Truman’s Fair Deal: • 81st Congress did not embrace his deal • Did raise minimum wage from 40 to 75 cents/hr • Repeal of Taft-Hartley Act: a law that restricted labor unions • Approved expansion of Social Security coverage and raised Social Security benefits • Passed National Housing Act of 1949; provided housing for low-income families and increased Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance. • Did NOT pass national health insurance or to provide CHAPTERS 18 & 19 subsidies for farmers or federal aid for schools
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Truman’s Fair Deal: GI Bill:
• Fair Deal was an extension of FDR’s New ’ Deal but he did not have the support in • Official name: Servicemen s congress FDR did. Readjustment Act • Congress felt they were too expensive, too • Provided generous loans to veterans to restrictive to business and economy in help them establish businesses, buy general. homes, & attend college
• Majority of both houses for Congress were • New housing was more affordable Republican; Truman is a Democrat during the postwar period than at any other time in American history. • Still in use today!! 3 4
1 22nd Amendment to the U.S. THE COLD WAR Constitution 1951 •CONFLICT BETWEEN THE U.S.S.R. & THE • No person shall be elected to the office of the UNITED STATES WHICH BEGAN AFTER WWII President more than twice, and no person who IN RESPONSE TO COMMUNIST EXPANSION. has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to •COMMUNISM WAS SEEN AS A MORTAL which some other person was elected President THREAT TO THE EXISTENCE OF THE shall be elected to the office of the President WESTERN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION. more than once. •THE COLD WAR WAS FOUGHT IN POLITICAL, • President can only serve 2 four year terms; and SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC BATTLES AS no more than 10 years if a VP assumes a OPPOSED TO WAR. presidency.
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Origins of the Cold War The Cold War • The cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet Union (red) and the western democracies (blue).
2 Soviet Distrust of the West 1. Western Opposition to Bolsheviks
• The Soviet Union • In 1919, Russia’s felt it had good former World War I cause to distrust the allies (Britain, France west. and the United States) joined the "White Russians" to fight off the Bolsheviks following the revolution.
2. The Result: USSR Suspicious of 3. Disregard for Soviet Diplomatic Goals West – This intervention – The western failed and the Red democracies did not Army of the invite the Soviet Bolsheviks secured Union to participate in the power of the new the World War I Soviet state. The peace talks or the young USSR League of Nations. government never quite trusted the western democracies after that.
3 4. West Did Not Aid in Spanish Civil 5. USSR Not Invited to Munich Conference War – The west did not aid • The west did not invite the Republicans the Soviets to the fighting the fascists in Munich Conference the Spanish Civil which decided the fate War. of Czechoslovakia in the years leading up to World War II, even though the Soviet Union had a security pact with Czechoslovakia.
Western Distrust of the Soviets 1. Fear of Socialism
• The west, for its part, never trusted the Soviet – The avowed purpose of Union. the International Communist Party was to secure world wide communist revolution. There was a great fear of socialism in Europe and America.
4 2. Soviet Annexation of Eastern 3. Soviet Designs on Eastern Poland Europe – The Soviets – By the end of the war negotiated an Britain and the United agreement with States distrusted the Hitler and annexed Soviet motives in eastern Poland. eastern Europe.
Uneasy Alliance During World War II Western Delay in Opening 2nd Front
• This mutual distrust was • Stalin believed that suppressed during the western allies World War II when for were dragging practical reasons (the their feet in opening up the common enemy of "second front" in Hitler's Germany) the Europe, so western allies and the necessary to take Soviet Union became the pressure off uneasy allies. the struggling Soviet forces in the east.
5 Soviet Desire for Friendly Decisions at Yalta Governments • The physical structure of the • Stalin was open about wanting "friendly cold war was put into place governments" in Eastern Europe to protect at the end of World War II. his country's western frontier from another • Winston Churchill, Franklin invasion like the invasion so recently Delano Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin agreed in experienced by Germany. February of 1945 at Yalta to • All of this was in the air when Stalin, divide Germany into four Churchill and Roosevelt met at the end of occupation zones. World War II. • Compromise of allowing the Polish government to be set up by the Soviets but allow free elections
Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe • It was agreed that the Soviet Union would have the greatest influence in eastern Europe, where Soviet troops were concentrated. – They already occupied Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and parts of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and it would have been difficult to come to an agreement which involved removing these troops.
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta – Roosevelt agreed because he had little choice.
6 Governments Friendly to Strained Relations at Potsdam Soviets • Finally, it was agreed that independent • When the allies met again at Potsdam in July of governments would be established in 1945, relations were more strained. • Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman, who these lands, and that elections would be was not inclined to humor Stalin once he found free, but the governments would be out that there had been a successful test of the "friendly to the Soviet Union." atomic bomb. • This is the beginning of what Winston • America no longer desperately needed Soviet help in the war against Japan. Churchill would later call the "Iron Curtain" • America had halted aid to the Soviet Union which divided Europe for 45 years. because of concerns over Russian behavior in the East.
Potsdam Conference Cold War 1945- 1991
• The leaders arrived at various agreements on • USA vs. USSR the German economy, punishment for war
criminals, land boundaries and reparations. • No direct conflicts but plenty indirect • US against heavy reparations, & for the overall • Ideological struggle between the revival of Germany’s economy Soviet Union and The United States • Soviets wanted reparations and make it • Capitalism vs. Communism impossible for Germany to be able to invade them again • Also agreed to on an unconditional surrender from Japan 27 28
7 Soviet Consolidation of Power
• Between 1945-1948 the Soviets under Stalin consolidated their power in Eastern Europe. – Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary became part of the "Soviet Bloc" – or "satellite system." – Within the communist parties of these countries there were purges to remove national communists - one in four were removed. Truman and Stalin at Potsdam
The Iron Curtain Iron Curtain • As early as 1946, Winston Churchill saw what was happening. • Gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe . . . All are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.” • Separated: Communists of Eastern Europe from then non-communist of Western Europe 32
8 Cold War Politics:
• Long Telegram: Feb. 26, 1946 • George Kennan was a U.S. diplomat that helped establish the first American embassy in the Soviet Union in 1933, sent a 5,540 word cable message explaining his view of Soviet goals • asserted that the Soviet Union could not foresee “permanent peaceful coexistence” with the West. • Soviets have a “neurotic view of world affairs” was a manifestation of the “instinctive Russian EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE sense of insecurity.” USSR AFTER WW II • Kennan was convinced that the Soviets would YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT33 try to expand their sphere of influence 34
Origins of the Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine: • In 1947 The United States responded to • Went before Congress to ask for what appeared to be a $400 million to fight Communism clear Soviet attempt to aggression in Greece & Turkey spread communism into Eastern Europe. It • Goal in long run to pledge the US declared the Truman to fight communism worldwide Doctrine aimed at stopping the further spread of communism. • AKA CONTAINMENT 36
9 Provisions of the Truman The Marshall Plan Doctrine • In June 1947, US Secretary of State • "I believe that it must be the policy of the United proposed European Recovery Program States to support free peoples who are resisting – provided economic aid to European countries, attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by both east and west by the United States in outside pressures. 1947 to rebuild their economies • I believe that we must assist free peoples to – Truman saw Marshall Plan & Truman Doctrine work out their own destinies in their own way. as “two halves of the same walnut” (self-determination) – Both were essential for containment! • I believe that our help should be primarily – caused Stalin further doubt about the Western through economic and financial aid which is Allies' intentions. essential to economic stability and orderly – It was in this atmosphere that the Berlin crisis political processes." arose.
Berlin Unification of Western Zones
• Berlin was located completely within the eastern • Britain, France, and the United States unified the side of Germany which was occupied by the western zones of Berlin in 1948, and announced a Russians. new currency there.
Berlin Germany
10 Berlin Airlift Berlin Blockade • Between June 1948 and • Stalin responded on June 24 by attempting to May 1949, the Western force the western allies out of Berlin altogether. Allies mounted a • He cut off rail and road access to the western side massive airlift to keep of the city. the western sectors supplied. This broke the blockade. On May 12, 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade and the Cold War was underway.
Federal Republic of Republic of Germany Two Armed Camps Germany • The establishment of NATO and The Warsaw Pact (military • In May 1949 the Federal • In September the Soviet- organization) in 1949 gave teeth to this formal division. Republic of Germany was supported Republic of created in the West Germany was established Europe was now two armed camps. in the East.
WARSAW PACT a collective defense treaty NATO among the Soviet North Atlantic Treaty Union and seven Organization other Soviet A military alliance in which satellite states in member states agree to mutual Central and 43 defense in response to an attack Eastern Europe by any external party.
11 SEATO 1954 Berlin Airlift
• The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines.
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PRESIDENT TRUMAN APPROVED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE Soviet Development of Atomic HYDROGEN BOMB. THIS NEW TYPE OF NUCLEAR WEAPON IS AT LEAST 100 TIMES MORE POWERFUL THEN THE ATOMIC BOMBS Bomb DROPPED ON JAPAN IN 1945.
• The Soviets were not far behind the US in developing the atomic bomb and accomplished it in 1949 THE FIRST U.S. HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF 1952. THE USSR EXPLODED THEIR 1ST ONE IN 1953 WHICH SHOCKED AMERICANS. 48
12 The Arms Race
• Once the Soviet Union successfully tested the atomic bomb, the arms race was on. • MAD (mutually assured destruction) was designed to keep both sides from "pushing the button," by giving both sides equality in "kill power." American backyard fallout shelter 1960
Duck and Cover • After WWII, the U.S. and the Soviets divided Korea temporarily • Boundary between their zones of control was along the 38th parallel • The North Korean communist Dictator Kim Il Sung called for reunification of Korea and overran most or 51 52 South Korea.
13 The United States led a UN force to help The War became a stalemate South Korea
• This force stopped • The two sides signed the North Koreans at an armistice in 1953 the Pusan Perimeter • Troops remained on and then advanced either side of the north. demilitarized zone • Next, Mao Zedong new the 38th parallel, Communist leader in the dividing line China sent a huge between North and force to help the South Korea. North Koreans, and
most the UN gains 53 54 were lost.
Korean Conflict: 1950-1953 Communist North Korea invaded with Democratic NORTH KOREA South Korea. US & United Nations aided South Korea while China 38TH PARALLEL DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN supported North Korea. NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA
TRUMAN & GENERAL MACARTHUR SHAKE HANDS DURING THEIR MacArthur CONFERENCE AT wanted to WAKE ISLAND, OCTOBER 15, 1950. invade China LESS THAN A YEAR SOUTH KOREA ’ LATER TRUMAN FIRED unlike Truman s MACARTHUR IN A plan on how to DISPUTE OVER HOW THE WAR SHOULD BE solve the crisis in FOUGHT. Korea. 55 56
14 THE WAR IN KOREA RESULTED IN A STALEMATE BUT WITH CONTAINMENT OF COMMUNISM! American Society: 2nd RED SCARE: 1947-1954 PRESIDENT TRUMAN'S ATTORNEY GENERAL, HOWARD MCGRATH, SET THE TONE WHEN HE ANNOUNCED: “THERE ARE TODAY MANY COMMUNISTS IN AMERICA. THEY ARE EVERYWHERE - IN FACTORIES, OFFICES, BUTCHER SHOPS, ON STREET CORNERS, IN PRIVATE BUSINESSES - AND EACH CARRIES IN HIMSELF THE GERMS OF DEATH FOR SOCIETY.”
NO ONE REALLY KNEW HOW MANY AMERICAN COMMUNISTS THERE WERE. IT WAS KNOWN THAT 100,000 HAD VOTED FOR THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN McGrath and Truman THE ELECTION OF 1932. 57 58
TIMELINE OF ANTI COMMUNISM: • 1949 MANY SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES STARTED REQUIRING THAT THEIR EMPLOYEES SIGN LOYALTY •Project Verona: 1946: used to crack the Soviet spy OATHS. SEVERAL PROFESSORS WERE FIRED FOR code of the time REFUSING TO SIGN. • Message confirmed extensive Soviet spying & • Dennis v. United States, June 4, 1951 sent federal investigators on a massive hunt – Upheld the Smith Act (1940), which made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the 1947 TRUMAN CREATED A “LOYALTY REVIEW government or to organize or be a member of any BOARD” TO INVESTIGATE GOVERNMENT group or society devoted to such advocacy. EMPLOYEES. 1200 FEDERAL WORKERS WERE FIRED AND ANOTHER 5,000 WERE FORCED TO RESIGN FOR • HUAC: J. Edgar Hoover created this ACCUSATIONS THAT THEY WERE “DISLOYAL” OR • House Un-American Activities Committee BAD SECURITY RISKS. • Hold public hearings on those suspicious of being 1949 ALGER HISS, STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL, communists & were engaged in un-American activities WAS CONVICTED OF PERJURY FOR DENYING HE • “Pumpkin Papers”: Whittaker Chambers, magazine HAD BEEN A COMMUNIST. editor & former Communist Party member testified to 59 HUAC; Alger Hiss had hid copies of secret documents60 in a hollow pumpkin in his dumbwaiter
15 Notice the caption below the picture which ties the case to the anti-immigrant sentiment and red scare of the 1920s. Alger Hiss Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 61 62
•1950: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Red Scare & HUAC • NY couple who were members of Communist Party • Were charged with: spying and giving atomic secrets to the USSR. • Were convicted & executed in 1953
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16 Left: McCarthy Hearings Joseph McCarthy & Below: Senator Joseph McCarthyism: McCarthy • 1950 Senator Joseph McCarthy announced he had a list of 205 communists working in the State Department. This was never verified. • 1950-1954 Senator McCarthy began making a reputation as a communist hunter in Senate hearings. • He began accusing high level government officials of being communists. • McCurran Act: passed Internal Security Act 1950; which allowed the arrest & detention Right: Nixon and other of Communists & Communists sympathizers 65 members of HUAC 66
• McCarthy’s anti-communist hearings, now on television, were called “witch hunts” & his wild accusations began worrying Herblock members of his own Republican party. cartoon on the • 1954 Edward R. Murrow, a prominent & “witch hunt” respected journalist did a television at the State interview to on McCarthy. Department. • This was followed by a televised rebuking from Army lawyer Joseph Welch. • McCarthy was censured by the Senate and he & anti-communism faded from public view. 67 68
17 McCarthyism DWIGHT EISENHOWER WAS THE IMMENSELY POPULAR FORMER SUPREME COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WWII. BOTH PARTIES WANTED HIM TO RUN AS THEIR CANDIDATE. EISENHOWER CHOSE TO RUN AS A REPUBLICAN.
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Large crowd waiting to greet Eisenhower ELECTION OF 1952: EISENHOWER WON BY A LANDSLIDE
Eisenhower’s platform was known as “KCC”: Korea first, Communism and Corruption
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18 ON JULY 27TH 1953, AFTER THREE YEARS OF FIGHTING, AN ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED ENDING THE KOREAN WAR. KOREA REMAINED DIVIDED AT THE 38TH PARALLEL.
PRESIDENT ELECT EISENHOWER MAKES GOOD ON HIS PROMISE AND VISITS KOREA IN DECEMBER OF 1952 73 74
“Massive Retaliation & JOHN FOSTER DULLES WAS EISENHOWER’S SECRETARY ” OF STATE UNTIL 1959 WHEN HE Brinkmanship : RESIGNED DUE TO ILLNESS. HE • Massive Retaliation: enabled HAD BEEN A CRITIC OF TRUMAN’S DOCTRINE OF CONTAINMENT Eisenhower to cut military spending ARGUING THAT IT SHOULD BE from $50 million to $34 million REPLACED BY A POLICY OF ’ “LIBERATION”. HE PRACTICED • But he increased America s nuclear “BRINKMANSHIP” WHICH HE arsenal from 1,000 bombs in 1953 to DEFINED AS "THE ABILITY TO GET TO THE VERGE WITHOUT GETTING 18,000 bombs by 1961 INTO THE WAR IS THE NECESSARY • Brinkmanship: Policy introduced by ART.“ HE WAS ATTACKED FOR INTENSIFYING THE COLD WAR AND Secretary of State John Foster Dulles: DAMAGING RELATIONS WITH willingness to go to the brink of war to NEUTRAL AS WELL AS COMMUNIST force the other side to back down NATIONS. 75 76
19 One major piece of legislation was passed Ike had been impressed by the four lane autobahns he during the Eisenhower years, the Highway saw in Germany at the end of WW II. He wanted a Act of 1956. system similar to it for the U.S.
John A. Volpe (left) is sworn in as Eisenhower looking over interim, and first, federal highway Highway Act documents administrator "Together, the united forces of our communication and Hitler opening the autobahn in transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we U.S. interstate the 1930’s highway bear - United States. Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts." 77 78 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Feb. 22, 1955
In the Highway Act the federal government committed $32 billion ($282.4 billion in 2016 dollars) to build 41,000 miles of highways. The new highways encouraged the spread of suburbs and travel. Its Impact would lead to industries moving out of central cities & the increased popularity of shopping malls. 79 80
20 ON OCTOBER 4, 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGAN WHEN THE SOVIETS LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL IN 1957 A NEW WORD, ICBM OR INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE MISSILE, ENTERED THE WORLD’S VOCABULARY. THESE WERE NUCLEAR BOMB CARRYING MISSILES WITH RANGES OF OVER FIVE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS, BELIEVED TO BE THOUSAND MILES. NO LOCATION ON EARTH WAS SAFE FROM TECHNOLOGICALLY BACKWARD, WERE THE FIRST INTO NUCLEAR DESTRUCTION. SPACE.
U.S.S.R. WAS THE FIRST TO FIRST U.S. SUCCESSFULLY ATLAS ICBM LAUNCH AN ICBM 81 SPUTNIK RADIO BROADCAST FROM SPACE 82
NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT 1958 • As a result of the launching, the US: THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BEGAN GIVING MONEY TO LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO IMPROVE EDUCATION. THE U.S.S.R.’S LAUNCHING OF SPUTNIK • Took it a sign that the US was failing IN 1957 AND THE FEAR THAT OUR SCHOOLS WERE NOT PRODUCING ENOUGH behind the Soviet Union in missile SCIENTISTS WAS THE IMPETUS FOR THE ACT. “THE CONGRESS FINDS THAT AN EDUCATIONAL EMERGENCY EXISTS AND technology REQUIRES ACTION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. ASSISTANCE WILL COME FROM WASHINGTON TO HELP DEVELOP AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE THOSE • Congress created as a result: the SKILLS ESSENTIAL TO TILE NATIONAL DEFENSE.” National Aeronautics & Space NDEA FOCUSED ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF EDUCATION IN SCIENCE, Administration (NASA) to coordinate MATHEMATICS, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES; BUT IT ALSO PROVIDED AID IN OTHER AREAS, INCLUDING TECHNICAL EDUCATION, AREA STUDIES, research in rocket science & space GEOGRAPHY, ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE, COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE, SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP, AND EDUCATIONAL exploration MEDIA CENTERS. THE ACT PROVIDED INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION WITH 90% OF CAPITAL FUNDS FOR LOW-INTEREST LOANS TO STUDENTS. • Also passed National Defense NDEA ALSO GAVE FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR IMPROVEMENT AND CHANGE IN Education Act to provide funds for ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION. THE ACT PROHIBITED FEDERAL DIRECTION, SUPERVISION, OR CONTROL OVER THE CURRICULUM, PROGRAM education & training in science, math, & OF INSTRUCTION, ADMINISTRATION, OR PERSONNEL OF ANY EDUCATIONAL foreign languages 83 INSTITUTION, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE DIFFERENCES IN AMERICAN84 EDUCATION FROM STATE TO STATE.
21 THE U.S. DID NOT GET AN OBJECT INTO ORBIT UNTIL JANUARY OF 1958 AFTER Creation of CIA: SEVERAL EMBARRASSING FAILURES. THE SPACE RACE WAS ON. • President Eisenhower knew brinkmanship would not always work • Therefore, he decided to use covert or hidden operations which led to the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency.
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IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN, THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET U.S.S.R. UNION, DIED.
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED IN A U.N. SPEECH THAT “WE (U.S.S.R.) WILL BURY YOU (U.S.)”
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22 Eisenhower Doctrine ON JANUARY 1, 1959 A REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY • Jan. 5, 1957, U.S. foreign-policy OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. pronouncement by President Dwight D. MANY CUBANS FLED TO THE U.S. Eisenhower promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. • Eisenhower proclaimed that he would use the armed forces to protect the independence of any Middle Eastern FIDEL CASTRO country seeking American help. 89 90
CASTRO DECLARED HIMSELF A COMMUNIST THE U-2 INCIDENT 1960 AND ALLIED CUBA WITH THE SOVIET UNION AFTER A MAJOR CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE U.S. AND U.S.S.R. IN 1958 OVER BERLIN BOTH NATIONS DECIDED TO HOLD A SUMMIT MEETING IN PARIS IN MAY OF 1960.
TWO WEEKS BEFORE THE PLANNED SUMMIT A U.S. U-2 SPY PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE U.S.S.R. AND IT’S PILOT, CASTRO AND FRANCIS GARY POWERS, WAS CAPTURED AND PUT ON KHRUSHCHEV TRIAL. THE SUMMIT WAS CANCELLED AND EISENHOWER BLAMED HIMSELF FOR THE FAILURE TO EASE COLD WAR TENSIONS DURING HIS TENURE.
U-2 SPY PLANES HAD BEEN FLYING SECRET MISSIONS OVER THE USSR SINCE 1955
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23 REASONS FOR THE UNPRECEDENTED POST-WAR PROSPERITY
PENT UP DEMAND FOR CONSUMER GOODS BROUGHT ABOUT BY WWII SHORTAGES. THE NUMBER OF CARS PRODUCED QUADRUPLED AND CHEAP MORTGAGES LED TO A RAPID EXPANSION OF HOME CONSTRUCTION. INCREASED DEFENSE SPENDING TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COLD WAR. THE MARSHALL PLAN LED TO A HUGE FRANCIS GARY POWERS WAS EXPANSION IN EXPORTS. CONVICTED OF SPYING IN A FULLY TWO-THIRDS OF AMERICANS SOVIET COURT. HE WAS JAILED QUALIFIED AS MIDDLE CLASS IN THE POSTWAR IN RUSSIA UNTIL EXCHANGED FOR ERA. IN THE 1920’s LESS THAN ONE-THIRD RUSSIAN SPY RUDOLF ABEL IN COULD BE CONSIDERED MIDDLE CLASS. FEBRUARY 1962. 93 94
• Kemmons Wilson: • Traveled from Memphis, TN to Washington, D.C. • Saw a need for comfortable lodgings • Decided to build a motel chain that would provide interstate travelers with comfortable lodging • Sprouted all over country
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24 AMERICAN WORKERS FACED A Automation of many industries began a trend away from manufacturing jobs to sales and service occupations. This CHANGING WORKPLACE AS FACTORY led to some dislocation as workers had to move or retrain to AND MANUAL LABOR JOBS (BLUE- learn new skills. COLLAR) BEGAN DISAPPEARING FEWER WORKERS PRODUCED GOODS WORK WAS SHIFTING FROM PRODUCTION Robots, real and TO SERVICES pretend BY 1956 THE MAJORITY OF WORKERS HELD WHITE-COLLAR JOBS SUCH AS CORPORATE MANAGERS, TEACHERS, SALESPERSONS AND OFFICE WORKERS BUSINESSES IN THE 50S ALSO LOOKED FOR CHEAPER LABOR & EXPANDED OVERSEAS 97 98
POPULATION SHIFT TO THE SUNBELT 1950’s AMERICAN FAMILY STATES “SUNBELT” DESCRIBES THE “SUNNY” AREA FROM THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC COST TO CALIFORNIA. FLORIDA, ARIZONA AND NEVADA EXPERIENCED OVER 100% POPULATION GROWTH WHILE STATES LIKE CALIFORNIA, UTAH AND COLORADO SAW THEIR POPULATIONS GROW 51% TO 100%. BY 1963 CALIFORNIA BECAME THE MOST POPULOUS STATE IN THE UNION. ADVANCES IN AIR CONDITIONING, AIR TRAVEL AND AN IMPROVED HIGHWAY SYSTEM CONTRIBUTED TO THIS POPULATION SHIFT. THE FAST GROWING AEROSPACE INDUSTRY WAS LOCATED MAINLY IN SUNBELT AREAS. RETIREMENTS COMMUNITIES SPRANG UP TO SERVE SENIORS LOOKING FOR A WARM, SUNNY CLIMATE
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25 • Luxury Items: • Refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, & air conditioners • House & Garden magazine raved about coffeemakers, blenders, & lawn trimmers • Advertising became the fastest growing industry in the US.
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Technology Advances: ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and • Electronics: Computer. It was a secret World War II • Transistor for radios military project • Age of computers: ENIAC • Built for military; 1st one weighed more than 30 tons & took up 1800 square feet as big a average house 103 104
26 CAR SALES 1933-1955 Medical Miracles: • Development of powerful 8000000 antibiotics to fight infection 7000000 6000000 • Drugs to combat arthritis, 5000000 diabetes, cancer, & heart disease 4000000 car sales • Research scientist, Jonas Salk, 3000000 developed an injectable vaccine 2000000 that prevented polio 1000000 0 • Tested on self & his three sons 1933 1940 1948 1950 1955
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THE AMERICAN DREAM LEVITTOWN'S WERE THE SYMBOL OF THE OWN YOUR OWN HOME NEW AMERICAN SUBURB WHERE ALMOST ANYONE COULD AFFORD A NEW HOME. MOST NEW HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TOOK PLACE THEY WERE SMALL HOMES BUILT USING OUTSIDE MAJOR CITIES IN NEWLY CREATED MASS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES. SUBURBS THERE WAS TREMENDOUS PENT UP DEMAND FOR HOUSING AS THERE HAD BEEN LITTLE CONSTRUCTION DURING THE DEPRESSION OR WWII WILLIAM LEVITT ONE OF THE COUPLES WERE HAVING MORE CHILDREN AND OWNERS OF LEVITT AND WANTED THEIR OWN HOMES TO RAISE THEM IN SONS THAT BUILT SEVERAL LEVITTOWNS. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOANS MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR MORE FAMILIES TO PURCHASE THEIR OWN AERIAL VIEW OF A HOMES LEVITTOWN. THE CARS AND SHOPPING CENTERS BECAME THE ORIGINAL HOMES COST CENTER PIECES OF THE NEW SUBURBAN $8,000 ($80,000 IN 2016). LIFESTYLE 107 108
27 BABY BOOM: 1945 to 1961: 65 million children born in the US every 7 seconds
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BIRTH RATE PER THOUSAND FOR WOMEN 15-44 YEARS OLD Role of Women: 30 26.6 26.1 25.3 • Traditional role of homemaker: ex. 25 21.2 Leave It to Beaver (TV Show) 19 20 • Magazine advertised stay-at-home wives “to set their sights on a happy 15 birth rate home, a host of friends and a bright 10 future through success in HIS job”. • By 1960, 1/3 of all married women 5 were part of the paid workforce. 0 1924 1934 1944 1947 1954 111 112
28 Women in the 1950s- Working Women Pepsi Commercial 25000000
20000000
15000000 working 10000000 women
5000000
0 1950 1955 1960
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CRISIS IN EDUCATION FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION INCREASED OVER THE CHILDREN OF THE BABY BOOM WERE OVERWHELMING THE YEARS ALONG WITH ADDITIONAL FEDERAL RULES AND EXISTING SCHOOL FACILITIES. CHART SHOWS INCREASING GUIDELINES SCHOOL ENROLLMENT IN MILLIONS.
50 1958 1959 1960 45 1957 1956 40 1955 35 In millions 30 1940 1946 25 20 15 10 5
0 115 116
29 TIMELINE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1948-1960 MOVEMENT 1948-1960 1948 PRESIDENT TRUMAN ISSUED TWO EXECUTIVE 1948 PRESIDENT TRUMAN ISSUED TWO EXECUTIVE ORDERS: ORDERS: Executive Order 9980: FAIR EMPLOYMENT Executive Order 9981: "EQUALITY OF PRACTICES IN THE CIVILIAN AGENCIES OF THE TREATMENT & OPPORTUNITY for all personnel FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: without regard to race, color, religion, or national “All personnel actions taken by Federal appointing origin and established a presidential committee to officers shall be based solely on merit and fitness; and monitor such officers are authorized and directed to take appropriate steps to insure that in all such actions there shall be no discrimination because of race, color, religion, or national origin.” "EQUALITY OF TREATMENT & OPPORTUNITY IN THE ARMED FORCES WITHOUT REGARD TO RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN 117 118
TIMELINE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1948-1960 MOVEMENT 1948-1960 1954 & 1955 BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF 1957: STRUGGLE FOR INTEGRATION AT CENTRAL TOPEKA, KANSAS, SUPREME COURT RULED THAT HIGH SCHOOL IN LITTLE ROCK ARKANSAS. SCHOOLS MUST BE DESEGREGATED “WITH ALL PRESIDENT EISENHOWER WAS FORCED TO SEND DELIBERATE SPEED” FEDERAL TROOPS TO ENSURE INTEGRATION OF 1955 ROSA PARKS REFUSED TO GIVE UP HER BUS THE SCHOOL. SEAT TO A WHITE MAN AND WAS ARRESTED. 1957 THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 MADE IT A LED TO THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT LED FEDERAL CRIME TO INTERFERE WITH THE VOTING BY MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. RIGHTS OF U.S. CITIZENS. BUS SEGREGATION WAS RULED THE CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL BY THE SUPREME COURT ESTABLISHED TO INVESTIGATE INFRINGEMENTS OF THIS LAW. 119 120
30 LITTLE ROCK 9
THE CIVIL RIGHTS STRUGGLE WOULD GAIN FINAL SUCCESS IN THE 1960’S WITH THE PASSAGE OF SEVERAL VOTING RIGHTS BILLS. 121 122
Popular Culture of 50s: ALLEN GINSBURG’S POEM HOWL SERVED AS AN ANTHEM FOR THE MOVEMENT. • BEATS: LITERARY REBELS AGAINST JACK KEROUAC, THE MOST FAMOUS CONFORMITY AND THE CONSUMER WRITER OF THE GROUP, HAD LITERARY CULTURE AND FINANCIAL SUCCESS WITH HIS • THEY TOOK THEIR NAME FROM A ZEN BUDDHIST TERM THAT MEANS TO SEARCH NOVELS, THE MOST POPULAR BEING ON FOR INNER GRACE. THE ROAD. • BEATS MET IN COFFEE HOUSES WHERE THEY RECITED POETRY ACCOMPANIED BY THE BEATS WERE A FORERUNNER TO JAZZ MUSIC THE LARGER COUNTERCULTURE • SEVERAL FAMOUS POETS AND AUTHORS MOVEMENTS (HIPPIE)THAT WOULD TAKE IDENTIFIED WITH THE BEAT MOVEMENT. PLACE IN THE 1960’s.
123 124
31 COMIC BOOKS FROM THE 1950’s WERE LOOKED AS A BAD INFLUENCE FOR YOUNGSTERS
Allen Ginsburg Jack
Kerouac 125 126
Households with Televisions
50000000 45000000 40000000 35000000 30000000 25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0 19461950 1952195319541955 195619571960 127 128
32 1948 Television sizes and prices 1959 COLOR TV THAT WOULD COST $4,405 IN 2016
10” screen 20” screen 12” screen in 2016 would cost in 2016 would $5,030 in 2016 would cost $25,882 cost $7,209 129 130
1950’s TV shows
Television transforms Howdy Doody I love Lucy Ed Sullivan: American life host of variety show which offered comedy, opera, popular song, dance, & acrobatics & juggling. 131 132 Sid Caesar American Bandstand
33 1950’s TV shows 1950s Family Night presenting ideal American families Leave It to Beaver The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Father Knows Best 133 134
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL BILLY GRAHAM GIVES A SERMON TO AN UP UNTIL 1950 LESS THEN 50% OF AMERICANS BELONGED TO A OUTDOOR AUDIENCE CHURCH OR TEMPLE. BY THE LATE 1950’S 75% BELONGED TO A RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION AND MANY MORE CLAIMED A BELIEF IN GOD. TELEVISION WAS USED EXTENSIVELY TO PROMOTE RELIGION AND A NEW WORD, “TELEVANGELIST”, ENTERED THE VOCABULARY. MANY THEORIES WERE ADVANCED AS TO WHY THIS UPSURGE IN RELIGION OCCURRED. THESE THEORIES RANGED FROM THE FEARS GENERATED BY THE COLD WAR AND COMMUNISM TO THE TURNING AWAY FROM THE CRASS CONSUMERISM, COMMERCIALISM, AND STATUS-SEEKING THAT DOMINATED POST WAR SOCIETY. THE WELL KNOWN PREACHER, BILLY GRAHAM, CAME TO PERSONIFY THIS NEW INTEREST IN RELIGION. THE EXPRESSION “UNDER GOD” WAS ADDED TO THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE. 135 136
34 ROCK ‘N’ ROLL AND THE FEAR OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ROCK ‘N’ ROLL MUSIC BECAME POPULAR AMONG TEENAGERS IN THE 1950’s. SINCE MANY ADULTS DID NOT LIKE THE MUSIC IT WAS SEEN AS A TEENAGE FORM OF EXPRESSION DIFFERENT FROM THE PREVAILING CONFORMITY. (Generation Gap) THE MUSIC WAS A BLEND OF BLACK BLUES, WHITE COUNTRY, AND BLACK GOSPEL. ROCK ‘N’ ROLL DANCING SHOCKED ADULTS MANY OF WHOM ALSO DISLIKED THE INTERRACIAL NATURE OF THE MUSIC. Elvis eventually went on to sell 77 million albums in the THE “KING” OF ROCK ‘N’ ROLL WAS ELVIS th PRESLEY. 137 20 century. 138
Fear of Juvenile Delinquency Buddy Holly 1950’s movies that reinforced the idea that there was an epidemic of juvenile violence
45% Chuck Berry increase between Little Richard 1948 & 139 1953 140
35 Juvenile Delinquency Car thefts ’ topped the FIVE TRENDS OF THE 1950 s WOULD Cases per 1,000 highest BEAR FRUIT IN THE TURBULENT DECADE population form; OF THE 1960’s Reasons: 30 poverty, Ø 1.EISENHOWER'S AID TO THE NEWLY 1956 lack of FORMED SOUTH VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT 25 religion, TV, WOULD LEAD TO A FULL SCALE WAR THAT 1955 1957 19581961 movies, COST THE LIVES OF 58,000 AMERICANS AND 20 1951 comic OVER A MILLION VIETNAMESE. (VIETNAM 1950 15 Delinquency books, WAR) Cases racism, 2.THE BROWN VS BOARD OF EDUCATION 10 busy Ø parents, RULING AND 1950’s PROTESTS WOULD 5 divorce, & BECOME A MASS MOVEMENT THAT WOULD anxiety of CHANGE AMERICAN RACE RELATIONS 0 draft. FOREVER. (DESEGREGATION OF SCHOOLS) 141 142
FIVE TRENDS OF THE 1950’s WOULD BEAR FRUIT IN THE TURBULENT DECADE OF THE 1960’s Ø 3.THE BEAT MOVEMENT & ACADEMIC CRITICISM OF MASS CONFORMITY WOULD BLOSSOM INTO THE COUNTER CULTURE MOVEMENT OF THE 1960’s. (HIPPIE) Ø 4.REACTION TO THE CONSERVATISM OF THE 1950’s WITH ITS HANDS OFF, PRO-BUSINESS APPROACH TO GOVERNMENT WOULD BRING THE LIBERAL REFORMS OF THE NEW FRONTIER OF KENNEDY AND THE GREAT SOCIETY OF LYNDON JOHNSON. Ø 5.THE FIRST ATTEMPTS AT SPACE EXPLORATION WOULD RESULT IN PLACING AMERICANS ON THE MOON IN 1969. 143
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