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Eilead Swan Phd Thesis TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY REVISITED: ANCESTORS, DEVELOPMENT AND AN ALTERNATIVE TEMPO-MORALITY IN HO, GHANA Eileadh Swan A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3636 This item is protected by original copyright Traditional Authority Revisited: Ancestors, Development and an alternative Tempo- morality in Ho, Ghana Eileadh Swan Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Anthropology School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies University of St Andrews 26th January 2012 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Eileadh Catriona Swan, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in October, 2006 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in October, 2006; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2006 and 2012. Date …………… signature of candidate ………………….. 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date ……………. signature of supervisor ………………… 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Access to [all or part] of printed copy but embargo of [all or part] of electronic publication of thesis for a period of 5 years on the following ground: publication would preclude future publication Date ………….. signature of candidate ……………. … signature of supervisor ………………….. Abstract This thesis endeavours to re-theorise traditional authority through a consideration of chieftaincy within Ghana’s Asogli Traditional Area. Chiefs’ increasing activity in the implementation of development projects, has piqued anthropological interest in traditional authority once more. Recent anthropological analyses have focused on chiefs’ proficiency in mediating between tradition and modernity, and in particular, their ability to use their traditional past as a means towards the establishment of a modern and developed present and future. The ancestors, while a central feature of colonial studies of traditional authority, remain notably absent within these recent post-colonial studies. However, my own research suggests that traditional authorities were recognised by people as credible development leaders precisely because their authority was ancestral. I argue that tradition – by way of the ancestors – provided an alternative temporal mode through which people could realistically envisage development and future well-being. Because of their very ontological ground as once living, historical kins-people, I contend that the ancestors were able to fashion a tradition which was not temporally opposed to the present or the future, and a tradition whose authenticity was not dependent upon the eclipsing of the colonial and European relations which equally constituted it. Secondly, this thesis argues that development and future well-being was also conceived of as a moral project and one which the traditional authorities – as caretakers of ancestral morality – were best placed to oversee. Traditional morality was based upon the ideal relationship of care and respect between ancestors and their descendants. As such, chiefs and elders were increasingly valued as leaders capable of articulating and resolving tensions between freedom and obligation, accumulation and distribution. It was in the funerary context, where ancestors and morality were made, that the traditional authorities, as the ‘police of death’, revealed both the honour and burden of traditional authority. I focus primarily on the views and practices of the traditional authorities themselves and those for whom the ‘traditional complex’ resonated most strongly. Theoretically, I refuse to take Asogli tradition less seriously because it was discredited by some anthropologists as a modern invention. I also resist the temptation to question appearances by attributing to Asogli Traditional Authority the status of an alternative modernity. By thinking through the ancestors, this thesis seeks to engage with tradition rather than ‘tradition’, but without fully subscribing to the recent ‘ontological turn’ in anthropology. CONTENTS Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................1 Note on Orthography...............................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Introduction ..........................................................................................................5 Ho and the Asogli Traditional Area ........................................................................................................ 7 Theoretical Positioning ......................................................................................................................... 12 Methodological Considerations ............................................................................................................ 16 Thesis Outline ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................27 Chapter 2: Traditional Authority Today: Mediating between Tradition and Modernity or Re-temporalising Development ?.................................................................................... 29 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 30 A History of Development and Traditional Authority.......................................................................... 31 The State’s Time Shape ........................................................................................................................ 32 The New Chieftaincy Literature ..........................................................................................................36 Togbe AfedeXIV, Agbogbomefia of Asogli Traditional Area.............................................................. 42 What did the Agbogbomefia’s Citizens Think ...................................................................................... 49 Moving Away From Domain Thinking ................................................................................................ 53 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter 3: Return of the Living Dead: The Time-Shape of Asogli Ancestors.................58 The Ancestors in Anthropology............................................................................................................ 59 Gods, Deities and Ancestors ................................................................................................................. 62 Looking after the Elders: Living and Living Dead ............................................................................... 66 Forgetting the Living Dead ................................................................................................................... 68 Remembering the Living Dead............................................................................................................. 70 The Living Dead go Online .................................................................................................................. 72 Remembering Colonialism ................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 4: Ancestors and Colonialism: Resistance or a Call for Recognition? ............. 82 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................
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