DOCSLIB.ORG

Traditional Rural Architecture and Building Methods in the Hills of Central-Eastern Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traditional Rural Architecture and Building Methods in the Hills of Central-Eastern Nepal Traditional Rural Architecture and Building Methods in the Hills of Central-Eastern Nepal Heinz Frick « We have the atmosphere that you have in mind» Detlev Kantowsky - Von Stidasien lernen, Frankfurt 1985 Contents Part I: Introduction r : 1. INTRODUCTION TO NEPAL < J- • ••-'".• 3 2. AN OUTLINE OF HISTORY:,- 5 3. SPACE PATTERN AND LAYERS OF ACCESS - 7 3.1 Landmarks and mythology 7 4. CASTE AND.TRIBE ORDER >. 9 4.1 Aboriginal-group 10 a) Newar people 10 .; b). .Kiranti people • ' 10 ..., 4.2 Paharia-group 11" a) The Sherpa society •....11 '' ' " "b) Tamang people 12 c) Thami and Pahari people 12 d) Sunwar and Jirel people 12 4.3 Parbatiya-group 13 a) Brahmans 13 b) Khatri Chhetri 13 Part II: Traditional Architecture 1. HOUSING AND SETTLEMENT ' ' 17 2. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN NEPAL 19 3.-PREPARATION AND-"STRUCTURALISM*OF CASE STUDY ' ' 22' Part III: ..Architecture.and building construction studies I. BUILDING CASE STUDIES, ACCORDING TO FORM • 29 1.1 Aboriginal people's.house 30 a) Newar houses 30 b) Rai housfessf.? > . 33 1.2 Mongo|p;1d/Tibeto Birmese people's houses 34 a) Sherpa houses . 34 b) Tamang houses 41 c) Sunwar houses 46 d) Jirel houses - , 50 1.3 Europoid/Indoaryan people's houses 54 a) Brahmin houses 54 b) Chhetri houses 55 c) Khatri houses ' 59 d) Kami houses 62 e) Magi houses 65 Part IV: Building materloh techniques and trade 1. NATURAL STONES AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL '•'••'''- ' 69 1.1 Stone masonry _69 2. COMMON SOIL AS LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ' * " 71 2.1 Common soil as mud mortar 72 2.2 Common soil as flooring material 73 2.3 Common soil as mud plastering 74 2.4 Colour and white washing 75 3. TIMBER AND BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL 76 3.1 Bamboo as construction material 76 3.2 Timber as construction material so a) Decidious trees 80 b) Evergreen trees 81 c) Conifers 82 3.3 Timber skeleton construction •••, 84 a) The timber workmanship 84 b) Column, head and framework of binders^a'nd joists 86 c')''Roof constructions 88 3.4 Window and door constructions go 4. NATURAL ROOFING MATERIALS 95 4.1 Thatching material 95 a) Methods of applying khar on the roof 96 4.2 SIabstone roofs 96 a) Dark grey to black slabstones 97 b) Grey to greenish slabstones 97 c) White-grey slabstones 97 4.3 Wooden shingles roof 98 Part V: Ritual and consecration in traditional building construction 1. ORGANISATION OF WORK AND LABOUR 101 2. MYSTICAL COMPREHENSION OF BUILDING PROCESS '"'[.)'''.[ 102 2.1 Hindu treatises on architecture - 102 2.2 Organisation of building process 104 3. PRINCIPALS OF RITUAL PURITY .; 110 3.I The four varnas in architecture 112 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 114 Part VI; Appendix 1. DISTRICT PROFILES AND MAPS , » 121 1.1 District profiles of target area 121 '-" a) Dolakha 121 b) Okhaldunga 121 c) Ramechap 122 d) SindhupalchowK 122 e) Solu Khumbu 123 1.2 Map with building case studies 124 2. GLOSSARY 125 2.1 Illustrations 128 3. INDEX 129 4. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY "''.'I'M... " 133 Fold-out of space code - -. .7 n ;•.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Augusta Lexington
    LEXINGTON WV KY VA TN GA SC AUGUSTA TRIAD MACON CHARLESTON TOP 10 UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUPS IN THE TRIAD 919.332.0459 [email protected] 1. AMHARIC 2. ARAB-LEVANT 3. ARAB-SUDANESE 4. BHUTANESE 5. HAUSA 6. HINDI 7. NEPALI 8. PUNJABI 9. URDU 10. VIETNAMESE Check out the people group map of the Triad: ncbaptist.org/prayermap Become More Involved: MICHAEL SOWERS Triad Strategy Coordinator, ETHIOPIA, Amharic HORN OF AFRICA God brings the Amhara people to us from Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa. The Amhara people living in the U.S. maintain close ties to the Amhara people living in and around Washington, D.C. Most Amhara embrace either Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity or Islam. Over the years, the Amhara people have mixed Christianity with the worship of deceased saints and have embraced an unorthodox view of Christ. Most have no real knowledge of the Scriptures. In North Carolina, the majority of the men work in limo, taxi or convenience store businesses, while the women work in restaurants and salons or grocery and retail stores. The Amhara people highly value their unique food and culture, so even if their population is very small, they quickly establish a grocery store and restaurant to meet the needs of the Amharic-Ethiopian community. The central influence of these Amharic-Ethiopian stores and restaurants makes them a good location to meet the Amhara people. Religion: Sunni Islam, Ethiopian Orthodox Discovered: Charlotte, Triad, Triangle Estimated NC Population: 5,400 Where could you find the Amharic? bit.ly/amharictriad PALESTINE, Arab-Levant MIDDLE EAST God brings the Arab-Levant people to us from the Fertile Crescent, the land along a northward arc between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Ana and One Modem House: a Spatial Ethnography of Kathmandu's Urbanizing Periphery
    I Four Ana and One Modem House: A Spatial Ethnography of Kathmandu's Urbanizing Periphery Andrew Stephen Nelson Denton, Texas M.A. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, December 2004 B.A. Grinnell College, December 2000 A Disse11ation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Virginia May 2013 II Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: An Intellectual Journey to the Urban Periphery 1 Part I: The Alienation of Farm Land 23 Chapter 2: From Newar Urbanism to Nepali Suburbanism: 27 A Social History of Kathmandu’s Sprawl Chapter 3: Jyāpu Farmers, Dalāl Land Pimps, and Housing Companies: 58 Land in a Time of Urbanization Part II: The Householder’s Burden 88 Chapter 4: Fixity within Mobility: 91 Relocating to the Urban Periphery and Beyond Chapter 5: American Apartments, Bihar Boxes, and a Neo-Newari 122 Renaissance: the Dual Logic of New Kathmandu Houses Part III: The Anxiety of Living amongst Strangers 167 Chapter 6: Becoming a ‘Social’ Neighbor: 171 Ethnicity and the Construction of the Moral Community Chapter 7: Searching for the State in the Urban Periphery: 202 The Local Politics of Public and Private Infrastructure Epilogue 229 Appendices 237 Bibliography 242 III Abstract This dissertation concerns the relationship between the rapid transformation of Kathmandu Valley’s urban periphery and the social relations of post-insurgency Nepal. Starting in the 1970s, and rapidly increasing since the 2000s, land outside of the Valley’s Newar cities has transformed from agricultural fields into a mixed development of planned and unplanned localities consisting of migrants from the hinterland and urbanites from the city center.
    [Show full text]
  • Custom, Law and John Company in Kumaon
    Custom, law and John Company in Kumaon. The meeting of local custom with the emergent formal governmental practices of the British East India Company in the Himalayan region of Kumaon, 1815–1843. Mark Gordon Jones, November 2018. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University. © Copyright by Mark G. Jones, 2018. All Rights Reserved. This thesis is an original work entirely written by the author. It has a word count of 89,374 with title, abstract, acknowledgements, footnotes, tables, glossary, bibliography and appendices excluded. Mark Jones The text of this thesis is set in Garamond 13 and uses the spelling system of the Oxford English Dictionary, January 2018 Update found at www.oed.com. Anglo-Indian and Kumaoni words not found in the OED or where the common spelling in Kumaon is at a great distance from that of the OED are italicized. To assist the reader, a glossary of many of these words including some found in the OED is provided following the main thesis text. References are set in Garamond 10 in a format compliant with the Chicago Manual of Style 16 notes and bibliography system found at http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org ii Acknowledgements Many people and institutions have contributed to the research and skills development embodied in this thesis. The first of these that I would like to acknowledge is the Chair of my supervisory panel Dr Meera Ashar who has provided warm, positive encouragement, calmed my panic attacks, occasionally called a spade a spade but, most importantly, constantly challenged me to chart my own way forward.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Contemporary Nepalese Muslim Political Discourse
    Politics of ‘Inclusiveness’: A Study of Contemporary Nepalese Muslim Political Discourse Nazima Parveen Visiting Scholar, CNAS University of Kathmandu, Nepal Abstract The project traces how different communities of Nepal have been conceptualized as a nation. It offers a definition of their intrinsic relationship with different forms of Nepali state. The project examines the idea of inclusiveness—an idea which has recently gained popularity after the rise of the Maoist democratic regime. Inclusiveness has been regarded as a point of reference in looking at various political/administrative discourses which define Nepal as a singular entity and provide legitimate conceptual spaces to minorities. Beyond the conventional mainstream/minority discourse binary, the project traces the genealogy of the concept of minority. It examines issues and concerns related to Muslims that pose a challenge to the formation of the erstwhile Hindu kingdom of Nepal, as well as the newly established democratic republican state. This Muslim-centric approach is also linked with the policy discourse on preferential treatment, a demand rife with significant political overtones in the post-1990 transition period. For instance, Muslims did not only contest Parliamentary elections in 1991 but also demanded that they be given 10% reservation in educational institutions and government services. In this sense, administrative policies specifically designed for the welfare and development of society might contradict those policies and programs dealing with the specific issues
    [Show full text]
  • In the Himalayas Interests, Conflicts, and Negotiations
    Democratisation in the Himalayas Interests, Conflicts, and Negotiations Edited by Vibha Arora and N. Jayaram SI i ■ vv ■ vV"A' ■ •■ >•«tt •.■■>.. ■■>^1 ^ ^./v- >■ / t-'V 1^'' / o.,o,™n i8!i»- A Routledge India Original f\l Democratisation in the Himalayas Interests, Conflicts, and Negotiations Edited by Vibha Arora and N. Jayaram O Routledge Taylor & Francis Croup LONDON AND NEW YORK Contents List ofilhtstrations ix Notes on contributors x Preface xi Introduction: steering democratisation and negotiating identity in the Himalayas 1 VIBHA ARORA AND N. JAYARAM PARTI Shifting selves and competing identities 25 1 Seeking identities on the margins of democracy: Jad Bhotiyas of Uttarkashi 27 SUBHADR>\ MITRA CHANNA 2 The politics of census: fear of numbers and competing claims for representation in Naga society 54 DEBOJYOTI DAS 3 The making of the subaltern Lepcha and the Kalimpong stimulus 79 VIBHA ARORA PART II Negotiating democracy 115 4 Monks, elections, and foreign ti-avels: democracy and the monastic order in western Arimachal Pradesh, North-East India 117 SVVARGAIYOTl GOHAIN viii Contents 5 'Pure democracy' in 'new Nepal': conceptions, practices, and anxieties 135 AMANDA SNELLINGER PART III Territorial conflict and after 159 6 Demand for Kukiland and Kuki ethnic nationalism 161 VIBHA ARORA AND NGAMIAHAO KIPGEN 7 Displacement from Kashmir: gendered responses 186 CHARU SAWHNEY AND N1LIK.\ MEHROTR.\ Index 203 1 Seeking identities on the margins of democracy Jad Bhotiyas of Uttarkashi Subhpidm Mitra Chcimm The Indian democracy, unlike some others, for example, the French, has built itself upon the recognition of multiculturalism as well as protection ism towards those it considers marginal and weak.
    [Show full text]
  • Rights-Based Approaches the Links Between Human Rights and Biodiversity and Natural Resource Conservation Are Many and Complex
    Rights-based approaches The links between human rights and biodiversity and natural resource conservation are many and complex. The conservation community is being challenged to take stronger measures to respect human rights and is taking opportunities to further their realisation. ‘Rights-based approaches’ (RBAs) to conservation are a promising way forward, but also raise a myriad of new challenges and questions, including what such approaches are, when and how they can be put into practice, and what their implications are for conservation. This volume gives an overview of key issues and questions in RBA. Rights-based approaches Rights and social justice related policies of major international organisations are reviewed. Case studies and position papers describe RBAs in a variety of contexts - protected areas, natural Exploring issues and opportunities for conservation resource management, access and bene t-sharing regimes, and proposed reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) mechanisms. No one blueprint for RBA emerges. However, there are common themes: supporting conservation for Exploring issues and opportunities both procedural and substantive rights, linking rights and responsibilities, equalising power relations, providing capacity building for rights holders and duty bearers, and recognising and engaging with local leaders and local people. RBAs can support improved governance but are, in turn, shaped by the governance systems in which they operate, as well as by history, politics, socio-economics and culture. Experience and dialogue will add to a fuller understanding of the promises and challenges of RBAs to conservation. The aim of this volume is to contribute to that discussion. Campese, Campese, by Edited et al.
    [Show full text]
  • European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (EBHR)
    EUROPEAN BULLETIN OF HIMALA Y AN RESEARCH Number 7 1994 CONTENTS EDITORIAL REVIEW ARTICLE Nepali Dictionaries - A New Contribution: Michael Hutl .............. BOOK REVIEW Wolf Donncr: Lebensraum Nepal. Eine Enrwicklungsgeographie. Hamburg: Institut fUr Asienkunde. 1994. Joanna Pfaff-Czamccka ...... 5 TOPICAL REPORTS Lesser-Known Languages in Nepal. A brief state-of-the-art report: Gerd Hansson ..................................... .. .....8 Deforestation in the Nepal Himalaya: Causes, Scope. Consequences: Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt .... ............................... 18 NepaJi Migration 10 Bhutan: Chrislopher Strawn .............. , .....25 Impact Monitoring of a Small Hydel Project in the Solu-Khumbu District Nepal: Susanne Wymann/Cordula Ou ....................36 INTERVIEWS .. 1 feel that I am here on a Mission ... : An Interview with the Vice-Chancellor of Tribhuvan UniversityINepal. Mr. Kedar Bhakta Mathema: Brigiue Merz .......... .. .............................. .42 NEWS Himalayan Ponraits: Thoughts and Opinions from the Film flimalaya Film Festival 18-20 Feb. 1994 in Kathmandu/Nepal: Brigille Merz .... .48 Oral Tradition Study Group/HimaJaya: Second Meeting in Paris. February 25. 1994 .. ......... ............................52 Nepal Maithili Samaj: A Good Beginning: Murari M. Thakur ............52 The Founeenth Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Nepal: November 26-27. 1993 ....................................55 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE .......... .... .... ........58 SUBSCRIPTION FORM NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS REVIEW ARTICLE EDITORIAL Nepali Dictionaries - A New Contribution Mithael Hutt The first subscription "roundM ends with this issue, so we ask our readers 10 renew it (again for four issues 10 be published over the next two years), and A Practical Dictionary of Modern N~paJi, Editor·in-chief Ruth Laila possibly extend the circle of subscribers. Fonns are included al the end of the Schmidt, Co-editor Ballabh Mani Dahal. Delhi, Ratna Sagar, 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • S. R. Harnot's Cats Talk
    S. R. Harnot’s Cats Talk S. R. Harnot’s Cats Talk Edited by Khem Raj Sharma and Meenakshi F. Paul S. R. Harnot’s Cats Talk Edited by Khem Raj Sharma and Meenakshi F. Paul This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by S. R. Harnot, Khem Raj Sharma, Meenakshi F. Paul and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1357-2 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1357-0 Dedicated to Elizabeth Paul CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Cats Talk ...................................................................................................... 9 Billiyan Batiyati Hain Translated by R. K. Shukla and Manjari Tiwari The Twenty-Foot Bapu Ji .......................................................................... 28 Bees Foot Ke Bapu Ji Translated by Meenakshi F. Paul and Khem Raj Sharma The Reddening Tree .................................................................................. 46 Lal Hota Darakht Translated by Meenakshi F. Paul Daarosh .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CULTURE and the STATE in BANGLADESH Farid Uddin Ahamed
    ETHNICITY AND ENVIRONMENT: ‘TRIBAL’ CULTURE AND THE STATE IN BANGLADESH Farid Uddin Ahamed Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Anthropology University College London University of London 1 UMI Number: U602427 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U602427 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract Ethnicity and Environment: ‘Tribal9 Culture and the State in Bangladesh This thesis investigates the current predicament of the people of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh, a population with significant cultural differentiation from the mainstream Bengali population. Dealing with the issues of their survival in the forest and their quest for identity, the research explores how their ethnicity and environment are intertwined. This is examined in the context of state policies towards non-Bengali ethnic minorities in the CHT. The study identifies sources of diversity at the micro level and the forces that create conditions for ‘unity in diversity’ at the macro level. One is the assertion of ‘self-image’ on the basis of cultural polarity within the confines of a multi-ethnic locality.
    [Show full text]
  • Rights-Based Approaches to Conservation: 1 an Overview of Concepts and Questions Jessica Campese
    Rights-based approaches The links between human rights and biodiversity and natural resource conservation are many and complex. The conservation community is being challenged to take stronger measures to respect human rights and is taking opportunities to further their realisation. ‘Rights-based approaches’ (RBAs) to conservation are a promising way forward, but also raise a myriad of new challenges and questions, including what such approaches are, when and how they can be put into practice, and what their implications are for conservation. This volume gives an overview of key issues and questions in RBA. Rights-based approaches Rights and social justice related policies of major international organisations are reviewed. Case studies and position papers describe RBAs in a variety of contexts - protected areas, natural Exploring issues and opportunities for conservation resource management, access and bene t-sharing regimes, and proposed reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) mechanisms. No one blueprint for RBA emerges. However, there are common themes: supporting conservation for Exploring issues and opportunities both procedural and substantive rights, linking rights and responsibilities, equalising power relations, providing capacity building for rights holders and duty bearers, and recognising and engaging with local leaders and local people. RBAs can support improved governance but are, in turn, shaped by the governance systems in which they operate, as well as by history, politics, socio-economics and culture. Experience and dialogue will add to a fuller understanding of the promises and challenges of RBAs to conservation. The aim of this volume is to contribute to that discussion. Campese, Campese, by Edited et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside and Outside: Conceptual Continuities from Household to Region in Kumaon, North India
    INSIDE AND OUTSIDE: CONCEPTUAL CONTINUITIES FROM HOUSEHOLD TO REGION IN KUMAON, NORTH INDIA By Joanne Moller Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London London School of Economics and Political Science June 1993 UMI Number: U056210 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U056210 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 n + g s e s F 7 & 7 Z 1 ABSTRACT This thesis is an ethnographic study of the social organisation of a Central Himalayan village. Fieldwork was carried out between 1989-1991 in Almora district of the Kumaon region in the hills of Uttar Pradesh, India. Kumaoni villagers conceptually organise their social world on segmentary principles, locally expressed by the opposition between the inside ( bhiter) and the outside (bhyar). The conceptual opposition of ’inside’ and 'outside' is replicated at various levels of society. In this study it is examined with regard to intra-household, inter-household, affinal and inter-caste relations, and to interactions with the gods and spirits and plains society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio-Cultural and Economic Contexts of Fertility Decline in The
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXTS OF FERTILITY DECLINE IN THE RURAL EASTERN TERAI REGION OF NEPAL A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Management and Policy at Massey University Debendra Karki 1998 ABSTRACT There has been a steady decline in fertility in the eastern Terai region of Nepal in the years 1981-1995 . The decline in fertility is desirable from the point of view of government, because of the population pressure on the region. Population pressure has been caused, however, not primarily by the high fertility of inhabitants of the region, but more by massive in-migration to the region, indirectly caused by the government policy itself. The government has responded to population pressure in the Terai by seeking to reduce fertility by means of family planning programmes. However, the recent decline in fertility rates in the eastern Terai has little to do with family planning programmes, which were introduced to the region only quite recently. Rather the decline in fertility is primarily the result of a steady rise in the marriage age of women. The rise in age at marriage is the result of economic and social pressures- in particular the difficulty of sustaining a joint family based agrarian livelihood, because of growing population (due to in-migration) and limitation upon further clearing of the forest.
    [Show full text]