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Interactions Between Rootstock Genotype and Soil Environment INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ROOTSTOCK GENOTYPE AND SOIL ENVIRONMENT AFFECT SCION PHYSIOLOGY AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF APPLE By NADIA ANTONELLA VALVERDI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Horticulture DECEMBER 2019 © Copyright by NADIA ANTONELLA VALVERDI, 2019 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by NADIA ANTONELLA VALVERDI, 2019 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of NADIA ANTONELLA VALVERDI find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Lee Kalcsits, Ph.D., Chair Stefano Musacchi, Ph.D. Katherine M. Evans, Ph.D. Lailiang Cheng, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge the support, guidance, mentoring, kindness and patience of my advisor Lee Kalcsits during these three years and a half. Lee, thank you for welcoming me in your laboratory and for your willingness to work with me. Also, for creating a workspace that feels more like a family than co-workers. Moreover, thank you for letting me grow at my pace, being there always supporting and guiding me when I needed redirection. I feel that I have obtained all the tools and more that I was searching with this degree, to be ready to move forward in my professional career as a scientist. More important, you made me believe in myself and that is something I will be always thankful for. I would also like to acknowledge my committee members for their support and guidance during the development of my research. Thank you for your constant feedback and knowledge which made this research journey even more nourishing, and challenging, making me think outside my area of expertise and allowing me to growth as a professional. Additionally, I want to acknowledge my co-workers (friends) during these three years which without your help, support, friendship, laughter and advices this journey would have been very hard. I really have learned from each one of you, and this research is the result of all our knowledge and experience. Thank you for making my time in the laboratory to feel like working with friends. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Hector, thank you for all your support, advices, statistical teaching hours, editing, and emotional support. Amor, sin vos no me imagino como habria logrado esta meta. iii INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ROOTSTOCK GENOTYPE AND SOIL ENVIRONMENT AFFECT SCION PHYSIOLOGY AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF APPLE Abstract by Nadia Antonella Valverdi, Ph.D. Washington State University December 2019 Chair: Lee Kalcsits Irrigation is essential for many apple production regions, which elevates the risk in the future where water shortages will likely occur. Soil environment is a critical factor contributing to tree growth and development. Apples are composite woody perennials composed of a genetically distinct rootstock and scion. Rootstock genotypes can strongly vary in vigor and productivity. However, the interactions between rootstock genotypes and soil moisture and temperature have not been extensively studied. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of rootstock genotype on scion physiological and nutritional responses under different soil environmental conditions. In the greenhouse, ‘Honeycrisp’ and ‘Gala’ apple cultivars were grafted onto G41, G890, M9, and B9 rootstocks. In the field, ‘Honeycrisp’ was grafted onto the same rootstock genotypes. Two irrigation treatments were established: a water-limited and a well-watered control for both experiments. Physiological measurements such as leaf gas exchange, stem water potential, shoot growth, and quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦII) were made every two weeks since the onset of the experiments. At the end of each experiment, tree growth was assessed, and nutrient concentration and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) was measured in roots, stem, and leaves. In iv both experiments, water limitations reduced aboveground biomass and, to a lesser extent, root biomass. When G890 was used as a rootstock, growth and mineral nutrient accumulation was more plastic to water limitations. ‘Gala’ on all rootstocks and both scions on G890 had elevated mineral nutrient uptake. Water-limited conditions increased the nutrient concentration in roots and stems but had no effect on leaves. ‘Honeycrisp’ grafted onto G890 was the most responsive to drought indicated by decreasing stomatal conductance, reducing net CO2 exchange rates, ΦII, and ultimately, shoot growth. In contrast, B9 maintained growth and stomatal conductance when water-limited and had the highest δ13C and lowest stem water potential. These findings demonstrate differential responses of rootstock genotypes to soil environment and indicate opportunities for selection of rootstocks that are more suitable in water limited regions. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Apple ........................................................................................................................................... 1 'Honeycrisp’ Apple ...................................................................................................................... 2 Physiological Disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple .......................................................................... 3 Apple Rootstocks ........................................................................................................................ 4 Plant Nutrient Uptake and Soil Properties .................................................................................. 6 Plant Nutrition ........................................................................................................................... 10 Plant Water use .......................................................................................................................... 11 Plant Responses to Temperature ............................................................................................... 14 Photosynthesis and Photoinhibition in Apple ........................................................................... 15 Linking Nutrient Dynamics with Plant Productivity and Responses to Abiotic Stress ............ 17 Scope of Research ..................................................................................................................... 19 Objectives: ................................................................................................................................. 19 vi References ................................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO: APPLE SCION AND ROOTSTOCK CONTRIBUTE TO NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND PARTITIONING UNDER DIFFERENT BELOWGROUND ENVIRONMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 32 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 34 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 37 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 44 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 50 References ................................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER THREE: ROOTSTOCK GENOTYPE AFFECTS FRUIT QUALITY, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ‘HONEYCRISP’ APPLE DURING ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT ...................................................................................................................... 66 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 68 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 71 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 75 Discussion ................................................................................................................................
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