DOCSLIB.ORG

GEOLOGY and GROUND-WATER RESOURCES of the ISLAND of MOLOKAI, Hawall

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GEOLOGY and GROUND-WATER RESOURCES of the ISLAND of MOLOKAI, Hawall J '"'" ~ ...,.,, • - ;- • -:·-- __, - .. ~ ~ .:..; ,.,;: -~·t: '!' ; ... ~-- GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAll H. T. STEARNS AND G. A. MACDONALD BULLETIN 11 HAWAII DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY 1947 BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY TERRITORY OF HAWAII * 1. GEOLOGY AND OROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAJ.\'D OF OAHU, HAW All. By Harold T. Stearns and Knute N. Vaksvik. 1935. * 2. GEOLOGIC MAP AND GUIDE OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAil. By Harold T. Stearns. 1939. * 3. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF GEOLOGY AND WATER SpPPLY OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAII. By Norah D. Stearns. 1935. * 4. RECORDS OF THE DRILLED WELLS ON THE ISLAl:U> OF OAHU, HAWAll. By Harold T. Stearns and Knute N. Vaksvik. 1938. 5. SUPPLEMENT TO THE GEOLOGY AND GROU?-.'1>-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns. Includes chapters on geo­ physical investigations by Joel H. Swartz, and petrography by Gordon A. Macdonald. 1940. 6. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLANDS OF LANAI AND KAHOOLAWE, fuWAil. By Harold T. Stearns. Includes chapters on geophysical investigations by Joel H. Swartz, and petrography by Gordon A. Macdonald. 1940. * 7. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND OF MAUI, HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns and Gordon A. Macdonald, 1942. 8. GEOLOGY OF THE IlAWAIIAN ISLANDS. By H. T. Stearns. 1940. 9. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER. RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND OF HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns and Gordon A. Macdonald. 1946. 10, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY Al).'1) GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLA1)."1l OF HAWAII. Annotated and indexed. By Gordon A. M.acdonald. 1947. 11. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESODRCES OF THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns and Gordon .A.. Macdonald. 1047. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE ISLAND OF HAWAII, scale 1:125,000, contour in­ terval 250 feet, size 44 x 49 inches, price $1.00, for sale by the Survey Department, Territodal Ofilce Building, Honolulu 2, T. H. * Out of print. Plate 3. Aerial Yiew of :.\Iololrni from the east, sho,Ying the great northern diff 011 the right \Yith Kalaupapa Peninsula at its foot, in the right foreground the amphithenter-headed IInlawa Yalle~·. and in the middle distaiwe the great nillers of ,Yailau alld Pelekunn. the lwads of \Yhkh mark the positiou of the uuciP1it (·aldera. Photo l>y r. S. Army Air For<:e. TERRITORY OF HAWAII I.:-.GRAJ\1 J\1. :S'l'.·\I.:-.HACK, Gorernor A. LESTER MARKS, Gommis8ioner of Public Lands DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY MAX H, CARSOX, Chief Hydrographer BULLETIN 11 GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESO·URCES OF THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI, HAW All BY HAROLD T. STEARNS Former District Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey AND GORDON A. MACDONALD District Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior Printed in the Territory of Hawaii, rnited States of America; April 1947 Distributed by the U. S. (;eoJogieal Sm·,·py, 333 Federal Bldg.. Honolulu, Hawaii CONTENTS PAGE Abstract 1 PART 1. GEOLOGY OF 1\foLOKAI, by H. T. Stearns........................ 3 Introduction . 3 Location and area. 3 Historical sketch . 3 Population and industries. 5 History and purpose of the investigation. 6 Acknowledgments . 7 Previous investigations . 7 Geomorphology . 11 Original form of East Molokai. 11 Origin of the Hoolehua Plain....................................... 13 Emerged and submerged shureli11es. 13 Living reef . 15 General character, age, and water-bearing properties of the rocks. 15 Straligravllk lable of Molokai ..........................Facing page 16 Tertiary volcanic rocks. 16 East Molokai volcanic series. 16 Lower member . 16 Lava flows . 16 Cones and vitric tuff deposits.............................. 17 Intrusives . .. 17 Caldera complex . 19 Upper member . 22 Lava flows . 22 Cones and bulbous domes. 23 Erosional unconformity . 23 West Molokai volcanic series . 2R Distribution . 23 Character and structure. 24 Cones and vitric tuff deposits. 24 Dikes . ... 25 Quaternary volcanic rocks. 25 Kalaupapa basalt . 25 Tuff of Mokuhooniki cone. 26 Sedimentary rocks . 26 Calcareous marine deoosits. 26 Consolidated earthy deposits. 27 Consolidated dunes . 28 Unconsolidated dunes . 28 Beach deposits . 29 Unconsolidated earthy deposits...... 29 Geologic structure . 29 East Molokai . 29 West Molokai . 31 Geologic history . 31 Road metal . 35 iii CONTENTS PAGE PART 2. GROUND-WATKli RESOURCES OF :rtlOLOii:AI, by G. A. Macdonald .... 37 Climate ............ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 37 Temperature, wind, and humidity.................................. 37 Rainfall ......................................................... 37 Surface water ....................................................... 47 Meyer Lake ...................................................... 49 Domestic water supplies..................................._........... 50 Basal ground water.................................................. 53 General features ................................................. 53 Basal Springs .................................................... 56 Wells 57 Perched ground water ............................................... 67 General f Pa tnrPR . ......................... 67 Perched springs .................................................. 67 Tunnels developing perched ground water........................... 71 Water confined at high levels by dikes ................................. 72 Quality of ground water.............................................. 77 Use of water from the large windward valleys ......................... 79 Future developments ................................................ 84 PART 3. PETROGRAPHY OF l\foLOKAI, by G. A. Macdonald................. 89 Abstract ....................................................·........ 89 Introduction ........................................................ 89 Previous investigations .............................................. 90 Tertiary volcanic rocks ............................................... 92 East Molokai volcanic series....................................... 92 Lower member ................................................ 92 General characteristics ..................................... 92 Olivine basalts ............................................. 95 Basalts .................................................... 97 Picrite-basalts .............................................. 98 Upper member ................................................ 99 General features ............................................ 99 Oligoclase andesites ........................................ 99 Andesine andesites . 103 Trachytes . 103 Inclusions in lavas. 104 Intrusive rocks . 104 West Molokai volcanic series....................................... 105 General features ............................................... 105 Olivine basalts . 105 l'icrite-basalts .................................................. 107 Basalts ........................................................ 107 Hypersthene-bearing basalts . 108 Quaternary volcanic rocks. 109 Kalaupapa basalt .............................................. 109 Tuff of l\fokuhooniki cone. 109 Magmatic differentiation .............................................. 109 ILLUSTR.A.TIOXS PLATE FACINfl PACE 1. Geologic and topographic map of Molokai. sho,ving wells, springs, and tunnels .............................................. .In pocket 2. Map of Molokai showing principal roads and points of geologic inter- est, with a descriptive text..................................In pocket 3. Aerial view of Molokai from the east........................Frontispiece 4. Kalaupapa Peninsula, and the northern cliff of :Molokai . 14 5. A-Aerial view of Pelekunu Valley. B-Boulders rounded by wave action during a high stand of the sea. 15 6. A-Southern slope of East Molokai. B-Armored desert 011 ·west ~Iolokai . 20 7. A-Head of Kamalo Gulch, East Molokai. B-Sea cliff near :Mokio Point, West Molokai. 21 8. A-Kalaupapa Peninsula from Waikolu Valley. B-Reef of the 25- foot stand of the sea, near Kaunakakai. 26 9. A-Beach rock, near Halena, West Molokai. B-Terraces at mouth of Waileia Valley.............................................. 27 10. A-Lithified sand dunes near Ilio Point, West ::Vlolokai. B-Lithified sand dunes near Moomomi Beach. 46 11. Aerial view of Halawa Valley, East Molokai....................... 47 12. A-Fault scarps and graben, on eastern slope of West Molokai. B- J\Ieyer Lake . 74 13. A-Aerial view of Papalaua Valley. B-Ohialele Stream, in Waikolu Valley . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys Around Kahoolawe Island 1
    doi:10.7289/V5/DR-PIFSC-17-011 Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys around Kahoolawe Island 1 Results and information presented here summarize data gathered by the Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) of NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center and partners during 2 days of reef fish and habitat surveys around Kahoolawe Island in July/August 2016. Surveys were conducted as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Surveys were conducted using a standard sampling design and method implemented by NOAA’s Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP) since 2009. In brief, pairs of divers record numbers, sizes, and species of fishes inside adjacent 15m-diameter ‘point- count’ cylinders and estimate benthic cover by functional groups (e.g. ‘coral’, ‘sand’). Because it is unpopulated and protected, Kahoolawe is an important reference location in in the main Hawaiian Islands and may also be a significant source of larvae and fish recruits for other parts of Maui-nui and perhaps beyond. Therefore, CREP hopes to routinely survey Kahoolawe reefs during future monitoring efforts. However, as 2016 was the first year for Kahoolawe surveys, we have a relatively small sample size there - 24 sites - in comparison to other Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI: between 107 and 257 survey sites per island). Main conclusions and observations: • Reef fish biomass was high at most sites we visited in Kahoolawe, with mean island-wide biomass higher than at any other of the MHI, although only marginally higher than at Niihau. Biomass tended to be slightly higher at sites along the southern section of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Hawaii Reefs
    11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographing the Islands of Hawaii
    Molokai Sea Cliffs - Molokai, Hawaii Photographing the Islands of Hawaii by E.J. Peiker Introduction to the Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight primary islands and many atolls that extend for 1600 miles in the central Pacific Ocean. The larger and inhabited islands are what we commonly refer to as Hawaii, the 50 th State of the United States of America. The main islands, from east to west, are comprised of the Island of Hawaii (also known as the Big Island), Maui, Kahoolawe, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. Beyond Niihau to the west lie the atolls beginning with Kaula and extending to Kure Atoll in the west. Kure Atoll is the last place on Earth to change days and the last place on Earth to ring in the new year. The islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai and Hawaii (Big Island) are the most visited and developed with infrastructure equivalent to much of the civilized world. Molokai and Lanai have very limited accommodation options and infrastructure and have far fewer people. All six of these islands offer an abundance of photographic possibilities. Kahoolawe and Niihau are essentially off-limits. Kahoolawe was a Navy bombing range until recent years and has lots of unexploded ordinance. It is possible to go there as part of a restoration mission but one cannot go there as a photo destination. Niihau is reserved for the very few people of 100% Hawaiian origin and cannot be visited for photography if at all. Neither have any infrastructure. Kahoolawe is photographable from a distance from the southern shores of Maui and Niihau can be seen from the southwestern part of Kauai.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaiser Permanente Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory
    Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory kp.org Kaiser Permanente Your medical care We have a lot to offer you — and we don’t want you to miss any of it. One of the best ways to get the most from your Kaiser Permanente coverage is to become familiar with your benefits and how your health plan works for you. The following information can help you on your road to better health. Primary Care Providers This directory shows you where our primary care physicians and providers are located. We strongly encourage you to choose a primary care physician who will oversee and coordinate all aspects of your medical care, including specialist visits and hospitalizations. Call the office of your choice to schedule an appointment. Because we want you to be happy with your choice, you are free to change your doctor at any time. Self-Referrals to Affiliated Providers You don’t need a referral to make appointments for the following services and departments within our network of providers: Behavioral Health Services (Mental Health outpatient care) Eye examinations for glasses and contact lenses Family Medicine Health Education Internal Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Occupational Health Services Mental Health outpatient care is provided on a self-referral basis. For help at any time please call the Behavioral Health Call Center at 1-888-945-7600, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2 Your Introduction to Kaiser Permanente Your medical care Specialty Care Your doctor will refer you to a specialist when it’s medically necessary. In some cases, that may mean recommending you get treated on Oahu where you’ll be cared for by a team of physicians who have access to facilities and equipment that may not be available on your island.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1
    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 665-687 December 30, 1964 SPIDERS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By Theodore W. Suman BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Abstract: This paper contains a systematic list of species, and the literature references, of the spiders occurring in the Hawaiian Islands. The species total 149 of which 17 are record­ ed here for the first time. This paper lists the records and literature of the spiders in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands included are Kure, Midway, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The only major work dealing with the spiders in the Hawaiian Is. was published 60 years ago in " Fauna Hawaiiensis " by Simon (1900 & 1904). All of the endemic spiders known today, except Pseudanapis aloha Forster, are described in that work which also in­ cludes a listing of several introduced species. The spider collection available to Simon re­ presented only a small part of the entire Hawaiian fauna. In all probability, the endemic species are only partly known. Since the appearance of Simon's work, there have been many new records and lists of introduced spiders. The known Hawaiian spider fauna now totals 149 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 21 families and 66 genera. Of this total, 82 species (5596) are believed to be endemic and belong to 10 families and 27 genera including 7 endemic genera. The introduced spe­ cies total 65 (44^). Two unidentified species placed in indigenous genera comprise the remaining \%. Seventeen species are recorded here for the first time. In the catalog section of this paper, families, genera and species are listed alphabetical­ ly for convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Volcanoes: from Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012
    AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012 Conveners Michael Poland, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Paul Okubo, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Ken Hon, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, USA Program Committee Rebecca Carey, University of California, Berkeley, USA Simon Carn, Michigan Technological University, USA Valerie Cayol, Obs. de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand Helge Gonnermann, Rice University, USA Scott Rowland, SOEST, University of Hawai'i at M noa, USA Financial Support 2 AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Meeting At A Glance Sunday, 19 August 2012 1600h – 1700h Welcome Reception 1700h – 1800h Introduction and Highlights of Kilauea’s Recent Eruption Activity Monday, 20 August 2012 0830h – 0900h Welcome and Logistics 0900h – 0945h Introduction – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Its First 100 Years of Advancing Volcanism 0945h – 1215h Magma Origin and Ascent I 1030h – 1045h Coffee Break 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1430h Magma Origin and Ascent II 1430h – 1445h Coffee Break 1445h – 1600h Magma Origin and Ascent Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Origin and Ascent III 1645h – 1900h Poster Session Tuesday, 21 August 2012 0900h – 1215h Magma Storage and Island Evolution I 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1445h Magma Storage and Island Evolution II 1445h – 1600h Magma Storage and Island Evolution Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Storage
    [Show full text]
  • Molokai Hawaii Forgotten
    Molokai -Forgotten By ETHEL A. STARBIRD NATIONAL GEOGRAPHic sENIOR STAFF Photographs by RICHARD Casting away care, Sister Richard Marie takes a day off near Molokai's leprosy hospital, where she has worked Hawaii since 1960. Independent, resourceful, generous, she shares the best qualities A. COOKE III of Hawaii's most unspoiled major island. 189 Like thirsty giants, the volcanic peaks of Molokai's eastern end steal rainfall from its flat, dry western end. Polynesians from the Marquesas Islands came to Hawaii about 1,200 years ago. They eventually settled on this island in numbers National Geographic, August 1981 far greater than today'll 6,000 population. The semicircular walls of coral and basalt seen in the shallow waters in the foreground enclose fishponds once used to capture and fatten mullet and other saltwater species for island royalty. Molokai-Forgotten Hawaii 191 Beyond the farthest road a primeval world unfolds in the lush valleys of the northeastern coast. The chill waters of Kahiwa Falls (left) drop 1,750 feet to the sea in Hawaii's longest cascade. Deep in the island's forest reserve, spray from another waterfall (above) mingles with the scent of eucalyptus and wild ginger. Amaumau ferns (right, center) stand as tall as six feet. For centuries, Molokai was revered as a place where religious rituals were performed by powerful kahuna, or priests. One of the most famous, Lanikaula, is said to be buried in a grove of kukui trees near the island's eastern tip (below right). To make lamp oil, Hawaiians traditionally took nuts from the kukui, now a symbol of Molokai.
    [Show full text]
  • I COPV of HAWAI R SYSTEM FEB 2 3 2018
    David LaS5ner UNIVERSITY President 1 I COPV of HAWAI r SYSTEM FEB 2 3 2018 February 12, 2018 ~..., . Mr. Scott Glenn, Director o 0 (X) c::o - ;o Office of Environmental Quality Control l> ...,, r .,., m Department of Health -rri rr, --i :z CD 0 State of Hawai'i -< < ,n 235 South Beretania Street, Room 702 r. :::i -N Oo Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 :Z :;r.: -i:, < --i7::.,:;=;:-, rn -vi ·"":) Subject: Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice for Lancr' := 0 Authorizations for Long-Term Continuation of Astronomy on Maunakea Dear Director Glenn: The University of Hawai'i (UH) has determined at the outset that it will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for its proposed new land authorizations for the continuation of astronomy on Maunakea. UH will prepare the EIS in accordance with the provisions and requirements of Hawai'i Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 343. Pursuant to HRS Chapter 343-S(c), an Agency Publication Form and Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice (EISPN) are attached. The EISPN includes a description of the requested land authorization and a brief discussion of the kinds of potential environmental impacts which will be analyzed in the forthcoming EIS. In accordance with Hawai'i Administrative Rules Chapter 11-200, we respectfully request that you publish this notice in the next available edition of The Environmental Notice for the public to submit comments to UH during the statutory 30-day public consultation period. If you have any further questions about this letter or its attachments, please contact Stephanie Nagata, Director, Office of Mauna Kea Management, at (808) 933-0734.
    [Show full text]
  • Hibiscus Arnottianus Subsp. Immaculatus (Koki‘O Ke‘Oke‘O) Current Classification: Endangered
    5-YEAR REVIEW Short Form Summary Species Reviewed: Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus (koki‘o ke‘oke‘o) Current Classification: Endangered Federal Register Notice announcing initiation of this review: [USFWS] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; initiation of 5-year reviews of 103 species in Hawaii. Federal Register 74(49):11130-11133. Lead Region/Field Office: Region 1/Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO), Honolulu, Hawaii Name of Reviewer(s): Marie Bruegmann, Plant Recovery Coordinator, PIFWO Jess Newton, Recovery Program Lead, PIFWO Assistant Field Supervisor for Endangered Species, PIFWO Methodology used to complete this 5-year review: This review was conducted by staff of the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), beginning on March 16, 2009. The review was based on final critical habitat designations for Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus and other species from the island of Molokai (USFWS 2003) as well as a review of current, available information. The National Tropical Botanical Garden provided an initial draft of portions of the review and recommendations for conservation actions needed prior to the next five-year review. The evaluation of Samuel Aruch, biological consultant, was reviewed by the Plant Recovery Coordinator. The document was then reviewed by the Recovery Program Lead and the Assistant Field Supervisor for Endangered Species before submission to the Field Supervisor for approval. Background: For information regarding the species listing history and other facts, please refer to the Fish and Wildlife Service’s Environmental Conservation On-line System (ECOS) database for threatened and endangered species (http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public).
    [Show full text]
  • Madam Pele: Novel and Essay
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2006 Madam Pele: Novel and essay Jud L. House Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Creative Writing Commons Recommended Citation House, J. L. (2006). Madam Pele: Novel and essay. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/37 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/37 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • RECORDS of the HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY for 1994 Part 2: Notes1
    1 RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1994 Part 2: Notes1 This is the second of two parts to the Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994 and contains the notes on Hawaiian species of plants and animals including new state and island records, range extensions, and other information. Larger, more comprehensive treatments and papers describing new taxa are treated in the first part of this volume [Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41]. New Hawaiian Plant Records. I BARBARA M. HAWLEY & B. LEILANI PYLE (Herbarium Pacificum, Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 19000A, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA) Amaranthaceae Achyranthes mutica A. Gray Significance. Considered extinct and previously known from only 2 collections: sup- posedly from Hawaii Island 1779, D. Nelson s.n.; and from Kauai between 1851 and 1855, J. Remy 208 (Wagner et al., 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, p. 181). Material examined. HAWAII: South Kohala, Keawewai Gulch, 975 m, gulch with pasture and relict Koaie, 10 Nov 1991, T.K. Pratt s.n.; W of Kilohana fork, 1000 m, on sides of dry gulch ca. 20 plants seen above and below falls, 350 °N aspect, 16 Dec 1992, K.R. Wood & S. Perlman 2177 (BISH). Caryophyllaceae Silene lanceolata A. Gray Significance. New island record for Oahu. Distribution in Wagner et al. (1990: 523, loc. cit.) limited to Kauai, Molokai, Hawaii, and Lanai. Several plants were later noted by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood from Makua, Oahu in 1993. Material examined. OAHU: Waianae Range, Ohikilolo Ridge at ca. 700 m elevation, off ridge crest, growing on a vertical rock face, facing northward and generally shaded most of the day but in an open, exposed face, only 1 plant noted, 25 Sep 1992, J.
    [Show full text]
  • JAPANESE BUSH-WARBLER Cettia Diphone
    JAPANESE BUSH-WARBLER Cettia diphone Other: Bush Warbler, Uguisu C. d. cantans? naturalized (non-native) resident, long established The Japanese Bush Warbler is native to Japan and surrounding islands, with northern populations being slightly migratory (AOU 1998). It and the Chinese or Manchurian bush-warbler (C. canturians) of e. China are closely related and sometimes considered conspecific (as "Bush Warbler"). Japanese Bush-Warblers have not been introduced anywhere in the world except the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands, where they were released on O'ahu in 1929-1941 (Caum 1933, Long 1981, Lever 1987) and have since spread naturally to most or all other Southeastern Islands. Concerns have been expressed about competition of bush-warblers for food with native species (Foster 2009). Japanese Bush-Warblers were initially introduced by the HBAF in 1929 to control insects, but several other releases on O'ahu (totaling approximately 138 individuals) were made by the Honolulu Mejiro Club and Hui Manu Society for aesthetic purposes, primarily or entirely in Nu'uanu Valley in 1931-1941 (Caum 1933; HAS 1967; Swedberg 1967a; Berger 1972, 1975c, 1981; E 17:2-3, 37:148; PoP 49[12]:29). They spread quickly on O'ahu, were noted by Munro (1944) in the Waianae Range by 1935, were considered established by Bryan (1941), were found commonly throughout both this and the Ko'olau Range by the 1950s (Northwood 1940, Pedley 1949; E 1[12]:3-4, 17:2-3, 25:91, 27:15-16, 31:108; summarized by Berger 1975c, Shallenberger 1977c, Shallenberger and Vaughn 1978), and were observed as far as Kahuku by 1977 (E 38:56).
    [Show full text]