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Wind As a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates - Matti Seppala Index More Information Cambridge University Press 0521564069 - Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates - Matti Seppala Index More information Index Abels’ formula 245 air temperature 15, 17, 19, 87 Aberdeen lake 202 airborne particles 115 Abies balsamea 40 alas 185 Abisko-Bj¨orkliden223 Alaska 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 32, 35, 44, 45, 48, 58, 64, ablation 284 116, 135, 147, 157, 161, 175, 177, 183, 200, 204, ablation pit 157 205, 212, 215, 216, 237, 246, 270, 272, 273, 282, Abluation 275 284, 292, 298, 300 abrasion 119–136, 140, 141, 231, 255, 257, 298 Alaskan Coastal Plain 191 abrasion by snow 126, 132 Alaskan Highway 129 abrasion by wind 136 Alaskan lake district 189 abrasion chamber 139 albedo 9, 28, 173, 190, 284 abrasion of peat layers 139 Alberta 30, 116, 151 abrasion rate 134 Alectoria nigricans 177 absolute humidity 10, 23 Aleksandra Island 51 absolute temperature 87 Aleutian Islands (Aleutes) 44, 63 accelerated thaw 185 Aleutian low 57, 59, 63 accessory minerals 96 Allan Hills (Antarctica) 134, 196 accumulation 195 alluvial fan 155, 229 acidity 249 alluvial plain 205 actinomycetes 33 alluvial terrace 160 active layer 36, 45, 189, 192, 229 Alopex lagopus 147 Ad´elieLand 22, 68–69, 253, 256, 259 Alpine climate 13 Adriatic Sea 77 Alpine tundra 297 advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) Alps (see also Swiss Alps) 75, 132, 226, 261, 272 78 Alta 40 Adventdalen 213 Altai 208 aeolian 4 alveoles 262 aeolian corrosion 118 American Rockies (see also Rocky Mountains) 271 aeolian deposition 215 amphibole 213 aeolian dust 115 Amund Ringnes Island 161 aeolian ecosystems 54 analogues 300 aeolian filling 235, 300 Anchorage 26 aeolian sand 106–114, 145, 155, 184, 205 Andromeda 158 aeolian silt 155, 184 Antarctic Circle 9 aeolian threshold velocity 95 Antarctic fronts 66 aeolian zone 54 Antarctic ice sheet 22 aerial photograph 172, 189, 210, 225, 226 Antarctic islands 14 aerodynamic equilibrium 240 Antarctic oases 66 aerodynamic properties 238 Antarctic Peninsula 30, 49, 238 aerodynamic theory 191 Antarctica 8, 16–18, 19, 20, 23, 48, 65–69, 73, 77, aggregate 98, 99, 100, 116 79, 94, 106, 114, 116, 117, 125, 129, 130, 131, air humidity 87, 99 134, 137, 140, 146, 212, 228, 229, 241, 248, 255, air pressure 66, 87 259, 263, 273, 284, 296, 298, 300 air pressure conditions 63 anticline 189 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521564069 - Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates - Matti Seppala Index More information 344 Index anticyclone 65, 66, 297 basalt 129, 134 apatite 116 basaltic boulder 122, 226 Archibald Lake 151 basaltic fragment 114 Arctic 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 26, 34, 40, 131, 140, basaltic rock 129 146, 228, 255, 296, 298 Basen (Antarctica) plate 4, 121, 129, 137, 261 Arctic Basin 27 bathymetric map 179 Arctic Canada 24, 44, 55, 60, 106, 122, 123, 145, beach deposit 229 146, 147, 161, 170, 183, 197, 297 beach material 113 Arctic Circle 9 Beacon Valley 48, 231 Arctic Coastal Plain 175, 182, 183, 189, 199 bearing capacity 250 Arctic desert 2, 12 Beaufort Sea plate 11, 20 Arctic foothills 16 bedload transport of sand 84 Arctic fox 147, 148 Bergschrund 239 Arctic front 58, 59, 79 Bering coast 155 Arctic frontal belt 64 Bering Sea 44 Arctic hurricane 60, 61 Betula 41 Arctic inland zone 16 Betula exilis 44 Arctic Islands 20, 31, 64, 104 Betula nana 44, 197, 237 Arctic Ocean 59 Betula pubescens 38, 145, 148, 176 Arctic riverbeauty plate 10, 175 Big Horn Mountain (Wyoming) 128, 129, 130 Arctic slope 31 Big Horn region 125 Arctic tree-line 40, 59 bioclimatic zones 46 Arctic tundra 44 bio-indicator 171 Arctophila fulva 186 biotite 116, 213 Arctostaphylos alpine 175 biotite grain 96, 112 Arctostaphylos rubra 197 birch 41 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 175, 197 birch forest 240 arˆeteridge 275 Black Forest (Germany) 269, 270 aridity 146 Black Sea 77 Arkansas River 129 black spruce-mires 249 artificial palsa 293 blanket bog 140 asbestos board 134 blizzard 60, 64, 255, 256 aspect of cirques 272 blowing snow 130, 254, 261, 267 Astragalus alpinus 46 blown sand 80 asymmetric snow-waves 262 blowout 142, 148, 168, 170, 174, 203, 234, asymmetric valleys 275–276 235 Atkasook 47, 177 blowout hollow 142 Atlantic Arctic frontal belt 57 blue ice 141, 273 Atlantic cyclones 59 blue-green algae 33, 175 Atlantic Ocean 83 bluff 140 atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction 296 bombardment 82 atmospheric stability 258 bora 64, 77 augite 114 boreal forest 39, 40, 47, 155, 237 Austria 136 boreal forest limit 9, 59, 146 avalanche 238, 260, 265, 273 boreal forest zone 36 avalanche risk 261 boreal zone 33 Axel Heiberg Island 30, 225 boulder barricade 7 boulder moraine 206 Back river 202 boundary layer 56, 88, 89, 91 bacteria 33 braided river 160, 198, 215 Baffin Bay 59, 64, 65 Bridge River Icefields 274 Baffin Island 30, 78, 106, 123, 156, 161, 172, 194, Bridger Range 268 203, 216, 263 British Columbia 30, 72, 272, 273, 274 Baluchistan 63 British Isles 272, 299 Banks Island 145, 161, 170, 182, 191, 197, 199 Brittany 138 barchan 198, 206 Brønlunds Fjord 126 Barents Sea 59, 64 building 261 barite 135 Bulgaria 297 bark 223 Bunger Oasis 66, 67 barren communities 46 buried ice block 7 Barrow 20, 182, 191 buried snow clump 201 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521564069 - Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates - Matti Seppala Index More information Index 345 buried soil 144 circulation hypothesis 191 butte-like erosion remnant 145 cirque 263, 270, 271, 273 butte-type deflation remnant 144 cirque aspect 268 cirque formation 264 calcite 116, 117, 135, 213 cirque glacier 268, 270, 275 calcium carbonate 117, 137 cirque headwall 268 California 105, 298 Citellus parryi 147 Canada 21, 24, 25, 39, 57, 72, 79, 151, 249 Cladonia (Cladina) 45, 148, 173 Canadian Archipelago 65 clay 84, 97, 189 Canadian Arctic 20, 48, 64, 142, 174, 201, 202, 216, clay minerals 116 272, 300 clay pigeons 133 Canadian Arctic Archipelago 161 clay pigeon plates 134 Canadian Arctic islands 30, 117 clear cuts (cutting) 146, 153 Canadian Western Arctic 140 cleavage plate 113 canyon 265 cliff-top dune 217 Cape Denison 68 climbing sand dune 208, 212 Cape du Novelle France 44 Coachella Valley (California) 133 Cape Espenberg 148 coarse grain 196 Cape Evans 104 coarse gravel layer 110 carbon dioxide 249, 262 coastal dune 199, 200, 226 carbonate concretion 116 coastal fog 43 Carex 45, 171, 175, 186 coastal zone 18 Carex aquatilis 186 cohesion 97, 99 Carex aquatilis var. stans 46 cohesion of particles 84 Carex bigelowii 197 cold 8, 9, 10, 12 caribou 147 cold air drain 66 Carpatians 272 cold air flow 78 Casey 67 cold air reservoir 70 Cassella thermograph 85 cold desert 5, 30, 47–49, 182 Cassiope 45 Collema 44 Cassiope tetragone 46 collision forces 85 Caucasian 77 colluvial deposit 117 Caucasus 31, 297 colonization 179 cave-in lake 185 colonize 175 cavernous weathering 118 Colorado 128, 129, 224, 225, 265, 299 cementation 99 Colville River 161, 184, 198, 205 central Alaska plate 11, 14, 124, 155, 204 compression structure 218 central Europe 114, 138, 213, 214, 226, 236, 272, computer records 86 297, 298, 299 condensation 102 central Greenland 14, 16 congelation 35 central Iberia 297 coniferous forest 39 central Otago 147 consolidation 99 central Siberia 31, 32, 35 continental climate 13 central Spain 271 continental divide 225, 267, 270 Cephaloziella arctica 44 continental ice sheet 296 cessation of deflation 173–174 continuous permafrost 11, 38, 41, 146, 231, 297 cessation velocity 195 contraction 231 Cetraria 44 contraction cracking (crack) 229, 230 chalk dust 135 convective wind 222 charcoal 145 Coppermine 64 chattermark 113, 117 CORA 86 chemical dissolution 262 Cordilleran icecap 187 chemical weathering 33, 262 cornice plate 13, 239, 273 Chile 272 corries 263 Chinook 75 cottonwool grass 45 Chisna river 185 coversand 218, 296 chloride 117 cracking 193 chlorite 116 cracking frequency 227 Chosenia 41 creek furrow (see also furrow) 277 Chukhot Sea 64 creeping 80, 195 Churchill 236 crescent-shaped dune 198 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521564069 - Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates - Matti Seppala Index More information 346 Index crescent-shaped furrow 285 Devon Island 54 Cretaceous sandstone 138 Devonian Old Red sandstone 138 critical shear velocity 95 diabase 129 critical velocity 82 Diapensia 44, 175, 223, 237 cross-bed set 201 Dicranum flexicaule 44 Crozet Island 45, 47 Dicranum fuscescens 175 cryoconite 157 dilation 227 crystal clump 281 diorite 123, 129 cumulonimbus clouds 60 dirt cone (dirty cone) 105, 169 cup anemometer 85, 87 discontinuous permafrost 35, 146, 297 cushion plant 47, 223 dissipation structure 218 cyclic development 186 distribution curve 95 cyclone 65, 79 diurnal cycle of winds 70 cyclone type collector 259 diurnal temperature wave 248 cyclonic activity 238 dolerite 120, 129, 134 Cypress Hills 116 dolomite 262 doloritic boulder 226 Dalmatian Mountains 77 Don River 297 Darnley Bay (N.W.T.) 127 Donjek River 215 Davis Research Station 196 downslope katabatic wind (see katabatic wind) 78 Davis Strait 65 downslope wind 77 debris flow 239 Draba 45 deciduous forest 39 drainage channel 186 decomposition 33 drained catastrophically 283 deer 147 Dreikanter 124 deflated sand dune 145 drift density 257 deflation 5, 142–174, 176, 283 drift flux 259 deflation area 35, 145, 155 drift snow 128, 192, 273 deflation basin 37, 53, 143, 147, 149, 167, 172, 177, drift-density profile 266 178, 226, 283 drifted material 162 deflation depression 142 drifted snow 259 deflation intensity 152 drifting eddies 91 deflation
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