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Muslim Communities of Georgia
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA Muslim Communities of Georgia: External Influences and Domestic Challenges A MASTER’S ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS BY AMALYA FLJYAN YEREVAN, ARMENIA MAY 2015 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….....4 Islam in Georgia: Background .…………………………………………………..……..6 Chapter 1: Literature Review…………………………………………………………………..8 Research Methodology………………………………………………………………………..14 Chapter 2: External Influences and Muslim Communities of Georgia.……………………....15 2.1 Turkey…………………………………………………………………………......15 2.2 Azerbaijan…………………………………………………………………………28 2.3 Iran………………………………………………………………………………...40 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………...…….45 Bibliography……………………………………………....…………………………………...47 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to people who supported me throughout the whole process of work on my Master’s Essay. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Vahram Ter-Matevosyan. This work would not be possible without his constant support, patience, energy and dedication. The guidance and encouragement provided throughout the whole period of work on my research contributed to the overall development of my work. I was very fortunate to work with you. Further, I would like to thank the American University of Armenia and the Department of Political Science and International Affairs for creating perfect environment for academic studies. I would like specially thank Dr. Yevgenya Paturyan for her help, support and guidance during the course on Research Design. Your advice was very valuable during the first period of work on our Master’s essays. I would like to thank the Program Chair of the Department of Political Science and International for his work as program chair and support in academic endeavors. -
NORMAN A. GRAEBNER (Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A.)
NORMAN A. GRAEBNER (Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A.) GORBACHEV AND REAGAN Outside Geneva's Chateau Fleur d'Eau on a wintry 19 November 1985, a coatless Ronald Reagan awaited the ap- proaching Mikhail Gorbachev. The American President, as the official host of this first day of the Geneva summit, had set the stage for his first meeting with the Soviet leader with great care. He led Gorbachev and their two interpreters to a small meeting room with a fire crackling in the fireplace for a pri- vate conversation. The people in the neighboring conference room, Reagan began, had given them 15 minutes "to meet in this one-on-one.... They've programmed us-they've written your talking points, they've written my talking points. We can do that, or we can stay here as long as we want and get to know each other...." The private conversation lasted an hour. During a break in the afternoon session Reagan steered Gorbachev to the chateau's summerhouse for a tete-a-tete before the fire. At the end the two leaders achieved little, yet both re- garded the summit a success. Separated by twenty years, they recognized in each other a warmth and sincerity that promised future success. Reagan observed that Gorbachev scarcely re- sembled his predecessors in his intelligence, knowledge and openness. Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze noted, "[W]e had the impression that [the President] is a man who keeps his word and that he's someone you can deal with ... and reach accord." The two leaders, pursuing complementary agendas, had approached the Geneva summit along highly' dis- similar paths. -
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Sociopolitical Situation in the Northeast Caucasus: Challenges to Nongovernmental Organizations, Andre Kamenshikov, Vladimir Sukhov, and Mikhail Charaev Abstract casien: la Tchetchenie,l'Ingushetie, et Ie high, especially in Karabakh, Abkhazia, Dagestan, dans la perspective de l' Chechnya and Tadjikistan, where huge The authors provide a general analysis of action pratique en matiere d'intervention problems caused by war remain unsolved the sociopolitical situation in three basic charitable et humanitaire. Ces efforts sont such as the problem of hundreds of regions of the Northeast Caucasus, diriges vers une evaluation de thousands of refugees, for whom the road Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, from 1'interaction et de la mise sur pied de to their homes remains closed. the perspective of practical action in the programmes constructifs au niveau des When speaking about the reaction area of humanitarian and charitable organisations internationales et non- demonstrated by the global community in activities there. These efforts are directed gouvernementales, autant qu' au niveau reply to the arising problems and crises, it toward assisting the interaction and im- des initiatives individuelles. Les auteurs is important to note the following: plementation of constructive programs on citent donc des exemples d' organisations • First, the rapid development of events the level of international and ayant eu du succes dans la mise en place and the occurrence ofnumerous crises nongovernmental organizations, as well as de telles initiatives. Ils decrivent aussi un in the post-Soviet territory was largely on the level of individual initiatives. Thus, certain nombre de projets en unexpected (despite some predictions the authors cite examples of organizations preparations. -
The Security of the Caspian Sea Region
16. The Georgian–Abkhazian conflict Alexander Krylov I. Introduction The Abkhaz have long populated the western Caucasus. They currently number about 100 000 people, speak one of the languages of the Abkhazo-Adygeyan (west Caucasian) language group, and live in the coastal areas on the southern slopes of the Caucasian ridge and along the Black Sea coast. Together with closely related peoples of the western Caucasus (for example, the Abazins, Adygeyans and Kabardians (or Circassians)) they play an important role in the Caucasian ethno-cultural community and consider themselves an integral part of its future. At the same time, the people living in coastal areas on the southern slopes of the Caucasian ridge have achieved broader communication with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean civilizations than any other people of the Caucasus. The geographical position of Abkhazia on the Black Sea coast has made its people a major factor in the historical process of the western Caucasus, acting as an economic and cultural bridge with the outside world. Georgians and Abkhaz have been neighbours from time immemorial. The Georgians currently number about 4 million people. The process of national consolidation of the Georgian nation is still far from complete: it includes some 20 subgroups, and the Megrelians (sometimes called Mingrelians) and Svans who live in western Georgia are so different in language and culture from other Georgians that it would be more correct to consider them as separate peoples. Some scholars, Hewitt, for example,1 suggest calling the Georgian nation not ‘Georgians’ but by their own name, Kartvelians, which includes the Georgians, Megrelians and Svans.2 To call all the different Kartvelian groups ‘Georgians’ obscures the true ethnic situation. -
SOVIET YOUTH FILMS UNDER BREZHNEV: WATCHING BETWEEN the LINES by Olga Klimova Specialist Degree, Belarusian State University
SOVIET YOUTH FILMS UNDER BREZHNEV: WATCHING BETWEEN THE LINES by Olga Klimova Specialist degree, Belarusian State University, 2001 Master of Arts, Brock University, 2005 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2007 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Olga Klimova It was defended on May 06, 2013 and approved by David J. Birnbaum, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh Lucy Fischer, Distinguished Professor, Department of English, University of Pittsburgh Vladimir Padunov, Associate Professor, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh Aleksandr Prokhorov, Associate Professor, Department of Modern Languages and Literatures, College of William and Mary, Virginia Dissertation Advisor: Nancy Condee, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Olga Klimova 2013 iii SOVIET YOUTH FILMS UNDER BREZHNEV: WATCHING BETWEEN THE LINES Olga Klimova, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 The central argument of my dissertation emerges from the idea that genre cinema, exemplified by youth films, became a safe outlet for Soviet filmmakers’ creative energy during the period of so-called “developed socialism.” A growing interest in youth culture and cinema at the time was ignited by a need to express dissatisfaction with the political and social order in the country under the condition of intensified censorship. I analyze different visual and narrative strategies developed by the directors of youth cinema during the Brezhnev period as mechanisms for circumventing ideological control over cultural production. -
The South Caucasus: Where the Us and Turkey Succeeded Together
THE SOUTH CAUCASUS: WHERE THE US AND TURKEY SUCCEEDED TOGETHER As Americans and Turks discuss the ups and downs in their relationship, the strategically important South Caucasus is one area, where, working together, Turkey and the United States have helped bring about historic changes. More can be done to realize the region’s promise should the US and Turkey deepen their partnership with Azerbaijan and Georgia and build on the policies that have proven to be successful. This success has been based on forward-looking pragmatism and recognition of common interests. Acknowledging the achievements in the South Caucasus and learning from them can contribute to future progress in the US-Turkey relationship. Elin Suleymanov∗ ∗ Elin Suleymanov is Senior Counselor with the Government of Azerbaijan. The views and opinions are his own and do not imply an endorsement by the employer. ormerly a Soviet backyard, the South Caucasus is increasingly emerging as a vital part of the extended European space. Sandwiched between the Black and the Caspian seas, the Caucasus F also stands as a key juncture of Eurasia. Living up to its historic reputation, the South Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is now literally at the crossroads of the East-West and North – South transport corridors. Additionally, the Caucasus has been included concurrently into a rather vague “European Neighborhood” and an even vaguer “Greater Middle East.” This represents both the world’s growing realization of the region’s importance and the lack of a clear immediate plan to address the rising significance of the Caucasus. Not that the Caucasus has lacked visionaries. -
History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms…………. -
Report on the Implementation of the State Strategy for Civic Equality And
GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA STATE INTER-AGENCY COMMISSION OFFICE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF GEORGIA FOR RECONCILIATION AND CIVIC EQUALITY REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE STRATEGY FOR CIVIC EQUALITY AND INTEGRATION AND 2016 ACTION PLAN FEBRUARY 2017 1 Office of the State Minister of Georgia for Reconciliation and Civic Equality Address: 3/5 G. Leonidze Street, Tbilisi 0134 Telephone: (+995 32) 2923299; (+995 32) 2922632 Website: www.smr.gov.ge E-mail: [email protected] 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ I. EQUAL AND FULL PARTICIPATION IN CIVIC AND POLITICAL LIFE .......................................................................... 5 SUPPORTING SMALL AND VULNERABLE ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS ........................................................... 5 GENDER MAINSTREAMING ...................................................................................................................... 7 IMPROVING ACCESS TO STATE ADMINISTRATIONS, LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES AND MECHANISMS FOR REPRESENTATIVES OF EHTNIC MINORITIES .............................................................................................. 9 PROVIDING EQUAL ELECTORAL CONDITIONS FOR ETHNIC MINORITY VOTERS .......................................... 12 PROVIDING ACCESS TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION ................................................................................ 16 II. CREATING EQUAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES .................................................. -
THE FRAMING of HOMELAND in OFFICIAL DISCOURSE VIS-À-VIS GEORGIA’S AZERI-TURK POPULATION1 Karli-Jo T
IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS JOURNAL © 2020 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 WHITHER THE VƏTƏN? THE FRAMING OF HOMELAND IN OFFICIAL DISCOURSE VIS-À-VIS GEORGIA’S AZERI-TURK POPULATION1 Karli-Jo T. Storm University of Eastern Finland ORCid: 0000-0002-6864-6639 https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2020.01.00016 Abstract. This article unpacks the notion of “homeland” as it has developed in post- Soviet Georgia and Azerbaijan vis-à-vis the Georgian Azeri-Turks of Kvemo Kartli. The author engages in top-down analysis of homeland-framing in official Georgian-Azerbaijani discourse from 1992-2017 to answer the following query: How and why have leaders of Georgia and Azerbaijan framed their respective territorial states as the vətən, or “homeland”, of Georgian Azeri-Turks since 1991? Findings demonstrate that Georgia’s Azeri-Turk population is effectively caught between the rhetoric of two homelands, one autochthonous, or “organic” (i.e. Azerbaijan), the other allochthonous, or “inorganic” (i.e. Georgia). Both states benefit from the inclusion of Georgian Azeri-Turks into the conception of the “worldwide Azerbaijani Diaspora”, albeit for different reasons; while Azerbaijan grows its politically motivated “worldwide Diaspora”, Georgia benefits from Azerbaijan-sponsored investments within disadvantaged minority communities. Through the triangulation of data from official statements and speeches, original interviews, participant observation, and landscape analysis, this article seeks to shed further light upon the implications of such homeland-framing within the lives, livelihoods, and subject positions of Georgian Azeri-Turks. Key words: homeland-framing, Georgian Azeri-Turks, Georgia, Azerbaijan, nation- building, identity, South Caucasus On October 21, 2017, something rather unprecedented took place in the Georgian border region of Kvemo Kartli: a “non-Georgian” was elected mayor of the Marneuli municipality. -
Systems Analysis As Infrastructural Knowledge
Systems Analysis as Infrastructural Knowledge Scientific Expertise and Dissensus under State Socialism Eglė Rindzevičiūtė Abstract This article explores the political effects of the development of systems analysis as a form of ‘infrastructural knowledge’ – that is as a form of knowledge concerned with infrastructure, and an infrastructure of knowledge – that contributed to internal dissensus among scientific experts in the Soviet Union. Systems expertise is largely missing from existing work on the history of Soviet infrastructure. The article presents a historical analysis of the development of governmental, managerial and industrial applications of systems analysis in the Soviet context, as well as the transfer of Soviet systems expertise to developing countries. It argues that systems analysis constitutes a form of infrastructural knowledge which enabled Soviet scientists to criticize governmental policies, particularly large-scale, top-down infrastructure projects. This critique is interpreted as an expression of a new normativity regarding what constitutes good governance; it became particularly salient when Soviet scientists were facing infrastructural projects in the global South. Systems analysis, in this way, constituted an important intellectual resource for endogenous liberalization of the authoritarian regime. Keywords: systems analysis, infrastructure, governance, the Soviet Union, scientific expertise, dissensus Dr Eglė Rindzevičiūtė is Associate Professor of Criminology and Sociology at Kingston University London, UK. She is the author of The Power of Systems: How Policy Sciences Opened Up the Cold War World (2016) and the editor of The Struggle for the Long-Term in Transnational Science and Politics: Forging the Future (2015), with Prof. Jenny Andersson. 1 Dr Rindzevičiūtė has published articles in such journals as Modern Intellectual History, Slavic Review, The International Journal of Cultural Policy, Current Anthropology and Cahiers du monde Russe. -
Uzbek: War, Friendship of the Peoples, and the Creation of Soviet Uzbekistan, 1941-1945
Making Ivan-Uzbek: War, Friendship of the Peoples, and the Creation of Soviet Uzbekistan, 1941-1945 By Charles David Shaw A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair Professor Victoria Frede-Montemayor Professor Victoria E. Bonnell Summer 2015 Abstract Making Ivan-Uzbek: War, Friendship of the Peoples, and the Creation of Soviet Uzbekistan, 1941-1945 by Charles David Shaw Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair This dissertation addresses the impact of World War II on Uzbek society and contends that the war era should be seen as seen as equally transformative to the tumultuous 1920s and 1930s for Soviet Central Asia. It argues that via the processes of military service, labor mobilization, and the evacuation of Soviet elites and common citizens that Uzbeks joined the broader “Soviet people” or sovetskii narod and overcame the prejudices of being “formerly backward” in Marxist ideology. The dissertation argues that the army was a flexible institution that both catered to national cultural (including Islamic ritual) and linguistic difference but also offered avenues for assimilation to become Ivan-Uzbeks, part of a Russian-speaking, pan-Soviet community of victors. Yet as the war wound down the reemergence of tradition and violence against women made clear the limits of this integration. The dissertation contends that the war shaped the contours of Central Asian society that endured through 1991 and created the basis for thinking of the “Soviet people” as a nation in the 1950s and 1960s. -
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