Social Inequality Before Farming?
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Rural Economic Development
NARA | GOAL THREE August 2011 - March 2013 Cumulative Report RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Northwest Advance Renewables Alliance NARA is led by Washington State University and supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-68005-30416 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Goal Three: Rural Economic Development: Enhance and sustain rural economic development Summary Sustainability is the crucial attribute necessary for the emerging biofuels industry to develop our rural economy. The NARA project is assessing sustainability of this emerging industry using a triple bottom line approach of assessing economic viability (techno-economic analysis – TEA), environmental impact (life cycle analysis – LCA), and social impact (community impact analysis – CIA). In addition to developing these three primary analytical tools, additional primary data is being collected. These data include social and market data through the Environmentally Preferred Products (EPP) team and environmental data through the Sustainable Production Team. The following efforts within the Systems Metrics program are integrated to provide a sustainability analysis of the project: The Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) Team assesses the overall economics of the biofuels production process from feedstock delivered to the mill gate through to biojet sale. This analysis includes the overall production mass and energy balance as well as the value needs for co-products. The TEA models the capital requirement plus the variable and fixed operating costs for producing biojet from forest residuals using our chosen pathways. The Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) and Community Impact Team assesses the environmental impact of producing aviation biofuels with our chosen pathway and compares it to the petroleum products for which it will substitute. -
Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects
American Indian Law Journal Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 5 May 2017 Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects Sara Gwendolyn Ross Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/ailj Part of the Cultural Heritage Law Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ross, Sara Gwendolyn (2017) "Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects," American Indian Law Journal: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/ailj/vol4/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications and Programs at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian Law Journal by an authorized editor of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Res Extra Commercium and the Barriers Faced When Seeking the Repatriation and Return of Potent Cultural Objects Cover Page Footnote Sara Ross is a Ph.D. Candidate and Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Doctoral Scholar at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Canada. Sara holds five previous degrees, including a B.A. in French Language and Literature from the University of Alberta; B.A. Honours in Anthropology from McGill; both a civil law degree (B.C.L.) and common law degree (L.L.B.) from the McGill Faculty of Law; and an L.L.M, from the University of Ottawa. -
Play As a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence
Play as a Foundation for Hunter- Gatherer Social Existence • Peter Gray The author offers the thesis that hunter-gatherers promoted, through cultural means, the playful side of their human nature and this made possible their egalitar- ian, nonautocratic, intensely cooperative ways of living. Hunter-gatherer bands, with their fluid membership, are likened to social-play groups, which people could freely join or leave. Freedom to leave the band sets the stage for the individual autonomy, sharing, and consensual decision making within the band. Hunter- gatherers used humor, deliberately, to maintain equality and stop quarrels. Their means of sharing had gamelike qualities. Their religious beliefs and ceremonies were playful, founded on assumptions of equality, humor, and capriciousness among the deities. They maintained playful attitudes in their hunting, gathering, and other sustenance activities, partly by allowing each person to choose when, how, and how much they would engage in such activities. Children were free to play and explore, and through these activities, they acquired the skills, knowl- edge, and values of their culture. Play, in other mammals as well as in humans, counteracts tendencies toward dominance, and hunter-gatherers appear to have promoted play quite deliberately for that purpose. I am a developmental/evolutionary psychologist with a special inter- est in play. Some time ago, I began reading the anthropological literature on hunter-gatherer societies in order to understand how children’s play might contribute to children’s education in those societies. As I read, I became in- creasingly fascinated with hunter-gatherer social life per se. The descriptions I read, by many different researchers who had observed many different hunter- gatherer groups, seemed to be replete with examples of humor and playfulness in adults, not just in children, in all realms of hunter-gatherers’ social existence. -
Is Settling Good for Pastoralists?
Is Settling Good for Pastoralists? The Effects of Pastoral Sedentarization on Children’s Nutrition, Growth, and Health Among Rendille and Ariaal of Marsabit District, Northern Kenya Elliot Fratkin, Martha A Nathan, and Eric A. Roth Elliot Fratkin PhD, Department of Anthropology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063 USA and Graduate Faculty, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst MA 01002 USA ([email protected] for correspondence) Martha A Nathan MD, Brightwood Health Center, Baystate Medical Center, 380 Plainfield Street, Springfield MA 01107 and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA Massachusetts 02111 ([email protected]) Eric A. Roth PhD, Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3050, Victoria, British Columbia Presentation for “Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa: A Policy Research Conference” International Livestock Research Institute, 27-28 June 2006, Nairobi Abstract The settling of formerly mobile pastoral populations is occurring rapidly throughout East Africa. Pastoral sedentarization has been encouraged by international development agencies and national governments to alleviate problems of food insecurity, health care delivery, and national integration. However, it has not been demonstrated that abandoning the pastoral way of life, and particularly access to livestock products, has been beneficial to the health and well-being of pastoral populations. This paper reports the results of a three-year study of pastoral and settled Rendille and Ariaal (mixed Samburu/Rendille) communities in Marsabit District northern Kenya, which compares levels of child malnutrition and illness between five different Rendille communities, ranging from purely pastoral to agricultural and urban communities. Analysis of bimonthly dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, morbidity data, and economic differentiation and specialization among 202 mothers and their 488 children under age 9 reveals large differences in the growth patterns and morbidity of nomadic vs. -
Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: the Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System
Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System Eugene E. Ruyle Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 5. (Dec., 1973), pp. 603-63 1. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=OO1 1-3204%28 1973 12%29 14%3A5%3C603%3ASSASOT%3E2.O.CO%3B2-S Current Anthropology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org/ SatJul22 17:49:41 2006 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. 14, No. 5, December 1973 © 1973 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification Systeml by Eugene E. -
Exploring Exchange and Direct Procurement Strategies for Natufian
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Exploring exchange and direct procurement strategies for Natufan food processing tools of el‑Wad Terrace, Israel Danny Rosenberg1*, Tatjana M. Gluhak2, Daniel Kaufman3, Reuven Yeshurun3 & Mina Weinstein‑Evron3 We present the results of a detailed geochemical provenance study of 54 Natufan (ca. 15,000– 11,700 cal. BP) basalt pestles from the site of el‑Wad Terrace (EWT), Israel. It is the frst time precise locations from where basalt raw materials were derived are provided. The results indicate that the Natufan hunter‑gatherers used multiple sources of basaltic rocks, distributed over a large area surrounding the Sea of Galilee. This area is located at a considerable distance from EWT, ca. 60–120 km away, in a region where contemporaneous Natufan basecamps are few. We consider two possible models that suggest vehicles for the transportation of these artifacts to EWT, namely the exchange obtaining model (EOM) and the direct procurement model (DPM). We argue that these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may have operated together. We also suggest that at a time of increasing Natufan territoriality, a large area around the Sea of Galilee remained unclaimed. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications for the two models. In particular, we note that the DPM implies that technological know‑how for pestle production was maintained within the EWT community. Te nascence of sedentism profoundly impacted human societies’ mobility patterns, requiring a host of adjust- ments. Among its immediate implications are economic intensifcation and preoccupation with production and territoriality, both within and across communities. -
197 Social Anthropology with Aboriginal Peoples In
SÉRIE ANTROPOLOGIA 197 SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY WITH ABORIGINAL PEOPLES IN CANADA: FIRST IMPRESSIONS Stephen Grant Baines (English version of Série Antropologia 196) Brasília 1996 SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY WITH ABORIGINAL PEOPLES IN CANADA: FIRST IMPRESSIONS Stephen G. Baines1 Research survey in Canada I carried out a preliminary research survey of five weeks duration - July and August 1995 - in some of the principal academic centres of anthropology with aboriginal peoples in Canada, financed with a Faculty Research Scholarship from the Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a research grant from the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq). I refer to my stay in Canada as a preliminary research survey, since such a short stay could not be classified as research. In this paper I in no way aim to outline a history of the discipline, a task already done by many Canadian anthropologists, and which I am by no means qualified to do, but merely comment on my first impressions from an outsider perspective, and try to piece together and juxtapose some of the viewpoints of anthropologists interviewed. I visited the departments of anthropology at the Université de Montréal and McGill University in Montreal, Laval University in Quebec city, the University of Waterloo and the University of Toronto, in Ontario, and also visited Ottawa. From Toronto, I travelled by coach across Canada to British Columbia, where I made short visits to the university Program of First Nation Studies of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) Cultural Education Society and Simon Fraser University (SCES/SFU), in Kamloops; the Shuswap reserves of Adam's Lake and Skeetchestn; the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) in Prince George; the Witsuwit'en reserve of Moricetown; the University of British Columbia (UBC) and Simon Fraser University in Vancouver; as well as Victoria, capital of BC. -
The Kwakwaka'wakw
NAT IONAL MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN THE KWAKWAKA’WAKW A STUDY OF A NORTH PACIFIC COAST PEOPLE AND THE POTLATCH Grade Levels: 6–8 Time Required: 3 class periods OVERVIEW CURRICULUM STANDARDS FOR In this poster students will learn about the Kwakwaka’wakw SOCIAL STUDIES (pronounced: kwock-KWOCKY-wowk) people of British Culture (I), Time, Continuity, and Change (II), People, Columbia, Canada. The focus is on Kwakwaka’wakw traditions Places, and Environments (III) that express concepts of wealth, values of giving, and the importance of cultural continuity. Students will learn about OBJECTIVES the Kwakwaka’wakw potlatch practice: its history, the values In the lessons and activities, students will: inherent in it, and the important role it plays in establishing Learn about the Kwakwaka’wakw people, culture, and values and maintaining family connections to the past, to ancestors, Learn about the practice of the potlatch and its history and to the spirits of all living things. Students will use Understand Kwakwaka’wakw concepts of wealth and value Kwakwaka’wakw concepts and discuss differences in value systems. For an audio pronunciation guide, visit our website: www.AmericanIndian.si.edu/education. BACKGROUND Native peoples maintain close connections to the land and the places they come from. They express those connections in many different ways, including ceremonies and celebrations that can involve singing and dancing, giving thanks, feasting, gift giving, storytelling, and games. In the United States and Canada, there are more than 1,100 individual tribes—each with its own set of practices that show appreciation for the natural world and those spirits that lie within it. -
Development Team
Paper No. : 02 Social-Cultural Anthropology Module : 21 Economic Organization Development Team Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Principal Investigator Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi Prof. Sabita Acharya Paper Coordinator Department of Anthropology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar Content Writer Dr. Abhijeeta Das SCSTRTI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha Prof. A.K.Sinha Content Reviewer Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 1 Social-Cultural Anthropology Anthropology Economic Organization Description of Module Subject Name Anthropology Paper Name 02 Social-Cultural Anthropology Module Name/Title Economic Organization Module Id 21 2 Social-Cultural Anthropology Anthropology Economic Organization CONTENTS Learning Outcomes 1. Introduction 2. Historical Background of economic organization 3. The Division of Labor 4. Distribution and Exchange 5. Redistribution 6. Economies of Indian tribes Learning Outcomes After studying this module: • You shall be able to learn the economic activity and types of economic organizations through the prehistoric times. • You would be able to know Thurnwald’s classification of economic organization with Indian examples. • You would be able to identify the division of labor by gender and age, exchange of goods and gifts such as the Kula, the Potlatch one of the most famous gift exchange institutions. • In addition to all these cited above, you would also understand the economies of Indian tribes along with three modes of distribution and exchange i.e. reciprocity, re-distribution and market exchange. 3 Social-Cultural Anthropology Anthropology Economic Organization 1. Introduction Like law and politics, economics is an aspect of social organization. Those who conceive economics as essentially concerned with money and prices are on firm logical ground in saying that there can be no society which do not exchange goods for money and so cannot make exact calculations of price. -
Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins Of
Evolutionary Anthropology 159 ARTICLES The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture OFER BAR-YOSEF The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with an updated description of the sites, together with this reconstruc- archeological evidence for the origins of agriculture in the Near East. Specifically, I tion of natural resources, allow us to will address the question of why the emergence of farming communities in the Near answer the questions of when and East was an inevitable outcome of a series of social and economic circumstances where the Neolithic Revolution oc- that caused the Natufian culture to be considered the threshold for this major curred. However, we are still far from evolutionary change.1–4 The importance of such an understanding has global providing a definitive answer to the implications. Currently, updated archeological information points to two other question of why it occurred. centers of early cultivation, central Mexico and the middle Yangtze River in China, Within the large region of the Near that led to the emergence of complex civilizations.4 However, the best-recorded East, recent archeological work has sequence from foraging to farming is found in the Near East. Its presence warns demonstrated the importance of the against the approach of viewing all three evolutionary sequences as identical in area known as the Mediterranean Le- terms of primary conditions, economic and social motivations and activities, and the vant. Today it is one of the most re- resulting cultural, social, and ideological changes. searched parts of the Near East.1–4,9–18 It is therefore possible that the picture I will draw is somewhat biased due to As with other crucial thresholds in marked a major organizational depar- the limited number of excavations else- cultural evolution, the impact of the ture from the old ways of life. -
Notes and References
Notes and References 1. Introduction 1. Seasonal variation and the division of labour among hunter-gatherers receives detailed attention in Chapter 5 (see also Condon, 1983). The particular point in this passage comes from the ethnographie film entitled People ofthe Seal, by Asen Balikci (see also Balikci, 1970). The famous Northwest Coast potlatch does not receive detailed treatment in this book, but some traditional analyses as weIl as new findings should be mentioned. Some traditional sources include: Boas, 1897, 1966; Drucker, 1955, 1965; DeLaguna, 1972; Oberg, 1973; Sapir and Swadesh, 1939; Codere, 1950; Mitchell and Donald, 1988. The fact that post-contact Northwest Coast economies encompass a complex mix of organisational features is documented by Donald (1984) and Mitchell 1984 (see also Isaac, 1988). The literature on the Trobriand Islands is substantial. The specific reference here is to Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacifie (1922) and Coral Gardens and Their Magie (1935); see also Uberoi (1962). For material on the Dani see Karl Heider (1979). Barbara Myerhoff's book, Number Dur Days (1978), is the reference for the elderly Californian. On the Mudurucu see Murphy and Murphy (1974). The description ofthe Mexican grand mother's multiple roles is in Friedlander (1976). 2. Patch exploitation refers to optimal foraging models of hunter-gatherer economies. I deal more extensively with elements of optimal foraging models in Chapter 4. Discussions of classical political economy (Adam Smith and others) and of marginal utility economics (Alfred Marshall and others), I leave to the historians of economic thought. I elaborate the meaning of the concept of institution in the discussion of the institutional paradigm in Chapter 3. -
Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution
Contents MATERIAL List of Figures vii List of Tables xi 1. Surplus: The Politics of ProductionDISTRIBUTION and the Strategies of Everyday and Life—An Introduction Christopher T. Morehart and Kristin De Lucia 3 FOR 2. The Cost ofCOPYRIGHTED Conquest: Assessing the Impact of Inka Tribute Demands on the Wanka of Highland Peru Cathy Lynne CostinNOT 45 3. Surplus and Social Change: The Production of Household and Field in Pre-Aztec Central Mexico Kristin De Lucia and Christopher T. Morehart 73 4. Surplus in the Indus Civilization: Agricultural Choices, Social Relations, Political Effects Heather M.-L. Miller 97 v vi Contents 5. Surplus from Below: Self-Organization of Production in Early Sweden T. L. Thurston 121 6. From Surplus Land to Surplus Production in the Viking Age Settlement of Iceland Douglas J. Bolender 153 7. Surplus Capture in Contrasting Modes of Religiosity: Perspectives from Sixteenth-Century Mesoamerica E. Christian Wells 175 8. Surplus Houses: Palace Politics in the Bight of Benin West Africa, AD 1650–1727 Neil L. Norman 203 9. Surplus Labor, Ceremonial Feasting, and Social Inequality at Cahokia: A Study MATERIALin Social Process James A. Brown and John E. Kelly 221 10. The Sociality of Surplus among Late Archaic Hunter-Gatherers of CoastalDISTRIBUTION Georgia Victor D. Thompson and Christopher R. Moore 245 11. The Transactional DynamicsFOR of Surplus in LandscapesCOPYRIGHTED of Enslavement: Scalar Perspectives from Interstitial West Africa Ann B. StahlNOT 267 12. Conclusions: Surplus and the Political Economy in Prehistory Timothy Earle 307 List of Contributors 327 Index 329 Figures 2.1. Inka empire MATERIAL 47 2.2.