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Cannabis Capitalism in Colorado: an Ethnography of Il/Legal Production and Consumption

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Cannabis Capitalism in Colorado: an Ethnography of Il/Legal Production and Consumption University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School April 2021 Cannabis Capitalism in Colorado: An Ethnography of Il/legal Production and Consumption Lia Berman University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Economics Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Berman, Lia, "Cannabis Capitalism in Colorado: An Ethnography of Il/legal Production and Consumption" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8735 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cannabis Capitalism in Colorado: An Ethnography of Il/legal Production and Consumption by Lia Berman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Kevin A. Yelvington, D.Phil. Anand Kumar, Ph.D. Marty Otañez, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Rebecca K. Zarger, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 1, 2021 Keywords: Economic Anthropology, Political Economy, Commodity Chain, Budtender Copyright © 2021, Lia Berman ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first say a very big thank you to my supervisor, Dr. Kevin Yelvington, who provided guidance through each stage of the dissertation process. Without his patience and feedback, this Ph.D. would not have been achievable. Special thanks to Bárbara Cruz-Yelvington, who provided outstanding hospitality and comfort that will never be forgotten. I would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank my dissertation committee Dr. Anand Kumar, Dr. Christian Wells, Dr. Rebecca Zarger, and Dr. Marty Otañez, for their insightful comments and suggestions. Their engagement with the material and feedback was monumental in creating this finished project. I want to give a special thanks to Dr. Otañez, who did not hesitate to incorporate me into his professional endeavors as a cannabis researcher and educator. My deep appreciation goes out to my academic cheerleaders and longtime mentors, Dr. Amy Speier and Dr. Brian MacHarg, who have witnessed and facilitated my progression through higher education. Thank you, Dr. Speier, for your unconditional support, friendship, and for being the best academic role model a student could ask for. Dr. MacHarg, thank you for trusting in my abilities, always giving me a second chance, and helping me continue in the face of adversity. Thank you to my parents, Dr. Edward and Natalie Berman, who eventually stopped asking me when I would be finished and frequently bought me dinner in my most dire times of need. I would also like to extend my gratitude towards Elaine Gantz Berman and Dr. Steven Berman for consulting with me during the process and introducing me to their personal contacts that helped me gain access to the cannabis industry. I would like to give a heartfelt thank you to my amazing husband, Kenan Aykul, who took up extra shifts in laundry and grocery shopping so I could spend countless late-night hours in front of the computer. This would not have been possible without your strong work ethic and unbounded compassion and understanding for this difficult and lengthy process. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Zaida Darley, who, without her emotional and academic support, I would not have been able to finish the dissertation. Special shout out to my friends Scott Gill, Lawrence Shaw, Huseyin Tenbel, Katie Guyon, Kelsey Gregg-Seaman, and Dr. Christopher Rastrick for their unwavering support and belief in me. Thanks to my lovely pups Sufi and Sheba, for their frequent licks of encouragement and much-needed walking breaks. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ vi Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 History: Denver, Colorado ............................................................................................................... 4 Pioneers on the Frontier ...................................................................................................... 4 The Gold Rush .................................................................................................................... 5 Western Commodity Trade ................................................................................................. 7 Women as Political Trailblazers ......................................................................................... 8 From Boom to Bust: The Emergence of Early Tourism ................................................... 10 Tourism and the “Western Experience” ........................................................................... 11 Contemporary Tourism Economy..................................................................................... 13 Current Demographics ...................................................................................................... 14 Cannabis Use in Colorado: Normative and Subculture Consumption .............................. 15 What is Cannabis?.......................................................................................................................... 16 Historical Linguistics ........................................................................................................ 17 Botany and Classification ................................................................................................. 17 Hemp vs. Cannabis ........................................................................................................... 19 The Cannabinoid System .................................................................................................. 20 About This Dissertation ................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter Two: Theorizing the Cannabis Commodity .................................................................................. 25 Socio-Political Literature on Cannabis in the United States .......................................................... 25 National Politics and the Legalization Movement ............................................................ 29 Big Business, Lobbyists, and Unionization ...................................................................... 32 Regulatory Framework: Comparison to Alcohol ............................................................. 34 Formal and Informal Market Systems in Economic Regulation ....................................... 37 Mexican Marijuana and Price Fluctuations ...................................................................... 38 Cannabis Tourism and Illegal Trade ................................................................................. 39 Theoretical Perspectives in Economic Anthropology .................................................................... 42 Pre-capitalist Exchange and Primitive Economies ........................................................... 44 Economic Transitions and Exchange Mediums ................................................................ 46 Anthropological views on Capitalist Economies .............................................................. 48 Agency and Intersectionality ........................................................................................... 51 Consumption and Commodity Chains within an Anthropological Political Economy.................. 53 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter Three: Research Methods ............................................................................................................. 67 Archival Data ................................................................................................................................. 67 Key Informant Interviews .............................................................................................................. 68 Participant Observation and Field Notes ....................................................................................... 69 Mixed Methods .............................................................................................................................. 70 i Legal Implications of Ethnographic Fieldwork ............................................................................. 70 Protecting Research Subjects ............................................................................................ 71 Fieldwork Experience .................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter Four: Production: From Seed to Sale ...........................................................................................
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