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Outline of Science
Outline of science The following outline is provided as a topical overview of • Empirical method – science: • Experimental method – The steps involved in order Science – systematic effort of acquiring knowledge— to produce a reliable and logical conclusion include: through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or 1. Asking a question about a natural phenomenon not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired. The word 2. Making observations of the phenomenon “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia” mean- 3. Forming a hypothesis – proposed explanation ing knowledge. A practitioner of science is called a for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a "scientist". Modern science respects objective logical rea- scientific hypothesis, the scientific method re- soning, and follows a set of core procedures or rules in or- quires that one can test it. Scientists generally der to determine the nature and underlying natural laws of base scientific hypotheses on previous obser- the universe and everything in it. Some scientists do not vations that cannot satisfactorily be explained know of the rules themselves, but follow them through with the available scientific theories. research policies. These procedures are known as the 4. Predicting a logical consequence of the hy- scientific method. pothesis 5. Testing the hypothesis through an experiment – methodical procedure carried out with the 1 Essence of science goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. The 3 types of -
Computer Science Students' Views on Educational Studies-Pedagogy
RESEARCH PAPERS COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS' VIEWS ON EDUCATIONAL STUDIES-PEDAGOGY By EFROSYNI-ALKISTI PARASKEVOPOULOU-KOLLIA * GEORGIA SOURSOU ** BILL ZOGOPOULOS *** EVANGELIA OREOPOULOU **** PANAGIOTA KONTOU ***** VASILIKI ZOURA ****** * Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, School of Science, Papasiopoulou, Lamia, Greece. ** Post-graduate Student in Bioinformatics, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion-Crete, Greece. ***,****,****** Student, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou str., Lamia, Greece. ***** Post-doctoral Researcher and Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou str., Lamia, Greece. Date Received: 22/02/2018 Date Revised: 06/06/2018 Date Accepted: 24/06/2018 ABSTRACT The present article is based on a small-scale research that took place with the students in the Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics in 2014 and three years later with the students of the same Department and the Department of Computer Science, as well. Students who have enrolled in the Educational science-Pedagogy module, that the Department offers, were asked if the module was beneficial in a Department purely technical (Faculty of Science) and if this theoretical module assisted them in their academic life and generally. Various views are listed reflecting students' perspective of the module Educational science-Pedagogy and come to the conclusion that we present; no module is useless. Keywords: Computer Science, Educational Science-Pedagogy, Greek Educational System, Hard and Soft Science, Students. INTRODUCTION pp. 21-22). Pedagogy is, therefore, an anthropological, The term “Pedagogy” refers to the science of educating intellectual, and applied social science that arose from children, both in terms of upbringing and of academic Philosophy and its aim is to research the entire spectrum development. -
Foundations of Nursing Science 9781284041347 CH01.Indd Page 2 10/23/13 10:44 AM Ff-446 /207/JB00090/Work/Indd
9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 1 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PART 1 Foundations of Nursing Science 9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 2 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284041347_CH01.indd Page 3 10/23/13 10:44 AM ff-446 /207/JB00090/work/indd © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER Philosophy of Science: An Introduction 1 E. Carol Polifroni Introduction A philosophy of science is a perspective—a lens, a way one views the world, and, in the case of advanced practice nurses, the viewpoint the nurse acts from in every encounter with a patient, family, or group. A person’s philosophy of science cre- ates the frame on a picture—a message that becomes a paradigm and a point of reference. Each individual’s philosophy of science will permit some things to be seen and cause others to be blocked. It allows people to be open to some thoughts and potentially keeps them closed to others. A philosophy will deem some ideas correct, others inconsistent, and some simply wrong. While philosophy of sci- ence is not meant to be viewed as a black or white proposition, it does provide perspectives that include some ideas and thoughts and, therefore, it must neces- sarily exclude others. The important key is to ensure that the ideas and thoughts within a given philosophy remain consistent with one another, rather than being in opposition. -
Ois Laruelle
Frans;ois Laruelle --- and collaborators --- Dictio nary of Non-Philosophy -- translated by Taylor Adkins I Univocal -- Fran\:ois Laruelle ------ and collaborators ----- To ny Brachet. Gilbert Kieffer, Laurent Leroy, Da niel Nicolet, Anne-Fran�oise Schmid, Serge Valdinoci Dictio nary of Non-Philosophy translated by Taylor Adkins I Univocal ---- DJCT!ONNAIREDE LA NON-PHILOSOPH!Eby Fran�ois Laruelle ©Editions Kime, 1998 Translated by Taylor Adkins as Dictionary ofNon-Philosophy First Edition Minneapolis©2013, Univocal Publishing Published by Univocal 123 North 3rd Street, #202 Minneapolis, MN 55401 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including phorocopying, recording or any other information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Thanks to John David Ebert and Ben Woodard Designed & Printed by Jason Wagner Distributed by the University of Minnesota Press ISBN 9781937561130 Library of Congress Control Number 2013939530 TA BLE OF CONTENTS Translator's Introduction .......................................... .....................9 Preface to the English Language Edition...................... ................. 15 Preface .........................................................................................19 Theory of the Non-Philosophical Dictionary....................... .......23 Auto-position .......................... .....................................................39 Being-in-One (Being-according-to-the-One)............................... -
Empiricism, Stances, and the Problem of Voluntarism
Swarthmore College Works Philosophy Faculty Works Philosophy 1-1-2011 Empiricism, Stances, And The Problem Of Voluntarism Peter Baumann Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-philosophy Part of the Philosophy Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Peter Baumann. (2011). "Empiricism, Stances, And The Problem Of Voluntarism". Synthese. Volume 178, Issue 1. 27-36. DOI: 10.1007/s11229-009-9519-7 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-philosophy/13 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Empiricism, Stances and the Problem of Voluntarism Peter Baumann Synthese 178, 2011, 207-224 Empiricism can be very roughly characterized as the view that our knowledge about the world is based on sensory experience. Our knowledge about the world is "based" on sensory experience in the sense that we could not know what we know without relying on sense experience. This leaves open the possibility that sense experience is only necessary but not sufficient for the knowledge based upon it1-as long as the non-empirical elements are not themselves sufficient for the relevant piece of knowledge.2 The basing relation is not just a genetic one but also a justificatory one: Sense experience does not only lead to beliefs which happen to count as knowledge but also qualifies them as knowledge. In his important book The Empirical Stance Bas van Fraassen characterizes traditional empiricism at one point in a more negative way-as involving the rejection of "metaphysical" explanations which proceed by postulating the existence of something not 1 "But although all our cognition commences with experience, yet it does not on that account all arise from experience." (Kant, CpR, B1). -
Reply by Jean Bricmont and Alan Sokal
Reply to Turnbull Krips Dusek and Fuller For Metascience Jean Bricmont Institut de Physique Theorique Universite Catholique de Louvain chemin du Cyclotron B LouvainlaNeuve BELGIUM Internet BRICMONTFYMAUCLACBE Telephone Fax Alan Sokal Department of Physics New York University Washington Place New York NY USA Internet SOKALNYUEDU Telephone Fax February Biographical Note Jean Bricmont is professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain Belgium Alan Sokal is professor of physics at New York University Introduction 1 In the preface to the second edition of Intel lectual Impostures we wrote that the criticisms of our b o ok can b e divided roughly into four types A very few reviewers discuss what we wrote and try to refute it Other commentators raise ob jections often p erfectly valid ones to ideas that are not in fact ours and that we may have expressly rejected in the b o ok while attributing them to us implicitly or explicitly Yet a third group of critics pretend to discuss our b o ok while actually doing something completely dierent for example attacking our p ersonalities our alleged motivations for writing the b o ok or the failings of scientists in general And nally some reviewers agree with us but think that we do not go far enough I I p xv The comments by Turnbull and Dusek fall squarely into the second and third cat egories apart from o ccasional brief excursions into category while Krips and Fuller oer a mixture of the rst and second categories It would b e a hop eless task to address al l the issues -
Bibliometric Evidence for a Hierarchy of the Sciences
Edinburgh Research Explorer Bibliometric Evidence for a Hierarchy of the Sciences Citation for published version: Fanelli, D & Glanzel, W 2013, 'Bibliometric Evidence for a Hierarchy of the Sciences', PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, e66938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066938 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1371/journal.pone.0066938 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: PLoS ONE Publisher Rights Statement: © 2013 Fanelli, Daniele. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Fanelli, D., & Glanzel, W. (2013). Bibliometric Evidence for a Hierarchy of the Sciences. PLoS One, 8(6), [e66938]doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066938 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately -
Empirical Inquiry Twenty-Five Years After the Lawyering Process Stefan H
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship 2003 Empirical Inquiry Twenty-Five Years After The Lawyering Process Stefan H. Krieger Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Richard K. Neumann Jr. Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship Recommended Citation Stefan H. Krieger and Richard K. Neumann Jr., Empirical Inquiry Twenty-Five Years After The Lawyering Process, 10 Clinical L. Rev. 349 (2003) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/faculty_scholarship/155 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EMPIRICAL INQUIRY TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER THE LAWYERING PROCESS RICHARD K. NEUMANN, JR. & STEFAN H. KRIEGER* One of the many ways in which The Lawyering Process was a pioneering book was its extensive reliance on empirical research about lawyers, lawyering, and activities analogous to some or another aspect of lawyering. To what extent has the clinical field accepted Gary Bellow and Bea Moulton's invitation to explore empirical stud- ies generated outside legal education and perhaps engage in empirical work ourselves to understand lawyering more deeply? Although some clinicians have done good empirical work, our field as a whole has not really accepted Gary and Bea's invitation. This article ex- plains empirical ways of thinking and working; discusses some of the mistakes law scholars (not only clinicians) make when dealing with empirical work; explores some of the reasons why empiricism has encountered difficulty in law schools; and suggests that empiricism might in some ways improve our teaching in clinics. -
Hard and Soft Science: Physics Vs. Psychology
THINKING ABOUT SCIENCE MASSIMO PIGLIUCCI Hard and Soft Science: Physics vs. Psychology hile doing research for my results from physics experiments are things: on the one hand, one could next book on the differ- “better” than results from psychological examine theoretical cumulativeness, W ences among so-called hard experiments. But better in what sense? i.e., the advancement of a scientific science, soft science, and pseudoscience, Hedges thought that the difference field in terms of how well its theories I came across a little-known study pub- between the two sciences should be account for how the world is. For lished in 1987 by Larry Hedges, then evident in the “cumulativeness” of their instance, astronomy advanced by a giant at the Department of Education at results: physics should be making prog- leap when it abandoned the Ptolemaic, the University of Chicago. Hedges was ress more steadily and at a faster pace earth-centered view of the solar system empirically addressing the sort of ques- than psychology. This is an important in favor of the Copernican, sun-cen- tion that is usually left to a philosopher criterion because lack of progress, i.e., tered system. Then it made smaller of science: if it is true—as it is often lack of cumulative results over time, but significant advances by realizing claimed—that physics (the queen of the is one of the distinctive features of that the planets move in elliptical, not It turns out that the replicability of research findings in psychology (and therefore, presumably, the resulting empirical cumulativeness of that discipline) is no worse (or better) than the replicability of findings in particle physics. -
LD5655.V855 1993.C655.Pdf (11.60Mb)
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE, SOCIOLOGICALT HEORY, AND THE STRUCTURE OF RHETORIC by James H. Collier Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Science and Technology Studies APPROVED: Y— Joseph C. Pitt, Chair Aone ble EtaaT hone, Steve Fuller Elisworth Fuhrman April, 1993 Blacksburg, VA LD S635 VE5S , DaQa cose} aM’~ Scientific Discourse, Sociological Theory, and the Structure of Rhetoric James H. Collier Graduate Program in Science and Technology Studies Chair: Joseph C. Pitt (ABSTRACT) This thesis examines the rhetorical, analytical and critical efficacy of reflexivity and sociological theory as means for reconciling the normative and descriptive functions of the rhetoric of science. In attempting to define a separate research domain within Science Studies, rhetoric of science has borrowed Strong Program and constructivist principles and descriptions of scientific practice from the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) as a basis for analyzing scientific discourse. While epistemological claims in the social sciences have been considered inherently self-referential and subject to reflexive analysis and critique, rhetoricians have generally taken these claims on face value and applied them to a treatment of scientific practice. Accordingly, rhetoricians have maintained a natural ontological attitude to sociological theories and descriptions supporting an understanding of scientific discourse as implicitly rhetorical. Recently, however, the concept of "rhetoric" in rhetoric of science has come under scrutiny. This thesis will connect arguments involving the relation of the "irreducibly social" nature of science, to a concept of scientific discourse as rhetorical "without remainder,” to the philosophical commitments of reflexive analysis. -
Three Positivist Disputes in the 1960S
JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY THREE POSITIVIST DISPUTES IN THE 1960S VOLUME 6, NUMBER 8 CARL-GörAN HEIDEGREN EDITOR IN CHIEF MARCUS ROSSBERG, UnIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT The West German positivist dispute in the 1960s is well known EDITORIAL BOARD and thoroughly studied. At about the same time positivist dis- ANNALISA COLIVA, UC IRVINE putes also took place in two Scandinavian countries: one in Nor- HENRY JACKMAN, YORK UnIVERSITY way and one in Sweden. What did the front lines in the debate KEVIN C. KLEMENt, UnIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS look like in the three countries? What was the outcome of the dif- CONSUELO PRETI, THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY ferent disputes? The main focus in the article is on the Swedish ANTHONY SKELTON, WESTERN UnIVERSITY case, but some comparative perspectives relating to the three MARK TEXTOR, KING’S COLLEGE LonDON disputes will also be presented. The Swedish positivist dispute AUDREY YAP, UnIVERSITY OF VICTORIA originated with Gerard Radnitzky’s doctoral dissertation in the- RICHARD ZACH, UnIVERSITY OF CALGARY ory of science, defended at the University of Gothenburg in May 1968, Contemporary Schools of Metascience (2 volumes). The dis- EDITOR FOR SPECIAL ISSUES sertation caused a stir of controversy. It meant a challenge to the SANDRA LaPOINte, MCMASTER UnIVERSITY Swedish philsophical establishment because it leaned heavily on continental philosophers such as Karl-Otto Apel and Jürgen REVIEW EDITORS Habermas, who at the time were more or less unknown in Swe- SEAN MORRIS, METROPOLITAN STATE UnIVERSITY OF DenVER den. The controversy was continuated in the following years, SANFORD SHIEH, WESLEYAN UnIVERSITY most notably in the leftist journal Häften för kritiska studier (Note- DESIGN AND LAYOUT books for Critical Studies). -
A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002
REVIEWS THE RISE OF CYBERNEWSPEAK Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002. Pp. xiv + 369. £25.95, US$37.95 HB. By Andrew Pickering The growing interest in the history of cybernetics has so far largely focused on its early days in the US, the 1940s and 1950s: Norbert Wiener, Claude Shannon, Warren McCulloch, the Macy conferences. That cybernetics enjoyed more success institutionally on the other side of the Iron Curtain is well known, but Slava Gerovitch’s book is the first to tell us at any length about how that occurred, covering the decades from the 1950s to the 1970s. It is a valuable addition to the literature. Gerovitch distinguishes three phases in the history of Soviet cyber- netics. In the early 1950s, towards the end of the Stalinist era, cybernetics was trashed as “An American Pseudo-Science” and “cyberneticians were branded ‘semanticist-cannibals’ ” (p. 94 – what a splendid insult!). This despite the fact that a plausible ancestry for cybernetics could readily be constructed from the work of Soviet scientists and mathematicians, and that almost nothing about cybernetics was then known in the Soviet Union. Gerovitch argues that this was not the result of any centrally organised campaign, but rather the upshot of an almost randomly generated ritual of ideological denunciation of a type that was ubiquitous in the period. All sorts of sciences were liable to be condemned for their inconsistency with the official philosophy of dialectical materialism, condemnations always articulated in the formulaic terms that Gerovitch calls Newspeak – ‘mech- anist’, ‘idealist’, ‘formalist’, etc.