphids, Beetle Borers, Scales and Thrip, Brown Rot, Canker, Crown Rot, Apricot Prunus armeniaca Gummosis, Armillaria, Powdery Mildew, Root highly alkaline Rot, Rust, Sooty Mold Armenia (UFEI) soils (UFEI) and Verticillium (UFEI) north america well-drained bagworms, juniper blight, Arizona Cypress Cupressus arizonica (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) stem canker (USDA) medium (USDA) native habitat along streams Arizona Sycamore Platanus wrightii and moist, rocky canyons urban parks and green Arizona (UFEI) (wildflower.org) spaces (ASU) anthracnose (ASU) neutral to highly Arizona Walnut Juglans major AZ, NM, Northern alkaline soil allergy health dry fruit litter medium strong birds, squirrels Mexico (UFEI) (UFEI) aphids, sooty mold (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) nut (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) (UFEI)

attracts birds and Arizona White Oak Quercus arizonica Desert Southwest ornamental plant other wildlife (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) Atlas Mountains of Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica Algeria and Morocco slightly alkaline phytophthora, root rot and dry fruit litter fragrant bark and (UFEI) (UFEI) sooty mold (UFEI) (UFEI) medium (UFEI) leaf (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

locust borer, carpetworm, birds, squirrels Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia locust leaf miner, scales, and other north america well drained soils canker, leaf spot, requires pruning fragrant, white mammals (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) powdery mildew (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) flowers (USDA) (USDA) highly acidic to highly alkaline medium strength Western Asia and soil (Urban invasive shot hole borer, irritant health branches (Urban birds and bees Black Mission Fig Ficus carica Eastern Forest canker, fusarium, hazard, biogenic Forest (Urban Forest Mediterranean Ecosystem armillaria, root rot and emissions high Ecosystem edible fruits Ecosystem (UFEI) Institute) virus (UFEI) (UFEI) wet fruit (UFEI) Institute) (UFEI) Institute) Mediterranean successful urban tree slightly alkaline allergy health dry fruit litter squirrels, birds Pinus nigra Black Pine Region (UFEI) (USDA) (UFEI) aphids, armillaria (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) medium (UFEI) (UFEI) acorns and Extreme SW NM, SE leaves cause Blue Oak Quercus obliongifolia Arizona, N Mexico litter Attracts deer (wildflower.org) alkaline (TAMU) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) Southern Europe alkaline ornamental pine Bosnian Pine Pinus heldreichii (Arkansas) (Arkansas) diplodia blight (Arkansas) (Arkansas) fruit, twigs and can tolerate very sensitive to one or foliage can squirrels and Box Elder Acer negundo north america extended well drained more pests or diesases cause significant other mammals (USDA) flooding (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) litter (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) CO, NM, AZ, NV, CA Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristada (wildflower.org) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

large parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the Burr Oak Quercus macrocarpa highway; shade tree; specimen; residential street tree; tree has been successfully grown in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or squirrels and north america drought are common well drained soils fall foliage othe rmammals (USDA) yes (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) caliche type, well-drained Acacia syn Senegalia Catclaw Acacia sandy or rocky fragrant pale greggii S & W Texas to SE likes deep, alkali soils Catclaw Honey white flowers CA (wildflower.org) sand (TAMU) (wildflower.org) Is thorny (TAMU) (wildflower.org) (TAMU) goats (TAMU) elm leaf beetles, aphids, Cedar Elm Ulmus crassifolia north america can tolerate poor well-drained dutch elm diesease, requires pruning fall foliage (USDA) drainage (USDA) good urban tree (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) powdery mildew (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) medium to lavender, Chaste Tree Vitex agnus castus not native to NA well drained soils leaf spot and root rot requires pruning medium strong fragrant flowers (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) aphids, beetle borers, caterpillars and scales, Cherry Plum Prunus cerastifera well-drained armillaria, canker, leaf flowers and wet showy pink birds and bees Asia (UFEI) (UFEI) spot (UFEI) fruit litter (UFEI) medium (UFEI) flowers (UFEI) (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

large parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot islands (100- 200 square feet in size); medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip Central and West Chinese pistache Pistacia chinensis plantings in the highway; China near a deck or patio; reclamation plant; shade tree; specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; tree has been requires pruning successfully grown in to develop a urban areas where air strong structure, pollution, poor drainage, fruit, twigs and compacted soil, and/or foliage cause drought are common alkaline soils well drained soils significant litter strong branches showy, red yes (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) flowers (USDA) medium to squirrels and Chinquapin Oak Quercus muhlenbergii north america well drained soils requires pruning medium strong fall foliage othe rmammals (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) acorns and deer, birds, leaves cause squirrels and Quercus gravesii litter fall foliage other mammals Chisos Red Oak Texas (TAMU) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) allergy and poisonous health hazard, high desirable wildlife Cork Oak Quercus subur Western invasive shot hole borer, biogenic bark is source of plant, attracts Mediterranean and residential street tree slightly alkaline armillaria, phytophthora emissions dry fruit causes commercial cork birds and North Africa (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) and root rot (UFEI) (UFEI) litter (UFEI) strong (UFEI) (UFEI) squirrels (UFEI) aphids, gypsy moth, willow leaf beetles, lace bugs, poplar and willow requires pruning, Corkscrew Willow Salix matsudana borer, crown gall, willow fruit, twigs and scab, black canker, leaf foliage cause not native to north occasionally wet well-drained spots, powdery mildew, significant litter fall foliage america (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) rust, tar spots (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) aphids, beetle borers, coddling moths and psyllid, armillaria, brown Crabapple tree Malus rot, canaker, crown rot, fragrant showy bees, squirrels, occasional highly alkaline powdery mildew, scab allergy health requires pruning medium strong flowers, fruit is deer, birds Western Asia (UFEI) flooding (USDA) good urban tree (USDA) (UFEI) and sooty mold (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (USDA) (UFEI) fruit (UFEI) edible (UFEI) (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

Branch Flooding Urban compaction Alkaline Soil Well-drained Pests/disease Allergens/ attachment Fragrance, Supports Common Name Tree Species Native Range Maintenance Edible parts tolerant tolerance Tolerant soil susceptibility Toxic parts strength/ prone blooms, color wildlife to breakage highly recommended for Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica not native to north planting in urban and well-drained aphids, powdery mildew, america (USDA) suburban areas (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) leaf spots (USDA) extended Metasequoia Dawn Redwood not native to north flooding tolerant residential street tree well-drained dry fruit causes glyptostroboides america (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) canker (USDA) litter (UFEI) medium (UFEI) E Afghanistan, N beetle borers, armillaria, Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodar Pakistan, North highly alkaline phytophthora, root rot, allergy health dry fruit litter Central India (UFEI) (UFEI) sooty mold (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) medium (UFEI) squirrels (UFEI) Desert Willow Chilopsis Linearis n Mex, s CA-TX yes Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides Canada; US Mid-W, Syes north america residential street tree well-drained borers, scale insects, requires pruning fall foliage Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) webworm (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) bagworm caterpillars, juniper scale, juniper Eastern Redcedar Juniperus virginiana north america well-drained webworm, mites, twig allergy health fragrant bark (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) blight, rust, ice (USDA) hazard (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) birds (USDA) very sensitive to one or fruit, twigs and more pests or diseases foliage cause squirrels and English Oak Quercus robur not native to north residential street tree well-drained which can affect tree significant litter fall foliage other mammals america (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) health and aesthetics (USDA) strong (USDA) ((USDA) (USDA) Escarpment Live Quercus fusiformis Texas, Oklahoma Oak yes fragrant ornamental Fragrant Ash Fraxinus cuspidata W TX to AZ, Mexico blooms butterflies, birds (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org)

tolerant of Frontier Elm Ulmus frontier Hybrid created in the occasional bred to be street tree alkaline soil well-drained varied leaf shape US (OSU) flooding (Cornell) (Cornell) (Cornell) (Cornell) (Cornell) beetle borers, caterpillars, insect galls and scales, Gambel Oak Quercus gambelii slightly acidic to armillaria, crown rot, allergy and medium to birds, squirrels, American Southwest highly alkaline mistletoe and root rot poisonous health medium strong deer, other (UFEI) no (UFEI) soils (UFEI) (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) dry fruit (UFEI) (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) wildlife (UFEI) carpenter ant, annosus moderate Sequoiadendron root disease, armillaria, biogenic Giant Sequoia giganteum slightly alkaline phytophthora root rot emissions dry fruit causes largest living attracts birds and california (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) litter (UFEI) strong (UFEI) organism (UFEI) squirrels (UFEI) fruit, twigs and foliage cause pleasant Gingko Gingko biloba not native to north adapted for use as a well-drained significant litter fragrance, showy america (USDA) street tree (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) medium (USDA) leaves (USDA) recommended for buffer dry fruit, twigs weak (Urban strips around parking lots and leaves Forest Golden-ball Leadtree Leucaena retusa TX, Northern Mexico or for median strip well-drained cause litter Ecosystems showy yellow (UFEI) plantings (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (UFEI) Institute flowers (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

; large parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot islands (100- 200 square feet in size); medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); Italian Stone Pine Pinus pinea recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; screen; shade tree; narrow tree lawns (3-4 feet wide); specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); not native to NA no proven urban slightly alkaline well drained soil strong branches (USDA) tolerance (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) many pine pests (USDA) (USDA) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

Branch Flooding Urban compaction Alkaline Soil Well-drained Pests/disease Allergens/ attachment Fragrance, Supports Common Name Tree Species Native Range Maintenance Edible parts tolerant tolerance Tolerant soil susceptibility Toxic parts strength/ prone blooms, color wildlife to breakage maskell scale, adelgids, bark beetles, sawfly larvae, pine needle miner Japanese Black Pine Pinus thunbergiana larvae, pine needle scale, fruit, twigs, recommended for buffer pine spittle bugs, foliage cause not native to north strips and median well-drained zimmerman pine moth, significant litter fragrant needle america (USDA) planting strips (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) pine weevils (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) leaf (USDA) aphids, borers, beetles, allergy health scales, armillaria, hazard, low attracts birds and Japanese Elm Ulmus davidiana phytophthora, root rot, biogenic squirrels, Japan, NE Asia common street tree well-drained sooty mold, verticillium emissions dry fruit causes medium weak desirable wildlife (UFEI) (UFEI) aklaline (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) litter (UFEI) (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) plant (UFEI) aphids, borers, beetles, allergy health scales, armillaria, hazard, low attracts birds and Japanese Elm Ulmus propinqua phytophthora, root rot, biogenic squirrels, Japan, NE Asia common street tree well-drained sooty mold, verticillium emissions dry fruit causes medium weak desirable wildlife (UFEI) (UFEI) aklaline (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) litter (UFEI) (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) plant (UFEI) fruit, twigs or yellow and white Japanese Pagoda Styphnolobium foliage cause showy flowers in Tree japonicum not native to NA well drained soils significant litter the summer (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) potato leafhopper (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) fruit, twigs and Japanese foliage can squirrels and Diospyros kaki Persimmon not native to north well-drained cause significant edible fruit spring and fall other mammals america (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) litter (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) foliage (USDA) (USDA) not native to north occasionally wet slightly alkaline well-drained requires pruning fall foliage Japanese Zelkova Zelkova serrata america (USDA) (USDA) good urban tree (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) canker diseases (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) medium to squirrels and Jujube Zizyphus jujuba not native to NA slightly alkaline well drained soils requires pruning medium strong other mammals (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) Midwest/Upper Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus diocus South NA yes borers and chewing medium to Lacebark/Chinese Ulmus parvifolia not native to NA well drained soils insects, twig blight medium strong Elm (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) aphids, beetle borers, scales and thrip, Lanceleaf Populus acuminata anthracnose, canker, Cottonwood high elevation Riparian species highly alkaline crown rot, mistletoe allergy health desirable wildlife riparian tree (UFEI) (UFEI) soil (UFEI) (UFEI) hazard(UFEI) dry fruit (UFEI) weak (UFEI) plant (UFEI) birds (UFEI)

requires pruning, fruit, twigs and Limber Pine Pinus flexilus occasional foliage cause north america flooding tolerated well-drained significant litter fragrant needle (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) leaf (USDA) OK, NM, AZ south attractive, mammals and Little Leaf Mulberry Morus microphylaa through MX ornamental fruits birds (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (Wildflower.org) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

requires pruning, Loquat Eribotrya japonica fruit/leaves china and japan well-drained scales, caterpillars, fire create litter edible fruit fragrant white attracts birds (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) blight, root rot (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) flowers (USDA) (USDA) fruit, twigs and parking lot buffer strips, foliage cause Mexican Elder Sambucus mexicana north america median strip plantings well-drained significant litter elderberries are showy white attracts birds (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) edible (USDA) flowers (USDA) (USDA) recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip Mexican Pinyon Pine Pinus cembroides plantings in the highway; fruit, twigs and reclamation plant; foliage create squirrels and north america specimen; no proven alkaline soils well drained soil lots of litter strong branches edible fruit othe rmammals (USDA) urban tolerance (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) Showy white Mexican Plum Prunus mexicana acidic to alkaline well drained soils fruit and leaves edible fruit fragrant flowers US (UFEI) buffer strip (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) armillaria (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) birds (UFEI) recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; near a deck or patio; reclamation plant; shade tree; small parking lot Mexican Redbud Cercis mexicana islands (< 100 square feet in size); narrow tree lawns (3-4 feet wide); west of the Pecos specimen; sidewalk Canker, leaf spots, requires pruning River in TX into cutout (tree pit); verticillium, webworm, to develop Nuevo Leon in MX residential street tree Alkaline Soil well drained soils scale insects, borers strong showy pink (wildflower.org) (USDA) Tolerant (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) structure(USDA) weak (USDA) flowers (USDA) birds (USDA) invasive shot hole borer, allergy health beetle borers, scales and hazard, high dry fruit, leaves, Mexican Sycamore Platanus mexicana spider mites, biogenic twigs, bark flood tolerant highly alkaline anthracnose, powdery emissions cause litter desirable wildlife Eastern US (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) mildew (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) medium (UFEI) plant (UFEI) birds (UFEI) acorns and leaves cause Mexican White Oak Quercus polymorphii resistant to oak wilt and litter, requires West Texas into other oak diseases pruning attracts wildlife Mexico (Austin) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (Austin) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

requires pruning, Modesto Ash Fraxinus velutina fruit/twigs/foliage north america well-drained borers, verticillium cause significant fall foliage (USDA) hardy urban tree (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) litter (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) South Coastal TX slightly alkaline beetle borers and beetle dry fruit causes fragrant fruit desirable wildlife Taxodium mucronatum Montezuma Cypress and MX (UFEI) (UFEI) leaves (UFEI) litter (UFEI) strong (UFEI) (UFEI) plant (UFEI) Narrowleaf CottonwooPopulus angustifolia West and SW US yes found in riparian areas of the neutral to highly Allergy health medium strength desirable wildlife southwest alkaline soil pH moist to dry soils hazards (Urban dry fruit (Urban branches (Urban edible fruit(Urban plant (Urban Netleaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata California(Urban (Urban Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest susceptible to aphids and Forest Forest Forest Forest Forest Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem insect galls (Urban Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Forestiera New Mexico Olive NM, CO, AZ, CA Neomexicana yes North Japanese Hill slightly alkaline well-drained showy pink Prunus sergentii Cherry Japan (UFL) street tree (UFL) (UFL) (UFL) medium (UFL) flowers (UFL) birds (UFL)

caterpillars, anthracnose, allergy and showy, white Northern Catalpa Catalpa speciosa highly alkaline powdery mildew, root rot, irritant health flowers and dry flowers, fall desirable wildlife Central US (UFEI) street tree (UFEI) (UFEI) verticillium (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) fruit litter (UFEI) medium (UFEI) foliage (UFEI) plant (UFEI) Oklahoma Redbud Cercis reniformis SW US and Eastern US Juniperus One-seed Juniper west TX to SE CO & monosperma AZ (wildflower.org) Ornamental Pear Pyrus calleryana non-native; East, Souyes fruit, twigs, extended leaves cause squirrels and Osage Orange Maclura pomifera north america flooding tolerant well-drained significant litter other mammals (USDA) (USDA) good urban tree (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) Pacific Willow Salix lucida yes slightly acidic to showy, fragrant Palo Blanco Mariosousa willardiana mexico, sonoran highly alkaline well drained soil invasive shot hole borer allergy health weak branches pale yellow birds and bees desert (UFEI) soil (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) flowers (UFEI) (UFEI) hybrid of trees found moderate Parkinsonia x in the sonoran and neutral to highly biogenic Palo Verde hybrids Cerdcidium chihuahuan deserts streetscape and parking alkaline soil invasive shot hole borer, emissions medium branch beautiful spring bees, attracts (UFEI) lot (UFEI) (UFEI) eriophyid mite (UFEI) (UFEI) dry fruit (UFEI) strength (UFEI) bloom (UFEI) wildlife (UFEI) aphids, beetle borers, beetle grubs and caterpillars, chlorosis, Pecan Carya illinoinesis mistletoe, phytophthora, south central north riparian tree slightly alkaline root rot, sooty mold, allergy health wet fruit litter medium strong fragrant leaf desirable wildlife america (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) verticillium (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) edible nut (UFEI) (UFEI) plant (UFEI) fruit/leaves Persian Silk Tree/ Albizia julibrissin not native to north occasional slightly alkaline well drained sensitive to cause litter pink, showy Mimosa america (USDA) flooding (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) pests/diseases (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) flowers (USDA) C Tx to SE NM and birds, butterflies, Pinchot's Juniper Juniperus pinchotii W OK ornamental small mammals (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

Red Maple Acer rubrum

birds, squirrels can tolerate susceptible to multiple and other north america extended residential street tree well drained pests and diseases requires pruning red flowers, fall mammals (USDA) flooding (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) foliage (USDA) (USDA) aphids, beetle borers and scales, anthracnose, Rio Grande Populus deltoides var. canker, crown rot, deer, birds, Cottonwood wislizeni Southern North riparian tree highly alkaline mostletoe and sooty mold allergy health dry fruit and weak branches wildlife eat fruit desirable wildlife America (UFEI) (UFEI) soils (UFEI) (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) twigs (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) plant (UFEI) bagworm caterpillars, juniper scale, juniper can make gin Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain north america well-drained webworm, mites, twig allergy health moderate from the berries Juniper (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) blight, rust, ice (USDA) hazard (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) birds (USDA) Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus highly acidic to aphids, beetle borers, highly alkaline scales and spider mites, Allergy health showy white desirable wildlife soil (Urban fire blight, armallaria, hazards (Urban strong branches flowers (Urban plant (Urban Russian Hawthorn Crataegus ambigua SE Russia, Turkey, Forest powdery mildew, root rot Forest (Urban Forest Forest Forest Iran (Urban Forest Ecosystem and rust (Urban Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) invasive shot hole borer, aphids, beetle borers, caterpillars, spider mites, San Joaquin/ Salix gooddingii anthracnose, willow Goodding Willow yes, needs blight, armillaria, ample water highly alkaline phytophthora, root rot, allergy health dry fruit causes SW US (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) rust, sooty mold (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) litter (UFEI) weak (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

W TX to S CA, likes flooding showy, attractive special value for Screwbean Mesquite Prosopis pubescens Coahuila to Baja CA periodically well drained soils tip-prune blooms honey bees (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) edible for wildlife (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) can tolerate fragrant pale slightly acidic to yellow flowers, highly alkaline Moist to well Allergy health Litter Issue is dry often used as an Shoestring Acacia Acacia steophylla soils (Urban drained soils Susceptible to invasive hazards (Urban fruit (Urban Weak branches ornamental tree attracts birds Australia (Urban Forest (Urban Forest shot hole borer (Urban Forest Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) fruit, twigs and susceptible to many pests foliage cause squirrels and Shumard Oak Quercus shumardii north america occasionally wet highlly alkaline well-drained and diseases, however significant litter fall foliage other mammals (USDA) (USDA) good urban tree (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) none are serious (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila yes Single Leaf Ash Fraxinus anomala oblique banded leaf roller, leaf spots, scab, spring bloom and Smoketree Cotinus coggygria not native to north well-drained verticillium, stem canker fall foliage america (USDA) street tree (UFEI) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) birds, squirrels, medium to and other Southern Live Oak Quercus virginiana north america well drained soils requires pruning medium strong mammals (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) invasive shot hol borer, aphids, scales, spider allergy and flowers, dry fruit, showy, fragrant Southern Magnolia Magnolia spp. slightly alkaline mites, armillaria, root rot, irritant health leaves cause white flowers SE US (UFEI) (UFEI) verticillium (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) litter (UFEI) medium (UFEI) (UFEI) birds (UFEI) extended birds, squirrels, Southern Waxmyrtle Morella cerifera north america flooding tolerant residential street tree well-drained caterpillars, webworms, requires pruning other mammals (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) cankers (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) mountains of the trans-Pecos, TX Southwestern White Pinus strobiformus west to AZ, south to seeds consumed central Mexico edible seeds by wildlife (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) (wildflower.org) Tartarian "Hot Wing" SE Europe and W aphids, armillaria, root rot, allergy health dry fruit litter Acer tartarica Maple Asia (UFEI) verticillium (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) (UFEI) medium (UFEI) fall foliage (UFEI) birds (UFEI) north america residential street tree well-drained requires pruning fall foliage Texas Ash Fraxinus tex….. (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) (USDA) acidic to alkaline Well-drained soil Allergy health wet fruit and showy, fragrant soil (Urban requirement hazards (Urban bark (Urban strong branches white flowers birds and bees Texas Madrone Arbutus xalapensis W Texas and NM container, buffer strip or Forest (Urban Forest Forest Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest (Urban Forest street tree (Urban Forest Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Ecosystem Institute) Ecosystem Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Institute) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

container or above- ground planter; large parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot islands (100-200 square feet in size); medium- sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for Texas Persimmon Diospyros texana buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; near a deck or patio; small parking lot islands (< 100 square feet in size); narrow tree lawns (3-4 feet wide); specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; no birds, squirrels, north america proven urban tolerance alkaline soils well drained soils strong branches white flowers other mammals (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) fruit (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) N central and central Texas Red Oak Quercus texana TX yes

treehoppers, scale showy pink Texas Redbud Cercis texicana southwestern US residential street tree well-drained insects, canker, leaf requires pruning flowers, fall (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) spots, verticillium (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) foliage (USDA) invasive shot hole borer, caterpillars, insect galls, Thornless Honey Gleditsia tricanthos pod gall midge, spider Locust inermis E TX to E SD, to MS mites, mistletoe, & OH highly alkaline phytophthora, root rot allergy health birds and bees (wildflower.org) (UFEI) (UFEI) hazard (UFEI) medium (UFEI) (UFEI) regular pruning Triumph Elm Ulmus triumph Hybrid created in the occasional bred to be urban tree well-drained soils and spraying US (UMN) flooding (UMN) (UMN) (UMN) (UMN) fall foliage (UMN) allergy health hazard, moderate Two-Needle Pinyon Pinus edullis biogenic highly alkaline aphids and scales, emissions dry fruit litter medium strong cones, edible birds, squirrels Western US (UFEI) (UFEI) armillaria, root rot (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) (UFEI) nuts (UFEI) nuts (UFEI) (UFEI) fragrant, showy Tx. Mt. Laurel Sophora secundiflora north america residential street tree well-drained purple flowers (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) pruning required edible fruit (urban yellow flowers neutral to highly (urban forest forest (urban forest Velvet Mesquite Prosopis velutina alkaline soil ecosystems medium branch ecosystems ecosystem birds and bees AZ, TX, NM (UFEI) (UFEI) initiative) strength (UFEI) initiative) initiative) (UFEI) Appendix A - Additional Tree Species Characteristics

sidewalk cutout and treehoppers, scale showy pink Western Redbud Cercis occidentalis residential street tree well-drained insects, canker, leaf requires pruning flowers, fall attracts CA, AZ, UT (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) spots, verticillium (USDA) (USDA) strong (USDA) foliage (USDA) birds(USDA) beetle borers, leaf miners low biogenic Western Redcedar Thuja occidentalis Northern Coastal CA slightly alkaline and spider mites, emissions dry fruit causes fragrant bark and desirable wildlife (UFEI) (UFEI) armillaria, root rot (UFEI) (UFEI) litter (UFEI) medium (UFEI) leaf (UFEI) plant (UFEI) foliage causes medium to Sapindus saponaria Western soapberry north america well drained soils significant litter medium strong showy fall foliage var. drummondii (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) dwarf mistletoe(USDA) (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) birds (USDA)

borers, aphids, fall requires pruning, White Ash Fraxinus americana can withstand webworm, Ash flower- fruit/twigs/foliage north america extended residential street tree well-drained gall, rust, fungi, cause significant fall foliage (USDA) flooding (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) anthracnose (USDA) litter (USDA) weak (USDA) (USDA) birds (USDA) extended scale, mites, leaf spot, Morus alba not native to north flooding tolerant well-drained bacterial blight, powdery requires pruning White Mulberry america (USDA) (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) mildew, cankers (USDA) (USDA) weak (USDA) can be found in riparian areas in aphids, beetle borers, allergy and Wild Plum Prunus spp. arid caterpillars, armillaria, poisonous health North America environments slightly alkaline rust, sooty mold, hazard, has flower and wet edible fruit desirable wildlife birds and (UFEI) (FEIS) (UFEI) verticillium (UFEI) thorns (UFEI) fruit litter (UFEI) strong (UFEI) (UFEI) plant (UFEI) squirrels (UFEI) anthracnose twig blight, canker, powdery mildew, Ligustrum vulgare leaf spot, aphids, leaf prune after Europe and Northern well drained soil miners, mites, whiteflies flowering white fragrant Wild Privet Africa (Uconn) yes (FEIS) (FEIS) (Uconn) (Uconn) flowers (Uconn) can withstand birds, squirrels, Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria north america extended well-drained scale, leaf miners, mites, moderate other mammals (USDA) flooding (USDA) hardy urban tree (USDA) alkaline (USDA) (USDA) aphids (USDA) (USDA) (USDA) Appendix B

This appendix offers a detailed look at each of the six site location types and provides additional examples.

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 23 LOCATION TYPES 1 & 2 - GREEN STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE (GSI) FEATURES Cities are predominantly full of hard, with permeable surfaces and vegetation first, impervious surface that rainwater runs using gray infrastructure pipes and spillways off into designated stormwater collection as overflow. systems. These networks of pipes and concrete spillways, known as grey stormwater Trees are important components of a GSI infrastructure, are designed to redirect feature. They are efficient at intercepting stormwater runoff away from vulnerable rainwater via canopy and bark, increasing areas to reduce risk of urban flooding. soil permeability via root structures, and Though efficient in decreasing high flow risks facilitating absorption of pollutants via leaves, on streets, grey infrastructure concentrates bark, and roots. GSI features also benefit pollution in stormwater and increases stream trees by providing de-compacted, healthy and river degradation by causing unnaturally soil and increasing water collection. Trees high flows in riparian areas. that can survive short term water inundation in their roots are best for the bottom of GSI Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) features. Stormwater systems regulated by features use vegetation, soils, and other the Environmental Protection Agency and the natural elements and practices to manage New Mexico Environment Department may stormwater as a companion to grey only retain stormwater onsite for up to 96 stormwater infrastructure. GSI features slow hours; trees in GSI features should be able to down incoming stormwater and remove survive up to 96 hours of water inundation and contaminants through soil infiltration, tree should also have tolerance to water pollution. canopy water interception, and plant root Trees that do not do well with inundation, absorption. GSI features allow stormwater can be considered for placement on higher to filter back into the groundwater system, elevations of larger GSI features. replenishing the aquifer and creating a more sustainable desert water management system while decreasing the risk of urban flooding and protecting water quality and riparian habitat. GSI features also support beneficial plant habitat and increase green spaces in the city, benefitting residents in multiple ways. These features can be used alongside gray infrastructure, directing water to areas

Image Credit: MRWM Landscape Architects Photo Credit: MRWM Landscape Architects

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 24 LOCATION TYPE 3 - XERISCAPED AREAS

Xeriscaping is the concept of transforming a high-water use landscape to a “xeric” or low water use landscape, one that thrives on rainfall and careful supplemental irrigation. The concept of xeriscaping is often misconstrued with the landscaping technique of removing most organic material and replacing with inorganic material like rock that requires no water. While inorganic material landscapes need no water, they increase the ambient temperature (often driving energy usage higher in surrounding buildings), increase stormwater runoff, and create an unsuitable habitat for plants, wildlife, and often people.

In contrast, xeriscaping incorporates low water use plants with a focus on native and arid adapted species, careful organic mulching, water catchment, and water redirection systems to support a lush landscape that is both visually enjoyable and wildlife-friendly. Trees are an important part of the “xeric” landscape but are often overlooked because of

Photo Credit: Hunter Ten Broeck

the perception that they require too much water. Trees selected for a xeric landscape should be native or well adapted to xeric conditions. Supplemental irrigation will be required for all trees during establishment. Most trees will need supplemental irrigation throughout their life, but especially during drought or extended periods of heat. Xeriscaping can be combined with rain gardens, rain barrels, and other GSI features for a low impact landscape design.

Photo Credit: Hunter Ten Broeck

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 25 LOCATION TYPE 4 - HIGHLY IRRIGATED ARES

This site location type encompasses all areas Trees planted in this location type should that have high irrigation potential, such as areas be trees that thrive with frequent, shallow with lawn or turfgrass. As described above for irrigation and are heat tolerant. By surrounding location types 1-3, xersicaping and GSI features turf spaces, large or small, xeriscaping, can are the preferred methods of sustainable, low- reduce water use and capture any runoff from impact landscape design. Turfgrass can often the turf irrigation. be described as “habitat deserts” because the uniformity of the landscape does not promote IMPORTANT NOTE: Typical spray irrigation of ecosystem diversity. From a water conservation turfgrasses is often insufficient to meet the stand point, these areas can be a strain on slow, deep watering requirements of large limited resources, especially in the summer. shade tree roots. Additional, deep watering is However, many public recreation places likely needed to supplement spray irrigation. such as parks, soccer fields, and golf courses necessitate turf, and can be a good use of water because they provide an alternative to individual people having private lawns. Within residential or small commercial settings, planting and irrigating larger trees can provide dense shade and refugia for people from summer heat.

Photo Credit: Albuquerque Water Authority A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 26 LOCATION TYPE 5 - STREETSCAPES

Medians and street rights-of-way are common of them die from some combination of those urban planting locations. With sufficient soil factors before the benefits of a mature tree are volume and above-ground space, appropriate gained. tree species can be a cost-effective method to reduce particulate matter pollution in high Ideally, traditional raised and/or curbed traffic areas. These location types are harsh streetscapes will transition to GSI features environments for trees. The soil in these areas with water catchment and healthy soils–both is almost always highly compacted, preventing for the health of the trees and our water. In the proper root development and therefore, tree meantime, only plant trees in areas that have development. Irrigation is often insufficient sufficient soil volume to support healthy tree and infrequent, and UHI effects are intense. growth. This amount will vary depending on Mechanical damage and high pollution exposure mature tree size but should be at minimum 6 also contribute to tree decline. Trees that are too feet wide. big for the space at maturity are often planted, Any tree in this location type will require causing problems at a later date often ending structural pruning to maintain requisite in tree removal. Streetscape trees are often not clearance and sightlines. a positive return on investment because many

Photo Credit: ABCWUA A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 27 LOCATION TYPE 6 - RESTRICTED GROWING AREA

Restricted growing areas are those with widths areas. Only small stature trees should be of 6 feet or less. The most common examples selected for planting, and only if the space has in an urban environment are spaces between a minimum width of 4 feet and/or continuous streets and sidewalks, between sidewalks/ soil strips, tree trenches, or suspended soils. If streets and buildings, or in between parking the area is less than 4 feet wide, do not plant lot spaces. These spaces rarely provide any trees or large shrubs. Instead consider adequate soil volume for trees unless special small understory plants and vegetation that infrastructure is included. They are known as will not only thrive in the smaller space, but will “hell strips” because they are very hot, not also still provide beneficial habitat, capture and well irrigated, and overall not conducive to tree clean stormwater, and create green spaces. survival. However, they are often underutilized Pair these small understory green spaces with spaces in a city that if planted can significantly light colored shade structures to reflect solar contribute to beautification and cooling. They radiation and cool any nearby pedestrian areas. are also often well-suited spaces for flow- through GSI features and other low impact design techniques.

Smaller understory plants like bunch grasses and wildflowers are better suited for these

Photo Credit: The Nature Conservancy Photo Credit: The Nature Conservancy

A Guideline for Selecting Climate-Ready Trees 28