DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Twenty-Six the Cold War, 1945–1952

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter Twenty-Six the Cold War, 1945–1952 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX THE COLD WAR, 1945–1952 CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter covers the beginnings of the Cold War under the Truman presidency as it affected both foreign and domestic policies. Peace after World War II was marred by a return to the 1917 rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. Truman and his advisors introduced the basic Cold War policies of containment in the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. With the victory of the communists in China and the outbreak of the Korean War, America extended the Cold War to Asia as well. The Cold War prompted the U.S. to rebuild its World War II enemies, Germany and Japan, as counterweights to the Soviets. At home, Americans wanted to return to normal by bringing the troops back home, spending for consumer goods and re-establishing family life, but many changing social patterns brought anxieties. A second Red Scare was caused by the Cold War rhetoric of a bipartisan foreign policy and Truman’s loyalty program, but Senator Joseph McCarthy’s tactics symbolized the era. Defense spending increased and the American economy became depend- ent on it to maintain recovery. Truman tried to extend elements of the New Deal in his Fair Deal but with minimal success. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading the chapter and following the study suggestions given, students should be able to: 1. Illustrate the effects of the Red Scare by discussing the college campus community after World War II. 2. Trace the development of the American policy of containment as applied to Europe and to Asia. 3, Summarize the foreign and domestic policies of the Truman administration. 4. Discuss the major causes, personalities and events of the Red Scare. 5. Explain the meaning of the Age of Anxiety and its reflection in American society and in popular culture. 6. Outline the events of the Korean War and its effect on American foreign policy and the political fortunes of Truman and the Democratic Party. 7. Making connections: Chapter twenty-three and Chapter twenty-six: compare the Red Scare after World War I to the one after World War II. CRITICAL THINKING/READING SKILLS AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: University of Washington, Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War: What happened at the University of Washington to Dr. Rader and the others? What was the Cold War and how did it affect the campus? Why were there record numbers of students on campus after World War II? How did older students view campus rules? Why did certain groups regard the campus as centers of “red propaganda?” What were most complaints actually about? 351 GLOBAL INSECURITIES AT WAR’S END: Why did global insecurity exist at the war’s end and what era did it actually date back to? What two powers were the center of power and why were they in competition? The American Century: What was the idea of the American Century and who proposed the idea? What was America’s position as a major military and economic power after World War II? Why did this success seem fragile to many Americans? What was the view of many businesses to ensure continued growth? How did the Soviets see the American Century? Hopes for Collective Security: What hope was there for collective security? What did opinion polls show about American views of the United Nations? What were the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations? Who were the five permanent members of the Security Council? What veto power did these powers have? What limited the UN and where was it successful? What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play in the U.N. and its programs? The Division of Europe: How did Europe get divided after World War II? Why was Roosevelt willing to accept a Soviet sphere of influence? Where did the Soviets gain control? Why did the USSR and France oppose German unification? How did Roosevelt’s view about Germany compare with many American business leaders? What was Churchill’s iron curtain? THE POLICY OF CONTAINMENT: What was the Policy of Containment and how was it developed? How and where did President Truman apply the policy and how successful was it? What was Truman’s view of the Soviets compared to Roosevelt’s? The Truman Doctrine: What was the Truman Doctrine? Where and why did he first apply it? How successful was the doctrine? How did Truman get public support for this doctrine? How did Congress respond? Who was George Kennan and what were his views on dealing with the Soviets? What was Walter Lippmann’s view? The Marshall Plan: What was the Marshall Plan and what was its aim? How successful was this plan? Who was Marshall and what was his reason for proposing the plan? How did the Soviets react? The Berlin Crisis and the Formation of NATO: What was the situation in Berlin and why did a crisis develop? What was the nature of the crisis and how did NATO result? What was Operation Vittles and how did the Soviets respond? What was NATO and how did the Soviets respond? What was Senator Taft’s criticism of Truman’s policy? What did polls reveal about Truman’s taught line? The Cold War in Asia: How did the Cold War in Asia compare to the one in Europe? What were the areas of conflict and the results of the Truman Doctrine in Asia? What poli- cies did the U.S. follow in rebuilding Japan? What was our policy in the Philippines? What was the recommendation of Acheson in his White Paper? What was the Asia First group and what criticism did it make of Truman’s policy? Atomic Diplomacy: What was the implication of Atomic Diplomacy? What was Bernard Baruch’s proposal to the UN Atomic Energy Commission? How did the Soviets respond? How did the military and scientists differ on the timing of the Soviets gaining the bomb? THE TRUMAN PRESIDENCY: What was the character of Truman and the Truman presi- dency? What themes did he follow and how successful was he? 352 “To Err Is Truman:” What were Truman’s errors and what did he do to try to correct them politically? What was his public approval rating within a year of assuming office? What did Truman try to do in reconverting the economy and how did the public and Congress react? How did Truman try to revive the New Deal programs? How did Republicans try to turn back the New Deal and what particular group was their target? The 1948 Election: How did various Democrats and Truman see the 1948 election? Who were the Americans for Democratic Action and what did they do? What was the difference between Wallace and Truman on views? What changes did Truman make on civil rights? What happened to Wallace’s candidacy? What was the outcome of the election? The Fair Deal: What was Truman’s Fair Deal program and how did it compare in ideas and theory to the New Deal? What elements of Fair Deal were enacted? How did the Truman administration use the threat of confrontation with the Soviets politically? What was the result? THE COLD WAR AT HOME: How were Americans fighting the Cold War at home? Who were the “sides” in the war at home? What subversive activities were found? What was the result? The National Security State: How did the National Security State develop? What were the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947? What was Executive Order 9835 and how did Tom Clark carry it out? What groups were considered subversive? The Red Scare in Hollywood: How did the Red Scare affect Hollywood? What was the House Un-American Activities Committee? Who were the “friendly witnesses” and the “unfriendly witnesses?” What was Red Channels or the blacklist? Spy Cases: What spy cases developed and what were the events of the cases? How did the Democrats first see the Alger Hiss case? What was the role of Richard Nixon in these events? McCarthyism: What was McCarthyism? How many Communists did McCarthy uncover in the State Department? What did he accuse the Democrats of? To what extent did McCarthy’s ideas strike a chord? Who were his targets and how well did he succeed? What individuals and organizations helped him and who opposed him? How did McCarthy lose his popularity? AGE OF ANXIETY: Why was this era called the Age of Anxiety? What did Americans do in reaction to it? How wealthy was the U.S.? The Two-Income Family: What encouraged the development of the two-income family? How had the war affected the two-income idea? What group of women was seeking employment? What uneasiness did this create and how did some critics connect it to communism? What were the views of Lundberg, Farnham, Parsons, Spock, and J. Edgar Hoover? How did the GI Bill affect women? What was the American woman’s dilemma as stated by Life magazine? Religion and Education: How did religion and education respond to the Cold War uneasi- ness and fears of communism? Who was Billy Graham and what were his views? How did he view schools? What was the “Zeal for Democracy” program and how did it reflect the Cold War? What were the messages of historians such as Samuel Eliot Morison and Richard Hofstader? The Cultural Noir: What was the cultural noir or mood? How was this reflected in films and books? What problems were there with symbols of prosperity? 353 END OF THE DEMOCRATIC ERA: What was the unresolvable dilemma that Truman faced and how did the trap of his own rhetoric affect the Democratic era? The Korean War: How and why did the Korean War begin? How did the United States respond to the war? How did Kennan’s view compare to Truman’s? How did the Soviets regard the war? What effect did accusations of “selling out” Eastern Europe and “losing” China have on Truman? How did American citizens view our involvement according to polls? How did the first part of U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Truman, Congress and the Struggle for War and Peace In
    TRUMAN, CONGRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR WAR AND PEACE IN KOREA A Dissertation by LARRY WAYNE BLOMSTEDT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2008 Major Subject: History TRUMAN, CONGRESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR WAR AND PEACE IN KOREA A Dissertation by LARRY WAYNE BLOMSTEDT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Terry H. Anderson Committee Members, Jon R. Bond H. W. Brands John H. Lenihan David Vaught Head of Department, Walter L. Buenger May 2008 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT Truman, Congress and the Struggle for War and Peace in Korea. (May 2008) Larry Wayne Blomstedt, B.S., Texas State University; M.S., Texas A&M University-Kingsville Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Terry H. Anderson This dissertation analyzes the roles of the Harry Truman administration and Congress in directing American policy regarding the Korean conflict. Using evidence from primary sources such as Truman’s presidential papers, communications of White House staffers, and correspondence from State Department operatives and key congressional figures, this study suggests that the legislative branch had an important role in Korean policy. Congress sometimes affected the war by what it did and, at other times, by what it did not do. Several themes are addressed in this project. One is how Truman and the congressional Democrats failed each other during the war. The president did not dedicate adequate attention to congressional relations early in his term, and was slow to react to charges of corruption within his administration, weakening his party politically.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservative Movement
    Conservative Movement How did the conservative movement, routed in Barry Goldwater's catastrophic defeat to Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential campaign, return to elect its champion Ronald Reagan just 16 years later? What at first looks like the political comeback of the century becomes, on closer examination, the product of a particular political moment that united an unstable coalition. In the liberal press, conservatives are often portrayed as a monolithic Right Wing. Close up, conservatives are as varied as their counterparts on the Left. Indeed, the circumstances of the late 1980s -- the demise of the Soviet Union, Reagan's legacy, the George H. W. Bush administration -- frayed the coalition of traditional conservatives, libertarian advocates of laissez-faire economics, and Cold War anti- communists first knitted together in the 1950s by William F. Buckley Jr. and the staff of the National Review. The Reagan coalition added to the conservative mix two rather incongruous groups: the religious right, primarily provincial white Protestant fundamentalists and evangelicals from the Sunbelt (defecting from the Democrats since the George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign); and the neoconservatives, centered in New York and led predominantly by cosmopolitan, secular Jewish intellectuals. Goldwater's campaign in 1964 brought conservatives together for their first national electoral effort since Taft lost the Republican nomination to Eisenhower in 1952. Conservatives shared a distaste for Eisenhower's "modern Republicanism" that largely accepted the welfare state developed by Roosevelt's New Deal and Truman's Fair Deal. Undeterred by Goldwater's defeat, conservative activists regrouped and began developing institutions for the long haul.
    [Show full text]
  • Harry S. Truman and the Fight Against Racial Discrimination
    “Everything in My Power”: Harry S. Truman and the Fight Against Racial Discrimination by Joseph Pierro Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Peter Wallenstein, Chairman Crandall Shifflett Daniel B. Thorp 3 May 2004 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: civil rights, discrimination, equality, race, segregation, Truman “Everything in My Power”: Harry S. Truman and the Fight Against Racial Discrimination by Joseph Pierro Abstract Any attempt to tell the story of federal involvement in the dismantling of America’s formalized systems of racial discrimination that positions the judiciary as the first branch of government to engage in this effort, identifies the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision as the beginning of the civil rights movement, or fails to recognize the centrality of President Harry S. Truman in the narrative of racial equality is in error. Driven by an ever-increasing recognition of the injustices of racial discrimination, Truman offered a comprehensive civil rights program to Congress on 2 February 1948. When his legislative proposals were rejected, he employed a unilateral policy of action despite grave political risk, and freed subsequent presidential nominees of the Democratic party from its southern segregationist bloc by winning re-election despite the States’ Rights challenge of Strom Thurmond. The remainder of his administration witnessed a multi-faceted attack on prejudice involving vetoes, executive orders, public pronouncements, changes in enforcement policies, and amicus briefs submitted by his Department of Justice. The southern Democrat responsible for actualizing the promises of America’s ideals of freedom for its black citizens is Harry Truman, not Lyndon Johnson.
    [Show full text]
  • 1950'S Presentation
    Truman’s Fair Deal: • 81st Congress did not embrace his deal • Did raise minimum wage from 40 to 75 cents/hr • Repeal of Taft-Hartley Act: a law that restricted labor unions • Approved expansion of Social Security coverage and raised Social Security benefits • Passed National Housing Act of 1949; provided housing for low-income families and increased Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance. • Did NOT pass national health insurance or to provide CHAPTERS 18 & 19 subsidies for farmers or federal aid for schools 1 2 Truman’s Fair Deal: GI Bill: • Fair Deal was an extension of FDR’s New ’ Deal but he did not have the support in • Official name: Servicemen s congress FDR did. Readjustment Act • Congress felt they were too expensive, too • Provided generous loans to veterans to restrictive to business and economy in help them establish businesses, buy general. homes, & attend college • Majority of both houses for Congress were • New housing was more affordable Republican; Truman is a Democrat during the postwar period than at any other time in American history. • Still in use today!! 3 4 1 22nd Amendment to the U.S. THE COLD WAR Constitution 1951 •CONFLICT BETWEEN THE U.S.S.R. & THE • No person shall be elected to the office of the UNITED STATES WHICH BEGAN AFTER WWII President more than twice, and no person who IN RESPONSE TO COMMUNIST EXPANSION. has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to •COMMUNISM WAS SEEN AS A MORTAL which some other person was elected President THREAT TO THE EXISTENCE OF THE shall be elected to the office of the President WESTERN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch.41 – Peace, Prosperity, Progress EQ
    Ch.41 – Peace, Prosperity, Progress EQ: Why are the 1950s remembered as an age of affluence? 41.0: Preview (answer in IAN) 40.1: Coach Schroeder reads introduction 40.2-7: Read Textbook – create a chart. 40.2-7: Cut out Picture – Create a Headline – Use example on your handout. Only have to do 2 BULLETS, BUT AS USUAL I WILL BE DOING ALL OF THEM. Section 2: POSTWAR POLITICS: READJUSTMENTS AND CHALLENGES Postwar Politics: Readjustments and Headline: Challenges; Truman Battles a Republican Congress • Truman has announced a set of reforms called the Fair Deal, including calls to raise the minimum wage and enact a national health insurance program. • With rising prices and growing unemployment, workers in major industries are calling for wage increases and are striking if their demands are not met. • In response to the strikes, Congress has passed the Taft-Hartley Act, limiting the power of labor unions. • The Taft-Hartley Act outlaws the closed shop, or a workplace in which the employer agrees to hire only members of a certain union. It also bans sympathy strikes by other unions. An Upset Victory in 1948 Headline: • Truman’s whistle-stop tour has helped him win reelection in a narrow victory over Thomas Dewey. • Most of Truman’s Fair Deal reforms have been blocked by Congress. • Congress has enacted Truman’s proposal to raise the minimum wage and to promote slum clearance. Ike Take the Middle of the Road Headline: • The nation has decided they “like Ike” and his modern Republicanism program, since they voted him into office.
    [Show full text]
  • New Deal Nemesis the “Old Right” Jeffersonians
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 New Deal Nemesis The “Old Right” Jeffersonians —————— ✦ —————— SHELDON RICHMAN “Th[e] central question is not clarified, it is obscured, by our common political categories of left, right, and center.” —CARL OGLESBY, Containment and Change odern ignorance about the Old Right was made stark by reactions to H. L. Mencken’s diary, published in 1989. The diary received M extraordinary attention, and reviewers puzzled over Mencken’s opposition to the beloved Franklin Roosevelt, to the New Deal, and to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Deal Panel | Report to Government
    Report to Government MAY 2020 FAIR DEAL PANEL | REPORT TO GOVERNMENT Contents Tribute to Chief Jason Goodstriker 4 Acknowledgment by the Fair Deal Panel of the current health and economic crises affecting Alberta 5 Executive summary 6 PART I: Who we heard from and what we heard 9 · I. The Panel’s Mandate 9 · II. Who we heard from 11 · III. What did we hear from Albertans 13 · IV. Basics of provincial and federal jurisdictions 13 PART II: The Panel’s recommendations 16 · Equalization 16 · Collaborative actions 19 · Unilateral actions 31 Part III: Telling Alberta’s story 50 A sincere thank you to Albertans 54 Appendices 55 Appendix A | Fair Deal Panel mandate letter 55 Appendix B | Terms of reference 57 Appendix C | Meet the panel 60 Appendix D | Fair Deal Panel engagement 62 Appendix E | Poll and survey results - quantitative 64 3 FAIR DEAL PANEL | REPORT TO GOVERNMENT Remembering Chief Goodstriker Photo credit: Trevor Page On January 16th, 2020, one of our Fair Deal Panel members, Chief Jason Goodstriker, passed away in Slave Lake, Alberta, at the age of 47 years. His Kainai, Blackfoot Confederacy and Dakota/Lakota People have lost a great son. Alberta’s First Nations have lost a great political leader and businessman. Fair Deal Panel members have lost a great role model. Chief Goodstriker’s natural ability to create a comfortable space for others to share their point of view was exceptional. He listened, but not just with his ears; all his senses were engaged. We extend our sincerest condolences to the family of Chief Goodstriker and especially to his wife, Tiffany Pompana, who joined us at many town halls across the province.
    [Show full text]
  • Tatw =TRS ^
    Prelim-CivRgts.fm Page iii Wednesday, August 29, 2007 4:11 PM ?S P .TaTW =TRS_^ C<>8:P of 3L]]d > ?]`XLY Edited By Raymond H. Geselbracht Volume 2 Truman State University Press HST CivilRights.book Page iv Wednesday, August 8, 2007 2:00 PM Copyright © 2007 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu Cover Photo: President Truman meeting with African American leaders who want more African Americans in important positions in agencies involved in the administration’s defense program, 28 February 1951. The President’s prominent visitors include Mary McLeod Bethune, president emeritus of the National Council of Negro Women, Lester Granger, executive secretary of the National Urban League, Tobias Channing, director of the Phelps-Stokes Foundation, and Walter White, executive secretary of the NAACP. Cover design: Shaun Hoffeditz Type: Garamond Light, ITC Garamond is a registered trademark of Interna- tional Typeface Corporation; Bauer Text Initials, copyright Phil’s Fonts. Printed by: Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The civil rights legacy of Harry S. Truman / edited by Raymond H. Geselbracht. p. cm. — (Truman legacy series; v. 2) “Based on the Second Truman Legacy Symposium, Harry Truman and civil rights, May 14–15, 2004, Key West, Florida.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–931112–67–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Truman, Harry S., 1884–1972—Political and social views. 2. Civil rights— United States—History—20th century. 3. African Americans—Civil rights— History—20th century. 4. United States—Race relations—Political aspects—His- tory—20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights As Presidential Success: the Truman Era
    Page 70 Oshkosh Scholar Human Rights as Presidential Success: The Truman Era Hope Schuhart, author Dr. David J. Siemers, Political Science, faculty adviser Hope Schuhart will graduate from UW Oshkosh in May 2011 with a degree in political science. Dr. David J. Siemers is a professor in the Department of Political Science. He received his Ph.D. from UW Madison and has taught at UW Oshkosh since 2001. Siemers’ most recent book is Presidents and Political Thought, published by the University of Missouri Press. Abstract Political success has traditionally been defined in terms of glory in battle and control over access to resources. This definition continues to be reflected in modern rankings of American presidents, which often measure executive success by personality traits, partisan influence, and attempts at increasing power while in office. However, the core purpose of American government, as stated in the Constitution and Declaration of Independence, is to safeguard the human rights of American citizens and protect them from rights abuses. It follows that as the official defender of the Constitution, a president’s human rights record should be the standard and primary criterion for measuring executive “greatness” or success. Because other evaluations have thus far neglected to employ such a criterion, this paper uses Harry Truman, who was president at the time of the United States’ ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as a beginning example of evaluating presidential greatness based on contributions to human rights. Introduction Throughout human history, political leaders have striven to achieve glory and greatness by leading armies into battle, conquering vast tracts of land through violence, subjugating and enslaving the people who lived there, usurping other leaders, looting the coffers, and monopolizing resources to maintain control.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Health Insurance Reform
    Katherine Rohde Professor Ladson HIST 1090 October 31, 2018 The Defeat of National Health Insurance Reform in the United States The first half of the twentieth century saw many European countries establish national health insurance programs. The United States, however, opted for a voluntary, largely employer- provided model. In this essay, I will explore how the moneyed interests of American health insurance companies, employers, and medical professional societies, coupled with a nationwide fear of communism, led to the failure of national health insurance reform attempts in the United States ranging from the Progressive Era to the Fair Deal. The first attempts to institute national health insurance came at the turn of the twentieth century. In his 1912 presidential bid, Theodore Roosevelt called for a national health service as part of his Progressive Party platform.1 Although he lost the election, it brought the idea of universal health care into the national spotlight. Building on such momentum, the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) became the most prominent advocate for national health insurance during the Progressive Era. The AALL held the British and German welfare states as shining examples of progressive reform; a 1916 pamphlet entitled “The Need for Health Insurance in America” proclaimed, “Hundreds of thousands, now fighting on the field of battle for their fatherland, may trace their health and capacity to the timely and proper treatment 1. “Progressive Party Platform of 1912,” The American Presidency Project, University of California Santa Barbara, November 05, 1912, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/273288. received with the aid of sickness insurance.”2 The AALL widely circulated such pamphlets to the public and attempted to convince American politicians to enact similar legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • Netw Rks the Cold War Era Lesson 1 Roots of the Cold War
    181_184_DOPA_MT_RESG_C12_L1_664482.indd Page 181 10/01/13 4:55 AM user/107/GO01241/NEW_SOCIAL_STUDIES_ANCILLARY/ANCILLARY/NEW_SOCIAL_STUDIES/XXX_XXXXXX .... NAME ___________________________________________________ DATE _____________________ CLASS ______________ netw rks The Cold War Era Lesson 1 Roots of the Cold War ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the consequences when cultures GUIDING QUESTIONS interact? 1. What plans were created for the organization of the postwar world? 2. How did Western Allies resist Soviet attempts to halt the plans for uniting West Germany? 3. How did the United States and the Soviet Union become rivals and influence the world? 4 How did the Cold War heighten American fears of communism? Where in the world? Terms to Know ATLANTIC iron curtain political divison in Europe OCEAN Communist between communist countries and democracies. countries Non-communist UNITED countries containment stopping communism KINGDOM Iron Curtain airlift deliver supplies by airplane Berlin N EAST cold war conflict in which two enemies fight in W GERMANY SOVIET E UNION other ways besides combat S WEST GERMANY perjury the crime of lying when you have promised to tell the truth subversion attempt to overthrow a government espionage spying TURKEY GREECE censure to criticize in an official way When did it happen? 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1936 1942 Jews in 1945 FDR 1947 Marshall 1952 Mussolini's Europe ordered dies; First Plan created England's army takes to wear yellow meeting of Queen Ethiopia stars U.N; America 1948 Berlin blockade Elizabeth
    [Show full text]
  • Progressive Movement Just As the End of the Cold War Opened Up
    Progressive Movement Just as the end of the Cold War opened up divisions among conservatives, it should serve to heal them among progressives. The post-Cold War world offers the prospect of a new coalition of liberalism and the Left, which have had little fruitful collaboration since the Progressive Party movement of 1948 drove a wedge between them. William F. Buckley used anti-communism to hold together a "fusionist" coalition among the conflicting branches of conservatism in the 1950s, but the demise of Communism (which has split conservatism into feuding factions again) now offers the opportunity for a progressive "fusion" at the junction of liberalism and the Left -- reviving the grand tradition of populism, progressivism, democratic socialism, and New Deal reforms. The components of this progressive fusion remain to be formulated, but would likely include a full employment economy that competes with Japan and Europe in the world market, a defense of social justice and human rights in the fullest sense, a new system of global security based on international institutions for conflict resolution, and global environmental protection with sustainable economic growth for developing countries. In the 1930s President Franklin D. Roosevelt knitted together the New Deal coalition of labor, liberals, big city machines that mobilized working class white ethnic groups, urban blacks in the North, and lower and middle income Southern whites. Without explicitly saying so, the New Deal incorporated much of the reform spirit and program of earlier populist, progressive, and socialist movements. The coalition held together through Harry Truman's Fair Deal and eight years of Dwight Eisenhower's "Modern Republicanism" (which accepted the New Deal reforms as a given) to John F.
    [Show full text]