The Synchronisation of the Archangels Boolet
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The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5. -
Chapter 5 – Date
Chapter 5 – Date Luckily, most of the problems involving time have mostly been solved and packed away in software and hardware where we, and our customers overseas, do not have to deal with it. Thanks to standardization, if a vender in Peking wants to call a customer in Rome, he checks the Internet for the local time. As far as international business goes, it’s generally 24/7 anyway. Calendars on the other hand, are another matter. You may know what time it is in Khövsgöl, Mongolia, but are you sure what day it is, if it is a holiday, or even what year it is? The purpose of this chapter is to make you aware of just how many active calendars there are out there in current use and of the short comings of our Gregorian system as we try to apply it to the rest of the world. There just isn’t room to review them all so think of this as a kind of around the world in 80 days. There are so many different living calendars, and since the Internet is becoming our greatest library yet, a great many ancient ones that must be accounted for as well. We must consider them all in our collations. As I write this in 2010 by the Gregorian calendar, it is 2960 in Northwest Africa, 1727 in Ethopia, and 4710 by the Chinese calendar. A calendar is a symbol of identity. They fix important festivals and dates and help us share a common pacing in our lives. They are the most common framework a civilization or group of people can have. -
Ganzhi Bazi Calendar
Calculating the BaZi GanZhi BaZi Calendar The DunHuang 敦煌 star map, the world’s oldest complete star atlas to date (dated to the Tang Dynasty, 618–907 ce), suggests that the Chinese have long been “thinking in oceans,” engrossed by the mysterious yet tangible inner workings of outer space for perhaps longer than any other culture on earth. In Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches,1 Master Zhongxian Wu and I showed the connection between the patterns of the stars and the 22 ancient GanZhi 干支 characters (the term “GanZhi” is the accepted shorthand of TianGan 天干, Heavenly Stems, and DiZhi 地支, Earthly Branches). Together, the GanZhi represent cyclical patterns of the interactions between and among cosmic and earthly energies. These 22 characters, the Heavenly Stems (of which there are ten) and Earthly Branches (of which there are 12), are the “alphabet” of all traditional Chinese wisdom traditions—from astrology to cosmology, from medicine to music. GanZhi has been widely used throughout China for at least 4000 years—archeological evidence from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties depicting the GanZhi characters provides us with historical evidence of Chinese astrology as a complex science drawing on the sophisticated understandings of cosmology, astronomy, and “big picture” scholarly philosophies. It comes as no great surprise that the Chinese long ago created an all-encompassing, multidimensional calendar that systemized the mysterious yet tangible outer influences of the heavens and earth on the inner worlds of our human experience. This calendar, the WanNianLi 萬年曆 (10,000-year calendar), is a lunisolar calendar that tracks the cyclical movements and energetic patterns of Daoism’s most fundamental philosophies: unity (Dao 道), duality (YinYang 陰陽), the pentad (WuXing 五行), and the octad (BaGua 八卦). -
Disclosing of Thousand Years' Mystery—Origin of the Book Of
Journal of Physical Science and Application 7 (1) (2017) 8-20 doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/2017.01.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING Disclosing of Thousand Years’ Mystery—Origin of the Book of Changes Jinzhong Yan Changsha Jiageer Machinary Manufacture Co., Ltd., Pingtang Town, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410208, China Abstract: The Book of Changes is a huge system, including (1) Taiji Yin-yang five elements system; (2) Taiji–2 status–4 images–8 hexagrams–64 hexagrams, internal 8 hexagrams and external 8 hexagrams; (3) moral system, “Tao generates one, one generates two, two generate three and three generate everything”; (4) heavenly stems and earthly branches system; (5) Hetu, Luoshu and 9 grid pattern systems; (6) 60 Jiazi system (a cycle of 60 years) of year, month, day and hour; (7) TCM five evolutive phases and six climatic factors system, including host evolutive phase and host climatic factor, guest evolutive phase and guest climatic factor. The Book of Changes is stemmed from accurate recognition and description on life system and movement, e.g. it can (1) describe the structure, movements and changes of life core system—five abdominal Zang organs and five abdominal Fu organs with Yin-yang four-season five elements, 10 heavenly stems, Hetu, internal 8 hexagrams and host evolutive phase of five evolutive phases; (2) describe the structure, movements and changes of outside system of life form with Yin-yang six climatic factors five elements, 12 earthly branches, Luoshu, external 8 hexagrams, host climatic factor of six climatic factors; (3) describe -
Traditional Chinese Calendar: an Exceptional Timepiece Bearing the Emblem of an Ox
Blancpain –Villeret collection December 2020 Ref. 00888I-3431-55B Traditional Chinese Calendar: an exceptional timepiece bearing the emblem of an ox Blancpain celebrates Chinese New Year with a limited series of 50 watches dedicated to this tradition and its festivities. The Year of the Metal Ox begins on February 12th 2021 and ends on January 31st 2022. Housed in a precious platinum case, the Traditional Chinese Calendar bearing the emblem of the ox features an exclusive complication appearing on an elegant Grand Feu enamel dial. Forged in noble platinum, the 50-piece limited-edition Traditional Chinese Calendar watch pays homage to the age-old culture of the Middle Kingdom. The Grand Feu enamel dial of this exceptional timepiece reveals the complexity of a display combining Chinese calendar indications with those of the Gregorian calendar and moon phases – all specialities of the Manufacture Blancpain. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, whose unit of measurement is based on the solar day, the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar is based on the lunar cycle as well as exact astronomical observations of the sun’s longitude. Thus, in addition to the hours and minutes, date and moon phases, Blancpain's Traditional Chinese Calendar watch offers the main indications of the traditional Chinese calendar: double hours, days, months and leap months, zodiac signs, five elements and ten heavenly stems. The latter, combined with the 12 earthly branches – symbolised by the animals of the zodiac – produce 60 different pairs forming the sexagesimal cycle of the Chinese time measurement system. Despite their complex combination, these functions are clearly displayed on a dial with Roman gold numerals and hollowed-out sage leaf-shaped hands. -
Verification of the Calendar Days of the Joseon Dynasty
Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/JKAS.2012.45.4.85 45: 85 ∼ 91, 2012 August ISSN:1225-4614 c 2012 The Korean Astronomical Society. All Rights Reserved. http://jkas.kas.org VERIFICATION OF THE CALENDAR DAYS OF THE JOSEON DYNASTY Ki-Won Lee1, Young Sook Ahn2, and Byeong-Hee Mihn2,3 1 Catholic University of Daegu, 13-13 Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan 712-702, Korea E-mail : [email protected] 2 Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-348, Korea E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] 3 Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea (Received January 17, 2012; Revised June 25, 2012; Accepted July 31, 2012) ABSTRACT Astronomical data making such as forming a calendar, period of day, determining the time of rising/setting of the sun and the onset of twilight are essential in our daily lives. Knowing the calendar day of the past is particularly crucial for studying the history of a clan or a nation. To verify previous studies in the calendar day of the Joseon dynasty (1392 – 1910), we investigate the sexagenary cycle of the new moon day (i.e., the first day in a lunar month) by using sources such as results of the calculations using the Datong calendar (a Chinese Calendar of the Ming Dynasty) and the data of Baekjungryeok (a Perpetual Calendar; literally, a one hundred-year almanac). Compared with the study of Ahn et al., we find that as many as 17 sexagenary cycles show discrepancies. -
Theoretical Basis and Concepts“, Or Figure 2 of the “Instruction Manual”)
the midnight-noon Ebb-FLoW Acupuncture method – Zi Wu Liu Zhu Zhen FA – 子午流注针 法 the eight methods oF the Magic turtLe – Ling gui BA FA – 灵龟八法 the WheeL oF time Acupuncture © THEORETIC AL BASIS AND concep ts By dr . Armin koch version 02 Table of Contents Foreword _______________________________________________________________________ 7 1 Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 9 1.1 Nomenclature and Abbreviations ___________________________________________ 9 1.2 Graphic Illustration ______________________________________________________ 11 1.2.1 The Five Transformational Phases (Elements) ________________________________ 11 1.2.2 Graphic Illustration of the Yin and Yang _____________________________________ 11 2 A Scientific Perspective ______________________________________________________ 12 2.1 The Origin of the World with Regards to Time and Space ______________________ 12 2.2 Biological Time as Dictated by the Sun _____________________________________ 13 2.3 Somatic Manifestations __________________________________________________ 14 3 A Daoistic Perspective _______________________________________________________ 16 3.1 Daoism ________________________________________________________________ 16 3.2 The Origin of the World with Regards to Time and Space ______________________ 17 3.3 Yang – 阳阳阳 – and Yin – 阴阴阴 __________________________________________________ 19 4 The Theory of the Stems and Branches _________________________________________ 21 4.1 The Ten Heavenly Stems– Shi Tian Gan – 十天干 _____________________________ -
Heavenly Stems Earthly Branches
Indiana University, History G380 – class text readings – Spring 2010 – R. Eno 3.2 THE SEXAGENARY DATE SYSTEM OF TRADITIONAL CHINA A Brief Technical Interlude Early Chinese culture relied on several timekeeping notations to keep track of days, months, and years. Among these were the familiar methods of numbering the months of the year from one to twelve and counting years in terms of the reigns of rulers. However, one form of timekeeping was independent of the events or history and even of the rhythms of nature. This was a system of counting that involved the combination of two series of signs, which yielded a total of 60 possible combinations. This is called the system of “Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches.” (It is called a sexagesimal system because that term denotes “base-sixty”; Babylonian calculation also employed a sexagesimal form. “Sexagenary” refers to a system of 60 “counters.”) This series was applied to broad range of phenomena in China and it is not possible to study Shang Dynasty documents without understanding it. The system is described here because it pervades the oracle texts and Zhou bronzes we will be discussing, and because it also bears upon the names of the Shang kings. The Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches were two sets of Chinese characters, each listed in a fixed order as follows: Heavenly Stems Earthly Branches jia 甲 zi 子 yi 乙 chou 丑 bing 丙 yin 寅 ding 丁 mao 卯 wu 戊 chen 辰 ji 己 si 巳 geng 庚 wu 午 xin 辛 wei 未 ren 壬 shen 申 gui 癸 you 酉 xu 戌 hai 亥 These two series are combined in sequence by matching one stem to one branch, beginning with the first stem and the first branch (jia-zi), then the second stem and the second branch (yi-chou), 2 and so forth. -
English Version with Simplified Chinese
j Chinese and Japanese calendars 戊; (from a Japanese perspective) ロジェル )+ (Denis Roegel) ([email protected]) 2008年4月9o (corrected version, 28 April 2008) 4Y3 Denis Roegel jjj Chinese and Japanese calendars 戊戊戊;;; Warning This presentation certainly contains flaws and you, reader, can improve it by notifying me about Hànzì errors, or the possibly inacceptable usage of simplified and traditional Chinese; pinyin, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese or English language errors; serious gaps; historical errors; typographical errors; etc. Thank you very much in advance! Denis Roegel jjj Chinese and Japanese calendars 戊戊戊;;; Mystery? ? [M]ost [Chinese] people do not understand the regularities and patterns of the [Chinese] calendar. (the authors of an article on a Chinese calendar savant, 1991) ? Denis Roegel jjj Chinese and Japanese calendars 戊戊戊;;; What do we know about Chinese and Japanese calendars? Until recently, there was very little information in western languages: the classical western treatises (Matzka 1844, Bouchet 1868, etc.) do not cover the subject at all; several popular books (such as Lefort 1998) give only an incomplete description, often with errors; at best, the general public knows that the years have animal names (currently the rat), perhaps some connection with the Moon, and that the Chinese celebrate a shifted New Year, in their own way; during the past few years, things have changed, because information circulates better thanks to the internet, and there are more and more means to convert dates between calendars; one of the aims of this talk is to get all these facts right. Denis Roegel jjj Chinese and Japanese calendars 戊戊戊;;; Aims of this presentation introduction to the foundations of the Chinese and Japanese calendars: some history; some calendars; some astronomy; some mathematics; some Chinese; some Japanese, and surprises; what you won’t find much here: the time in the day; horology; the traditions associated to the various festivals; Chinese and Japanese astrology; Feng Shui; etc. -
Taylor Wu, K. Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches - Tiangan Dizhi
Zhongxian Wu (Master Wu) / Taylor Wu, K. Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches - TianGan DiZhi zum Bestellen hier klicken by naturmed Fachbuchvertrieb Aidenbachstr. 78, 81379 München Tel.: + 49 89 7499-156, Fax: + 49 89 7499-157 Email: [email protected], Web: http://www.naturmed.de Contents 任法融 BLESSINGS FROM DAOIST GRANDMASTER REN FARONG . .VIII AUTHORS’ NOTES . XIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 1 費秉勛 FOREWORD BY FEI BINGXUN THE ROLE OF TIANGAN DIZHI IN YIJNG (I CHING) CULTURE . 2 人天之道 PREFACE: RENTIANZHIDAO THE WAY OF MAN AND NATURE . 6 通天神樹 1. TongTianShenShu Mystical Tree of Heaven . 15 1.1 TheWay of Heaven and Earth . 15 1.2 The Origin of GanZhi. 19 1.3 The MagicTree . 20 1.4 Celestial Connection of GanZhi . 25 陰陽 1.5 GanZhi YinYang . 30 五行 1.6 GanZhi WuXing . 34 氣韵 1.7 QiYun The Rhythm of Qi . 40 天干象數 2. TianGan XiangShu Heavenly Stems Symbolism . 45 甲 2.1 Jia . 47 乙 2.2 Yi . 55 丙 2.3 Bing . 59 丁 2.4 Ding . 63 戊 2.5 Wu . 67 己 2.6 Ji . 71 庚 2.7 Geng . 75 辛 2.8 Xin . 79 壬 2.9 Ren . 83 癸 87 2.10 Gui . 地支象數 3. DiZhi XiangShu Earthly Branch Symbolism. 93 子 3.1 Zi . 97 丑 3.2 Chou . 103 寅 3.3 Yin . 109 卯 3.4 Mao . 115 辰 3.5 Chen . 121 巳 3.6 Si . 127 午 3.7 Wu . 133 未 3.8 Wei . 139 申 3.9 Shen . 145 酉 3.10 You . 151 戌 3.11 Xü . -
The Year of Crisis
INTRODUCTION Source: AI King, Flickr THE YEAR OF CRISIS Linda Jaivin x Whenever the sixty-year cycle of the Chinese zodiac rolls around to the xi gengzi 庚子 year, one prepares for the worst.1 Year thirty-seven, that of the Metal Rat, is traditionally associated with disaster and crisis. What an exemplary gengzi year 2020 turned out to be. It began with apocalyptic wildfires in Australia and a global pandemic that ended up sickening some 70 million people and killing close to 2 million, as well as triggering the deepest global economic recession since World War II. Tensions ran high in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait, where the navy of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) conducted live-fire exercises close to Taiwan, as The Year of Crisis The Year Linda Jaivin well as along contested regions of the Sino-Indian border. In Hong Kong, CRISIS the introduction of the draconian National Security Law sounded the death knell for the promise of One Country, Two Systems. Continued reports and evidence of the mass detention of Uyghurs, separation of Uyghur families, CHINA STORY YEARBOOK CHINA STORY and other human rights abuses in Xinjiang and elsewhere in China further strained relations between the PRC and much of the rest of the world. And, an education reform in Inner Mongolia, which has ended the tradition of Mongolian-language schooling, has raised fears for the fate of the region’s unique cultural heritage and questions as to whether state actions and policies in Tibet and Xinjiang might be replicated to some degree in Inner Mongolia as well.